Examples of compound nouns. Spelling nouns together and with a hyphen

Spelling compound nouns

1. Written together:

  • compound nouns formed with a connecting vowel: water O cart, ground e business;
  • compound nouns with a second part hail, city, meter :Volgograd, Belgorod, voltmeter;
  • compound nouns with first element board :flight engineer, flight attendant;
  • compound nouns with the first verb part in the imperative mood (with the suffix -i): dazzling muzzle, adonis, fidgety tail.Exception: Tumbleweed;
  • some complex geographical names: Verkhnekolymsk, Novorzhev;
  • compound nouns formed from hyphenated nouns that name nationalities, tribes, people by occupation, interests, place of residence: Puerto Rico - Puerto Rican, New York—New Yorkers, yacht club—Yacht Club Member, Ku Klux Klan—Klansman(but the corresponding adjectives are written with a hyphen: Puerto Rican, New York);
  • compound words: heads of personnel, district, university, college, department store, special correspondent. If the elements manager, deputy, assistant separated from the noun by an adjective, they are written separately and followed by a period: deputy General Director, assistant chief director.

2. Written with a hyphen:

  • compound nouns formed without a connecting vowel, each part of which can be used as an independent word: sofa bed, cafe-snack bar, purchase and sale, colonel general, prime minister, corresponding member, raincoat, diesel engine, motor generator, engineer-captain, dynamo, stop valve, crane- beam, sawfish, lord chancellor;
  • compound names of political parties, trends, their supporters: social democracy, social revolutionary;
  • compound names of units of measurement : man-day, gram-molecule, kilowatt-hour, tonne-kilometer.Exceptions: workday, labor hour ;
  • complex nouns denoting intermediate parts of the world, and their equivalents with foreign language elements: southwest, northeast, southwest, northeast;
  • complex names of plants, cities, etc., which include particles, prepositions and conjunctions: love-not-love, Ivan-da-Marya, Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur;
  • compound nouns, the first element of which has an evaluative meaning: miracle hero, good boy, anika warrior, boy-woman, gop-company, firebird, cheers-patriotism, would-be athlete;
  • compound nouns with foreign language elements chief, non-commissioned, life, headquarters, vice, ex-, block, press, maxi, midi, mini :chief prosecutor, non-commissioned officer, staff captain, headquarters, life guard, deputy prime minister, ex-champion, flow chart, press center, maxi coat, midi skirt, mini dress.Exceptions: checkpoint, blockhouse, notepad ;
  • complex scientific terms that include the names of letters (usually the Greek and Latin alphabet): gamma rays, x-rays, alpha meter;
  • compound surnames and some geographical names: Joliot-Curie, Novikov-Priboy, Ust-Ishim, Yoshkar-Ola, Novo-Arkhangelsk, Las Vegas, New York.

Note. When combined using a conjunction and two or more complex nouns with the same second part, this part can only be given with the last word, and with preceding words the so-called so-called hanging hyphen: gas and electric welding(instead of gas welding and electric welding), auto, motorcycle and bicycle racing(but in the absence of a union And- continuous writing: car and bike racing).

3. Root floor-(meaning “half”) as part of a compound word is written:

  • together if the second part of a compound word begins with a consonant: half a kilometer, half past one(usually a noun in the genitive case);
  • separated by a hyphen if the second part begins
      • with a vowel: half a cucumber, half an island;
      • with a consonant l : half a spoon, half a lemon, But: half liter(the second part is not in the genitive case form);
      • is a proper name: half of France, half of Begoml;
  • if between floor- and the following noun has an agreed definition, then floor- written separately: half a cut glass, half an orchard .

Additionally:

  • Exercises for the topic “Consolid and hyphenated spelling of complex words”

Sources:

  • Chapter “Consolid and hyphenated spelling of complex words” in the manual by L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva “Russian language course”

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Spelling difficult words

The basic principle of continuous and separate writing is highlighting words in writing. Parts of words are written together, words are separated by spaces. The application of this rule is complicated by the fact that the language does not always clearly contrast word combinations and whole words (for example, combinations with the particle Not and words with a prefix Not?, combinations of nouns with prepositions and adverbs formed from such combinations).

There is a third type of spelling - hyphenated, or semi-fluid. A hyphen can separate a word into parts (for example, firebird, light green, in a new way, because of, all-in, firstly, someone) and, conversely, to connect parts of a phrase (for example, science fiction writer, cunning, cunning, unexpectedly, two or three).

The basic rules of this section are divided into general and related to individual parts of speech.

General rules

The following categories of words are written together

1. Words with prefixes , For example:

A) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, cashless, along the coast, extracurricular, intraspecific, appeal, run out, finish reading, scream, interlibrary, interregnum, greatest, non-specialist, unpleasant, not uninteresting, talented, subhuman, misunderstand, depose, deforest, weaken, near-literary, stepson, stronger, post-perestroika, ancestral home, prehistory, overtone, resist, superman, ultra-distant, co-editor, Mediterranean, loam, striped, excessive;

b) with prefixes of foreign origin: illogical, avantitol, anticyclone, anti-historical, archivally, hyperinflation, dismantling, disintegration, disproportion, immoral, international, infrastructure, irrational, counter-offensive, metalanguage, parapsychology, post-Soviet, protohistory, reevacuation, offal, superliner, transcontinental, ultra-left, extraterritorial, extraordinary.

Words with a prefix the ex- in the meaning 'former' ( ex-champion, ex-Soviet etc.) are written with a hyphen. The word is spelled the same way rear admiral, where is the prefix counter- has special meaning.

Complex words with initial parts, Russian and foreign, close to prefixes are also written together, for example: all-forgiveness, comprehensive, monthly, alien, foreign national, pseudoscience, pseudo-socialist, national, generally accepted, crescent, half-sweet, half-lying, half-joking, self-sufficient, self-medication; Pan-American, quasi-scientific, pseudo-gothic, pseudo-folk.

2. Compound words, the first part of which coincides with the form of the numeral (two-, three-, five- etc.), as well as words with the first parts two-, three-, many-, few-, For example: two-month, three-ton, four-percent, pentagonal, six-story, seven-mile, octahedron, nine-point, decathlon, eleven-year-old, twelve-hour, twenty-ton, thirty-degree, forty-bucket, fiftieth anniversary, ninety-year, hundred-year-old, two-hundred-ruble, one-and-a-half-year-old, one-and-a-half-year-old, dual power, three-fingered; two-sided, tripod, polynomial, multi-stage, little people, little snow, little attractive .

3. Compound words with the first foreign language (international) part ending in a vowel . List of the main parts of compound words:

With the end O : auto-, agro-, astro-, audio-, aero-, baro-, benzo-, bio-, bicycle-, vibration-, video-, hecto-, helio-, geo-, hetero-, hydro-, homo -, dendro-, zoo-, iso-, kilo-, cinema-, cosmo-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neuro-, neuro-, neo-, ortho-, paleo-, pyro-, pneumo-, porno-, psycho-, radio-, retro-, seismo-, socio-, spectro-, stereo-, thermo-, turbo-, phyto-, phono-, photo-, evaco-, exo- , eco-, electro-, endo-, energy-;

With final a, e, and : avia-, deca-, mega-, media-, tetra-; television; deci-, milli-, poly-, centi- .

Examples: autobiography, automobile plant, agro-soil, astrophysics, audio technology, aerovisual, pressure chamber, gasoline engine, biosphere, cycle track, vibration measuring, video technology, hectowatt, heliogravure, geopolitics, heterotransplantation, hydraulic turbine, homosexual, arboretum, veterinary, isobars, isothermal, kilometer, film, cosmovision, macrocosm, weather service, microbiology, microcomputer, monoculture, motorcycle racing, neuropathologist, neuropsychic, neorealism, orthocenter, paleo-Asian, pyrotechnics, pneumosclerosis, porn film, psycholinguistics, radioactive, radio receiver, retro fashion, earthquake-resistant, sociocultural, spectroprojector, stereo effect, heat-resistant, turbogenerator, phytoplankton, phonochrestomathy, camera, evacuation hospital, exothermic, ecosystem, electric-intensive, endothermic, energy-intensive;

airmail, aerochemical, decameter, megarelief, media company, tetrasubstituted; telephoto lens, telefilm, teleKVN, tele-controlled; decigram, millivolt, polyvalent, multivitamin, centigram;

With two or more of these parts: aerial photography, hydrogeochemical, weather radiosonde, radio telecontrol, spectroheliogram, photographic filming, electrical radio equipment; automotocycle racing, astrospectrophotometry, paleophytogeographic.

4. Compound words with the first part ending in i , For example: time calculation, time pulse, name creativity, cotyledon, semen purifier, selfishness, selfish.

The following word categories are written with a hyphen

1. Combinations that are repetition of a word (often for the purpose of reinforcement), for example: blue-blue, tightly-strongly, a lot-a-lot, barely, very-very, quite-quite, just, a little bit, ah-ah, woof-woof, pah-pah, just about, go- they walk and ask and ask; the combination is also spelled zero zero .

This includes repetitions of pronominal words everything, everything, who, what(in different cases), where, where etc., for example: Everyone has arrived! She is happy about everything. Who has never visited him! It’s someone else, and she’s happy with him. Something is missing here! Something, something, but this will not happen! Somewhere, somewhere, but in this house it’s always fun. Anywhere, but he won’t refuse to go to Moscow.

2. Expressive combinations-repetitions (often intensifying) character, in which one of the parts is complicated by a prefix or suffix, as well as combinations of elements varying in sound composition, For example: beauty-beautiful, clever-wise, wolf-wolf, tower-teremok, grief-sorrowful, day-day, torment-torment, darkness-darkness, blue-blue, washed-washed, glad-radeshenek, one-alone, white- white, early, early, a long time ago, little by little, little by little, tightly, crosswise, willy-nilly, any, after all, just, hop-hop, wait-wait, chubby, sickly, sickly, insofar as(adverb), all right, passion-face, hocus-pocus, tricky things, shurum-burum, tyap-blunder, tara-bara, trawl-vali, not hukhry-mukhry, shaher-maher, shur-mury.

3. Paired constructions consisting of words with the first part semi-, For example: half-city, half-village, half-German, half-Russian, half-fairy tale, half-fable, half-dream, half-reality; half-military-half-civilian, half-mocking-half-sympathetic, half-joking-half-seriously, half-lying, half-sitting.

Between parts of such paired constructions it is possible (in some syntactic conditions: when enumerating, separating) a comma, for example: Accept the collection of motley chapters, / Half funny, half sad...(P.); Her eyes are like two fogs, / Half smile, half cry(Sick.).

4. Combinations correlative or similar words in meaning, For example: sadness-longing, path-road, life-being, geese-swans, vegetables-fruits, bread-salt, fir-trees-sticks, cat-mouse(a game), spoons-forks, arms-legs, one and only, alive and well, in good health, unexpectedly, at the very least, at any cost, sewn-covered, walks-wanders, once upon a time, drink-eat, drink- feed, this and that, this and that, back and forth.

5. Combinations meaning an approximate indication of the amount or time of something , For example: a day or two, a week or two, he will write a letter or two, a year or two, two or three hours, three or four times, twelve to fifteen people, two or three boys, two or three; He will be back in March-April .

If in such constructions the quantity is indicated by numbers, a dash, rather than a hyphen, is placed between them, for example: people 12–15; she is 30–35 years old; rubles 200–300; this was in 1950-1951.

6. Complex words with the first part – a letter or sound abbreviation, For example: VHF transmitter, MV oven, HIV infection, DNA-containing .

Nouns

Common nouns

The following categories of nouns are written together

1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined by general rules: words with prefixes and initial parts like false-, semi-, self- , compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral, compound words with initial parts like auto, air , compound words with the first part ending in -I , For example: superman, pseudoscience, three-ton, airstrike, biosphere, cotyledons .

2. compound words, For example: artillery shelling, military doctor, state trade, international passport, spare parts, cyberspace, communist party, machinery bureau, payment in kind, pedagogical institute, political emigrant, socialist realism, special issue, special vocational school, wall newspaper, dance floor, trans agency, household goods; collective farm, trade union, Komsomol, trade mission, destroyer.

3. Compound nouns with connecting vowels o and e, For example: water supply, farmer, forest-steppe, poultry farm, vegetable storehouse, new building, South Americans, sound image, syllabonics; with two or more initial components: forest peat mining, steam and water supply, glass-reinforced concrete, gas-water-oil saturation.

4. Compound nouns with the first part ending in -i or -ь , coinciding with the imperative form of the verb: hemlock, whirlytail, whirligig, gouge-eye, adonis, derzhidrevo, derzhimorda, skewed, hoarder, daredevil, shumigolova, robberarmy. Exception: Tumbleweed.

5. Nouns formed from hyphenated proper names (consisting of two parts with initial capital letters), for example: Addisabebians, Almaty residents(from Addis Ababa, Almaty), Buenos Aires, Yoshkarolins, Costa Ricans, Los Angeles, New Yorkers, Orekhozuyevo, Ulanuden, Ust-Kamenogorsk(names of residents of cities and states); Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint-Simon).

6. (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a consonant, except l , For example: half a bottle, half a bucket, half a house, half a meter, half an hour; half past one, half past ten, half past five and so on.

The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written with a hyphen.

1. Combinations of two nouns in which the first part has an independent declension :

a) repetition combinations of various types, paired constructions, combinations of correlative or similar words, for example: clever-wise, wolf-wolf, grief-misfortune, half-dream-half-reality, friend-buddy, first name-patronymic, purchase and sale;

b) combinations with single-word applications following the defined word, for example: Baba Yaga, Vanka-Vstanka, hero city, flying carpet, fiber flax, mother heroine, hornbill, hermit crab, parrot fish, self-assembled tablecloth(stable combinations); a new building, an international journalist, an emigrant writer, a medical student, a sniffer dog, a recruit soldier, an amateur gardener, a first-year student, an old mother, a beautiful girl, Masha the frolic(free combinations); with the second part unchanged: parade alle, lottery allegri, maximum program, minimum program.

c) combinations with single-word applications preceding the word being defined, for example: old father, beautiful daughter, smart son, hero pilot, sage writer, naughty monkey, tyrant stepmother, hard worker investigator, layman editor, rogue manager. Such applications are evaluative in nature.

Combinations of this type with proper names are usually written separately: old man Derzhavin(P.), baby Tsakhes(character from Hoffmann's story of the same name), simpleton Vanya and so on.; But: Mother Rus'(Necr.).

2. Combinations with applications in which the first part is an indeclinable noun , For example: automatic cafe, single canoe, mezzo-soprano, cape coat, revue operetta, relay station, free carriage.

These also include:

a) combinations of note names with words sharp, flat, becar: C-sharp, G-sharp, E-flat, A-flat, A-becar and so on.;

b) combinations with the first parts gross, net, solo: gross weight, net balance, solo bill and so on.;

c) names of production brands and product types Tu-104, Il-18 .

3. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular case with an ending , For example: aga khan, would-be hunter, amusement park, miracle hero, echo impulse .

This also includes terms with Greek letter names as initial elements, for example: alpha particle, beta decay, gamma radiation, delta wood, kappa factor, lambda characteristic, sigma function, theta rhythm .

4. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular without an ending (null-terminated), for example: address-calendar, mizzen-mast, business class, boy-woman, fire-girl, major general, jazz orchestra, diesel engine, doping control, firebird, internet project, caravanserai, march- throw, online survey, PR campaign, raincoat, Rh factor, rock ensemble, sex bomb, transfer agent, king fish; names of units of measurement, e.g.: ampere-second, watt-second, hectowatt-hour, kilowatt-hour, kilogram-force; foreign names of intermediate countries of the world: south-west, south-east, north-west, north-east.

There are many exceptions to this rule. According to tradition, all the names of chemical compounds of this structure are written together, for example: bromoacetone, butyl rubber, vinyl acetylene, methylbenzene, methyl rubber, chloroacetone, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, ethylcellulose. Examples of other continuous spellings: pennant, costutil, lotline, plankarta, folding device, quarter-final, storm ladder, yalbot .

5 . Words with the first parts of disco - (music), maxi-, midi-, mini- , For example: disco club, disco music, maxi fashion, midi skirt, mini dress, mini tractor, mini football, mini computer.

6. The following groups of nouns formed with connecting vowels :

a) names of complex units of measurement, for example: bed, parking space, passenger-kilometer, ton-kilometer, plane-flight, machine-hour, man-day;

b) Russian names of intermediate countries of the world: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, and north-northeast, north-northwest, south-southeast, south-southwest.

7. A group of words denoting primarily positions and titles, with the first parts vice-, chamber-, counter-, life-, chief-, stats-, non-commissioned-, wing-, headquarters-, staff-, as well as ex- (meaning ‘former’), for example: vice-governor, vice-chancellor, vice-consul, vice-president, vice-premier, vice-champion; chamberlain cadet, chamberlain page; rear admiral; life guards, life hussars, life dragoons, life medic; Chief Burgomaster, Chief Master, Chief Officer, Chief Prosecutor; lady of state, secretary of state; non-commissioned officer; aide-de-camp; headquarters, headquarters doctor, headquarters officer, headquarters captain; staff captain; ex-president, ex-minister, ex-director, ex-champion, ex-vice prime minister .

Words extraterritorial And expatriation, where is the prefix the ex- has a different meaning and is written together. Musical terms are written in the same way. overtone And underton.

8. Names in the form of phrases with a function word (since they consist of three parts, they are written with two hyphens): Ivan-da-Marya, mother-and-stepmother, don’t-touch-me(plants), love-not-love(a game).

9 . Combinations with gender forms. noun case (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a vowel or a consonant l, For example: half a turn, half a window, half an orange, half a knot, half a hut, half a diocese, half a tree, half a screen, half a yurt, half an apple, half a lemon, half a leaf, half eleventh .

10. Nouns formed from hyphenated common nouns , For example: vice-presidency, general government, chamber cadet, private docent, trade unionism, non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer(from vice-president, governor-general, chamberlain, privat-docent, trade union, non-commissioned officer).

Exceptions : southwester, ping pongist, somersault, chess player, yacht club member.

In all other cases, the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.

Groups of nouns of similar structure, written both with a hyphen and together.

1. Compound nouns , in which the first part represents:

A) the complete basis of an independently used noun that has nominative singular ending (non-null);

b) truncated stem of a self-used noun or adjective .

Examples of hyphens:

A) admiralty board, wardroom, manufactory board, postal director, press attache, yacht club ;

b) audience hall, ordinary doctor, CD, commercial college, conference room, private assistant professor, justice college; The names of political parties and movements and their supporters are also written, for example: social democracy, social democrat, national socialism, national socialist, radical extremism .

Examples of continuous spellings:

A) watch parade, sixth chord, seventh chord;

b) bulwark.

2. Compound nouns, the first part of which occurs only in compound words.

Examples of hyphens: art salon, beat group, berg college, pennant braid, web page, grand hotel, Dalai Lama, dance hall, content analysis, cruise bearing, lawn tennis, music hall, pop music, subaltern officer, top model, tryn-grass .

Examples of continuous spellings: arcsine, rear stage, mezzanine, bildapparat, Bundeschancellor, watermachine, military uniform, marshal at the quintessence, cold cream, cabinet of curiosities, leitmotif, landlord, Reich Chancellor, field marshal, schmutztitul .

3. Nouns consisting of two or more elements, separately in Russian (as independent words or repeating parts of complex words) not used.

Examples of hyphens: alma mater, boeuf-breze, boogie-woogie, jiu-jitsu, lend-lease, lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, ping-pong, Turkish delight, tête-à-tête, weekend, fife-o-clock, fata morgana, happy ending, cha-cha-cha .

Examples of continuous spellings: underground(And underground), rearguard, bel canto, beef stroganoff, bibabo, blancmange, beau monde, bonmeaux, bundestag, free verse, prodigy, judo, dixieland, ginseng, quiproquo, kickapoo, crossword, landwehr, mastersinger, head waiter, notabene, sedan chair, price list, tom-tom, theremin, backgammon, orange blossom, hula hoop, teaword, charivari.

Words with the first part are spelled differently pa- (correlative with a separately used indeclinable noun): cf. pas de deux, pas de trois And padegras, padecatr, padepatiner, padespan .

Let's consider other cases of continuous writing that are not described in the above paragraphs.

Continuous spelling of complex nouns

They write together:

  • compound nouns with a second part -grad , -city , For example: Leningrad, Belgorod;
  • compound nouns with a verb part And : adonis, hold the tree, keep your mouth, daredevil(But: percati-field);
  • compound nouns with the first part consisting of foreign elements air (part of a word aviation, therefore it is written A ), auto- , agro- ,aero- , bio- , bicycle , hydro- , zoo- , movie- , meteo- , micro- , neo- , motorcycle , television , photo- etc., for example: air communications, tanker truck, agro-minimum(But: agriculture), snowmobile, biomechanics, sea ​​airport, pet Shop, studio etc.

    Note

    If in complex nouns with the same last word the first two parts are connected by a conjunction And , then a hyphen is placed after the first element, for example: radio and television studio; Also: ball and roller bearings, auto, motorcycle and bicycle racing(car and motorcycle racing).

  • compound nouns of various types, for example: ATS, college, local committee, party meeting, head of department. (Dots are not placed inside compound words).

Spelling compound nouns with a hyphen

With a hyphen it is written:

  • compound nouns denoting political parties, their members (or supporters): social democracy, social democrat and so on.;
  • compound nouns denoting units of measurement: man-day, gram-molecule, kilowatt-hour etc. (but: workday);
  • compound nouns denoting intermediate cardinal directions: northeast, southwest;
  • nouns with foreign language elements in the first part vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex-, For example: Vice President, Chief Master, Life Guards, Non-Commissioned Officer, Headquarters, Ex-Champion. A noun is written with a hyphen rear admiral(Here counter-"against" does not matter);
  • compound nouns formed from whole, separately used nouns, for example: prime minister, diesel engine, raincoat, miracle heroes, would-be hunters, corresponding member. Also compound surnames: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Shchepkina-Kupernik.

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The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining several (usually two) independent parts into one semantic whole. Their role can be played by various parts of speech, both independent and auxiliary. Their display in writing has its own characteristics. Today we will talk about how to write such words.

First, let's talk about what options exist. A compound noun in Russian can be written either with a hyphen, or together, or separately. The principle behind distinguishing these options is highlighting words in writing. Words are separated by spaces, and their parts are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own characteristics. The fact is that in language, whole words and their combinations are not always clearly opposed. Therefore, in addition to separate and continuous writing, there is a semi-continuous, or hyphen. A hyphen serves to separate words into parts (for example, firebird), or connects parts of a phrase into one whole (science fiction writer). After reading this article, you will learn how to correctly write this or that complex noun.

Continuous writing

Words that are formed using connecting consonants are written together. This also includes all formations with auto-, aero-, air-, cinema-, motorcycle-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro, micro-, bio-, zoo-, neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just a few: flax harvesting, farmer, water supply, airport, motorcycle racing, motor rally, photo report, electric motor, bicycle racing, macrocosm.

Compound nouns are written together if they are inflected and their first verb part ends in -i. Examples: holding the tree, adonis, whirling neck, holding the muzzle, hoarder, spinning tail, daredevil.

Hyphenation

A compound noun should be written with a hyphen if it has the meaning of one word and it consists of 2 nouns, used independently, connected by the vowels e or o. Examples: boy-baba, firebird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declined, only the second noun changes.

The following examples apply to this rule: purchase and sale, hut-reading room, saw-fish, good boy, Moscow River. However, in these cases both nouns are modified by declension.

In addition, the names of political movements and parties that are constituent parts, as well as their supporters, should be written with a hyphen. Examples are as follows: social democrat, social democracy,

Complex units of measurement

Hyphenation is correct if we are dealing with complex units of measurement. It does not matter whether this complex noun is formed with the help of a connecting vowel or not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, there is an exception to this rule - this word workday, which should be written together.

Other cases of hyphenation

Let's continue to look at the spelling of compound nouns. A hyphen should be used when naming foreign and Russian intermediate cardinal points. Examples: northeast, northeast etc.

Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns are written through a hyphen if these combinations include:

a) verb used in personal form (flower love-not-love, plant Dont touch me);

b) union (plant ivan-da-marya);

c) preposition ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt-on-Main).

Foreign language elements often have their own characteristic features. Their use in various rules is often specified separately. In our case, the hyphenated spelling of complex nouns is correct if their first component is foreign language elements non-commissioned, chief, vice, headquarters, ex-. Examples include the following: life physician, ex-champion, vice president, headquarters.

Spelling of compound nouns, the first part of which is half-

If the first part of a compound word is floor-(meaning “half”), and then follows a noun in R. p., which begins with the consonant " l" or with a vowel, the correct spelling would be a hyphen. Examples: half an apple, half a turn, half a lemon. In other cases, complex nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after floor- It would be appropriate to use a hyphen if you have complex nouns. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow. Words that begin with semi-. Examples: semicircle, stop, half a mile from the city.

Features of app highlighting

If the word being defined is immediately followed by a one-word clause, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika the warrior, Masha the playful one, the old mother.

If a one-word application, which in meaning can be equated to an adjective, follows the word being defined, the hyphen is not inserted. Example: handsome son.

If the application or the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, it is not placed between them. Example: Social Democrats Mensheviks.

Russian compound surnames

Compound surnames that were formed by adding two personal names should be written with a hyphen, that is, when they are combined to form compound nouns. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, etc..

Personal surnames and given names associated with nicknames are written separately with them. Examples: Muravyov the Hanger, Vanka Cain, Ilya Muromets.

Foreign language compound surnames

It is necessary to put a dash between parts of the word if we are dealing with foreign-language compound surnames in which the first part St. or Sen-. Examples: Saint-Saens, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial component indicating social status, family relationships, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail Bey, Tursun Zade, Ibn Fadlan and etc.

However, it should be clarified that compound names, the first part of which is Don-, are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not used separately in Russian. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan. However, if the word “don” means “master”, it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.

It is also necessary to take into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign language surnames, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelier, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles, without which surnames of this type are not used, must be written with a hyphen. Example: Van Dyck.

It should be said that some other foreign-language surnames have their own characteristics in the Russian transmission. The particles and articles in them are written together, so their spelling can be separate in the corresponding languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandolle, Laharpe, Lafontaine. The writing of complex nouns, which are proper names of foreign origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We have looked at the main ones, it remains only to talk about the last one.

It must be taken into account that names of different categories are not connected by hyphens, like Russian surnames, first names and patronymics. Example: Gaius Julius Caesar.

Let us now turn to the features of displaying geographical names in writing.

Place names consisting of two nouns

They are written with a hyphen if they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenets-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone. The same applies to words consisting of a noun and an adjective following it. Examples: Gus-Khrustalny,

Other cases of hyphenated geographical names

Combinations consisting of a particle or article with a significant part of speech should also be written through a hyphen. The following examples can be given: Bay of De Castries, the city of La Carolina, the city of Le Creusot.

The names of settlements are written with a hyphen if they include as the first part: top-, salt-, ust- etc. The same applies to some titles with the first part lower-, upper-, old-, new- etc., with the exception of those cases where a continuous spelling is fixed on geographical maps or in reference books. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki, But: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk.

If geographical names, which are composite, are formed from the names of parts of a particular geographical object with or without the use of a connecting vowel, then in this case a dash is also placed. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. Exception - Czechoslovakia.

Separate spelling of geographical names

However, in some cases geographical names should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective followed by a noun; or if a noun follows a numeral. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, White Church, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana.

You also need to write nouns separately if they are surnames. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy village.

Names of cities with the second part -grad or -city

The names of cities are written together if their second component is -city or -grad. Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhgorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad.

Spelling variations

It should be noted that there are fluctuations in the spelling of some complex words that have recently appeared in the language. Examples: parking space and parking space, tonne-kilometre and tonne-kilometre, tonage-day and tonage-day. These spelling variations are explained by the presence of connecting vowels ( ton-o-kilometer, car-o-place). Thus, they are influenced by general writing rules. It is preferable to write them together.

So, we looked at the continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex nouns. Of course, we have examined only the main cases. There are many nuances in this topic, so it can take a long time to improve in it. However, we have presented the basic information, and in most cases it is quite enough to write complex nouns correctly.

Spelling

II. Nouns

§ 78. Written together:

1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, For example: plumbing, farmer, flax harvesting, steam locomotive repair, airport, aircraft, motor rally, motorcycle race, velodrome, film director, photo report, stereo tube, weather report, electric motor, hydraulic structures, agricultural technology, livestock specialist, biostation, micro-reduction, macrocosm, neo-Lamarckism, bicycle racing, aerial photography.

For hyphenated writing of nouns formed with connecting vowels, see § 79, paragraphs. 3, 4.

2. Names of cities, the second component of which is -grad or -city , For example: Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of a word, for example: about(society), dr(doctor), t-vo(partnership), b-ka(library).

16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if in the first of the nouns this common part is omitted, for example: ball and roller bearings(instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives(instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north and southeast.