What are molar teeth? Purpose, structure and problems of large molars (molars) First and second molars.

Molar teeth are present in children and adults, but their number differs. For example, babies have 8 of them, and teenagers, women and men have from 8 to 12. The number of these teeth in the oral cavity depends on how many “eights” a person has cut through. The molar that grew from above has three roots, while the lower ones have only two. The number of channels also varies; one root can have several channels. They are characterized by their rugged and twisted nature.

These teeth have a large crown; their shape (in the upper part of the jaw) is similar to a rhombus, and from below - like a cube. The chewing surface is characterized by the presence of several tubercles - from 4 to 6, which can be of the following types:

• buccal - located closer to the cheek;
• lingual - closer to the language;
• distal - distant tubercles;
• mesial - near.

The tubercles on the tooth surface are separated by special grooves. “Eights” do not necessarily erupt on time: they can remain inside the jaw, i.e. be retained. In a child, they appear at different times, but by the age of 2.5 years, almost all of them appear. The cutting schedule looks like this:

1. At 1 year of age, the baby's first two molars erupt - one at the top and one at the bottom.
2. At 1.1–1.2 years the first ones appear. They are located on the lower jaw.
3. At 1.8 years the lower ones appear.
4. At 2 or 2.5 years, another pair of upper ones erupts.

At the same time, baby teeth grow, and if they have erupted completely, then it is time for the next pair of molars to grow. This usually occurs at 6 or 7 years of age. First of all, the “six” appears on the lower jaw, and the second - a little later on the upper jaw. At age 12 or later, “sevens” begin to appear. Molars also include wisdom teeth - “eights”, which begin to grow from the age of 17, but can erupt differently for each person. The appearance of wisdom teeth varies from person to person. The molars are located behind the premolars. Typically, adults have three pairs of molars - “sixes”, “sevens” and “eights”.

The molars of the upper jaw are the largest, they have an average length of 22 mm, with a minimum of 20 mm. The buccal tubercle, which is located in front, depends on the fissure - a groove running from the anterior surface, smoothly turning into the buccal one. Then the groove extends to the very neck of the tooth.

On the back wall of the tooth, the tubercle is characterized by a groove that stretches along the chewing area and then turns into the lingual area. The tubercles, which are located in front and behind, are separated from each other by a strip running exactly in the center of the chewing surface. This is the central fissure connecting the other two grooves.

The tubercles differ in shape: near the tongue they are rounded, and near the cheek they are conical. Interestingly, the anterior tubercles are much larger than the posterior ones. They are sometimes accompanied by an additional, so-called abnormal tubercle. It got its name due to the fact that it does not reach normal sizes and does not take part in chewing.

Among other features, it is worth noting the following. Near the cheek, the surface is distinguished by its convexity and the fact that it is divided by a groove. The curvature of the enamel is very pronounced. On the lingual surface the groove is smaller and gradually passes into the chewing area. The back of the molar is more convex than the front, but smaller in size than the surface that is in front.

On the upper jaw they have three roots, which have different shapes. The first of them is called palatal and looks like a cone, and the other two are buccal, one larger and the second smaller. The roots are compressed on both sides. The root of the anterior molar has a well-defined structure.

The second molar, which is located between the teeth of the upper jaw, is slightly smaller than the first and has an average size of 21 mm. In general, its dimensions can be from 19 to 23 mm. The crown has its own specifics, which are worth considering in more detail, since it can occur in people in three different variations.

Firstly, it is similar to the crown of the first molar, but there is no abnormal cusp. And he never shows up. Secondly, three tubercles grow on the chewing surface, which are located in the anterior direction. They are formed by combining the anterior lingual tubercle with the posterior one. Thirdly, the crown has a rhombic shape and is strongly elongated in the anterior direction. On the surface there are three tubercles, which are arranged in the form of a triangle. One of the vertices is palatal, and the other two are buccal. The most common among people are the first and third types.

The second molar has a clearly visible crown curvature and has three roots. Those of the roots that are located near the cheek are able to merge into one. Some people experience situations where all the roots merge into one and have the shape of a cone. In places where they have grown together, grooves may appear. The root is clearly visible and expressed. The second molar may have 3 canals in half the cases, 4 are typical for 40% of people. It is very rare to find two channels or one.

The third molar, which is a molar and is located on the upper jaw, has its own characteristics:

1. Variable shape and size.
2. A wisdom tooth may be shaped like an awl.
3. There are 3 tubercles on the surface that takes part in the chewing process. But there may be teeth where 4, and even less often 5 or 6 tubercles will grow.
4. The roots have different shapes and sizes, which depends on the characteristics of each person’s jaw and genetic predisposition. There can be from 1 to 4–5 roots, although in medical practice there are teeth with 8 roots.

What are the features of the mandibular molars? There are also such teeth at the bottom of the jaw. The first, the molar, is distinguished by its large size, which ranges from 20 to 24 mm with an average length of 22 mm. On their surface there can be 5 tubercles, which differ from each other: 2 are lingual, 3 are located near the cheek.

Between the tubercles there is a longitudinal stripe - a fissure, which runs clearly along the edge of the chewing surface. There is also a transverse groove running from the cheek to the lingual, and at the same time crossing the chewing area.

The tubercle, which is the third and is located near the cheek, is created by a small groove extending from the transverse one. The buccal surface of the third tooth is curved, and the lingual surface has a rather convex shape. There is also a difference in the structure of the rear and front surfaces. The first has a larger convexity than the front, which is much larger than the back. The crown is able to deviate towards the lingual surface. There are two roots, and they are divided into anterior and posterior, which are compressed on one side and the other. The roots are strongly pronounced. The first molar usually has 3 canals, less often 4, and 2 canals are quite rare.

The second molar tooth at the bottom of the jaw is different from the first. On the chewing surface there are only 4 tubercles, which are divided into buccal and lingual. They are separated from each other by one transverse and one longitudinal groove. Sometimes a fifth, abnormal bump may occur.

The crown resembles the structure of the first molar of the lower jaw. The number of roots is also the same, divided into anterior and posterior, having a somewhat flattened shape. The roots are clearly defined, and there are 3 canals in them - one posterior and two anterior. Some people have four channels. In all cases, the roots have the ability to merge.

Third, the lower wisdom teeth are large or slightly smaller in size and may have different shapes. The crown is covered with 4 or 5 cusps, although lower third molars typically have 6–7 cusps. There are posterior and anterior tubercles, which are larger and higher than the first. These teeth have 2 roots, and they often merge into one cone-shaped one.

Even a schoolboy can easily answer how many teeth a person has. Lower and upper jaws, each with 16 teeth. Total – 32. Ideally. But at different stages of human life the amount differs greatly. And it's not about age and baby teeth. It's a matter of molars.

Where are the molars located?

In addition to the canines and incisors, which are familiar to many, there are premolars and molars, unknown to many, which are the most important in functionality - with their help a person chews food.

If you turn to mathematics and make calculations, out of 32 teeth, 8 are incisors, there are 4 canines, 8 teeth are called premolars. There are as many as 12 molars in the mouth. They are located deep in the jaw - three on each side, above and below. But the very last molars in the row, which are called wisdom teeth, do not completely erupt in everyone and this happens at different ages. Therefore, the average person does not always have 32 teeth.

The usual name for molars is molars. More precisely, large molars, while premolars are small. Thanks to molars, a person, grinding food with them, performs the chewing function.

By the way. In the case of partial absence of molars, premolars will cope with the chewing function, but not one hundred percent; they differ in structure from their “big brothers.”

Before molars

Since premolars are functionally similar to molars, it makes sense to get to know them first. A pair on each side on the upper and lower jaw - eight premolars differ not only from molars, but also from each other.

Upper

Larger in size than the lower ones, can reach 25 mm. Prism shape. The chewing surface consists of two tubercles, between which there is a depression. The difference between them is that the first has two roots in the row, and the second has one.

Lower

The first one looks more like a fang, but there are also protrusions on the surface, only the front one is more pronounced than the back one. Both have only one single root. Premolars are already molars. They grow between 10 and 13 years and do not change.

Description of large molars

So, the last ones in the dentition on the left and right, below and above are called molars. We can call them back teeth (by analogy with the front incisors). If you take a perfectly toothed mouth, there will be 12 molars.

By the way. Very rarely, 1-2% of people develop a fourth molar on one side. It is rudimentary, almost always underdeveloped and usually must be removed immediately.

What is special about molars?

1. They are the largest of all teeth.
2. They have the widest chewing surface.
3. They have pronounced tubercles with a deep groove in the center.
4. They have a strong enamel coating.
5. Can withstand pressure of 75 kg.

Upper

Slightly larger than the lower ones, almost the same size. There are not two, but four tubercles on the chewing surface. Hence the ability to grind food. Chewing area from 6.5 to 9 mm. These teeth have three roots. The second molar may have four roots; this occurs in 10% of patients.

The third is the wisdom tooth, the last in the row and not as important for the chewing process as the first and second. Its area, if we do not take into account the anomalies encountered, is much smaller.

By the way. In 15% of people, these teeth do not grow at all. This is not an anomaly; according to recent research, in the process of human evolution, these teeth have lost their relevance, since food, compared to prehistoric times of consumption of raw and poorly fried meat, has become much softer.

The third molar has three roots and three chewing cusps. The peculiarity of the roots is that their channels are deformed and practically impassable. In most cases, these teeth are not treated.

By the way. The wisdom tooth has such a name precisely because it does not affect anything physiologically. It is rather a “spiritual” organ that demonstrates the maturity of a person’s mind (it is believed that after 20 he is much smarter than in childhood).

Lower

The structure of the first and second is similar. The first has a tuberous surface on which up to six tubercles are located. On the second there are four standard tubercles.

Both with two roots. The third, like the ones above, are underdeveloped. In a large number of people, almost half, they only partially erupt and remain closed by the gum. They have a single, but massive root, the canal of which is also curved, making it difficult to treat.

Wisdom teeth

There is usually not much information about third molars. A vestigial element that is often absent from the dentition. But the fact is that even the absence of wisdom teeth causes problems.

When the third molars erupt, the sensations are not the most pleasant, and sometimes quite painful.

1. Firstly, they take a long time to cut. In this case, the gums are in an inflamed state, all this can be accompanied by fever, pain, swelling of the jaw, tissue tumors and other complications.
2. Secondly, if they do not erupt completely, they interfere with the adjacent teeth, and again cause inflammation and pain, which is now almost permanent.
3. Thirdly, they may not erupt at all. But at the same time cause serious damage to the roots or nerves of neighboring teeth. In this case, urgent removal of the unerupted tooth is necessary, which is a serious surgical operation.
4. Fourthly, the location of the third molar is the most inaccessible; rarely does anyone reach the depths of the jaw with a toothbrush, so this rudiment serves as a breeding ground for infections.
5. Fifthly, due to poor accessibility, it is difficult to treat and fill, and curved canals are almost impossible to clean.

It turns out that a person does not need the third molar and is even harmful? Not so simple. There is a theory that the “wisdom” in the name of this molar is not related to the presence of “amount of intelligence,” but to how a person knows how to use it. Some medical and sociological studies demonstrate the connection between the condition of wisdom teeth and a person’s ability to plan their life and make decisions that improve it. In socially successful people who have a clear idea of ​​their lives, as a rule, the eruption of wisdom teeth is less painful and is not accompanied by complications.

By the way. There are many beliefs and legends associated with this tooth. Among the Slavs, the eruption of four wisdom teeth indicates spiritual maturity and the fact that a person is under the protection of higher powers and ancestors. If the teeth have not grown, then you should not count on the protection of your ancestors.

If we approach the issue more realistically, then removing wisdom teeth without indication is also not worth it. Sometimes they are the salvation for the prosthetist and his patient, when there is no other way to secure a bridge or prosthesis, the third molar can be very useful.

Wisdom teeth removal is permitted for the following indications:

• incorrect location, horizontal growth angle;
• presence of facial neuralgia;
• gum cyst;
• semi-eruption, with gum injury;
• carious lesion;
• damage to the pulp or periodontium;
• root ingrowth into the maxillary sinus.

Video - Wisdom tooth removal and pericoronitis

About baby and permanent teeth

Children have eight molars. The first ones appear after a year and finally erupt by 19 months. The latter grow from 23 to 32 months. They are a more prominent copy of permanent molars, but are replaceable (deciduous).

When the time comes for teeth to be replaced, their roots are resorbed, causing tooth loss and making room for a molar.

The first permanent ones begin to appear at the age of six. The second pairs erupt from 12 to 13 years of age. Still others may not erupt at all, and if they begin to grow, then at the age of no earlier than 21 years.

Many parents confuse dates, teeth, and cannot figure out where the milk teeth are and where the permanent teeth are. What to treat? When to go to the doctor?

There are signs by which it is easy to distinguish baby back teeth from permanent ones.

1. Replaceable ones are always smaller in size.
2. The color of milky ones is different - they are white-blue, as if transparent, while permanent ones are white-yellow.
3. The roots of temporary ones are shorter, but wider.
4. Caries occurs in different places of the tooth: in milk teeth - on the sides, and in permanent teeth it affects the chewing surface.
5. The tubercles in milk are erased.
6. When it's time to change, the milk ones begin to wobble and fall out.

Table. Eruption of primary teeth

Table. Eruption of permanent teeth

Features of treatment

Knowledge of the structure of one’s own body is an indicator of a person’s medical culture and his concern for health. Knowing the characteristics of molars will help you become familiar with the specifics of their treatment. When to see a doctor if you have problems with molars?

Molars, although considered posterior, are by no means “invisible”. They, with a certain jaw structure, participate in the formation of a smile. In addition to aesthetics, the loss of a molar at a young age threatens to change the bite. Well, the most important thing is the chewing function, which will be supported by the premolars, but it will still be weakened compared to the use of large molars.

Prevention

Is it possible to somehow prevent damage to permanent molars, which are easy targets for caries and pulpitis? Paradoxically, it will be possible to protect molars if you take good care of temporary teeth, keeping them healthy until the change.

There is an opinion that hygiene and treatment of baby teeth are not mandatory procedures, they say, they will fall out anyway, so why take care of them and treat them. But baby teeth need no less careful care, which should begin after the baby turns two years old, and by three years old it will develop into a full-fledged habit. Of course, it is necessary to use special children's pastes and brushes, and the cleaning itself should be carried out under the supervision of adults. Only by properly caring for baby teeth can you create the foundation for the formation of healthy permanent teeth. find out in our article.

The rudiments of permanent (molar) teeth begin to form during intrauterine development. Molars are divided into small and large. The small ones are located immediately after the canines on each jaw: two first and two second premolars. They have only two tubercles on the closing surface and, as a rule, one root (in 80%), which in some cases may consist of two canals. The crown of the lower minor ones has a more spherical shape.

Small molars are involved in cutting and tearing food. Large molars are six back teeth on each jaw (three on the right and left sides), arranged according to a certain pattern: these are the first, second and third molars, the latter erupts later than the others and is called a “wisdom tooth”. Large constants serve mainly for grinding food. It is for this important function that a certain anatomy is provided.

The complex structure includes a massive cube-shaped crown, a large closure area, on which three or four tubercles are located. The upper large permanent teeth have three root canals, and the lower ones have two. The roots of the last molar may unite into one conical structure.

Fangs

(lat. dentes canini)

A fang is a cone-shaped tooth that is used for tearing and grinding food. Located between the molars and incisors. In the upper jaw, the canines have a massive crown and a noticeable middle ridge. Typically this is the third (3) tooth from the top. In the lower jaw, the fangs are less pronounced. They have a shorter dense root. They are characterized by a single root with lateral grooves.

Molars

(lat. dentes molares)

Molars are molar chewing teeth with a prominent massive crown that has several tubercles. They are located behind the premolars. A molar has three roots. In the upper jaw, the molars are diamond-shaped. In the lower jaw they have a shape resembling a slightly elongated cube, flattened vertically. The molars include the sixth tooth (6), seventh (7) and eighth (8).

Premolars

(lat. dentes premolares)

Premolars are small and large molars that are absent in the primary dentition. They actively participate in grinding and chewing food. Located between the canines and molars. Refers to the lateral teeth. The premolars of the upper jaw are usually much larger than the lower ones. The premolars of the lower jaw have a longer root. These include the fourth (4) and fifth (5) teeth.

Incisors

(lat. dentes incisivi)

Incisors - front teeth: first (1) and second (2) from the center. They have a spade shape with a cutting edge. They cut food at the wrong size and are needed for biting food. There are 8 incisors in total: upper and lower. They have a single root. The lingual surface of the incisors is concave. The upper incisors have a wider crown than the lower ones. The root of the lower incisors is compressed from the sides.

Wisdom teeth

(lat. dens serotinus)

The wisdom tooth is the eighth (8) tooth in the dentition, the third molar. It is rudimentary, as it has long lost its purpose. Each jaw may have two teeth. The upper wisdom teeth are smaller than the lower ones and can have different shapes, most often tricuspid. Lower wisdom teeth often have recurved, short roots and four cusps on the chewing surface.

What kind of teeth come in at 2 years old?

• the child's appetite is reduced;

Scheme of baby teeth eruption

First tooth

The child may cough

Don't leave your child alone

Gum massage

• rises in the evening, at night;
• lasts up to three days;

Ibuprofen

Greetings, dear readers! When a baby is teething, it is always painful and unpleasant. For parents, the suffering of a child causes a lot of trouble. And when it seems that this painful period is behind us, new “guests” make themselves known. Let's look at: molars - what kind of teeth they are, and what are the symptoms of their appearance.

Molars in children

Excessive drooling

Whims

Temperature

Red gums

Cold symptoms

• diarrhea;
• conjunctivitis;
• runny nose;
• otitis media

Molars and premolars in humans

In what order do baby teeth emerge?

The rudiments of teeth are formed in the womb. A newborn has 20 follicles located in the lower and upper jaw, and it is from them that baby teeth develop.

The incisors are the first guests in a small state

They are located in the lower and upper jaws, 2 central and 2 lateral in each. Teeth eruption begins with the central lower incisors at the age of 5-6 months. The upper ones come out 1-2 months later.

The child also has 4 lateral incisors, they are located near the central ones. The upper ones erupt when the child reaches 9-11 months of age, the lower lateral incisors appear a little later, from 11 to 13 months.

The indigenous people follow them

Another name for these baby teeth is molars. They are divided into the first and second.

The first molars are located near the fangs in both jaws, there are 4 of them. They appear in a child no earlier than 12-16 months.

The second primary molars are the last to emerge; this process is observed after two years. They are located behind the first (small) molars.

When will the fangs come out?

Their turn comes when the baby is 16-20 months old. They are located in front of the first molars. During this period, it is necessary to try to prevent the development of colds, since fangs often cause a deterioration in the baby’s health.

This order of eruption of baby teeth in children is considered a classic. It is also possible that they will appear several months earlier or later than the dates indicated above.

This is also the norm. In medicine, there are even cases where newborns already had milk teeth.

Teething Formula

Determining the number of baby teeth a child has is very simple; you need to subtract four from his age, taken in months. The result obtained will indicate their number. For example, if a child is 11 months old, then according to the formula he should have 11-4 = 7 teeth. This formula is valid for up to 2 years.

The order and timing of the eruption of permanent teeth

The eruption of the first permanent teeth should begin before the first baby teeth fall out. In order for the child to develop the correct bite, they erupt in pairs and in a certain order:

1. First molars. They are also called “sixth teeth”. They erupt immediately as permanent teeth and are placed near the second primary molars. This happens when the child reaches 6-7 years of age.
2. Central incisors replace lost milk. The lower ones are 6-7 years old, and the upper ones are 7-8 years old.
3. Lateral permanent incisors grow in place of dairy. They appear from below at 7-8 years, and from above at 8-9 years.
4. First premolars replace the first primary molars. This happens no earlier than 10 years.
5. Second premolars emerge at the sites of lost primary second molars. On the upper jaw they appear at 10-12 years, and on the lower jaw at 11-12 years.
6. In place of fallen milk fangs teeth of the same name, but already permanent ones, are growing. The lower ones are aged 9-10 years, the upper ones are 11-12.
7. Second molars cut immediately and permanently around the first 11-13 years of age, with the lower ones a little earlier than the upper ones.
8. Third molars also grow immediately permanently, these are the well-known “wisdom teeth”. They can appear between 17 and 25 years of age. Often they are absent altogether.

Possible problems

The above timing of teething is the norm. But under the influence of certain factors, problems associated with this process may arise.

Edentia

We can talk about it in the absence of one or more teeth and their rudiments. The diagnosis is made no earlier than 10 months of age. The cause may be heredity, problems with the endocrine system, or concomitant diseases of other organs.

Signs of edentia are:

• malocclusion;
• violation of diction;
• missing one or more teeth;
• large gaps between teeth;
• sunken cheeks.

If there are rudiments of teeth, the doctor will prescribe treatment that will stimulate teething. Sometimes the gums are dissected or special braces are installed. In their absence, implants are used.

Retention

With this pathology, there is a tooth germ in the gum, but it does not erupt for two reasons:

• too dense gum;
• The exiting tooth abuts the previously erupted tooth.

It manifests itself as pain, swelling, hyperemia, and fever. Treated by cutting the gums or removing an impacted tooth.

Early teething

The appearance of the first teeth before 4 months of age is considered early. This often happens with disorders in the endocrine system, and may also indicate the presence of tumors.

Late teething

This problem can be discussed if teeth are missing at the age of 10 months. This is caused by a lack of calcium, genetic predisposition, impaired enzymatic metabolism, pathology of the digestive system, rickets and other factors.

If by the age of 1 year the child has no teeth, take the baby to the dentist.

Out of order

Occurs when the teeth appear in the wrong sequence. It can lead to tooth ingrowth into the gum and the formation of an incorrect bite.

Enamel hypoplasia

Develops with enamel deficiency. Externally manifested by the presence of grooves, pits, and roughness on the surface of the teeth. The child complains of pain when eating cold or hot food.

Treatment consists of eliminating harmful factors and installing fillings or prostheses.

How can you tell if your baby has acquired teeth?

A small child cannot say the reason for his anxiety. But during the appearance of teeth, you can notice the following changes in his condition:

• increased salivation;
• swelling and redness of the gums;
• weakness, crying, anxiety;
• refusal of food;
• the child chews everything that comes to hand;
• a slight increase in temperature is possible.

The photo shows what gums look like when teething in babies:

What and how to alleviate the child’s condition?

It is impossible to completely avoid teething symptoms, but you can alleviate your baby’s condition:

• use chilled teethers, they will relieve swelling and reduce pain;
• you can also massage your gums with your finger, after washing your hands well;
• to reduce pain use gels with anesthetic effect;
• provide sufficient consumption of foods that contain a lot of calcium;
• during wipe away the saliva to avoid irritation of the baby's delicate skin.

Caring for baby teeth

You need to start practicing oral hygiene when complementary foods are introduced and the first tooth appears. Up to a year, this can be done with a napkin soaked in boiled water or a soft toothbrush.

As you approach the age of one, brush your baby’s teeth before bedtime without toothpaste with a special toothbrush. It needs to be replaced at least once every 3 months.

You can start using fluoride-free toothpastes for children at age 2.

Teach your baby to brush his teeth 2 times a day, it is especially important to do this before bed. To prevent the development of caries, and baby teeth are especially susceptible to it, you should not overuse sweets and foods with a high sugar content.

Symptoms

Basic

• swelling, edema, itching of the gums;
• poor sleep;
• increased salivation;

Related

• Temperature

• Rashes

• Loose stool

• Cough

• Runny nose

This is interesting!

Subsequence

1. Six months to a year - upper canines.
2. 1.5-2 years - lower canines.
3. 1-1.5 years - lower molars.

Interesting fact.

Deadlines

• Age

• Duration

• First tooth

Wow!

What to do

Medicines

• Viburcol (Viburkol)

• Nurofen (Nurofen)

• Gels and ointments

Folk remedies

• Chamomile

• Chicory root

• Propolis

• Mumiyo

• Frozen fruit

• Bread products

Care

1. Don't give a lot of sweets.
2. Learn to chew vigorously.

Scientific data.

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Premolars

Premolars are small molars. They are located behind the fangs, which is why they have some similarities with them. However, they do have some features characteristic of posteriorly located large molars. There are upper (first, second), lower (first, second) premolars.

Upper premolars

Externally, they have a prismatic shape, their sizes vary from 19.5 mm to 24.5 mm, usually for most people their length reaches 22.5 mm. Most often, the maxillary first or second premolar is slightly larger than the lower one. This is what the upper premolar looks like:

On the chewing surface, small tubercles are clearly visible, with larger buccal tubercles and smaller chewing tubercles, between which there is a small groove. The first premolar of the upper jaw has two dental roots, and similarly the second one that follows it.

Lower premolars

The lower premolars have some differences from each other. The first tooth is anatomically similar to the adjacent canine. It has a rounded shape, just like the upper premolars have lingual and buccal cusps on its surface, and a groove is located between them.

Premolars are permanent teeth. In children they are not part of the bite. The first premolars appear after nine to ten years, the second a little later, at eleven to thirteen years.

Molars

Large molars or molars, what are they? Normally, an adult should have twelve of them. Arranged in pairs, six at the top and six at the bottom (three on the left and on the right). They are sometimes called "posterior" due to the fact that they are located last in the dental bite.

The main function is chewing food. This may be why they have the largest sizes, especially in the upper coronal part. Moreover, they have a large chewing surface. Thanks to such anatomical features, they can withstand loads of up to 70 kg. Typically, the upper molars are slightly larger than the lower molars.

Molars – what kind of teeth are they? There are first, second, third upper molars, as well as first, second, third lower molars.

Upper molars

The dimensions of the coronal part are 7.0-9.0 mm. The upper chewing surface is divided by pepper grooves into four small tubercles. There are three roots: buccal-mesial, palatine, and buccal-distal.

This is what an upper molar looks like:

The third molar, the eighth tooth, is smaller than the others in most people, and sometimes may be completely absent. Its upper surface has a three-tubercle structure; less commonly, two or four tubercles are identified. It usually has three roots, just like the previous large molars, two buccal and one palatal. The number of roots may be slightly larger, sometimes reaching five.

Quite often there is an abnormal location of the figure eight, its retention (lack of eruption), deviation towards the cheek. A special and rare case is hyperdontia, the presence of a fourth molar that is, for the most part, not fully formed.

Lower molars

The lower molars have a slightly smaller crown than the upper molars. Several tubercles are usually found on the chewing surface, their number varies from 3 to 6. The 2nd molar rarely has five tubercles, usually their number is four.

These teeth have 2 roots, distal and medial. They are located parallel to each other. The figure eight has one or two tooth roots. Sometimes retention and displacement to the side are observed.

Molars in children

In children with primary dentition, a distinction is made between first and second molars. The second molars in children erupt somewhat later than the first. The timing of their eruption is as follows:

• 1st top after 14 months
• 1st bottom after 12 months
• 2nd top after 24 months
• 2nd bottom after 20 months

The replacement process involves the resorption of tooth roots, as well as adjacent areas. At the same time, growing permanent molars displace their predecessors. The first molars appear the earliest in children; they are clearly visible in the lower dentition in the photo:

The periods of change of bite are as follows:

Upper molars

• 1st - 6-8 years
• 2nd - 12-13 years old
• 3rd - 17-21 years old

Lower molars

• 1st - 5-7 years
• 2nd - 11-13 years old
• 3rd - 12-26 years old

Usually, a child’s permanent teeth, in particular molars, erupt painlessly, without increasing body temperature. Sometimes problems arise with the appearance of “wisdom teeth”, which is associated with their abnormal location, as well as a tendency to form caries.

Anatomy

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Any parent is able to understand faster than anyone else that your child is cutting molars. Moodiness, irritability and lack of sleep - for both of you - may mean that baby's teething is in full swing. Children's molars begin to erupt shortly after their first birthday. How long it takes for a child's molars to erupt depends on the individual, but there are general guidelines that can give you an idea of ​​your child's dental development.

Anatomy

The upper and lower gums are equipped with three types of teeth. Front incisors. The child's fangs are located immediately behind the incisors. Behind the canines are two sets of molars, the first and second molars. They are usually cut very painfully.

Beginning and duration of eruption of molars

Every baby is different, so there is no universal guideline for determining the length of time it takes for molars to finally emerge. There is an average time range that can help you judge your baby's situation. A child's upper and lower molars are cut between the ages of 12 and 17 months. In any case, they will appear between 27 and 32 months of age. The upper second molars begin to erupt between 24 and 33 months and complete eruption between 38 and 48 months. Lower second molars begin to emerge between 24 and 36 months, and a child's molars will begin to emerge between 34 and 48 months.

Signs that your baby is cutting molars

Teething baby molars is no walk in the park for you or your baby. The first sign that your baby has started teething may be a change in mood. Your child becomes more irritable and begins to have trouble sleeping. If you look into his mouth, you will see red and swollen gums near the area where the molars begin to grow. How long it takes for a child to cut their molars depends on many factors, including hereditary ones.

Why does a child’s molars take a long time to erupt?

Molars may take longer to erupt than other teeth. A child’s molars take a long time to cut because they have a large surface area that needs to be freed from the gums. This not only increases the time, but also makes the eruption of the child’s molars more painful than the eruption of the incisors.

Help when children are teething

Some children will experience quite severe discomfort when their molars are cutting - pain, poor sleep, lack of appetite, increased salivation, nervousness. By the way, sometimes, suddenly waking up with teeth, they can be very surprised and, accordingly, psychologically unstable.

Children produce large amounts of mucus as a natural reaction to any oral irritation. This mucus can become a breeding ground for bacteria and viruses, so teething time may make baby a little more susceptible to colds. Chamomile tea and clove oil are known to calm nerves and relieve gum pain. In addition, children can be provided with accessible immune support, such as colostrum and vitamin D3.

You can ease your baby's discomfort by offering him something cold to chew on, such as a chilled teething ring or a wet, cool one. With your doctor's approval, using paracetamol or ibuprofen will provide significant relief from teething pain.

Denial of responsibility: The information presented in this article about how long it takes for a child to cut molars is intended to inform the reader only. It cannot be a substitute for consultation with a medical professional

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Dairy or permanent?

Molars can be either one or the other. The whole point is at what age the process began and which particular pair of molars erupts. The first molars, the central ones, usually emerge before the age of one and a half years and are called the first pair of premolars. Further, their number reaches 4 up to 2.5 years, after which 4 molars erupt. But the 6th, 7th, and 8th molars will remain permanent and will be much stronger than their dairy counterparts.

The replacement of molars usually occurs between 7 and 12 years of age, at which time permanent molars grow. The last pair of molars may not appear until the age of 18-25, or may not erupt at all, and they will have to be helped surgically.

Do not be mistaken that baby teeth do not need to be examined by a doctor. If they become a reservoir for caries, the child will experience pain as severe as from damage to a permanent tooth. The root, nerves, enamel sensitivity - all this is present in baby molars.

What determines the timing of teeth appearance?

Each child actually has his own schedule, and every deviation in this plan is considered the norm. It depends on various circumstances.

• Genetic factor. Usually, if the parents started the process early, the children will follow in their footsteps, and vice versa.
• The course of pregnancy.
• Nutrition of mother and baby, including the prenatal period.
• Climate and ecology of the area.
• Baby's health in the first months after birth.

In addition, the schedule for the appearance of permanent teeth may be shifted in relation to milk teeth, which depends on the child’s living conditions already in preschool age.

How to understand that premolars and molars are cutting?

The first pair of molars can begin to erupt as early as six months of age, when the child is tiny, still an infant. Naturally, he will not be able to explain his condition.

Is it possible to independently understand what happened to a whining baby, what symptoms can clarify the situation?

1. It all starts with children's whims, which intensify and turn into frequent crying. Indeed, the teeth are large, they need to cut through both the bone tissue and the gums, which at this time become very swollen and red. The child will not have the opportunity to remain in a good mood.
2. Actually, swollen gums, and just before eruption there are also whitish bulges in which the growing new tooth is hidden.
3. The child refuses to eat: when teeth come in, every movement of the gums causes pain.
4. Increased salivation. It flows down at any time of the day in babies and makes older babies constantly swallow. But at night, the pillow will still give away all its secrets - it will be completely wet.
5. Temperature. When teeth are cut, blood flow in the gums accelerates significantly. The body believes that it is sick and begins to react accordingly. However, doctors of the old school claim that the cause of elevated body temperature is real diseases that usually accompany a difficult period. Immunity is reduced, and this is indeed possible.
6. Diarrhea. It can be a consequence of poor chewing of food, elevated temperature and decreased functions of the gastrointestinal tract due to disruption of the natural functioning of the body.
7. In older children, when replacing baby teeth with permanent ones, gaps first appear. This means that the jaw is actively growing

How can you help your child?

Of course, when the baby cries, parents are ready for absolutely anything. It will not be possible to relieve completely unpleasant symptoms, but their severity can be smoothed out.

1. The first thing you need to do is deal with your gums. Teeth cutting? Help them. If you lightly massage the gums, pain and itching can be relieved, and even speed up the process a little. This is easy to do - with a very clean finger (the nail should be neatly trimmed) lightly rub the sore spot.
2. When teeth are being cut, severe pain can be relieved with medication, but you should not get too carried away with painkillers. Balance is important, you should not use more than 3-4 times a day, and if there is a need for more, it is wise to consult a doctor. Among the ointments used may be “Baby Doctor”, “Kalgel”, “Kamistad”, “Cholisal”, but they can only be used after reading the instructions and checking for an allergic reaction in your child.
3. When teething, the temperature usually does not last longer than 3-5 days, but if the duration is longer, a mandatory consultation with a doctor is necessary. Most likely, it's not just about the teeth. Antipyretics usually contain pain relief, so ointments on the gums will most likely not be needed during this period.
4. Surprisingly, excessive saliva production can create problems. Constantly rolling down the chin, and at night along the neck, it can cause serious irritation. If you don’t wipe it, it will remove the moisture and acid contained in it. If you wipe, avoid contact with cloth or napkins. It is better to use a very soft, dry cloth, gently blot the surface of the baby’s delicate skin, and then lubricate it with rich baby cream. After this, moisture will not reach the pores, and its harmful effects will be significantly reduced.

And do not forget that self-medication is not always effective. Under the auspices of teething, you can miss the body's reaction to any disease that is indicated by the same symptoms.

First steps in dental care

Grandparents will tell you with a serious look that you shouldn’t brush your teeth until you’re 3 years old, and in general, your baby teeth will soon fall out, even if they’re spoiled. Unfortunately, caries does not fall out along with the baby tooth; it often remains in the oral cavity. Therefore, it is worth following a number of rules.

1. Up to one and a half years, it is suggested to drink a couple of sips of clean water after meals.
2. From the age of 2, you can try rinsing your teeth with water. Kids really like this procedure.
3. Until the age of 2.5 years, the mother brushes the child’s teeth with a silicone brush placed on her finger.
4. Up to 3 years of age, a child brushes his teeth without toothpaste, only with a brush dipped in clean water.
5. After 3 years, under adult supervision, you can brush with toothpaste.

In addition, you should not do the following:

• give sweets to drink at night;
• allow a lot of sweets in general;
• allow unbalanced nutrition;
• taste infants' food and then dip the spoon into the food or otherwise allow it to come into contact with an adult's saliva. This way you can give your children all possible infections, including caries.

• there is a lot of fiber - it can cleanse the baby’s mouth no worse than pastes;
• introduce raisins, seaweed, dried apricots, hard cheese and fermented milk products, green tea of ​​the second brew into the menu (to increase the amount of fluoride);
• starting from the age of 1 year, regularly take your child to the dentist; if there are complaints or doubts, more often.

And for those who cannot sleep for several days and suffer while listening to the plaintive squeak of a child, it is worth remembering that troubles have the only positive quality - they end. The main thing is to do everything to make this happen as soon as possible, and doctors are your best assistants.

Why are baby teeth needed?

Not only do teeth cut gradually, until the child reaches the age of three, but they also turn out to be temporary and must be replaced with permanent ones. Why is this necessary? Isn’t it easier to get the entire jaw set at once and not suffer? It may be simpler, but it is impossible to place thirty-two large teeth in a small jaw, so the first teeth are much smaller than the permanent teeth, and only twenty of them grow.

Temporary teeth are distinguished by thin bluish enamel; they look lower and wider than permanent teeth. First, the baby tooth grows in the gum, and the period of its eruption can vary from a week to a month. Then the gums are simply wiped without tears or blood, and the tooth appears on the surface. Then it begins to grow and reaches normal size within about a month.

Teething symptoms

How to determine signs of eruption of the first teeth in a baby? The following symptoms will help you understand that your child is teething:

1. Red and swollen gums. At the same time, the child puts it in his mouth and tries to bite everything that comes to hand: a pacifier, a toy, his own fingers.
2. Increased salivation.
3. Restless behavior of the baby: frequent whims, poor sleep, increased excitability.
4. Decreased appetite: during the daytime, the baby often refuses the breast or bottle of milk. But some mothers note that at night the baby’s feeling of hunger increases, and therefore the number of breastfeeding or formula feedings also increases.
5. Disturbance in the process of digesting food and, as a result, constipation or diarrhea. Loose stools can occur no more than three times a day and do not require treatment.
6. Temperature increase. This sign can be noticed immediately before the tooth appears, as well as within three days after eruption. When a child is teething, the temperature usually does not exceed thirty-eight degrees, but if the thermometer registers higher readings, you should contact your pediatrician. A specialist, having ruled out the possibility of ARVI, can prescribe special medications that reduce fever: Paracetamol, Nurofen, Viburkol.
7. The appearance of a runny nose. As a rule, it also does not require special treatment, since it goes away on its own after three to four days. If parents notice that a runny nose is making it difficult for the baby to breathe, you can help him by clearing the nasal passages.
8. The appearance of cough, vomiting. These signs occur due to excessive salivation and disappear after two to three days without the use of any drugs.

The appearance of the first teeth may be accompanied by more severe disturbances in the baby’s well-being: pain in the ears, nose, redness of the throat, enlarged lymph nodes, loss of voice. There is no need to panic, because the signs of teething are individual for all children, so if the temperature rises or the throat is red, you should carefully examine the baby’s mouth, and then seek help from a pediatrician, if necessary.

Teething order

Some parents eagerly await the first tooth, examining the reddened gums ten times a day, while others discover the baby’s first white incisor after touching it with a spoon while feeding.

The first incisors to appear in children are: first the two lower central ones, and then - symmetrically - the two upper ones. They are also called medial. The eruption of these teeth should be expected at about six months of age, but even in children born from the same parents, the timing of their appearance is completely different. The first tooth can grow in a baby from three months to a year, and this is not a deviation from the norm.

After them comes the turn of the upper and lower lateral incisors: they appear in a child between the ages of eight and fourteen months.

Then, at about twelve to sixteen months, you should wait for the first molars to erupt. These are the first molars a child will have. When a child cuts his molars, approximately the same symptoms are observed as when the incisors appear.

Have your first molars grown in? In the period from sixteen to twenty-four months, it’s up to the fangs, or, as they are popularly called, eye teeth. Many parents note that, as a rule, their teething is quite painful.

Finally, between twenty-two and thirty-six months, expect the appearance of the last, outermost molars: the second molars. Congratulations, your baby now has a full set of teeth: ten teeth on the upper jaw and the same number on the lower jaw.

The order and timing of the eruption of primary teeth can be reflected in the summary table:

If parents notice that the order of teething in the baby does not correspond to the above, do not worry: sometimes it is not the central incisors that appear first, but the lateral ones, or all the lower incisors grow first, and then the upper ones. Who decides in what order a child’s teeth come in? Teething depends on the individual characteristics of the baby. But if mothers and fathers are afraid of the baby’s malocclusion or believe that the baby’s teeth are not growing correctly, it is worth contacting a pediatric dentist.

Toothy newborns

There is a small percentage of babies who are born with one or even two teeth, usually the lower central incisors. The phenomenon of the birth of toothy children has not been thoroughly studied; we can only say that these processes do not cause any harm. Just like regular temporary teeth, they fall out over time and permanent teeth grow in their place. The only inconvenience that they can cause will be felt by the mother, since when she grasps the nipple during feeding, the baby's teeth will put pressure on it, causing discomfort. Some doctors advise removing such teeth, but this issue should be resolved exclusively with a specialist, taking into account the individual characteristics of the child.

How to help your baby

The first teeth are always difficult for a baby, even if the temperature does not rise, there is no runny nose or cough. Many parents note that their babies are restless, try to chew on everything that comes to hand, and refuse to eat due to swollen gums. Painful teething in children is a normal condition, but there are methods the use of which can make the child, and therefore the parents, feel better.

Some experts recommend massaging your gums using special teethers. If you invite your baby to chew on a chilled silicone teether, then most likely the cold will have a calming effect on him and temporarily eliminate painful symptoms.

As drugs that reduce pain, the pediatrician can recommend dental gels for teething in infants: Cholisal, Dentol, Solcoseryl or Kalgel, which are quite effective in helping to relieve pain and other unpleasant sensations. If a child is bothered by severe itching during the teething period, Fenistil can help. And when teeth are cut late or incorrectly, the baby is prescribed vitamin therapy: taking vitamin D and calcium supplements. But before giving your baby any medication, consult your local doctor.

Pediatricians do not recommend giving foodstuffs as a massage product for the gums: crackers, dried fruits, etc., despite the fact that grandparents praise this method and advise this way to ease the child’s well-being. While holding a cracker in the mouth, the baby may accidentally bite off a piece and choke, so this method is considered unsafe.

Traditional medicine

Before resorting to medications, during the period when the first teeth are being cut, try to help your child using the secrets of traditional medicine:

1. Wash your hands, soak a napkin in a weak solution of soda, wrap your finger and massage the baby’s gums.
2. Rub a piece of ice over your baby's gums - this method will temporarily relieve soreness.
3. Use chamomile compresses or give your child chamomile tea, which has anti-inflammatory properties.
4. Try treating your gums with honey. But when using this method, you should remember that honey is a strong allergen, so you can use it only if you are sure that it will not harm the baby.

Do no harm!

When children have their first teeth, mothers and fathers, seeing the child’s painful condition, try with all their might to help him. But at the same time, parents sometimes use means that not only do not reduce pain, temperature and other unpleasant sensations, but, on the contrary, only harm. Listed below are methods the use of which can worsen the baby’s well-being. Even if your grandparents assure you that they actively used them and nothing bad happened, these methods should be avoided:

1. Use alcohol-containing liquids to treat gums.
2. Give your child a piece of refined sugar.
3. Press as hard as you can on the gums to “help” the tooth erupt faster.
4. Tear and cut into the gum tissue.
5. Use medications without a doctor's instructions.

If something went wrong...

What to do if all your baby’s one-year-old peers already have six or even ten teeth, but your child cannot boast of even one? Don't worry: there are no toothless children! This situation may be due to:

1. Individual characteristics of the baby’s body.
2. Nutrition of the mother during pregnancy.
3. Lack of vitamin D, calcium.
4. Rickets, dysbacteriosis.
5. Improper metabolism.
6. Hereditary factor.

You should not panic if teeth appear later than expected in a baby born prematurely.

If, nevertheless, the child’s condition causes concern for the parents, then you should contact a specialist: after conducting tests, he will prescribe a course of necessary medications, although in most cases you should just wait, and the teeth will definitely erupt.

Painless teeth appearing is the exception rather than the rule. In most cases, the first teeth also bring the first worries, so it is necessary to be prepared both mentally and physically for the eruption of the baby’s first teeth.

When they appear

The first deciduous processes in a child, which usually take 2 years to form, number 20. When replaced with permanent teeth, they become loose and fall out. The eruption of molars is a very important stage for children and their parents. The exact time and timing of their appearance has not been established. This process can be affected by diet, climatic conditions, and the quality of drinking water. There is also a very important reason that can influence the change of teeth – heredity.

Some characteristics of parents may well be passed on in the womb. These include both positive and negative factors. If the parents did not have significant health problems and special predispositions that relate to the formation and growth of teeth, then there is no need to worry about this. If the growth of baby teeth usually takes a period of time from 1 to 3 years, then the growth of molars takes much longer. The first signs of changing teeth to molars appear at the age of 5-6 years, sometimes even later, and this process lasts until 12-14.

Symptoms

The first characteristic symptom when a child’s molars begin to erupt is an increase in the size of the jaw. The fact is that the gaps between the milk shoots are usually not very large. When the jaw grows, it prepares for the replacement of teeth with permanent ones and creates the conditions for them.

Molars are always larger than primary teeth and require more space to grow and form. This symptom leads to an increase in the distance between the milk processes, which “spread apart” in the oral cavity.

If the gap does not widen when the molars begin to emerge, some problems may arise. First of all, the child will experience more acute pain, and the teeth themselves will grow crooked and disrupt the bite.

Over time, this situation will have to be corrected if parents want their children to have straight and healthy teeth. Sometimes they appear at 6-7 years of age, causing absolutely no symptoms.

If parents notice the child's restless condition, moodiness, irritable reaction to ordinary things or poor appetite, these are symptoms of teething.

Very often, children react to the second stage of tooth formation in a similar way as during the growth of milk processes. When the baby does not have other diseases, their behavior will be consistent.

Increased salivation is already considered an almost obligatory sign. This symptom is not as severe as the first time, but still not an exception.
At the age of 6-7 years, a child can be taught to wipe his mouth independently using a handkerchief or sterile napkins. If this is not done, irritation will appear on the chin and lips. Delicate skin is very susceptible, and saliva contains a wide variety of bacteria.

When a child’s molars erupt, an inflammatory process occurs again in the gums and mucous membrane. The first signs of redness in some areas in the oral cavity indicate the beginning of a shift change or the presence of a viral infection. To accurately determine the cause, it is best to consult a doctor.

After a while, small swellings will begin to appear in the gums - this is a permanent tooth stretching from the inside to replace the milk one. If children have experienced painful sensations before, they will not keep you waiting in such a situation. Parents should already be prepared for the fact that the child will experience periodic pain in the gums again, and have suitable anesthetic drugs. If there is no severe acute pain, then the change is accompanied by a feeling of itching. The baby constantly puts his hands into his mouth or foreign objects to scratch his gums.

The next signs are disturbed and restless night sleep. The child wakes up frequently, tosses and turns, or may start crying. The reason for the latter is pain.

These symptoms may appear periodically and are not considered mandatory during the eruption of permanent teeth in children. If there are also other signs that need special attention: the baby’s high body temperature, cough and diarrhea.

Sequence

The appearance of molars in children has a slightly different sequence in contrast to milk teeth. The first teeth to appear are the molars, which grow behind the second primary molars. They usually begin to erupt after the child is 6 years old.
Then the milk processes are replaced by molars in place of the central incisors. The first ones gradually become loose and fall out; this is facilitated by the eruption of permanent teeth. They begin to slowly squeeze out baby teeth, again cutting through the surface of the gum from the inside.

After changing the central incisors, the lateral molars also appear. The formation of incisors can take a period of time from 6 to 9 years.

The molar first and second premolars erupt at 10-12, 11-12 years, respectively.
Second molars are usually formed by the age of 13.

The last molars of wisdom teeth can begin to grow at very different times. Sometimes they grow at 18 years old, and sometimes they may not be there at 25. There are cases when such wisdom teeth do not grow in a person at all - this is not considered a pathology, and there is nothing terrible in such a situation.

If the growth and development of molars begins in some places at the same time or in the wrong sequence, then this is also not a reason for panic and concern. The individual characteristics of the body and the presence of necessary vitamins and minerals in it can directly affect the growth rate of both baby and molar teeth.

Parents should remember that permanent teeth should not become loose. If such a deviation is detected, you should immediately consult a doctor for examination and diagnosis.

Related symptoms

These intermediate signs of the replacement of deciduous processes with molars do not often accompany the process. However, they cannot be ignored. If a child has an elevated body temperature, a rare cough and loose stools, then this may resemble signs of many infectious and acute respiratory diseases. This reaction of the body is caused by the active opposition of the immune system against harmful bacteria.

The high temperature should not last longer than 3-4 days, and the mark on the thermometer should not exceed 38.5 degrees. Since this symptom is periodic, it should not accompany the process with constant hypothermia. If the temperature in children lasts longer than 4 days and does not go down for a long time, you should consult a doctor and determine the true reason for this reaction of the body.

Today, there are still doctors of the “old school” who will immediately prescribe treatment for a cold or infectious disease. They believe that teething has nothing to do with elevated temperatures.

Many parents do not see the connection between the appearance of teeth and cough. Usually a cough does not appear alone, but is accompanied by a runny nose. The explanation for this is very simple - the fact is that the active blood supply to the respiratory tract and the entire nasal cavity with the gums is very closely connected. When new permanent teeth begin to emerge, blood circulation in the mouth and gums increases. Intense blood circulation also affects the nasal mucosa, because they are nearby. For this reason, the nasal glands begin to produce large amounts of mucus, and children want to blow it out to clear the airways.

A cough is caused by the fact that mucus residues descend into the lower part of the throat, beginning to irritate the upper respiratory tract. Another sign is diarrhea. Usually it can last several days, no more than 3 times a day. Loose stools are caused by a large amount of infection entering the body due to the fact that the child often puts dirty hands into the mouth or foreign objects. This is also facilitated by abundant salivation, which regularly flushes the intestines.

Diarrhea is not dangerous for the baby if it occurs for a short time. The stool should not be contaminated with blood cells. Regular monitoring will not be superfluous, especially considering the fact that at this time the child has a weakened immune system. Therefore, there is a fairly high probability of adding a new infection and aggravating all the symptoms.

Molars in children

Most parents think that all young children's teeth are baby teeth. Subsequently, they fall out and are replaced with radical ones. But it is not so.

The first fundamental units of the primary occlusion are the molars. They have the largest chewing area. They are diamond-shaped from above and cube-shaped from below. Children have 8 molars - two on each side below and above. The first molar and the second molar are distinguished. In terms of ranking from the central incisors, they occupy 4th and 5th positions.

Their cutting order is as follows:

• the first in the lower jaw – 13-18 months;
• the first in the upper jaw – 14-19 months;
• the latter in the lower and upper jaws erupt approximately equally - at 23-31 months.

After a year, parents should prepare to meet these “guests”: the first to climb will be the one in the top row. By the age of two, the second ones appear. The correct sequence of appearance ensures a beautiful and correct bite.

Many parents like to look into their babies' mouths and check how their teeth are coming in. You shouldn’t do this and worry the baby once again. Genetics plays a large role in this process. There is no need to interfere: nature will take care of everything itself. A photo of molars will help you find out what chewing units look like.

To help the child and alleviate his condition, it is very important for parents to know what the symptoms of teething are. Since the process occurs after a year, many children can already point to the sore spot and even say what they feel.

Signs of teething include the following sensations:

Excessive drooling

If by the age of two this sign is not too noticeable, since the baby can already control himself, then in the year when the first chewing unit is preparing to come out, the bib may be all wet from flowing saliva. The symptom is disturbing approximately 2 months before eruption.

Whims

Anxiety, moodiness, sleep and appetite disturbances. If the baby is still breastfeeding, the mother may notice an increased need for lactation.

Temperature

Fever. Appears a couple of days before the first white stripe appears in the gum. Sometimes the temperature can reach high levels - 38-39 degrees. At this time, it is important to understand that this is a sign of a teething tooth, and not a viral or infectious disease.

Red gums

Swelling and redness of the gums. If this happens, expect a “guest” in 2-3 days.

Cold symptoms

Often the appearance of dental units is accompanied by more serious symptoms:

• diarrhea;
• conjunctivitis;
• runny nose;
• otitis media

Each baby has these signs individually.

Readers are probably interested in whether the chewing units of the primary occlusion fall out or not. Of course they fall out. In their place, indigenous ones appear, which remain with the person for life.

Molars and premolars in humans

Replacement of primary occlusion with primary units occurs in the following order:

• The first molars appear between 5 and 8 years of age.
• At 10-12 years of age, the first and second premolars are replaced.
• The second ones appear from 11 to 13 years.
• The third, or wisdom teeth, appear in adulthood from 16 to 25 years.

Doctors have noticed that recently wisdom teeth have begun to erupt rarely. They remain hidden in the gum cavity. In ancient times, they were designed for active chewing of solid food. In modern man, such a need has disappeared, so third chewing pairs are becoming a relic.

Signs of eruption of permanent teeth

• The main sign of eruption is trema – spaces between dental units. They are necessary in order to make room for new “tenants”. If there are no teeth, the teeth begin to fight for space and overlap each other. As a result, the bite is disrupted, and the child must be taken to see an orthodontist.
• Another sign is the gradual loosening of milk units. The roots gradually dissolve and loss occurs. The process is sometimes accompanied by high fever, loss of appetite, and irritability.

Correct and timely appearance of molars is extremely important for the health of the baby. This process must be closely monitored and in case of abnormal development, contact a dentist.

Few parents can boast that their children’s teeth grew without problems. This is usually accompanied by the child being particularly nervous; he cries a lot and may refuse to eat or sleep. Many children have a fever, and moms and dads are understandably afraid of the “teething” condition. But not only infants suffer from severe teething; teething can also cause some inconvenience to older children.

What kind of teeth come in at 2 years old?

How to recognize that your baby is teething

In order for the parent to react in time and help the baby, he must understand that the moment has come when the child begins to have teeth. And parents should not confuse the signs of teething with anything.

How to understand that teeth have begun to cut:

• swelling and inflammation of the gums, as if they are swelling;
• there may be redness of the cheeks;
• salivation is very active, saliva sometimes ends up on the chin, cheek or neck, and irritation appears in this place;
• the child is capricious, restless, hardly sleeps during the day and wakes up at night;
• to reduce itching in the gum, the baby rubs it with his fist, tries to chew and suck something;
• the child's appetite is reduced;
• the temperature rises (the threshold for increase varies from person to person).

The child is capricious and may refuse to eat

Moreover, if the gums are swollen, this does not mean that the tooth will erupt literally today. Redness of the gums and swelling may appear two weeks before the tooth erupts. This is why this period is so difficult for many children: the child simply gets tired of constant discomfort and pain.

It can be especially difficult for a baby's chewing, wider teeth to erupt. The area of ​​eruption is different, so this period can be difficult.

Chewing teeth are especially difficult to cut

By the way, not all symptoms, popularly called signs of teething, are actually associated with tooth growth. For example, some parents consider diarrhea, nausea, cough and runny nose to be a possible reaction to teething. But most pediatricians will not agree with this opinion. They say that the connection between these symptoms and teething can be motivated only by the fact that while the teeth are “coming”, the body is under tension, the immune system is slightly weakened. Against this background, as you might guess, you can catch the virus faster.

Scheme of baby teeth eruption

To make it easier for parents to navigate the teething system, they can provide themselves with a reminder with an image of the jaws, an indication of the teeth, and a description of exactly when certain dental units are cut.

Scheme of baby teeth eruption

This is how a child’s teeth erupt according to the following pattern:

• 6-10 months – central incisor, lower jaw;
• 8-12 months – central incisor, upper jaw;
• 9-13 months – lateral incisors, upper jaw;
• 10-16 months – lateral incisors, lower jaw;
• 13-19 months – molar, upper jaw;
• 14-18 months – molar, lower jaw;
• 16-22 months – canines, upper jaw;
• 17-23 months – canines, lower jaw;
• 23-31 months – second molar, lower jaw;
• 21-31 months – second molar, upper jaw.

Timing and sequence of teething

It turns out that at the age of two, the second molars of both jaws usually emerge. But it is difficult to say whether this is the most difficult teething for the baby. It is believed that fangs are more painful, which is due to their sharp edges. They literally tear the gums apart. The canines of the upper jaw are perhaps the most painful in their eruption. They are also called ophthalmic because they are connected to the facial nerve.

Table. Features of the eruption of baby teeth

First tooth

Many parents think that the first teeth are the most painful to cut, and the eruption of molars in two-year-old children is not accompanied by such pain. Therefore, parents may not understand what causes the capricious behavior of a two-year-old child, or what worries him.

How second molars are cut in two-year-old children

Chewing teeth are located further than the incisors and canines; it is correct to call them premolars and molars. The popular name for these dental units is molars or back teeth. It cannot be said that chewing teeth erupt without problems. For some children, the eruption of molars is at least uncomfortable.

When the second molars erupt, the following symptoms may be observed:

• sleep problems. It is difficult for the child to fall asleep during the day, he often wakes up at night;
• a general expression of anxiety. The baby is irritable, capricious, whiny;

  The child is usually irritable and whiny

• runny nose. This is not a necessary symptom, but it can accompany the period of eruption;
• diarrhea. Again, not all children have such a very conditional companion to teething, but it can appear. This indigestion is caused by a general weakening of the child’s body; it may also be a reaction to stress;
• cough. It is explained by saliva getting into the throat. As you remember, salivation during the teething period is abundant.

The child may cough

In rare cases, the baby may even develop allergies or diathesis. In any case, all the signs indicate that the baby is going through a difficult period - he is in pain, uncomfortable, scared. He suffers, but is not always able to convey to his parents the reason for his concern. It is imperative to help the child ease this difficult period.

What should parents do when their children are teething?

If you notice the first symptoms of teething, the tactics of behavior during this period should be as follows. The child’s daily routine is as calm and familiar as possible. No long journeys, visits or other unusual events. The child should sleep at home, in his favorite crib under his favorite blanket. At this time, it is especially important for him to feel the stability that familiar circumstances and surroundings give him.

Ensure a calm daily routine

If a child clings to his mother all the time, the mother should be nearby as much as possible. Do not show your irritation, do not raise your voice, calm down and smile. It is important to try to distract the baby, but only gently, without pressure: read a book to him, draw with him, play with a construction set.

Don't leave your child alone

It is very important not to force your child to eat. He already has serious discomfort in his mouth, the eruption site itches. Doctors believe that not every adult would endure this period. Therefore, these days you can make some concessions on the menu. Prepare something that your child is always willing to eat. Food should not be solid; hot and cold foods are also excluded.

The child should eat himself, according to his appetite

But it’s better to give up sweets completely at this time. The body is under stress, it reacts to teething as it usually responds to an inflammatory process. And eating sweets during this period can be equated to adding fuel to the fire. This will definitely not support a weakened body.

It is better to replace sweets with berries or fruits

Special gels will help to facilitate the teething process. For example, the same Kalgel based on lidocaine. It is a mild anesthetic that relieves inflammation and redness. If a child may have an allergic reaction to the components of the medicine, this medicine must be discarded. Younger children love so-called silicone teethers, which help them relieve itchy gums. But even two-year-olds often enjoy using such a device.

Gum massage is another option for helping a child during such a difficult period. You just need to do it with perfectly clean hands, gentle and delicate movements. If the child does not like such manipulations, stop the massage. But usually children respond well to it. You can do a massage before bed by turning on your child’s favorite lullaby. Pleasant associations make this procedure comfortable for the baby.

Gum massage

If your child has a fever

A temperature of 37 degrees is considered normal; up to 37.5 this will also not be considered a special or complicated situation. Children usually feel fine with such a slight increase in temperature. Naturally, there is no point in giving an antipyretic in this case.

If the temperature rises above 38 degrees, it is worth saying that inflammation or infection has joined the teething process. This situation requires seeing a doctor (he needs to be called to your home), and only his recommendations will be your tactics in future behavior.

Call your pediatrician if you have a fever

During teething the temperature is usually:

• rises in the evening, at night;
• lasts up to three days;
• requires an antipyretic if the child is suffering.

There is no exact temperature mark when you need to go for medicine. Of course, a temperature above 39 is already a serious signal; in this case, medical supervision is required. But some parents strive to bring down the temperature at 37.5, while others consider the indicator “it’s time to take an antipyretic” to be 38.5 -39 degrees.

Temperatures above 39 degrees are dangerous because the child may experience seizures. The baby’s brain is still adapted to such changes in body temperature, and such a neurological reaction is natural. But this condition is not harmless - be sure to call a doctor. It is also dangerous that fever causes dehydration and exhaustion of the small body. The younger the child, the more dangerous this situation is: fever in children, especially persistent fever, requires hospitalization.

If the temperature is very high, seizures may occur

And remember that the antipyretic should be strictly for children, ideally recommended by a doctor. These are usually paracetamol-based drugs. If they do not help, you can give the child Ibuprofen (but it is prescribed to children from one year old).

But under no circumstances should children be given medications of the aspirin and analgin group. These are toxic drugs that cause side effects.

Ibuprofen

An excellent tactic for high temperatures would be to humidify the air in the room, regularly ventilate (while the child is in another room), drink plenty of fluids and eat as desired. The child should drink a lot of warm drinks and eat only when he wants to. Avoid dry air, wrapping yourself up in three pajamas and two blankets. If a child wants to play at a high temperature, there is no need to force him to go to bed.

Give your child warm drinks

It is important to understand that if the temperature is elevated for more than three days, it is unlikely that the problem is teething. And when it still doesn’t go astray, urgently call a doctor and look for the real reason for this reaction of the body.

Teething is not a very long period. By the age of three, it is definitely completed, and then you will already wait for the loss of milk teeth and the growth of permanent ones. As a rule, the child tolerates these processes normally. To make sure everything is in order, visit your pediatric dentist every six months. You can take care of baby teeth from the moment they appear. Teach your child to brush his teeth twice a day, monitor the quality of brushing.

Teach your child to brush his baby teeth

Video - What should parents do when their baby is teething?

The first major dental problem a child faces is teething.

When do children start cutting their molars?

Despite the fact that milk teeth, together with molars, are formed in the womb, they begin to appear from the gums only from 4-8 months of life. The process itself is very unpleasant. It causes discomfort for both the child and his parents. The unfortunate baby becomes capricious: he is unable to sleep or eat normally, and his temperature rises.

However, there are times when everything is painless. As a result, after suffering through suffering, a full set of baby teeth appears by 2-3 years. And then there comes a short period of calm.

The onset of teething in children is determined by the characteristics of the body. Dairy milk appears from 3 months to 3 years, main ones from 7 to 15 years.

A completely different situation occurs when a child is cutting his molars. This process in itself is much more interesting: shortly before the appearance of the root, the so-called root of the milk begins to dissolve. This is the cause of loose teeth. In the end, the no longer needed “organ” falls out, and a permanent one takes its place.

Basically, this process does not cause any anxiety or discomfort. However, it is necessary to ensure that the teeth grow in the correct direction. It is recommended to make periodic appointments with your dentist. If necessary, pull out a baby tooth in advance. This will help maintain the correct bite of the child.

How long does it take for the first molars to erupt and how long does this last? Typically, the first molars, as large molars are called, appear on the upper jaw at 1-1.5 years of age. With a delay of a month, the first molars on the lower jaw catch up with them.

The second lower molars appear at 20-23 months. And the last to erupt are the second upper molars at the age of 2-2.5 years. Most often, the first teeth appear quickly, within 2-4 days. But it happens that the process drags on for a week. And there are explanations for this.

The speed and timing of teething are affected by:

• gender of the child: in girls this occurs earlier;
• hereditary factors;
• general health of the baby.

When a child's molars are being cut, the first symptoms are red, swollen gums and increased salivation (hypersalivation). For some children this process causes great inconvenience. Therefore, at this time there is a change in mood and nervousness. The baby becomes more irritable, and at night he cannot fall asleep at all.

How can you help a child if the molars are painful to cut? In such cases, you need to consult a specialist. The dentist will examine the condition of your gums and then prescribe the necessary medicine. Often it turns out to be some kind of antipyretic. Such drugs not only relieve fever, but also reduce pain. In other cases, rinsing the mouth with special solutions and herbal decoctions is prescribed.

How children cut their molars photo

A completely different picture is observed when a child’s molar cuts above the milk tooth. This process is absolutely painless, but has its own nuances. If the baby tooth has not yet fallen out, but the permanent one is already making itself known, it is important to pay special attention.

Problems. The tooth may lose its orientation and begin to grow incorrectly - this will lead to a change in the bite, curvature. Therefore, at the slightest suspicion of improper teething, you need to consult a specialist. If everything goes smoothly, then there is no need to worry: after some time, the permanent tooth will take the place of the milk tooth, having previously displaced it.

Child 2 years old: molars are cutting

Ideally, a child should have a full set of teeth by the age of two. With the exception of the second molars. It is these teeth, not counting the “eights”, that erupt the very last. Moreover, teeth appear later on the lower jaw. Shortly before the eruption of the second molars, two lower canines appear on the lower jaw.

When a 2-year-old child begins to cut his molars, the main symptoms will be:

• temperature increase:
• loss of appetite;
• a runny nose may occur;
• with hypersalivation, a cough may appear;
• stool disorder (rare).

All these indicators are very similar to the symptoms of a viral infection. Therefore, in such cases, it is best for sensitive parents to first contact their pediatrician.

How can you help your baby? During the painful period of teething, parents need to pay as much attention to their child as possible. If your baby is breastfed, give him breastfeeding more often to soothe irritated gums.

Excessive salivation may cause irritation of the skin around the mouth. To prevent this, wipe away drool with a soft cloth and lubricate your face with baby cream more often. Pediatricians also recommend doing a kind of massage for the gums. Such simple actions will significantly relieve pain and improve blood circulation.

Teething is an important stage in the baby's gradual growth. Unfortunately, not everyone goes through it smoothly and painlessly. Therefore, parents need to make a lot of effort to make this process less hectic.

Simple advice, simple manipulations and parental love are the best help in such a situation. The main thing then: brush the “new” teeth on time, take care of them - and then nothing will bother the child.

• Symptoms
• Subsequence
• Deadlines
• What to do
• Complications

When a child is teething, there is no peace for him or the rest of the household. Rarely does this process go painlessly: most often it is accompanied by crying, irritability and insomnia.

Parents should be prepared for this crucial moment in advance: know when this will happen, in what sequence the teeth will come out, and most importantly, how to help their baby overcome all these difficulties with minimal losses.

Symptoms

There are symptoms by which you can find out that a child is cutting teeth, and respond to this with timely help, alleviating his condition. Signs can be basic, caused directly by this process, and accompanying - dictated by other factors, but coinciding in time with this phenomenon.

Basic

It is the main symptoms that will tell parents how to understand that their child is teething:

• swelling, edema, itching of the gums;
• poor sleep;
• Why does a child eat poorly when teething? - lack of appetite is explained by pain when touching swollen, inflamed gums;
• How is the child behaving? - he is irritable, aggressive, capricious, cries often and a lot, puts everything in his mouth to relieve the itching;
• increased salivation;
• rash, redness around the mouth, on the chin.

These are the symptoms you need to pay attention to when your child is teething. Taken together, they provide a clinical picture of this natural physiological process. However, they are often accompanied by concomitant manifestations that indicate other health problems. But unknowing parents mistakenly attribute them to teething.

Related

The question of whether children get sick when teething is due to the fact that the main symptoms can be supplemented by a number of accompanying ones, which may indicate some diseases that coincided in time with this process. You need to know about them in order to see a doctor in time and undergo treatment - this will significantly alleviate the baby’s condition.

• Temperature

What temperature can it be? Normally, it should not exceed 37.5°C, since teething only slightly inflames the gums. If the mark on the thermometer shows more than 38°C, this is a sign of acute respiratory viral infection, viral herpetic stomatitis or intestinal infection - an urgent consultation with a pediatrician is needed.

• Rashes

Bubbles filled with cloudy liquid, erosion, bright red hyperemia, inflammation on the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums are symptoms of herpetic stomatitis.

• Loose stool

What kind of stool does a child have when teething? Normally - normal. But if it becomes liquid, accompanied by vomiting and high fever, it is a rotavirus infection. Single vomiting without other symptoms is a consequence of swallowing a large amount of saliva.

• Cough

A cough occurs if a child chokes on saliva, which instead of the esophagus enters the respiratory tract. Or it is a symptom of a disease related to the lungs or throat.

• Runny nose

A runny nose indicates a cold and has nothing to do with teething.

In those days when children are teething, parents should be as attentive as possible to any changes in their condition and be able to distinguish the main symptoms from the secondary ones. This will help prevent a concomitant disease, which can masquerade as a natural process, and help the baby get through this difficult period.

This is interesting! Take a closer look at your baby's teeth. Solid, durable - a sign of an energetic person; large - kind and open; small - petty and scrupulous.

Subsequence

In addition to the main symptoms, it is useful to know in what order teeth come in so that you can expect them to appear in the right place. This will be needed when using compresses and ointments. Otherwise, it turns out that they cooled one seemingly swollen area, and an incisor or fang appeared in a completely different one.

1. Six months to 8 months - lower central incisors.
2. Six months to a year - upper canines.
3. 8 months to a year - upper central incisors.
4. 9-13 months - upper lateral incisors.
5. 10 months-1.5 years - lower lateral incisors.
6. 13-19 months - upper molars.
7. 1.5-2 years - lower canines.
8. 1-1.5 years - lower molars.
9. 2-2.5 years - lower second molars.
10. 2-3 years - upper second molars.

Parents should also keep in mind which teeth are the most painful to cut on this list. The fangs, with their sharp edges, tear the gums most painfully, thereby causing severe pain to the child. Especially the upper ones, which are called “eye teeth”: they are connected to the facial nerve. And, of course, you need to keep in mind the timing, when to expect all this and how long the whole process will last.

Interesting fact. When one of the identical twins is missing a tooth, most often the other one is missing exactly the same one.

Deadlines

Knowing the approximate dates when the baby should cut certain teeth allows parents to prepare for this phenomenon. If he begins to be capricious and refuse to eat, drool and not sleep, you should not immediately run to the children's clinic - in such a situation you can provide first aid yourself.

• Age

From the list given just above, you can see at what age a child starts teething - from six months to almost 3 years. This is an individual indicator and may be shifted by several months. If there are significant deviations from the schedule and this process does not fit into the time frame indicated above, you should definitely consult a doctor. It is not so much the pediatrician who will help here as the pediatric dentist.

• Duration

Parents often ask how many days it takes their children to teethe so they know when relief will come. This is all again very individual. On average, from 2 to 7 days is considered the norm. But the process may take several weeks. This happens extremely rarely, the situation is taken under the supervision of a doctor, and the reasons for such a long process are clarified.

Until what age do children start teething? The main ones (20 milk ones) should appear before 3 years of age. The rest of the indigenous ones - much later, from 6 to 8 years.

• First tooth

The question of how many days it takes to cut the first tooth can be answered in the same way: there is no reason to believe that it will take longer or faster than the others. Expect a few days, but always be prepared for a longer process.

The timing of teething in children can be different, which is determined by the individual characteristics of the body. Everything goes much simpler and easier if they don’t drag on. However, there is one consolation here: even if this whole process lasts for several weeks, its symptoms are not as pronounced as with rapid (2-3 days) teething. The child usually behaves much calmer in such a situation. But in any case, parents should be aware of exactly how they can alleviate his condition.

Wow! In terms of strength, human teeth can only be compared with shark teeth.

What to do

The first question that worries all parents is how to help when their child is teething. This applies to situations where he is in pain and cries incessantly. Various means - medications and folk remedies - will help correct the situation.

Medicines

• Viburcol (Viburkol)

Don't know how to relieve pain? For this purpose, use homeopathic suppositories based on herbal ingredients that have a calming, analgesic and slight antipyretic effect.

• Panadol Baby (children's Panadol)

Parents should know what to do if their child has teething problems and a fever. First of all, call a doctor who will determine the cause of the fever and prescribe appropriate treatment. And before his arrival, you can give Panadol - one of the most popular and effective drugs. The main component is paracetamol. Candles are used for infants, syrup - after a year.

• Nurofen (Nurofen)

Are you looking for something to relieve pain from tearing gums? Use Nurofen - an antipyretic and analgesic suspension with almost instantaneous action. It has a long-lasting effect (up to 6-8 hours). Contains ibuprofen. Not recommended for long-term use.

• Gels and ointments

Pain-relieving ointments and gels are popular when children start teething, but they are not a good choice. With copious salivation, they are quickly eliminated from the mouth, so that the duration of their effectiveness is very short. Feeling local numbness of the gums under their influence, the child may choke or bite his tongue. These drugs include Cholisal, Dentinox, Kamistad, Kalgel, Dentol, Baby Doctor, Pansoral, Traumeel - this is exactly what to smear on the gums in this situation.

Folk remedies

Wrap a piece of ice in a sterile cotton cloth and wipe the swollen gum without applying pressure.

If the child is not allergic to honey, rub this product into the gums before bed.

• Chamomile

Don't know how to calm a child who is in pain? Let him drink chamomile tea in small quantities 2-3 times a day. You can apply a compress to the gum - a bandage soaked in chamomile decoction. The oil of this medicinal plant can be lubricated on the outside of the cheek where it hurts.

• Chicory root

Give your child chewing chicory root (can be replaced with strawberry root).

• Propolis

Lubricate the inflamed gum with propolis infused in water.

• Mumiyo

Wipe the gums with mummy solution 2 times a day.

• Frozen fruit

If the child is already on complementary feeding, you can give him small pieces of frozen fruit to chew on - banana, apple, pear.

• Bread products

Bagels, crusts of bread, cookies, and crackers can scratch itchy gums.

Care

1. Before teeth appear, clean your gums in the morning and evening with a clean bandage wrapped around your finger and soaked in boiled water.
2. Is it possible to bathe a child when teething? If there is no high temperature, it is possible. If it is, it is better to limit yourself to rubbing.
3. Use children's anti-inflammatory toothpastes, gels, foams: Weleda, Splat, Splat, Lacalut, Lallum Baby, President, Brush-baby, Silver Care (with silver), Umka, R.O.C.S., Silca, Elmex.
4. Don't give a lot of sweets.
5. Learn to chew vigorously.
6. Include more fruits and vegetables in your diet.
7. Visit the dentist 2 times a year.

Now you know how to help a child with folk remedies and medications. They all do an excellent job. If you are not sure about their use, consult your pediatrician or dentist. From now on, you will need to regularly visit the latter’s office to avoid complications.

Scientific data. The tooth is the only tissue that is not capable of self-healing.

Complications

The teething process does not always end well. If it drags on and the jaw does not have time to form by the required period, this is fraught with various complications for the child’s health, including:

• early caries;
• indigestion;
• immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract;
• enamel hypoplasia: erupted teeth are damaged by spots of different colors, grooves, stripes, depressions (pits).

The causes of such complications are:

• in the first half of pregnancy - toxicosis, exacerbation of herpes, kidney disease, fever, rubella, toxoplasmosis, stress;
• premature pregnancy;
• lack of breastfeeding;
• Rhesus conflict;
• sepsis, pneumonia, intestinal toxicosis suffered before teething;
• frequent convulsions, acute respiratory infections in a child.

In order for all teeth to erupt on time and without complications, a young mother must take care of this even during pregnancy, eating normally and avoiding infections.

Parents should not be afraid of this natural and expected process: there are many remedies (both medicinal and folk) that eliminate pain and fever - constant companions of this phenomenon. The main thing is that you are close to the child at this difficult moment for him and are patient with his irritability and whims.

Greetings, dear readers! When a baby is teething, it is always painful and unpleasant. For parents, the suffering of a child causes a lot of trouble. And when it seems that this painful period is behind us, new “guests” make themselves known. Let's look at: molars - what kind of teeth they are, and what are the symptoms of their appearance.

Molars in children

Most parents think that all young children's teeth are baby teeth. Subsequently, they fall out and are replaced with radical ones. But it is not so.

The first fundamental units of the primary occlusion are the molars. They have the largest chewing area. They are diamond-shaped from above and cube-shaped from below. Children have 8 molars - two on each side below and above. The first molar and the second molar are distinguished. In terms of ranking from the central incisors, they occupy 4th and 5th positions.

Their cutting order is as follows:

• the first in the lower jaw – 13-18 months;
• the first in the upper jaw – 14-19 months;
• the latter in the lower and upper jaws erupt approximately equally - at 23-31 months.

After a year, parents should prepare to meet these “guests”: the first to climb will be the one in the top row. By the age of two, the second ones appear. The correct sequence of appearance ensures a beautiful and correct bite.

Many parents like to look into their babies' mouths and check how their teeth are coming in. You shouldn’t do this and worry the baby once again. Genetics plays a large role in this process. There is no need to interfere: nature will take care of everything itself. A photo of molars will help you find out what chewing units look like.

To help the child and alleviate his condition, it is very important for parents to know what the symptoms of teething are. Since the process occurs after a year, many children can already point to the sore spot and even say what they feel.

Signs of teething include the following sensations:

Excessive drooling

If by the age of two this sign is not too noticeable, since the baby can already control himself, then in the year when the first chewing unit is preparing to come out, the bib may be all wet from flowing saliva. The symptom is disturbing approximately 2 months before eruption.

Whims

Anxiety, moodiness, sleep and appetite disturbances. If the baby is still breastfeeding, the mother may notice an increased need for lactation.

Temperature

Fever. Appears a couple of days before the first white stripe appears in the gum. Sometimes the temperature can reach high levels - 38-39 degrees. At this time, it is important to understand that this is a sign of a teething tooth, and not a viral or infectious disease.

Red gums

Swelling and redness of the gums. If this happens, expect a “guest” in 2-3 days.

Cold symptoms

Often the appearance of dental units is accompanied by more serious symptoms:

• diarrhea;
• conjunctivitis;
• runny nose;
• otitis media

Each baby has these signs individually.

Readers are probably interested in whether the chewing units of the primary occlusion fall out or not. Of course they fall out. In their place, indigenous ones appear, which remain with the person for life.

Molars and premolars in humans

Replacement of primary occlusion with primary units occurs in the following order:

• The first molars appear between 5 and 8 years of age.
• At 10-12 years of age, the first and second premolars are replaced.
• The second ones appear from 11 to 13 years.
• The third, or wisdom teeth, appear in adulthood from 16 to 25 years.

Doctors have noticed that recently wisdom teeth have begun to erupt rarely. They remain hidden in the gum cavity. In ancient times, they were designed for active chewing of solid food. In modern man, such a need has disappeared, so third chewing pairs are becoming a relic.

Signs of eruption of permanent teeth

• The main sign of eruption is trema – spaces between dental units. They are necessary in order to make room for new “tenants”. If there are no teeth, the teeth begin to fight for space and overlap each other. As a result, the bite is disrupted, and the child must be taken to see an orthodontist.
• Another sign is the gradual loosening of milk units. The roots gradually dissolve and loss occurs. The process is sometimes accompanied by high fever, loss of appetite, and irritability.

Correct and timely appearance of molars is extremely important for the health of the baby. This process must be closely monitored and in case of abnormal development, contact a dentist.

chesnachki.ru

In what order do baby teeth emerge?

The rudiments of teeth are formed in the womb. A newborn has 20 follicles located in the lower and upper jaw, and it is from them that baby teeth develop.

The incisors are the first guests in the small state

They are located in the lower and upper jaws, 2 central and 2 lateral in each. Teeth eruption begins with the central lower incisors at the age of 5-6 months. The upper ones come out 1-2 months later.

The child also has 4 lateral incisors, they are located near the central ones. The upper ones erupt when the child reaches 9-11 months of age, the lower lateral incisors appear a little later, from 11 to 13 months.

The indigenous people follow them

Another name for these baby teeth is molars. They are divided into the first and second.

The first molars are located near the fangs in both jaws, there are 4 of them. They appear in a child no earlier than 12-16 months.

The second primary molars are the last to emerge; this process is observed after two years. They are located behind the first (small) molars.

When will the fangs come out?

Their turn comes when the baby is 16-20 months old. They are located in front of the first molars. During this period, it is necessary to try to prevent the development of colds, since fangs often cause a deterioration in the baby’s health.

This order of eruption of baby teeth in children is considered a classic. It is also possible that they will appear several months earlier or later than the dates indicated above.

This is also the norm. In medicine, there are even cases where newborns already had milk teeth.

Teething Formula

Determining the number of baby teeth a child has is very simple; you need to subtract four from his age, taken in months. The result obtained will indicate their number. For example, if a child is 11 months old, then according to the formula he should have 11-4 = 7 teeth. This formula is valid for up to 2 years.

The order and timing of the eruption of permanent teeth

The eruption of the first permanent teeth should begin before the first baby teeth fall out. In order for the child to develop the correct bite, they erupt in pairs and in a certain order:

Possible problems

The above timing of teething is the norm. But under the influence of certain factors, problems associated with this process may arise.

Edentia

We can talk about it in the absence of one or more teeth and their rudiments. The diagnosis is made no earlier than 10 months of age. The cause may be heredity, problems with the endocrine system, or concomitant diseases of other organs.

Signs of edentia are:

• malocclusion;
• violation of diction;
• missing one or more teeth;
• large gaps between teeth;
• sunken cheeks.

If there are rudiments of teeth, the doctor will prescribe treatment that will stimulate teething. Sometimes the gums are dissected or special braces are installed. In their absence, implants are used.

Retention

With this pathology, there is a tooth germ in the gum, but it does not erupt for two reasons:

• too dense gum;
• The exiting tooth abuts the previously erupted tooth.

It manifests itself as pain, swelling, hyperemia, and fever. Treated by cutting the gums or removing an impacted tooth.

Early teething

The appearance of the first teeth before 4 months of age is considered early. This often happens with disorders in the endocrine system, and may also indicate the presence of tumors.

Late teething

This problem can be discussed if teeth are missing at the age of 10 months. This is caused by a lack of calcium, genetic predisposition, impaired enzymatic metabolism, pathology of the digestive system, rickets and other factors.

If by the age of 1 year the child has no teeth, take the baby to the dentist.

Out of order

Occurs when the teeth appear in the wrong sequence. It can lead to tooth ingrowth into the gum and the formation of an incorrect bite.

Enamel hypoplasia

Develops with enamel deficiency. Externally manifested by the presence of grooves, pits, and roughness on the surface of the teeth. The child complains of pain when eating cold or hot food.

Treatment consists of eliminating harmful factors and installing fillings or prostheses.

How can you tell if your baby has acquired teeth?

A small child cannot say the reason for his anxiety. But during the appearance of teeth, you can notice the following changes in his condition:

• increased salivation;
• swelling and redness of the gums;
• weakness, crying, anxiety;
• refusal of food;
• the child chews everything that comes to hand;
• a slight increase in temperature is possible.

The photo shows what gums look like when teething in babies:

What and how to alleviate the child’s condition?

It is impossible to completely avoid teething symptoms, but you can alleviate your baby’s condition:

• use chilled teethers, they will relieve swelling and reduce pain;
• you can also massage your gums with your finger, after washing your hands well;
• to reduce pain use gels with anesthetic effect;
• provide sufficient consumption of foods that contain a lot of calcium;
• during wipe away the saliva to avoid irritation of the baby's delicate skin.

Caring for baby teeth

You need to start practicing oral hygiene when complementary foods are introduced and the first tooth appears. Up to a year, this can be done with a napkin soaked in boiled water or a soft toothbrush.

As you approach the age of one, brush your baby’s teeth before bedtime without toothpaste with a special toothbrush. It needs to be replaced at least once every 3 months.

You can start using fluoride-free toothpastes for children at age 2.

Teach your baby to brush his teeth 2 times a day, it is especially important to do this before bed. To prevent the development of caries, and baby teeth are especially susceptible to it, you should not overuse sweets and foods with a high sugar content.

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Symptoms

There are symptoms by which you can find out that a child is cutting teeth, and respond to this with timely help, alleviating his condition. Signs can be basic, caused directly by this process, and accompanying - dictated by other factors, but coinciding in time with this phenomenon.

Basic

It is the main symptoms that will tell parents how to understand that their child is teething:

• swelling, edema, itching of the gums;
• poor sleep;
• Why does a child eat poorly when teething? - lack of appetite is explained by pain when touching swollen, inflamed gums;
• How is the child behaving? - he is irritable, aggressive, capricious, cries often and a lot, puts everything in his mouth to relieve the itching;
• increased salivation;
• rash, redness around the mouth, on the chin.

These are the symptoms you need to pay attention to when your child is teething. Taken together, they provide a clinical picture of this natural physiological process. However, they are often accompanied by concomitant manifestations that indicate other health problems. But unknowing parents mistakenly attribute them to teething.

Related

The question of whether children get sick when teething is due to the fact that the main symptoms can be supplemented by a number of accompanying ones, which may indicate some diseases that coincided in time with this process. You need to know about them in order to see a doctor in time and undergo treatment - this will significantly alleviate the baby’s condition.

• Temperature

What temperature can it be? Normally, it should not exceed 37.5°C, since teething only slightly inflames the gums. If the mark on the thermometer shows more than 38°C, this is a sign of acute respiratory viral infection, viral herpetic stomatitis or intestinal infection - an urgent consultation with a pediatrician is needed.

• Rashes

Bubbles filled with cloudy liquid, erosion, bright red hyperemia, inflammation on the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums are symptoms of herpetic stomatitis.

• Loose stool

What kind of stool does a child have when teething? Normally - normal. But if it becomes liquid, accompanied by vomiting and high fever, it is a rotavirus infection. Single vomiting without other symptoms is a consequence of swallowing a large amount of saliva.

• Cough

A cough occurs if a child chokes on saliva, which instead of the esophagus enters the respiratory tract. Or it is a symptom of a disease related to the lungs or throat.

• Runny nose

A runny nose indicates a cold and has nothing to do with teething.

In those days when children are teething, parents should be as attentive as possible to any changes in their condition and be able to distinguish the main symptoms from the secondary ones. This will help prevent a concomitant disease, which can masquerade as a natural process, and help the baby get through this difficult period.

This is interesting! Take a closer look at your baby's teeth. Solid, durable - a sign of an energetic person; large - kind and open; small - petty and scrupulous.

Subsequence

In addition to the main symptoms, it is useful to know in what order teeth come in so that you can expect them to appear in the right place. This will be needed when using compresses and ointments. Otherwise, it turns out that they cooled one seemingly swollen area, and an incisor or fang appeared in a completely different one.

1. Six months to 8 months - lower central incisors.
2. Six months to a year - upper canines.
3. 8 months to a year - upper central incisors.
4. 9-13 months - upper lateral incisors.
5. 10 months-1.5 years - lower lateral incisors.
6. 13-19 months - upper molars.
7. 1.5-2 years - lower canines.
8. 1-1.5 years - lower molars.
9. 2-2.5 years - lower second molars.
10. 2-3 years - upper second molars.

Parents should also keep in mind which teeth are the most painful to cut on this list. The fangs, with their sharp edges, tear the gums most painfully, thereby causing severe pain to the child. Especially the upper ones, which are called “eye teeth”: they are connected to the facial nerve. And, of course, you need to keep in mind the timing, when to expect all this and how long the whole process will last.

Interesting fact. When one of the identical twins is missing a tooth, most often the other one is missing exactly the same one.

Deadlines

Knowing the approximate dates when the baby should cut certain teeth allows parents to prepare for this phenomenon. If he begins to be capricious and refuse to eat, drool and not sleep, you should not immediately run to the children's clinic - in such a situation you can provide first aid yourself.

• Age

From the list given just above, you can see at what age a child starts teething - from six months to almost 3 years. This is an individual indicator and may be shifted by several months. If there are significant deviations from the schedule and this process does not fit into the time frame indicated above, you should definitely consult a doctor. It is not so much the pediatrician who will help here as the pediatric dentist.

• Duration

Parents often ask how many days it takes their children to teethe so they know when relief will come. This is all again very individual. On average, from 2 to 7 days is considered the norm. But the process may take several weeks. This happens extremely rarely, the situation is taken under the supervision of a doctor, and the reasons for such a long process are clarified.

Until what age do children start teething? The main ones (20 milk ones) should appear before 3 years of age. The rest of the indigenous ones - much later, from 6 to 8 years.

• First tooth

The question of how many days it takes to cut the first tooth can be answered in the same way: there is no reason to believe that it will take longer or faster than the others. Expect a few days, but always be prepared for a longer process.

The timing of teething in children can be different, which is determined by the individual characteristics of the body. Everything goes much simpler and easier if they don’t drag on. However, there is one consolation here: even if this whole process lasts for several weeks, its symptoms are not as pronounced as with rapid (2-3 days) teething. The child usually behaves much calmer in such a situation. But in any case, parents should be aware of exactly how they can alleviate his condition.

Wow! In terms of strength, human teeth can only be compared with shark teeth.

What to do

The first question that worries all parents is how to help when their child is teething. This applies to situations where he is in pain and cries incessantly. Various means - medications and folk remedies - will help correct the situation.

Medicines

• Viburcol (Viburkol)

Don't know how to relieve pain? For this purpose, use homeopathic suppositories based on herbal ingredients that have a calming, analgesic and slight antipyretic effect.

• Panadol Baby (children's Panadol)

Parents should know what to do if their child has teething problems and a fever. First of all, call a doctor who will determine the cause of the fever and prescribe appropriate treatment. And before his arrival, you can give Panadol - one of the most popular and effective drugs. The main component is paracetamol. Candles are used for infants, syrup - after a year.

• Nurofen (Nurofen)

Are you looking for something to relieve pain from tearing gums? Use Nurofen - an antipyretic and analgesic suspension with almost instantaneous action. It has a long-lasting effect (up to 6-8 hours). Contains ibuprofen. Not recommended for long-term use.

• Gels and ointments

Pain-relieving ointments and gels are popular when children start teething, but they are not a good choice. With copious salivation, they are quickly eliminated from the mouth, so that the duration of their effectiveness is very short. Feeling local numbness of the gums under their influence, the child may choke or bite his tongue. These drugs include Cholisal, Dentinox, Kamistad, Kalgel, Dentol, Baby Doctor, Pansoral, Traumeel - this is exactly what to smear on the gums in this situation.

Folk remedies

Wrap a piece of ice in a sterile cotton cloth and wipe the swollen gum without applying pressure.

If the child is not allergic to honey, rub this product into the gums before bed.

• Chamomile

Don't know how to calm a child who is in pain? Let him drink chamomile tea in small quantities 2-3 times a day. You can apply a compress to the gum - a bandage soaked in chamomile decoction. The oil of this medicinal plant can be lubricated on the outside of the cheek where it hurts.

• Chicory root

Give your child chewing chicory root (can be replaced with strawberry root).

• Propolis

Lubricate the inflamed gum with propolis infused in water.

• Mumiyo

Wipe the gums with mummy solution 2 times a day.

• Frozen fruit

If the child is already on complementary feeding, you can give him small pieces of frozen fruit to chew on - banana, apple, pear.

• Bread products

Bagels, crusts of bread, cookies, and crackers can scratch itchy gums.

Care

1. Before teeth appear, clean your gums in the morning and evening with a clean bandage wrapped around your finger and soaked in boiled water.
2. Is it possible to bathe a child when teething? If there is no high temperature, it is possible. If it is, it is better to limit yourself to rubbing.
3. Use children's anti-inflammatory toothpastes, gels, foams: Weleda, Splat, Splat, Lacalut, Lallum Baby, President, Brush-baby, Silver Care (with silver), Umka, R.O.C.S., Silca, Elmex.
4. Don't give a lot of sweets.
5. Learn to chew vigorously.
6. Include more fruits and vegetables in your diet.
7. Visit the dentist 2 times a year.

Now you know how to help a child with folk remedies and medications. They all do an excellent job. If you are not sure about their use, consult your pediatrician or dentist. From now on, you will need to regularly visit the latter’s office to avoid complications.

Scientific data. The tooth is the only tissue that is not capable of self-healing.

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Premolars

Premolars are small molars. They are located behind the fangs, which is why they have some similarities with them. However, they do have some features characteristic of posteriorly located large molars. There are upper (first, second), lower (first, second) premolars.

Upper premolars

Externally, they have a prismatic shape, their sizes vary from 19.5 mm to 24.5 mm, usually for most people their length reaches 22.5 mm. Most often, the maxillary first or second premolar is slightly larger than the lower one. This is what the upper premolar looks like:

On the chewing surface, small tubercles are clearly visible, with larger buccal tubercles and smaller chewing tubercles, between which there is a small groove. The first premolar of the upper jaw has two dental roots, and similarly the second one that follows it.

Lower premolars

The lower premolars have some differences from each other. The first tooth is anatomically similar to the adjacent canine. It has a rounded shape, just like the upper premolars have lingual and buccal cusps on its surface, and a groove is located between them.

Premolars are permanent teeth. In children they are not part of the bite. The first premolars appear after nine to ten years, the second a little later, at eleven to thirteen years.

Molars

Large molars or molars, what are they? Normally, an adult should have twelve of them. Arranged in pairs, six at the top and six at the bottom (three on the left and on the right). They are sometimes called "posterior" due to the fact that they are located last in the dental bite.

The main function is chewing food. This may be why they have the largest sizes, especially in the upper coronal part. Moreover, they have a large chewing surface. Thanks to such anatomical features, they can withstand loads of up to 70 kg. Typically, the upper molars are slightly larger than the lower molars.

Molars – what kind of teeth are they? There are first, second, third upper molars, as well as first, second, third lower molars.

Upper molars

The dimensions of the coronal part are 7.0-9.0 mm. The upper chewing surface is divided by pepper grooves into four small tubercles. There are three roots: buccal-mesial, palatine, and buccal-distal.

This is what an upper molar looks like:

The third molar, the eighth tooth, is smaller than the others in most people, and sometimes may be completely absent. Its upper surface has a three-tubercle structure; less commonly, two or four tubercles are identified. It usually has three roots, just like the previous large molars, two buccal and one palatal. The number of roots may be slightly larger, sometimes reaching five.

Quite often there is an abnormal location of the figure eight, its retention (lack of eruption), deviation towards the cheek. A special and rare case is hyperdontia, the presence of a fourth molar that is, for the most part, not fully formed.

Lower molars

The lower molars have a slightly smaller crown than the upper molars. Several tubercles are usually found on the chewing surface, their number varies from 3 to 6. The 2nd molar rarely has five tubercles, usually their number is four.

These teeth have 2 roots, distal and medial. They are located parallel to each other. The figure eight has one or two tooth roots. Sometimes retention and displacement to the side are observed.

Molars in children

In children with primary dentition, a distinction is made between first and second molars. The second molars in children erupt somewhat later than the first. The timing of their eruption is as follows:

• 1st top after 14 months
• 1st bottom after 12 months
• 2nd top after 24 months
• 2nd bottom after 20 months

The replacement process involves the resorption of tooth roots, as well as adjacent areas. At the same time, growing permanent molars displace their predecessors. The first molars appear the earliest in children; they are clearly visible in the lower dentition in the photo:

The periods of change of bite are as follows:

Upper molars

• 1st - 6-8 years
• 2nd - 12-13 years old
• 3rd – 17-21 years old

Lower molars

• 1st - 5-7 years
• 2nd - 11-13 years old
• 3rd – 12-26 years old

Usually, a child’s permanent teeth, in particular molars, erupt painlessly, without increasing body temperature. Sometimes problems arise with the appearance of “wisdom teeth”, which is associated with their abnormal location, as well as a tendency to form caries.

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Anatomy

The upper and lower gums are equipped with three types of teeth. Front incisors. The child's fangs are located immediately behind the incisors. Behind the canines are two sets of molars, the first and second molars. They are usually cut very painfully.

Beginning and duration of eruption of molars

Every baby is different, so there is no universal guideline for determining the length of time it takes for molars to finally emerge. There is an average time range that can help you judge your baby's situation. A child's upper and lower molars are cut between the ages of 12 and 17 months. In any case, they will appear between 27 and 32 months of age. The upper second molars begin to erupt between 24 and 33 months and complete eruption between 38 and 48 months. Lower second molars begin to emerge between 24 and 36 months, and a child's molars will begin to emerge between 34 and 48 months.

Signs that your baby is cutting molars

Teething baby molars is no walk in the park for you or your baby. The first sign that your baby has started teething may be a change in mood. Your child becomes more irritable and begins to have trouble sleeping. If you look into his mouth, you will see red and swollen gums near the area where the molars begin to grow. How long it takes for a child to cut their molars depends on many factors, including hereditary ones.

Why does a child’s molars take a long time to erupt?

Molars may take longer to erupt than other teeth. A child’s molars take a long time to cut because they have a large surface area that needs to be freed from the gums. This not only increases the time, but also makes the eruption of the child’s molars more painful than the eruption of the incisors.

Help when children are teething

Some children will experience quite severe discomfort when their molars are being cut - pain, poor sleep, lack of appetite, increased salivation, nervousness. By the way, sometimes, suddenly waking up with teeth, they can be very surprised and, accordingly, psychologically unstable.

Children produce large amounts of mucus as a natural reaction to any oral irritation. This mucus can become a breeding ground for bacteria and viruses, so teething time may make baby a little more susceptible to colds. Chamomile tea and clove oil are known to calm nerves and relieve gum pain. In addition, children can be provided with accessible immune support, such as colostrum and vitamin D3.

You can ease your baby's discomfort by offering him something cold to chew on, such as a chilled teething ring or a wet, cool one. With your doctor's approval, using paracetamol or ibuprofen will provide significant relief from teething pain.