Biochemical blood test: preparation, rules for delivery, interpretation of the results. Biochemical blood test: decoding in adults Blood biochemistry decoding in adults norm in the table

Blood chemistry- called the "king" of analyzes. Specialists often prescribe it to clarify the diagnosis of the patient, to control the treatment, its effectiveness.

Deciphering a biochemical blood test with an English (Latin) abbreviation begins with a comparison of the average statistical data of a healthy person. The norm depends on the age of the person, the gender of the patient and other factors. All these data are compared with the norms accepted in medicine for a healthy average person and an assessment is made of his state of immunity and the quality of metabolism in the body. Evaluate the work of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and other vital internal organs.

• Biochemistry of blood - obtained by cleaning the blood from formed elements: leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, etc. In the general analysis, these cells are of primary importance.

Biochemical blood test - the norm in the table with the decoding of the abbreviation

Latin (English) letters in biochemical blood tests

Video: Biochemical blood test - transcript, table and norm

Deciphering a biochemical blood test

Amylase

• Men 45 - 75 µmol/l
• Women 40 - 70 µmol/l

Features of preparation for the study: during the week before the test, do not take iron supplements, 1-2 days before the test, it is necessary to limit the intake of fatty food.

Normal saturation of transferrin with iron:

• in men - 25.6 - 48.6%,
• in women - 25.5 - 47.6%.

Physiological changes in YSL occur during a normal pregnancy (increase to 4500 mcg/l). In healthy children, VR decreases immediately after birth, then increases.

High rates indicate: iron deficiency anemia, oral contraceptives, liver damage (cirrhosis, hepatitis), frequent blood transfusions. Low levels of YBC are manifested: with a decrease in total protein in plasma (starvation, necrotic syndrome), iron deficiency in the body, chronic infections.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin in the analyzes depends on the age of the patients.

• Newborns up to 1 day - less than 34 µmol / l.
• Newborns from 1 to 2 days 24 - 149 µmol1 hzl.
• Newborns from 3 to 5 days 26 - 205 µmol/l.
• Adults up to 60 years 5 - 21 µmol/l.
• Adults age 60 to 90 3 - 19 µmol/l.
• People over 90 3 - 15 µmol/l.

Bilirubin is a component of bile, a yellow pigment, the breakdown of direct (bound) bilirubin and the death of red blood cells is formed.

What is AST and ALT

AST - astspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in various tissues such as liver, heart, kidney, muscle, and the like. Elevated levels of AST, as well as ALT, may indicate necrosis of liver cells. In chronic viral hepatitis, you need to monitor the ratio of AST / ALT, which is called the de Ritis ratio.

Elevated AST over ALT may indicate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis or alcoholic, chemical liver damage. Elevated AST also speaks of cellular decay of liver tissues (necrosis of hepatocytes).

ALT - transcript

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) or ALT.

ALT is a special liver tissue enzyme that is released when it is diseased. When ALT biochemical analysis is elevated, they can talk about toxic or viral damage to liver tissues. With hepatitis C, B, A, this indicator must be monitored constantly, once a quarter or every six months. The level of ALT is judged on the degree of damage to the liver by hepatitis, however, in chronic forms, the level of ALT may remain within the normal range, which does not exclude latent liver damage. ALT is more recorded in the diagnosis of acute hepatitis.

• Read: diagnosis of hepatitis;

Glucose

Glucose in biochemical analysis:

• Up to 14 years - 3.33 - 5.65 mmol / l
• From 14 - 60 - 3.89 - 5.83
• From 60 - 70 - 4.44 - 6.38
• Over 70 years - 4.61 - 6.10 mmol / l

Glucose analysis is a very important indicator in the diagnosis of diabetes. Glucose is the energy of our body. It is in demand and intensively consumed during physical and mental stress, stressful conditions. A high rate indicates diabetes mellitus, adrenal tumors, thyrotoxicosis, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, chronic kidney and liver diseases, cystic fibrosis.

Video: About blood test AST and ALT

Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin norm:

• men: 12.0 - 52.1 ng / ml,
• women - premenopause - 6.5 - 42.3 ng / ml.

postmenopausal - 5.4 - 59 ng / ml.

Osteocalcin (Osteocalcin, Bone Gla protein, BGP) is a sensitive marker of bone turnover. Used to diagnose osteoporosis.

High value: Paget's disease, rapid growth in adolescents, diffuse toxic goiter, bone metastases, bone softening, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic renal failure;

Low osteocalcin: pregnancy, hypercortisolism (Itsenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome), hypoparathyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, glucocorticoid therapy.

Triglycerides (fats)

Triglycerides 165mg% (1.65g/l). Triglycerides are prescribed for analysis for heart disease, strokes. As a factor in the formation of vascular atherosclerosis and coronary disease. Violation of lipid metabolism is not one of the reasons for the maturation of atherosclerosis. Therefore, lipid metabolism tests must be taken into account along with other factors. The indicators of fat metabolism are corrected with the help of diet and the use of drugs.

Decryption for C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein is an indicator of the acute phase of the inflammatory process, the most sensitive and fastest indicator of tissue damage. C-reactive protein is most often compared to the ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Both indicators rise sharply at the onset of the disease, but CRP appears and disappears before ESR changes. With successful treatment, the level of CRP decreases over the next days, normalizing on days 6-10, while ESR decreases only after 2-4 weeks.

Such sensitivity can capture changes in CRP not only under conditions of acute, but also chronic inflammation. A number of scientific works have shown that an increase in CRP, even in the concentration range of less than 10 mg / l in apparently healthy people, indicates an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, as well as the first myocardial infarction, thromboembolism.

Uric acid

Uric acid is normally:

• Children under 12: 119 - 327 µmol/l
• Men 12 to 60 years old: 262 - 452 µmol/l
• Women from! 2 to 60: 137 - 393
• Men 60 to 90: 250 - 476
• Women 60 to 90: 208 - 434 µmol/l
• Men over 90: 208 - 494
• Women over 90: 131 - 458 µmol/l

The indicator of uric acid indicates normal or not kidney function and a violation of their filtration. Uric acid is a metabolic product, (purine bases), which are part of proteins. Excreted from the body by the kidneys. Uric acid is a metabolic product of purine bases, which are part of complex proteins - nucleoproteins, and is excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Rheumatoid factor

• negative - up to 25 IU / ml (international unit per milliliter)
• slightly elevated - 25-50 IU / ml
• elevated - 50-100 IU / ml
• significantly increased - more than 100 IU / ml

Rheumatoid factor is determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in patients with other inflammatory pathologies. Normally, rheumatoid factor is not detected by conventional methods.

Reasons for rejection: detection of rheumatoid factor - rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Waldenström's disease, Felty syndrome and Still syndrome (special forms of rheumatoid arthritis).

Iron

• Men: 10.7 - 30.4 µmol/l
• Women: 9 - 23.3 µmol/l

Iron is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin. Indicates hematopoietic diseases and anemia. Approximately 4 g of iron is in the human body. Approximately 80% of the total amount of the substance is placed in the composition of hemoglobin, 25% of iron is in reserve, 10% is contained in the composition of myoglobin, 1% is stored in respiratory enzymes that catalyze the processes of cell respiration. Iron deficiency states (hyposiderosis, iron deficiency anemia) are one of the most common human ailments.

Potassium

• Up to 12 months 4.1 - 5.3
• 12 months - 14 years 3.4 - 4.7
• Over 14 years old 3.5 - 5.5

Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells. The biological role of potassium is great. Potassium promotes mental clarity, improves oxygen supply to the brain, helps to get rid of toxins, acts as an immunomodulator, helps reduce blood pressure and helps in the treatment of allergies.

Potassium, is in the cells, regulates water balance, normalizes the rhythm of the heart.

Increasing potassium levels

This phenomenon is called hyperkalemia and is a sign of the following disorders:

• cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns)
• dehydration
• acidosis
• acute renal failure (impaired excretion by the kidneys)
• adrenal insufficiency
• increase in the intake of potassium salts.

Usually, potassium is increased due to the intake of antitumor, anti-inflammatory drugs and certain other drugs. A decrease in potassium concentration (hypokalemia) begins with insufficient intake from food, increased losses in urine and feces, vomiting, diarrhea, the use of potassium-depleting diuretics, the use of steroid drugs, certain hormonal disorders, intravenous administration of large volumes of fluid that does not contain potassium.

Deciphering the indicators of calcium in the blood:

• Newborn children: 1.05 - 1.37 mmol / l.
• Children from 1 year to 16 1.29 - 1.31 mmol / l
• Adults 1.17 - 1.29 mmol / l.

Calcium

• Normal calcium in an adult is from 2.15 to 1.5 mmol / l.

Among the nutrients contained in the body in the largest quantities, calcium ranks next after protein, fat and carbohydrates. Although 99 percent of all calcium is used for the needs of bones and teeth, the tasks of the remaining one percent are also extremely important.

An elevated calcium level, also known as hypercalcemia, means that there is too much calcium in the blood. Most of the human calcium is found in bones and teeth. A certain amount of calcium helps the body to work properly. Too much calcium damages the nerves, digestive tract, heart, and kidneys.

Sodium

The norm of sodium in the body (mmol / l):

• Newborns sodium rate: 133 - 146
• Babies under 1 goal: 139 - 146
• Children norm: 138 - 145
• Adults: 136 - 145 mmol / l.
• Adults over 90 within: 132 - 146.

Sodium is the main cation that neutralizes acids in the blood and lymph; in ruminants, sodium bicarbonate is the main constituent of saliva. It regulates to an optimal level (pH 6.5-7) the actual acidity of the chyme in the pancreas.

Sodium chloride regulates osmotic pressure, activates the enzyme amylase, which destroys starch, accelerates the absorption of glucose in the intestine, and serves as a material for the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.

Chlorine

• Newborns up to 30 days: 98 - 113 mmol / l.
• Adults: 98 - 107
• Elderly patients over 90: 98 - 111 mmol / l.

Chlorine, like sodium, is found in plant foods in small amounts; Plants grown on saline soils are distinguished by a high content of chlorine. In the animal body, chlorine is concentrated in the gastric juice, blood, lymph, skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Magnesium

• the norm of magnesium for newborns is 0.62 - 0.91 mmol / l.
• For children from 5 months. up to 6 years 0.70 - 0.95
• Children aged 6 to 12: 0.70 - 0.86
• Adolescence norm from 12 to 20: 0 70 - 0 91
• Adults from 20 to 60 years old 0 66 - 1.07 mmol / l.
• Adults 60 to 90 within 0.66 - 0.99
• Adults over 90 years old 0.70 - 0.95 mmol/l

Magnesium, like potassium, calcium or sodium, refers to electrolytes, ions with a positive or negative charge, each of which performs its own specific physiological function.

An increase in the norm of a biochemical blood test is observed in the following diseases:

• Renal failure (acute and chronic)
• Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia (an overdose of magnesium drugs or antacids)
• Diabetes,
• hypothyroidism,
• adrenal insufficiency,
• Addison's disease.
• tissue injury
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• multiple myeloma

Despite the fact that magnesium is widely distributed in nature, its deficiency is found very often (approximately 50%), and clinical signs of magnesium deficiency are detected even more often.

Possible symptoms of magnesium deficiency: unexplained anxiety, stress, irregular heartbeat, muscle cramps (especially nocturnal calf cramps), insomnia, depression, muscle twitching, tingling in the fingertips, dizziness, constant fatigue, migraine attacks.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus rate, mmol/l:

• Up to 2 years 1.45 -2.16
• 2 years - 12 years 1.45 - 1.78
• from 12 - to 60: 0.87 - 1.45
• Women over 60: 0.90 - 1.32
• Men over 60: 0.74 - 1.2

Determining the concentration of phosphorus is most often prescribed for disorders of calcium metabolism, since the ratio of the amount of calcium and inorganic phosphorus has the greatest diagnostic value.

An increase in the concentration of phosphorus is noted in renal failure, an overdose of vitamin D, insufficiency of the parathyroid glands, in some cases with multiple myeloma, and lipid metabolism disorders (lipid phosphorus).

The amount of acid-soluble phosphorus increases in all diseases accompanied by oxygen deficiency. A decrease in the concentration of phosphorus occurs when there is a deficiency of vitamin D, malabsorption in the intestines, rickets, hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is normal in newborns - 160-1300 pg / ml, in adults - 100-700 pg / ml (average values ​​\u200b\u200bof 300-400 pg / ml).

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is found in the proteins of the regular diet. The absorption process of vitamin B12 follows five sets of measures that create the pancreas, duodenum, gastric juice and saliva.

Vitamin B12 is one of the B vitamins. It is the only vitamin that contains a metal - cobalt ion. It is because of cobalt that vitamin B12 is also called cobalamin. The cobalt ion in the vitamin B12 molecule is coordinated to the corrin heterocycle.

Vitamin B12 can exist in different forms. The most common form in human life is cyanocobalamin, obtained by chemical purification of the vitamin with cyanides.

Vitamin B12 can also exist in the form of hydroxycobalamin and in two coenzyme forms - methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. The term pseudo-vitamin B12 refers to substances similar to this vitamin found in some living organisms, for example, in blue-green algae of the genus Spirulina. Such vitamin-like substances do not have a vitamin effect on the human body.

Folic acid

The norm of filic acid in the human body is 3 - 17 ng / ml.

Folic acid is our most significant deficiency. Folic acid is named after the Latin word folium, meaning leaf, because it was first isolated in a laboratory from spinach leaves. Folic acid belongs to the group of B vitamins. It is easily destroyed during cooking and is lost during the processing and preservation of vegetables and grain peeling.

Folic acid is a vital vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects in an unborn child, such as spina bifida, when the spinal canal in a newborn remains open, with the spinal cord and nerves exposed, or anencephaly (congenital absence of the brain and spinal cord), hydrocephalus, cerebral hernia.

The neural tube develops very quickly after conception and forms the baby's spinal cord. Studies say that increasing the amount of folic acid that pregnant women take makes it possible in 70% of cases to avoid spinal cord fractures.

With a lack of folic acid, the process of formation of the placenta may be disrupted, and the likelihood of miscarriage increases.

Women who may become pregnant are advised to eat foods fortified with folic acid or take supplements in foods rich in folic acid to reduce the risk of certain serious birth defects. Having enough folic acid supplements in the months leading up to pregnancy is very important to prevent neural tube defects. It has been suggested taking 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid daily from fortified foods or supplements. The folic acid equivalents APP in pregnant women is 600-800 mcg, twice the usual 400 mcg APP for women who are not pregnant.

Albumen

Albumin molecules are involved in the binding of water, so a drop in this indicator below 30 g / l causes the formation of edema. Elevated albumin practically does not occur and is associated with a decrease in plasma water content.

How to pass

Biochemical analysis is prescribed for:

• acute diseases of internal organs (liver, kidneys, pancreas)
• many different hereditary diseases,
• with beriberi,
• intoxication and many others.

I often prescribe an analysis to make an accurate diagnosis, when the doctor has doubts, if it is based only on the indications and symptoms of the patient himself. This analysis is often prescribed by a doctor to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of a particular disease.

Before taking the analysis, IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN TO EAT ANY FOOD! Incorrect examination indicators can lead to incorrect diagnosis and, as a result, incorrect treatment. Biochemistry of blood shows a close relationship between the exchange of water and mineral salts in the body. The results of the examined blood taken 3-4 hours after breakfast will differ from those taken on an empty stomach; if it is taken 3-4 hours after lunch, then the indicators will differ even more.

Referring the patient for analysis, the doctor wants to know and evaluate the work of a particular organ. This makes it possible to determine the state of the endocrine system (hormones of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, male and female sex hormones), indicators of the immune status.

This study is used in various fields of medicine, such as urology, internal medicine, gastroenterology, cardiology, gynecology, and a number of others.

A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic study that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows you to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the whole organism as a whole. The results of this study can indicate with high accuracy the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, malignant pathologies, hormonal disruptions, and so on. In this material, we will consider the decoding of a biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the earliest stages, that is, when clinical symptoms do not yet appear and the person is not even aware of the disease.

The correct interpretation of the results of the study allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes proceed in the body, what is the level of hormones, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who turn to a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. The indications for this study are:

• diseases of the female reproductive sphere - infertility, failures and menstrual irregularities of unclear etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
• diseases of the liver and organs of the gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
• diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels - past heart attacks and stroke, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, coronary heart disease;
• suspicion of renal or hepatic insufficiency - in order to identify pathology or control ongoing treatment;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to make a correct diagnosis for the patient, and sometimes this requires additional diagnostic methods, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.

How is a biochemical blood test done?

A biochemical blood test is a sampling of biological material from the cubital vein (or any other vein, if the cubital is not available for any reason) in the amount of 5 ml. Sometimes, up to 20 ml of blood is collected from a patient to conduct several diagnostic tests. In order for the results of the analysis to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparation for donating blood from a vein consists of the following steps:

1. 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
2. the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, it is necessary to stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if it is impossible to stop taking medications for vital reasons, then you should definitely inform the doctor about this;
3. on the day of blood sampling, you can’t eat anything - the analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
4. avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood for hormones may be unreliable if the patient is nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for the examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select the treatment.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

total protein

The term "total protein" means the total amount of proteins that are generally found in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

• are catalysts for chemical reactions;
• transport substances to organs and tissues;
• take part in the immune defense of the body against infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g / l. In the case of a significant increase in this rate, the human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increasing the level of protein in the blood are:

1. rheumatism;
2. inflammation of the joints;
3. oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The causes of low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

• liver disease;
• intestinal pathology;
• disorders in the work of the kidneys;
• malignant tumors in the body.

When studying indicators of blood biochemistry, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An elevated level of albumin in the blood is observed with:

• extensive burns;
• intractable diarrhea;
• dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is characteristic of:

1. pregnant and lactating women;
2. cirrhosis of the liver or chronic hepatitis;
3. sepsis;
4. heart failure;
5. drug overdose and poisoning.

Glucose

Normally, in a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person, from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol / l are detected (a glucose tolerance test is performed).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

• diabetes;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• tumor of the pancreas;
• hemorrhagic stroke;
• cystic fibrosis.

The short-term tolerable rise in blood sugar levels is due to overeating, stress, and eating too much sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose below 3.5 mmol / l often occurs against the background of such conditions:

• liver disease;
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
• hypothyroidism;
• alcohol poisoning;
• drug overdose;
• stomach cancer;
• adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys with urine. In the blood, uric acid values ​​normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol / l.

Increased uric acid level

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

1. kidney failure;
2. lymphoma;
3. leukemia;
4. alcoholism;
5. exhausting long diets;
6. overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Decreased uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol / l is noted under the following conditions:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. Allopurinol treatment;
3. hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in the level of urea is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic starvation. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: causes

The reasons for the increased content of creatinine in the blood plasma are the following conditions:

• kidney failure;
• muscle injury;
• hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (ALAT, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AsAT)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside the liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT makes it possible to judge possible violations of liver function and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is located inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and takes an active part in the anacid metabolism. An increase in the level of ALT above the level of AST is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when the AST indicators exceed the ALT indicators, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:

• myocardial infarction;
• angina;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• toxic hepatitis;
• acute pancreatitis;
• liver cancer;
• heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones of the reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

1. low density cholesterol (LDL);
2. high density cholesterol (HDL);
3. total cholesterol;
4. lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

1. mild degree of hypercholesterolemia - up to 6.5 mmol / l, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases;
2. the average degree - up to 8 mmol / l, is corrected by a special low-lipid diet;
3. high degree - more than 8 mmol / l, requires the appointment of drugs.

Increased cholesterol: causes

The main reasons for high blood cholesterol levels are:

• atherosclerosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
• chronic hepatitis;
• mechanical jaundice.

Cholesterol is lowered: causes

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged fasting;
• malignant tumors in the liver;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• hyperthyroidism;
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Normally, in the blood of an adult, from 5 to 20 µmol / l.

High bilirubin

The causes of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood are:

1. oncological diseases of the liver;
2. cholelithiasis;
3. acute cholecystitis;
4. cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin level

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below the norm is observed in the following conditions:

1. acute hepatitis;
2. liver disease caused by a bacterial infection;
3. drug poisoning;
4. toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of carbohydrates and facilitates the digestion process. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands, there are diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increase in amylase

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of such conditions:

• pancreatitis;
• peritonitis;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• cholecystitis;
• kidney and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in terms of a blood test is characteristic of the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l of potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in such conditions:

• disease of the adrenal cortex;
• debilitating diets;
• insufficient intake of salt with food, prolonged salt-free diets;
• dehydration of the body as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
• excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
• cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is characteristic of:

• acute renal failure;
• kidney disease;
• insufficiency of the adrenal cortex;
• convulsions;
• severe injuries.

An increase in the level of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain the physiological pH level and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the hormone of the adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed in the following conditions:

• diabetes;
• chronic heart failure;
• swelling;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed with:

• salt abuse;
• diabetes insipidus;
• profuse sweat;
• intractable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• coma.

As a conclusion

Biochemical analysis of blood is an integral part in the diagnosis of diseases of internal organs. Norms for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, adherence to the rules of preparation and laboratory.

In the beginning, we will answer the 3 most popular questions and move on to deciphering the results of the analysis.

What is a biochemical blood test?

A biochemical blood test is a laboratory examination that allows you to evaluate the activity of metabolic processes in the body and identify certain disorders that indicate certain diseases.

The results of a biochemical blood test make it possible to determine a further diagnostic search program aimed at identifying or excluding possible pathologies.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

Biochemical study of blood allows us to draw conclusions of the following nature:

• Assess the capabilities of the liver;
• Assess the capabilities of the kidneys and their functional reserve;
• Detect if there is damage to cells, especially myocardium, important for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction;
• Whether there are electrolyte disturbances that may affect the normal functioning of important organs;
• Assess the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis and related complications;
• Diagnose diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

How to prepare for the analysis?

To obtain the most reliable results of blood biochemistry, a number of rules must be observed (preparatory stage):

• On the eve of the study, do not eat in the morning;
• The day before blood donation, avoid intense physical exertion, which is accompanied by an increase in blood lactate and other metabolites;
• Exclude the use of alcoholic beverages;
• Avoid mental stress, accompanied by an increase in the level of adrenaline with the ensuing consequences.

Biochemical blood test in adults: the norm in the table

The norms of a biochemical blood test in adults fluctuate within certain limits, the scope of which depends on the specific laboratory. Therefore, reference values ​​are always indicated in the analysis form. This transcript in adults of a biochemical blood test and the norm in the table is approximate (the exact standards should be checked with the specialist who conducted the study).

• Below is a detailed breakdown of the analysis values ​​and what the deviation up and down means.

Deciphering a biochemical blood test for adults

Blood electrolytes (ionogram)

The most important diagnostic value among electrolytes in the biochemical analysis of blood is given to potassium, chlorine, sodium, calcium and serum iron. An ionogram is recommended for such conditions as:

• kidney pathology;
• pathology of the heart, especially manifested by rhythm disturbances;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• dehydration;
• anemia;
• infectious diseases;
• urolithiasis, etc.

Also, this analysis is shown when receiving:

• diuretics;
• cardiac glycosides (drugs prescribed for the treatment of heart failure);
• drugs for the treatment of anemia.

Proteinogram - a protein in a biochemical blood test

Protein in a biochemical blood test is a very important indicator. Both total protein and its individual types (fractions) - albumins and globulins - can be determined. Elevated protein in the analysis usually indicates conditions such as:

• dehydration;
• inflammatory process (especially with an increase in globulins);
• tumors;
• traumatic injuries;
• third trimester of pregnancy;
• taking androgenic or estrogenic drugs;
• autoimmune inflammatory processes.

If the protein in the biochemical blood test is lowered, this indicates other pathological conditions:

• insufficiency of liver function;
• violation of absorption and assimilation of substances in the intestine during its diseases;
• renal pathology;
• pregnancy (first and second trimester).

Uric acid

Uric acid is the main indicator (diseases with damage to the joints associated with the deposition of crystals of this acid in them). However, elevated uric acid levels can also be associated with other diseases:

• kidney failure;
• tumors of the blood system;
• hereditary disorder of urate metabolism.

The final diagnosis of gout is made after x-ray examination of the joints. With this disease, a characteristic symptom is the formation of tophi - or brushes.

Low uric acid indicates:

• lymphogranulomatosis;
• insufficient intake of proteins from food;
• Fanconi syndrome (hereditary kidney disease with damage to their tubules).

Urea

Urea refers to the products of nitrogen metabolism, which are formed in the liver. Excretion is carried out by the kidneys, and this substance determines the density of urine, because. capable of attracting water. The level of urea depends on factors such as:

• preservation of kidney function (increased rates are characteristic of renal failure);
• an abundance of protein products in food (if there are a lot of them, then the concentration of urea increases);
• vegetarianism (urea is reduced);
• liver function (with its insufficiency, urea in the blood decreases);
• age (children have a decrease in urea due to increased protein formation);
• pregnancy (decrease in level is explained by a similar mechanism).

Creatinine in a biochemical blood test

Creatinine in a biochemical blood test is an additional indicator of nitrogen metabolism. The formation of this substance occurs in the muscles as a result of the destruction of creatine phosphate. This process is accompanied by the release of energy necessary for muscle contraction.

Removal of creatinine from the body is carried out by the kidneys - it is filtered in the glomeruli and is not absorbed back in the tubules. Therefore, based on the concentration of creatinine in the blood, conclusions can be drawn about the adequacy of the functioning of the kidneys, namely the renal glomeruli, which are most often affected in glomerulonephritis.

Thus, the excess of creatinine, in the first place, characterizes kidney failure. But it can also be observed in other diseases:

• gigantism and its variety - acromegaly (an increase in the length of the limbs);
• muscle compression syndrome;
• radiation damage;
• (excess thyroid function).

Also, an increase in the concentration of creatine in the body may indicate excessive consumption of meat and its products in the human diet. According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, red meat can be eaten only 2 times a week, no more.

If creatine is lowered below the threshold level, this indicates:

• muscular dystrophy;
• fasting, leading to a decrease in muscle mass;
• pregnancy (used for uterine hypertrophy);
• commitment to vegetarianism.

ALT, ALaT - Alanine aminotransferase

The decoding of ALT in a biochemical blood test is based on the fact that this enzyme is present inside the cells and is released from them when they are destroyed. ALT takes part in the formation of amino acids.

The maximum concentration of this enzyme is determined in the liver and kidneys, the smaller one - in the muscles, heart and pancreas.

Therefore, an increase in ALT levels indicates such diseases:

• viral hepatitis;
• cirrhosis;
• traumatic injury;
• liver tumor;
• myocardial infarction;
• myocarditis;
• myodystrophy;
• rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).

With a pronounced inhibition of liver function, ALT activity is critically reduced. The determination of GGT in a biochemical blood test also helps to confirm the diagnosis of liver damage. This enzyme is also specific for hepatocytes.

Elevated titers of CRP (C-reactive protein) in a biochemical blood test indicate an infectious lesion of the liver (viral hepatitis), helping to establish an accurate etiological (causal) diagnosis.

AST, ASAT - Aspartate aminotransferase

AST, unlike ALT, is an enzyme that is more specific for cardiomyocyte damage. Therefore, an increase in AST in a biochemical blood test indicates a myocardial infarction or other heart damage. Somewhat less often it says about:

• hepatitis;
• cholestasis;
• muscle damage;
• inflammation.

Lipidogram (cholesterol and fats)

Lipidogram is the determination of the concentration of fats (lipids) and cholesterol fractions in the blood, which determine the degree of its atherogenicity. These substances enter the body with food, and are also formed in adipocytes (fat cells) and hepatocytes (liver cells).

The physiological significance of fats and cholesterol lies in the formation of energy necessary for the flow of all processes in the body. However, elevated levels can lead to the development of atherosclerosis.

When lipid levels are elevated in the analysis, this may indicate the following conditions:

• hereditary lipidemia;
• diabetes;
• heart failure;
• pancreatitis;
• obesity;
• hypothyroid state;
• pregnancy.

Low lipid levels indicate:

• lack of nutrition;
• violation of absorption activity in the intestine;
• increased thyroid function.

Cholesterol in a biochemical blood test

When determining the level of cholesterol, the total concentration and level in the composition of lipoproteins, both low and high density, are taken into account.

The former represent an atherogenic hazard, while the latter, on the contrary, have a protective effect on the vessels. An increase in total cholesterol in a blood test is observed when:

• hereditary hypercholesterolemia;
• atherosclerosis;
• liver diseases;
• kidney disease;
• gout;
• alcoholism.

Total cholesterol is lowered - indicates:

• exhaustion;
• malabsorption;
• burns;
• acute infections;
• heart failure.

Bilirubin in a biochemical blood test

Bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin and myoglobin. This process occurs both in the liver and in the spleen. There are direct and indirect bilirubin.

Directly related to glucuronic acid. Indirect bilirubin is free from such a bond, therefore it is insoluble in water. It is formed initially from hemoglobin and myoglobin and is able to destroy cell membranes, tk. dissolves well in fats.

This type of bilirubin has a toxic effect on cells if its concentration exceeds the allowable values. Normally, it must enter the liver, where it combines with glucuronic acid and loses its toxic properties. Further, the bound bilirubin enters the intestine with bile and is excreted (both with urine and feces).

An increase in total bilirubin in the blood leads to the appearance of externally visible jaundice and indicates liver damage, destruction of red blood cells, poisoning, tumors, hereditary hyperbilirubinemia, cholelithiasis, etc.

An elevated level of direct bilirubin allows you to determine the direct involvement of the liver in the pathological process and determine the level of damage (above the liver, below it, or directly to this organ). This indicates diseases such as:

• viral hepatitis;
• hepatitis of toxic origin;
• hepatosis of pregnant women;
• Rotor syndrome (hereditary disorder of bilirubin metabolism);
• pathology with compression of the bile ducts.

Amylase

There are two fractions of amylase:

• salivary - formed in the salivary glands;
• pancreatic - synthesized in the pancreas.

The excretion of the enzyme is carried out by the kidneys. In this case, it is traditionally called diastase, although this is the same substance.

Diagnostic value has both an increase in the level of amylase, and its decrease. An increased level of amylase is observed in diseases such as:

• pancreatitis;
• (popularly - mumps);
• diabetes and others.

A decrease in the level is usually associated with pancreatic insufficiency, leading to impaired digestion, or with.

Blood chemistry- this is an extended laboratory study, with which you can evaluate the function of almost all organs, analyze how metabolic or lipid processes are carried out.

This is a kind of screening that is prescribed to the patient in order to find out exactly where the pathology is. The analysis includes many indicators, the values ​​of which have diagnostic value.

The purpose of a biochemical blood test is to study special enzymes, metabolic compounds, which are an integral part of vital organs, tissues, bones, muscles, blood. These enzymes help the kidneys, pancreas, liver, intestines, etc. to function properly. therefore, any changes in indicators indicate the corresponding pathology of a particular organ. This gives a more accurate diagnostic picture than a complete blood count.

The analysis includes more than 30 indicators, but the doctor often prescribes at his own discretion limited list of options to be checked. This happens in cases where it is already approximately known where there are violations or, due to young age, some indicators of blood biochemistry can not be checked.

Significant deviations from reference values in certain situations are a diagnosis. Accordingly, this laboratory study primarily reveals the following pathologies:

• metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus);
• partial or complete loss of kidney function (renal failure, nephrotic syndrome);
• liver diseases of a viral or non-infectious nature (hepatitis of all types, hepatosis);
• inflammatory and pathological changes in bones, joints (arthritis, gout, osteoporosis);
• dystrophic / atrophic processes of muscle tissue;
• slagging of blood vessels with cholesterol plaques, provoking atherosclerosis, heart attack;
• diseases of the pancreas (acute or chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract);
• violations of the water-salt balance, affecting the functioning of the kidneys and all organs;
• iron deficiency and other types of anemia;
• heart disease, heart attacks;
• lack of vitamins and useful microelements;
• other pathologies.

Each individual indicator reflects the work of a particular organ, therefore it is easier for a doctor to determine by their deviations where there are pathologies. For each of them there are reference values established by laboratories.

Test results in private clinics are usually ready the next business day, but in a public clinic, the turnaround time is approximately 7-10 days.

This is one of the most expensive research in medical organizations, but if you need to check a limited number of parameters, then the price will be quite acceptable. Advanced screening indicators always allows you to assess the condition of each patient. Often such an analysis is asked to pass before any surgical intervention to avoid possible complications after surgery. The results of blood biochemistry predetermine the course of the course of the disease, the treatment being carried out, so doctors often refer the patient for their delivery.

What indicators are examined by blood biochemistry?

To understand the purpose of this analysis, you need to understand what indicators the laboratory technicians are examining and what each of them means for, because otherwise it will be a set unknown terms. Only the attending physician can decipher the analyzes, because only he has the necessary experience in this matter and knowledge.

The parameters of blood biochemistry have their own specifics, because they are essentially essential enzymes which coordinate the work of many organs. Without them, the normal functioning of the body is impossible, therefore they are very important from a biological point of view. Blood biochemistry shows how they perform their functions.

Accordingly, the analysis includes the following indicators:

• Total protein, albumin (checking the liver, lipid metabolism and other organs);
• cholesterol and its derivatives HDL, LDL, triglycerides (examination of the state of blood vessels, capillaries, heart);
• creatinine, urea, uric acid, residual nitrogen (assessment of kidney function);
• creatine kinase, calcium, (diagnosis of muscle and bone diseases);
• potassium, sodium, chlorine (checking the water-salt balance in the body);
• total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin, ASAT, (assessment of liver function);
• AkAT (diseases of the heart and liver);
• glucose (check for diabetes);
• iron (diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia);
• C-reactive protein (study of joints and other inflammatory diseases);
• Phosphatase alkaline (detection of intestinal and other infections);
• Amylase, lipase (pancreatic diseases);
• General lipids (pathologies of the liver, kidneys, metabolic processes).

The rate of indicators in the table

Reference values every laboratory test has, and any blood parameter has its own threshold figures. There are some average values, but you only need to pay attention to the laboratory norm, since analyzers can be different, as well as research methods. It makes it much more difficult interpretation of results.

As a rule, slightly increased / decreased values ​​can be ignored by the doctor, because they may not have diagnostic value, and the patient often feels well. Significant deviations from the norm are always a diagnostic sign indicating a particular disease. The doctor in this case prescribes additional examinations.

Often, serious deviations from the threshold values ​​​​cause pronounced symptoms, which prompts the patient to consult a doctor. used to interpret the patient's condition. reference values, which are the normal range of indicators. They fluctuate depending on age and gender person. The table shows the approximate norm for each parameter of blood biochemistry.

Deciphering the results of the analysis

Only a doctor is engaged in decoding the results, and self-diagnosis is in any case unacceptable. It is important to understand initially what this or that indicator means.

Increase in glucose in the analysis may indirectly indicate diabetes mellitus, unless the patient violated the conditions for preparing for the study. A decrease in glucose may indicate in favor of hepatic pathologies and endocrine disorders.

Total, direct and indirect bilirubin increase in liver diseases, hepatitis, hepatosis, hemolytic anemia. Direct bilirubin indicates the development of jaundice and therefore also often increases, and indirect increases when red blood cells decay, that is, with bleeding, hemolytic anemia. Low values the above enzymes are rare, but they can also indicate pathology, since they are usually detected in renal failure, leukemia, and aplastic anemia.

ASAT- This is the liver fraction, which increases with hepatitis and other liver diseases, as well as with heart disease. High rates can also be observed with long-term use of contraceptives, aspirin. Low values ​​may indicate necrosis of the liver tissue, its rupture or vitamin deficiency.

Creatinine usually increases with impaired renal function and related diseases ( kidney failure). Men and women have different indicators, so initially creatinine is a metabolic compound that is synthesized in the muscles, and muscle tone in men is on average greater, therefore, the indicators are higher. Low values ​​do not play a diagnostic role, since most often this indicates normal fasting, a vegetarian diet.

Urea - renal indicator, which is excreted in the urine and shows their concentration ability. A significant increase indicates kidney failure and other nephrotic diseases, which are accompanied by a violation of their function.

The lowering of the results indirectly testifies in favor of hepatic pathologies. Elevation of another kidney enzyme - uric acid occurs in urolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and renal failure. A decrease in indicators occurs with alcohol intoxication, liver pathologies, toxicosis, hormonal disorders (antidiuretic hormone).

Increasing values residual nitrogen observed in pyelonephritis, nephritis, glomerulonephritis and renal failure. The decrease in residual nitrogen is diagnosed most often with liver necrosis.

Cholesterol usually elevated in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, or it may simply indicate a high risk of such diseases. Low cholesterol is a harbinger of thyroid disease, diabetes.

LDL is a type of cholesterol(cholestorol), which usually increases with obesity, endocrine diseases, kidney failure, Cushing's syndrome, and low results are with anemia, thyroid disease, arthritis, multiple myeloma, etc. Reception greatly affects the final performance hormonal drugs. HDL is another fraction of cholesterol, the parameters of which increase with severe hereditary diseases, jaundice, diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndromes and renal failure, and lower values ​​can mean atherosclerosis, endocrine pathologies.

Triglycerides are the main enzyme that provides cells with energy. Its values ​​increase in severe, hereditary diseases, cardiac ischemia, heart attack, hypertension, atherosclerosis, nephrotic diseases, pancreatitis, etc. Low triglycerides most often indicate thyroid disease.

- an enzyme that provides energy to muscle tissue. Its significant increase most often indicates diseases of the heart, muscles (muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, myasthenia gravis), tumor processes, injuries, status epilepticus, etc. Decreased values ​​have no diagnostic value.

Amylase and lipase- metabolic compounds of the pancreas, which increase with its inflammation (pancreatitis), diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diffuse tissue changes, the presence of neoplasms. Low scores mean nothing in terms of diagnostics.

total protein, albumin, globulin increase in various infectious diseases, dehydration. Underestimated results are found in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, malignant tumors, infectious diseases, hyperhydration (increased blood volume), hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemorrhagic anemia.

Increasing the indicators of ALT usually indicates pathological changes in the heart muscle, as well as liver tissues, namely: myocardial infarction, thrombosis, liver necrosis, malignant tumors, cirrhosis, heart failure, etc.

Raise alkaline phosphatase happens with any infectious diseases (infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis), inflammation and tumors of the bile ducts (cholangitis), cirrhosis, etc. Low results occur with anemia, bleeding, deficiencies of useful trace elements and placental insufficiency during pregnancy.

significantly increases with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, tumors, tuberculosis, meningitis. Decrease in indicators of a diagnostic role does not play. Calcium most often increases in diseases of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), tuberculosis, blood pathologies (leukemia, lymphoma), diseases of the adrenal glands, etc. Low values ​​indicate a lack of vitamin D, calcium and magnesium when eating food, a decrease in thyroid function.

Any parameter deviations potassium, sodium, chloride means a violation of metabolism in the body, water-salt balance, which affects the functioning of all organs, and especially the kidneys. The most dangerous indicator is potassium, since its significant increase can provoke heart attack and cardiac arrest. Low potassium is not as bad as it is high, and it usually occurs with poor nutrition, a lack of thyroid hormones.

General lipids increase in diseases of the kidneys, liver, diabetes mellitus. Underestimated values ​​have no diagnostic value.

Iron in blood biochemistry diagnose anemia. Low values ​​mean most often IDA or other infectious diseases, and high values ​​are observed with hemochromatosis (impaired iron metabolism) and other types of anemia.

Thus, it can be said that blood chemistry examines a lot of enzymes, the values ​​of which indicate various pathologies. Elevated parameters of blood biochemistry are more dangerous than low ones.

Even if there are significant deviations in the analysis, the doctor in any case must conduct additional diagnostics, since it is impossible to say in absentia that a person has a disease in any case.

As a rule, exceeding the values ​​of renal fractions (creatinine, urea, residual nitrogen, uric acid) can confirm the diagnosis of renal failure in 90% of cases, since there are no other ways to check kidney function, and the famous Zimnitsky test rather complex and time-consuming analysis. In other words, all indicators should be evaluated in aggregate. Medications, diet can indirectly affect the final result.

Everyone wants to know if everything is in order with their health. To do this, there is a system that can say with a high degree of certainty about the actual condition of the patient. Among the most common can be called blood. In adults and children, this laboratory test can show the presence of hidden diseases and provide an opportunity to be informed about the state of health in general.

This type of research is very informative. It not only helps to identify any ailment, but also provides information about what vitamins, minerals and other vital substances are lacking in the human body.

Very often, biochemical norms, the decoding is familiar to every doctor) is prescribed to detect diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the genitourinary system, with gynecological problems and if oncology is suspected.

But do not think that this type of blood test is prescribed only if there are certain complaints. Even if the patient feels satisfactory, he will reveal hidden forms and early stages of diseases or a lack of important substances.

How is the analysis given?

The procedure for submitting material for research has its own rules. Before going to a medical facility for this examination, the patient should not eat or drink, not even water.

For examination, the laboratory assistant takes 5 ml of blood from the patient's cubital vein. Next, the sample is subjected to comprehensive testing, and the results are recorded in a special form. The decoding of a biochemical blood test in adults (the table is presented in this article) serves as a complete source of data for the doctor. It is able to give complete information about the state of the patient's body.

By themselves, the numbers in the form are uninformative. In order to really evaluate the results, the doctor needs to take laboratory tests for comparison. The biochemistry of blood will then become clear.

Each of the analysis criteria does not have clearly defined norms.

For all survey points there are minimum and maximum allowable indicators. If the result is within the normal range, then the patient has no abnormalities. In the event that the value falls out of the limit values, we are talking about the presence of pathological changes.

Deciphering a biochemical blood test in adults is a table in which a fairly large number of points are indicated. Let us consider in more detail the most significant criteria of this laboratory study.

Albumen

Albumin is a protein substance that is produced in the human liver. It is one of the main blood proteins and is allocated to a separate group called Change in the ratio of such groups is very informative for the doctor. Very often, according to the results of measuring albumin, they judge the condition of the kidneys, the presence of cancer or rheumatism.

Albumin is slightly lowered in pregnant and lactating women, as well as in smokers. This protein substance can be at a low concentration during starvation, a diet depleted in proteins, taking hormonal drugs and contraceptives. An increased value of this criterion may indicate the presence of:

• acute and chronic liver pathologies (cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumor);
• injuries and burns;
• sepsis, suppuration or infection;
• rheumatism;
• febrile conditions;
• heart failure;
• cancer;
• drug overdose.

Standard indicators of albumin content are:

total protein

Proteins are polymeric substances made up of amino acids. In biochemistry, the concept of "total protein" includes the sum of proteins in and consists of albumin and globulins. This indicator is informative in the diagnosis of diseases of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, oncology, and in case of serious burn injuries. The quantitative indicator of the total protein will show the decoding of the biochemical blood test in adults, the table of which is presented below.

If, as a result of the analysis, these figures were underestimated, we can say about the following patient problems:

• infection;
• rheumatic ailments;
• cancerous diseases.

In children, an increase in total protein levels accompanies intestinal obstruction, diarrhea and vomiting, cholera, and severe burns.

If a person has this criterion of blood biochemistry lowered, this can indicate the following diseases:

• pathological phenomena in the liver, which lead to a decrease in protein production by this organ;
• glomerulonephritis;
• pancreatitis;
• disorders in the digestive tract.

It is usually reduced in patients with large blood loss, severe burns, various injuries and inflammatory processes, as well as during starvation and heavy physical exertion.

C-reactive protein

For a physician, the analysis of CRP is important in the diagnosis of diseases caused by bacteria or viruses. Also, according to the dynamics of this indicator, he judges the effectiveness of the therapy. An increased concentration of CRP is observed with:

• rheumatism;
• diseases of the digestive system;
• tuberculosis;
• myocardial infarction;
• cancer;
• meningitis;
• sepsis;
• complications after surgery.

The concentration of CRP increases during the period of exacerbation of chronic diseases.

Glycated hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen molecules throughout the body. In the process of attaching a glucose molecule to such a protein, a substance called glycated hemoglobin is obtained. An increase in its concentration in the blood is a reason to suspect diabetes mellitus. The norm of the content of this protein is 4.1-6.6%. Reduced rates occur with prolonged abstinence from food and great physical exertion.

myoglobin

This protein is similar in function to hemoglobin. It supplies oxygen to the heart and skeletal muscles. Myoglobin norms, mcg/l:

• in women - 13-75;
• in men - 18-92.1.

An increase in myoglobin in the blood indicates:

• kidney pathology;
• myocardial infarction;
• injuries, burns;
• convulsive events.

Myoglobin also increases with sports and therapy with the use of electrical impulses.

This blood protein is reduced when:

• polymyositis;
• myasthenia gravis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• autoimmune reactions.

Transferrin, ferritin, serum iron clotting

Transferrin is a protein responsible for the transfer of iron. The norm of its content is 2.1-4.12 g / l. Its concentration increases in pregnant women and decreases in the elderly.

If blood biochemistry showed an increased content of transferrin, this may indicate the following diseases:

• inflammatory phenomena;
• burns;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• excess iron;
• hemochromatosis.

Elevated transferrin indicates the development of iron deficiency anemia.

Ferritin is a protein that can be found in all fluids and cells of the human body. It shows the presence of iron reserves. Normalized indicators of ferritin, ng / l in the blood depend on gender and are:

• in men - 21-252;
• in women - 11-122;

With elevated levels, we can talk about the following pathologies:

• hemochromatosis with excess iron;
• oncology, leukemia;
• infectious and inflammatory diseases in chronic or acute form;
• liver disease;

Low ferritin indicates the presence of anemia.

YSL talks about how iron binds to transferrin. To determine anemia, the concept of latent YSL is used. The norm for this criterion is 22-61 µmol/l. Its decrease occurs when:

• hepatitis;
• anemia.

Decreased HSS is observed in the following conditions:

• infectious diseases;
• tumors;
• nephrosis;
• exhaustion;
• cirrhosis;
• hemochromatosis and thalassemia.

Rheumatoid factor

These substances belong to the immunoglobulins of the G-lgG class. These are proteins native to the human body, which, under the influence of viruses, mutated and began to recognize the cells of various organs as foreign.

The blood norm in adults for this indicator is 10.1 units / ml. In cases of increased concentration of this protein, we are talking about the following ailments:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• polymyositis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• dermatomyositis;
• infections;
• systemic lupus erythematosus.

Enzymes

The transcript of a biochemical blood test in adults, the table of which is given to the patient in his hands, also contains data on the quantitative content of the following enzymes:

• Amylase. This enzyme is excreted in saliva (diastase) and in the pancreas. The latter is called pancreatic amylase. Diastasis is characterized by standards of 29-101 units / l. Exceeding this indicator indicates anomalies of the pancreas, cholecystitis, acute peritonitis, parotitis and diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic amylase is normal if it is in the range of 0-52 U/L. An overestimated concentration indicates pathologies of the pancreas.
• Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that can be found in almost all organs and tissues. With age, its concentration decreases. If a newborn has an LDH content of 2010 units/l, then after 12 years the standard is reduced to 252 units/l. A high concentration of this enzyme indicates hypoxia, diseases of the heart and blood vessels, liver, lungs, and may indicate cancer.
• Creatine kinase is an enzyme that provides energy to muscles. The content of this substance will show a biochemical blood test. Norms, indicators of this enzyme vary depending on age and gender. If in a newborn this indicator is 650 units / l, then in adults it is about 202 units / l.

An increased concentration of creatine kinase indicates heart disease, tetanus, hypothyroidism, central nervous system diseases, and cancer. The concentration of this enzyme decreases with muscular dystrophy and hypodynamia.

Lipids

The main indicators of a biochemical blood test also include lipids, mmol / l:

• total cholesterol, standard 3.2-6.12;
• LDL, the standard for men is 2.26-4.81, for women - 1.9-4.51;
• HDL, the standard for men is 0.73-1.74, for women - 0.87-2.27.

Overestimated indicators of these criteria indicate diseases of the heart and blood vessels, kidneys, gout, pancreatic anomalies, obesity, anorexia and alcoholism. A decrease in lipids indicates anemia, heart failure, infections, cirrhosis and liver cancer, and lung diseases.

Carbohydrates

The table of a biochemical blood test, the decoding of which is of interest to all patients, also contains information on the carbohydrate content:

• Glucose. It is a decisive factor in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The norms of glucose in the blood, mol / l are: in children and adolescents - 3.34-5.6; in adults - 3.95-5.82; after 60 years - 6.4. The high content of this carbohydrate indicates endocrine ailments, diabetes, heart attack and stroke, diseases of the pancreas and kidneys. A decrease in glucose indicates diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, poisoning and hypothyroidism.
• Fructosamine is a criterion in diagnosing diabetes mellitus and assessing the quality of its treatment. Its limiting concentrations are 203-282 µmol/l. In the case of elevated values, we are talking about kidney anomalies, diabetes mellitus or hypothyroidism. At low concentrations of fructosamine, we are talking about hyperthyroidism and kidney ailments.

Pigments

Among other indicators in the analysis of "blood biochemistry" you can find the mark "bilirubin". It is measured in µmol/l and can be of several types:

An increase in bilirubin indicates liver abnormalities and an insufficient content of vitamin B 12.

Other components of blood biochemistry

Each doctor has an idea how to decipher a biochemical blood test: the norm (table: adults and children) of each component is needed to assess the patient's condition. In addition to the above components, the list of results of this laboratory study includes:

When assessing the conformity of the data obtained as a result of a study of blood biochemistry, the standards of the laboratory in which the analysis was performed must be taken into account. In order to make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor must prescribe additional studies.