What a person and activity. Human activity and its types

The man of modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.

The emergence of various types of activity is associated with the socio-historical development of man. The fundamental activities in which a person is included in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, work.

* communication - the interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
* game - a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is assimilated;
* learning -- the process of systematic mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform work;
* labor-an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity consisting in the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of human development, the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges an emotional state with a child, helps to navigate in the world around. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child's speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, a role-playing game develops interpersonal communication skills with peers. The younger student is busy with educational activities, respectively, and communication is included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activities. The specificity of the professional activity of an adult leaves an imprint on the nature of communication, demeanor and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it, new connections and relationships between people arise in it.

The game is a kind of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of a preschooler, because through her he accepts the norms of society, learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the varieties of games, one can single out individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games are of great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and recreation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities. In the process of historical development, knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching became a special type of activity. Teaching affects the mental development of the individual. It consists of assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the correct choice of techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not labor itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Usually labor is characterized as a conscious activity, which is aimed at the implementation of the result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious purpose. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of the individual, as it influences the formation of his abilities and character.

The attitude to work is laid in early childhood, knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to show oneself in activity. Work in a certain field of human activity is associated with a profession.

Thus, each of the above types of activity is the most characteristic for certain age stages of personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive capabilities and behavioral characteristics.

Depending on the characteristics of a person's relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual.

Practical activity is aimed at changing the surrounding world. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society).

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral deeds, organizing collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being.

Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (obtaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining the norms and principles of life), prognostic activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it correlates with the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

By spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main areas of public life:

§ social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
§ economic (productive forces, production relations)
§ political (state, parties, socio-political movements)
§ spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of the life of society are not geometric spaces where different people live, but the relations of the same people in connection with various aspects of their lives.

The social sphere is the relationship that arises in the production of direct human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and relations between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of people's relations arising from the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. The relations of production and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of the life of society.

The political sphere is the relations of people connected with power, which provide joint security.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

§ political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;
§ political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
§ political communications - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
§ political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations that arise during the production, transfer and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If the material life of a person is connected with the satisfaction of specific daily needs (for food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of human life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.

The inclusion of society - mass, collective, individual.

In connection with the social forms of association of people in order to carry out activities, collective, mass, and individual activities are distinguished. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (a person, a group of people, a public organization, etc.). Depending on the social forms of association of people in order to perform activities, they establish individual (for example: management of a region or country), collective (ship management systems, work in a team), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence on social norms - moral, immoral, legal, illegal.

Conditionality from the conformity of activities to existing general cultural traditions, social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law, the constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, the distribution of drugs, all of this is an illegal activity. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activity, that is, to study conscientiously, to be polite, to value relatives, to help the old and the homeless. There is a vivid example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of the new in activity is innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

When human activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities are distributed. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin.

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways to accomplish it, they reveal a monotonous, monotonous, patterned activity, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and a new one is most often not given (Manufacturing of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But the activity is creative, inventive, on the contrary, it carries the character of the originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by specificity, exclusivity, originality. And elements of creativity can be applied in any of the activities. An example is dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions, here is the embodiment of fantasy, and its implementation.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

ordinary - consists in the exchange of experience and the images that people carry in themselves and share with the outside world;
scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. The main goal of scientific cognitive activity is to create an ideal system of the material world;
Artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find shades of beauty and ugliness in it;
Religious. Its subject is the man himself. His actions are judged from the point of view of pleasing God. This also includes moral norms and moral aspects of actions. Given that the whole life of a person consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. This includes artistic or musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but in order to reveal them, you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of labor, a person's worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. Types of labor activity are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although outwardly the work of the intellect does not manifest itself, in fact these types of labor activity are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the diversity of professions that exist today.

Types of professional activity of a person

In a broad sense, the concept of a profession means a diverse form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity is that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activity.

1. Man-nature. The essence of this activity is in interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide them with information, trade and consumer services.
3. Man-technique. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of a person and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
4. Man - sign systems. The activity of this type consists in interaction with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.

Types of economic activities of people

Human economic activity has recently been strongly contested by environmentalists, since it is based on natural reserves, which will soon exhaust themselves. The types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals, such as oil, metals, stones, and everything that can benefit a person and cause damage not only to nature, but to the entire planet.

Types of human information activity

Information is an integral part of human interaction with the outside world. The types of information activities include the receipt, use, dissemination and storage of information. Information activity often becomes a threat to life, because there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The simplest type of mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost imperceptible, in comparison with the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. Therefore, creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents that can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two kinds of this activity - creation and destruction. The latter, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of man's transforming activity in nature have led to troubles and catastrophes.

Only creation can come to the rescue here, which means at least the restoration of natural resources.

Action distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types are beneficial to the development and formation of the personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the deplorable consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital letter.

Activity is a specific form of human activity, which is regulated by his consciousness and is directed to a deep knowledge of the surrounding and inner world.

The concept of activity

Activity is a necessary condition for a full-fledged human life, it was it that contributed to the formation of the human personality. The relationship between the individual and the process of activity is expressed in a vicious circle: there is no person who is outside the activity, just as there is no activity outside the person. Activity has developed in the process of evolutionary formation of a person - an animal adapts to environmental conditions, a person, on the contrary, changes this environment for himself thanks to the possibility of activity.

The activity consists of the following stages: the need that forms the goal, the goal pushes to find ways to achieve it, the ways of achieving it give rise to action, which in turn brings results.

Activities

Human activity occurs exclusively in the environment of its immediate habitat, and is classified into two types: physical and mental activity. Physical labor is an activity that increases muscle activity and requires a high level of energy expenditure.

Mental or intellectual activity is a type of activity, the implementation of which consists in the reception and transformation of information, which requires increased attention and activation of the thinking process.

In the classification of activity, there is its division into study, work and games. Such activities as study and play are carried out by different methods, but are interconnected by one goal - cognition. Labor activity is aimed at obtaining by a person material and spiritual benefits that are necessary for his life.

Play, study and work - activities are interconnected, as they are preparatory stages for each other. So for the learning process, a person is trained in the form of a game, study precedes the start of work.

Consciousness and activity

Consciousness and activity are two concepts that are tightly interconnected with each other. Motivation of activity is nothing more than a person's awareness of his need - the need to study, work, create works of art. Before the activity begins to be expressed in the material plane, a preliminary analysis of the goals of the activity, the ways to achieve it takes place in the human mind.

But human activity is also capable of influencing his consciousness. The process of activity transforms human ideas about values, significantly expands the possibilities of spiritual growth of the individual.

Man's knowledge of the world

Man's knowledge of the world is inextricably linked with his mental activity. Cognition is the result of the accumulation of knowledge about society and the environment that occurs through learning. Education as a tool for understanding the world by a person should not be considered in a narrow sense - it can be both an educational process at school, and the reception of tradition about the experience of previous generations.

Social science lesson in grade 10

Teachers of KOU "Secondary School No. 2" (part-time)

Kosenok Irina Vasilievna

Lesson topic : "People's activity and its diversity"

Targets and goals: explain the concepts and terms: "activity", "motives of activity", "needs", "interests", "creativity", "goal", "means to achieve the goal", "actions", "unconscious"; to acquaint with the social essence of human activity, with the typology of activity, to find out the nature and characteristics of creative activity; develop in students the ability to carry out a comprehensive search, systematize social information on the topic, compare, analyze, draw conclusions, rationally solve cognitive and problem tasks; contribute to the development of the civic position of students.

Type of lesson: lesson-research.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

Once Khoja Nasreddin woke up in the middle of the night, went out into the street and began to crow. The neighbors heard this and asked: “What are you doing, Khoja?” “I have a lot to do today,” he replied, “I want the day to come early.”

What is this parable about? What does it have to do with the topic of our lesson?

What is an "activity"? How are animal activities different from human activities? What role does activity play in our lives?

We will answer these questions in our lessons. We will consider the following questions:

1. Essence and structure of activity.

2. Needs and interests.

3. Variety of activities.

4. Creative activity.

All living beings interact with the environment. Outwardly, this is manifested in movements - motor activity. But animals are characterized by adaptation to the environment. They only use what nature has given them.

A person has such a specific form of interaction with the environment as activity.

Activity - a form of activity aimed not only at adapting to the surrounding world, but also at changing, transforming the external environment; to get a new product or result.

Thus, both animal behavior and human activity are expedient, butgoal-setting is unique to man.

In the course of such activity, the forces and abilities of a person are realized, which are then embodied in the products of activity. It is in this chain that the social essence of activity is manifested.

Let's check the course of our reasoning with the help of the scheme:

1. Essence and structure of activity

Let's get acquainted with the essence and structure of activity. Read in § 5 and find:

What is the "subject" of activity? - What is the "object" of activity?

Where does a person begin any activity? - What is a "target"?

How do people usually achieve their goals? - What are "actions"? Give examples - What determines the achievement or failure of the activity?

What does the expression "The means must match the end" mean?

Is it possible, having set a noble goal, to use dishonest means?

What do you think of the expression "The end justifies the means"? Justify your answer.

(As students answer, a diagram is built on the board.)

Activity structure

2. Needs and interest

Now we should determine what motivates a person to act. For what? Yes, at least in order not to become the hero of the next parable, which was called "The Diligent Woodcutter".

The diligent woodcutter honestly collected brushwood, he was well paid and praised for his diligence. Only one thing was hidden from him: brushwood went to the fires of the Inquisition, where people were burned. What is the parable about?It says that a person should always comprehend his actions, foresee their consequences, know what will happen as a result - good or evil.

Read in § 5 of the textbook: - What is a "motive"? What role do motives play in human activity?

What can act as motives? - What are "needs"?

What three large groups did the authors of the textbook divide the needs into?

Describe and analyze them. - Which of them do you think are the most important? Explain your choice.

Remember and describe the scale of needs developed by A. Maslow.

What are "social attitudes"? Give examples.

What are "beliefs"? What role do they play in human activities?

Why do “interests” play a special role in the formation of motives?

How are they formed? What do they depend on? - What is the "ideal"? "Social ideal"?

What does “moral ideal” mean to you? - What do we mean by the term "conscious activity"?

Are we always acting consciously? What is the "unconscious"?

What drives human activity

3. Variety of activities

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals” places two honored officials on a desert island, accustomed to living on everything ready. Here they suddenly discover that "human food, in its original form, flies, swims and grows on trees." “So, if, for example, someone wants to eat a partridge, he must first catch it, kill it, pluck it, roast it ...”

What is the activity in this passage? What are the types of activities? Try to list them.

In order not to get lost in the variety of activities, scientists have created certain models for classifying human activities. Let's get to know them. Read in § 5:

Describe and analyze the first model of activity classification: practical, spiritual.

Describe and analyze the second model for the classification of activities: creative, destructive.

Give examples of individual activities.

How do you feel about the glory of Herostratus? Why?

(In the course of the answers, a diagram is built on the board.)

4. Creative activity

What is "creative activity"? How is it different from other activities?

What associations do you have with the word "creativity"? (After the students' answers, in the course of the teacher's explanation, a diagram is built.)

Creative activity

Creativity is an activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before.

The source of activity can be imagination, fantasy

Fantasy is a necessary component of creative activity

Intuition is the most important component of creativity. Unconscious

The Unconscious Is Linked to Creative Efforts

Lesson summary

What is the social essence of activity?

What is the structure of activities?

How are goals, means and results related?

What are the motives for the activity?

How do needs and interests compare?

What are the features of creative activity?

Reflection.

Activity is exclusively human activity, which is regulated by consciousness. It is generated by needs, and is aimed at transforming the world around us, as well as its knowledge.

Man, using his motives and needs, one way or another transforms the external environment, and this process is creative. At this time, he becomes a subject, and what he masters and transforms becomes an object.

In this article, we will look at the basic human as well as their forms, but before proceeding with this, it is necessary to clarify a few points.

activities are inextricably linked: the essence of a person is manifested in his activities. Inactive people do not exist, just as activity itself does not exist without a person.
Human activity is aimed at transforming the environment. B is able to organize such living conditions himself so that he is comfortable. For example, instead of gathering plants or catching animals daily for food, he raises them.
Activity is a creative act. Man creates something new: cars, food, even displays new types of plants.

Basic human and structure

There are three types of human activity: play, work and study. They are the main ones, and its activities are not limited only to these species.

There are 6 structural components of activity, which are formed in a hierarchical order. First, there is a need for activity, then a motive is formed, which is clothed in a brighter and more concrete form in the form of a goal. After that, a person looks for means that can help him achieve what he wants, and, after finding it, he proceeds to action, the final stage of which is the result.

human: labor

There is a separate science that is aimed at studying the working conditions of a person and optimizing his work.

Work refers to activities that are aimed at obtaining practical benefits. Work requires knowledge, skills and abilities. Moderate work has a good effect on the general condition of a person: he thinks faster and orients himself in new areas, and also gains experience, thanks to which he is capable of more complex activities in the future.

It is believed that labor is certainly a conscious activity in which a person interacts with the outside world. Any work is expedient and requires a focus on results.

Types of human activity: teaching

Teaching has one main goal - the acquisition of knowledge or skills. This type allows a person to start more complex work that requires special training. Teaching can be both organized, when a person consciously goes to school, enters a university, where he is taught by professionals, and unorganized, when a person gains knowledge in the form of experience in the process of work. Self-education is singled out in a separate category.

Human activities: game

Simply put, it's a vacation. A person needs it, because the game allows you to relax the nervous system and psychologically distract from serious topics. Games also contribute to development: for example, active games teach dexterity, and intellectual ones develop thinking. Modern computer games (action) improve concentration and attention.

Forms of human activity

There are many forms of human activity, but they are divided into two main groups: mental and physical labor.

It involves information processing. The process requires increased attention, good memory and flexible thinking.

Physical labor requires a lot of energy, since muscles are involved in its process, there is a load on the musculoskeletal system, as well as the cardiovascular system.

Thus, we can conclude that activity is a necessary and unique life parameter that contributes to human development.