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Reforms at the beginning of the 20th century

In Iran

In 1911, the Mejlis of Qajar Iran officially approved the state calendar, based on the Jalali calendar with the names of the months in honor of the zodiac constellations and the naming of years according to the twelve-year animal cycle. It remained in use until the 1925 revolution.

After Shah Reza Pahlavi came to power on Farvardin 11, 1304, Sol. X. The Iranian parliament adopts a new calendar, the Solar Hijra, which restores the ancient Zoroastrian names of the months. Not least of all, the Zoroastrian candidate Keykhosrov Shahrukh, supported by a group of Iranian Muslim patriots, contributed to the adoption of these titles. At the same time, the twelve-year animal cycle was officially banned, although it was still used in everyday life for a long time.

The new calendar is a simplified version of Jalali. The first six months in it consist of 31 days, the next five - of 30 days, and the last - of 29 days in ordinary years or 30 in leap years. The longer duration of the first half of the year corresponds to the longer period between the spring and autumn equinoxes. In general, the insertion of leap years in the calendar follows a 33-year cycle, sometimes replaced by 29 and 37-year ones.

On 24 esfand 1354 sol.kh. / March 14, 1975, at the initiative of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, instead of the Hijra era, a new era was introduced - shahanshahi "royal" from the alleged year of accession to the throne of Cyrus the Great. March 21, 1976 became the first day of the year 2535 of the shahankhahi era. This innovation caused rejection among Islamic clerics and was generally ignored by society. In 1978, the Shah was forced to bring back the Hijri era.

Although the 1979 revolution took place under the banner of Islamization and the rejection of everything related to the legacy of the Pahlavi dynasty, after its completion, the Iranian calendar was not changed and the Zoroastrian names of the months are still preserved.

In Afghanistan

In 1301 A.H./1922, following the example of Iran, in neighboring Afghanistan, where until then only the lunar Hijra was officially used, the Iranian solar calendar with the zodiac names of the months was introduced. Moreover, in the Dari language, as in Iran, they are called Arabic names, and they were translated into the Pashto language verbatim.

Initially, as in the Jalali calendar, the number of days of the months varied depending on the movement of the sun in the zodiac. Only in 1336/1957 was the Iranian system introduced with a constant number of days in months, but the names of the months themselves remained the same.

Month names

The Iranian year begins on the day of the spring equinox, celebrated as Novruz, the most significant national holiday in Iran, Afghanistan, also celebrated in many neighboring countries, where, however, other calendars are adopted.

Seasons

The year is traditionally divided into four seasons of three months each:

• Spring: farvardin, ordibehesht, hordad
• Summer: shooting range, mordad, shahrivar
• Autumn: mehr, aban, azar
• Winter: day, bahman, esfand

Definition of leap years

Leap years are defined differently than in the Gregorian calendar: a leap year is a year when the numerical value of which is divided by 33, the remainder is 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 22, 26, or 30; thus, there are 8 leap years in each 33-year period, and the average length of the year is 365.24242 days, which gives an error of 1 day in 4500 years. The Iranian calendar is more accurate than the Gregorian in this respect.

Days of the week

The week of the Iranian calendar starts on Saturday and ends on Friday, which is an official holiday.

• Saturday - Shambe;
• Sunday - Yekshambe;
• Monday - Doshambe;
• Tuesday - Seshambe;
• Wednesday - Chaharshambe;
• Thursday - Panjshambe;
• Friday - Jome or Adine

The names of the days from Sunday to Thursday are the addition of a serial number to the name of Saturday: Sunday - "one-Saturday", Monday - "two-Saturday", etc. The name of Friday Jome comes from the Arabic word "meeting" - meaning the traditional Friday collective prayer of Muslims.

Compliance with the Gregorian calendar

An asterisk marks the years in which Novruz falls on March 20 of the Gregorian calendar. In other years Novruz is March 21.

Some dates

• Bahman 12 1357 - February 1, 1979: Khomeini's arrival in Iran;
• Farvardin 12, 1358 - April 1, 1979: Proclamation of the Islamic Republic in Iran;
• 12 Mordad 1384 - August 3, 2005: Ahmadinejad takes office as president.

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What year is it now? This is not as simple a question as it seems. Everything is relative.
People created calendars to measure the passage of time. But time is ephemeral
cannot be caught and marked with a reference point. Therein lies the difficulty. How to find a start? Where to count? And what steps?

This article website talks about different current calendars. Calendars exist and existed much more. But even these few are enough to realize all the relativity and ephemerality of time.

2018 will come to Russia

Most countries in the world follow the Gregorian calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII to replace the Julian one. The difference between these calendars is now 13 days and increases by 3 days every 400 years. Therefore, such a holiday as the Old New Year was formed - this is the New Year according to the old style, according to the Julian calendar, which continues to be celebrated out of habit in a number of countries. But no one refuses the usual New Year either.

The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 in Catholic countries and gradually, over several centuries, spread to other states. According to him, January 1, 2018 will come.

The year 2561 will come to Thailand

In Thailand in 2018 (according to the Gregorian calendar) the year 2561 will come. Officially, Thailand lives according to the Buddhist lunar calendar, where the chronology is from the attainment of Nirvana by the Buddha.

But the usual calendar is also in use. For foreigners, exceptions are often made and the year on goods or documents may be indicated in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Also, according to the Buddhist calendar, they live in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.

2011 is coming to Ethiopia

The Ethiopian calendar is about 8 years behind our usual calendar. And besides, it contains 13 months in a year. 12 months of 30 days and the last, 13th month is very short - 5 or 6 days, depending on whether it is a leap year or not. And the day does not begin at midnight, but at sunrise. The Ethiopian calendar is based on the ancient Alexandrian calendar.

The year 5778 will come to Israel

The Jewish calendar is officially used in Israel along with the Gregorian. According to this calendar, Jewish holidays, memorial days and birthdays of relatives are celebrated. Months according to this calendar come strictly on the new moon, and the first day of the year (Rosh Hashanah) can only fall on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday. And in order for Rosh Hashanah to fall on a valid day of the week, the previous year is lengthened by one day.

The Jewish calendar begins with the very first new moon, which occurred on Monday, October 7, 3761 BC. e., at 5 o'clock and 204 parts. An hour in the Jewish calendar consists of 1,080 parts, and each part is made up of 76 moments.

1439 will come in Pakistan

The Islamic calendar is used to determine the dates of religious holidays
and as an official calendar in some Muslim countries. chronology
is conducted from the date of the resettlement of the Prophet Muhammad and the first Muslims from Mecca to
Medina (622 AD).

The day in this calendar begins at sunset, not at midnight. The beginning of the month is considered the day when the crescent moon appears for the first time after the new moon.
The length of the Islamic calendar year is 10-11 days shorter than the solar year
years, and the months shift relative to the seasons. The months that were
summer, after a while will become winter, and vice versa.

1396 will come in Iran

The Iranian calendar, or solar hijra, is the official calendar in
Iran and Afghanistan. This astronomical solar calendar was designed
with the participation of Omar Khayyam.

The Iranian calendar is based on the Hijri, like the Islamic calendar, but it is based on the solar year, so its months always fall at the same time of the year. The week of the Iranian calendar starts on Saturday and ends on Friday, which is considered a public holiday.

The year 1939 will come according to the Indian calendar.

The unified national calendar of India was developed relatively recently and
adopted in 1957. His calculations are based on the Saka era - an ancient system
chronology, common in India and Cambodia.

Also in India, there are other calendars used by different peoples and tribes. Some take the date of Krishna's death (3102 BC) as a starting point, others take Vikram's coming to power in 57, and others, according to the Buddhist calendar, start counting years from the date of the death of Gautama Buddha (543 AD).

Japan turns 30

In Japan, there is both a chronology system from the Nativity of Christ, and a traditional one, which is based on the years of the reign of Japanese emperors. Each emperor gives the name of the era - the motto of his reign.

Since 1989, in Japan, the "Era of Peace and Tranquility", the throne has been occupied by Emperor Akihito. The previous era - "The Enlightened World" - lasted 64 years. In most official documents, it is customary to use 2 dates - according to the Gregorian calendar and according to the year of the current era in Japan.

Some of you know my "signature" New Year's souvenir - a calendar.
Last year, our New Year's trip to the UAE-Iran took place. Only 2 days before departure, I realized that it would take foreigners much more time to create a New Year's souvenir than usual, because in Iran now ... 1395!

Even while preparing for the trip, I began to get doses of adrenaline, helplessly poking at the websites of Iranian airlines, trying to see the availability of flights ... Sometimes it was like a game of "find 10 differences" in the names of cities. "Google-translate!" - some will exclaim and I will be sent to Iran with a humanitarian and pedagogical mission to teach Iranian programmers the basics of HTML, since sites stop working after translation.

It seems that this is how some of our parents perceive booking.com

To an unprepared person, the creation of a calendar grid of our (Julian) calendar can drive one crazy. But these are "flowers", in comparison with the task of compiling a grid of the Iranian calendar (Solar Hijri)!

Let's note the details similar to our calendar:
- 12 months
- 7 days a week

Differences:
- strange letters and numbers..
- the beginning of the year on March 20
- 6 months for 31 days, 6 months for 30 days
- start of the week from sunday

This is what it looks like on the website:

Started google "iranian calendar" to draw..
It wasn't here!

I liked the idea of ​​combining 2 calendars: European and Iranian

by Erfanix

With this thought, I went on a trip without completing the calendar ...

After celebrating the New Year in Dubai and arriving in Iran, in a warm room in a ski resort, with the Internet, which evokes nostalgia for my school years with its speed, I began to think about how to live and typeset further! Wikipedia then shows the words!

I tried copying to notepad:

Fathers! Notepad displays correctly! I started to deal with InDesign and realized that when inserting a word, it flips the letters in the word and swaps them in pairs (in mac, it changes some to others ... o_0)

Those. after some tricks with the rearrangement of letters, we get the desired word, comparable to what we see in Wikipedia...

Yes, yes, our numbers go from right to left from top to bottom .... In the first row, Sunday, in the last, Saturday.

We send it to the Iranian for verification. The little man just hung for 20 minutes, trying to understand what I had done. I began to clarify about the last day and the order of the months. I steadfastly appealed to links to incomprehensible Iranian sites with tables.

Outcome:

Phew! Job is done. All that's left to print! The Iranian assured that there are color printers in the country, I sent the sources and in Iskhafan we were met by a personal guide with a roll of calendars!

Here's what happened:

And this one is even more formal:

What date is today (04/22/2012) in Iran? 02/03/1391! only 11 years have passed since the Battle of Kulikovo! :)

Indeed, the date differs by 621 years, but we are talking about the Persian calendar, one of the oldest chronological systems in the history of mankind and the most accurate calendar in the world, which is used in Iran and Afghanistan.
Compared to the Gregorian calendar, which needs a one-day adjustment every 3,226 years, the Iranian calendar only needs a one-day adjustment every 3.8 million years.

This accuracy is due to two reasons. The Iranian calendar uses a complex system of calculations to determine leap years. In addition, the beginning of each year, coinciding with a natural phenomenon (the vernal equinox), is annually determined to the second, using astronomical observations. In other words, since the calendar is based on astronomical calculations designed to determine the vernal equinox, it contains no inherent error—this makes it an observational calendar, as opposed to a mathematically based Gregorian calendar.

The current calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan came about as a result of a reform carried out in 1079 by a group of astronomers led by the great Iranian mathematician and poet Omar Khayyam. However, this calendar originates from Zoroastrian cosmology, which arose in the late Achaemenid era (650 - 330 BC). Over the centuries, the calendar has evolved and changed, but the names of the months are still almost the same.

It should be noted that in modern Iran three calendars are used at once: Persian, Islamic chronology according to the lunar Hijri (today according to this calendar: 05/30/1433), and also, of course, the Gregorian. You will find all three dates in almost all wall/desk calendars, diaries, news broadcasts, and the like. But, of course, the Persian calendar remains the basis of the daily life of the Iranians, while the Islamic calendar is used for religious purposes.

Below is a table that summarizes the months of the Persian calendar, as well as the meaning of their names and their equivalents in the Gregorian calendar.
As you can see, the months almost completely correspond to the signs of the zodiac, since the calendar was based on lunar astrology.

According to the Iranian calendar, each week starts on Saturday and ends on Friday, with Friday being a public holiday. Below are the names of the days of the week:

Saturday: shambe
Sunday: yekshambe
Monday: doshambe
Tuesday: seshambe
Wednesday: chaharshambe
Thursday: panjshambe
Friday: jom'e(or Adine)

If you are interested in knowing what number of the Persian calendar your birthday or any other date will correspond to, you will need