Ege demo version Russian language orthoepic dictionary. What is orthoepy? Stress in verbs

An important aspect of orthoepy is stress, that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of a word. Stress in writing is usually not indicated, although in some cases (when teaching Russian to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its uniformity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain slot and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes its place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall - walls and walls).

Stress in verbs.
One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs is the past tense. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid. start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys another rule7: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lIlo - lIli - l il A. Derivative verbs are also pronounced (live, pick up, finish drinking, spill, etc.).

The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out. Summon - called. For verbs to put, steal, send, send, the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.

And one more pattern. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with irrevocable ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes to the ending: begin - began. began, began, began: to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted. started.

Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Orthoepic vocabulary - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

• Toponymic Dictionary of Central Russia, Smolitskaya G.P., 2002
• Dictionary of difficult cases of the use of consonant words in the Russian language, Surova N.V., Tyumentsev-Khvylya M.V., Khvylya-Tyumentseva T.M., 1999

The following tutorials and books:

• How right? With a capital letter or with a small one?, Spelling Dictionary, About 20,000 words and phrases, Lopatin V.V., Nechaeva I.V., Neltsova L.K., 2002

Adjectives

Verbs

The greatest excitement among school graduates is exams in the form of the Unified State Examination. After all, depending on what the results will be, admission to the desired university may depend. And what is even more important for many parents of 11th graders is the opportunity to educate their children on a budget, and not on commerce. One of the required exams is the Russian language, preparation for which can provide a “safety cushion” for the final score of all exams taken together. What can help in the successful passing of the exam in the Russian language? Orthoepic dictionary for the Unified State Exam-2019. FIPI, to facilitate the preparation for this topic, posted it on its official website.

What is orthoepy?

Orthoepy is a branch of the science of language, where, in particular, the setting of stress is studied.

The French do not need to bother in this regard, since in their language everything is extremely simple - the stress is constant, on the last syllable. But in Russian, the stress is mobile. It can fall on different parts of the word:

• on the prefix (nowhere);
• root (garbage chute);
• suffix (spoil);
• ending (removed).

In addition, different parts of the word of the same part of speech and in the same form can be in a strong position. For example: in feminine singular verbs, as a rule, the stress falls on the ending (sleepA, tookA, tookA). But in the words klala, krala, sent the stress “runs away” from the ending to the root.

What is the complexity of the orthoepy task?

Often from students when studying the topic “Orthoepy”, you can hear such phrases: “Well, why is it so right? After all, everyone says differently!”

This is the difficulty of comprehending the rules for setting stress, that children from the people around them constantly hear wrong-sounding words. Remember how often you hear, for example, “meatballs”, “on Wednesdays”, “cakes” or “fortune teller”? But this is the literary pronunciation norm.

Therefore, this must be taken with all seriousness and learn words aloud with the correct stress.

Task number 4 on the exam in Russian

It is under this number that the graduate will find the task for the accentological norm.

Its wording in the control and measuring materials of 2019 is as follows.

One of the words below is spelled wrong.

stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY.

Write out this word.

• disabled
• adolescence
• chauffeur
• Wholesale
• news

Correct answer: wholesale.

Some rules of orthoepy

To facilitate preparation for assignment No. 4 at the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, graduates need to learn some rules of orthoepy.

How to prepare for the task of orthoepy?

To learn the correct placement of stress in words, you need to practice. How to do it:

• download an orthoepic dictionary on the FIPI website;
• be sure to pronounce difficult words aloud;
• you can learn words alphabetically: https://studfiles.net/preview/1843174/
• or parts of speech.

Here you can watch a video on the topic ". Task 4. Theory and practice. Accents":

Orthoepic dictionary from the FIPI website with the words, the pronunciation of which on the exam must be known exactly.

An important aspect of orthoepy is stress , that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of the word. The stress on the letter is usually not indicated, although
in some cases (when teaching the Russian language to non-Russians), it is customary to set it.

Distinctive features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity and mobility . The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signed- on the first syllable; lantern, underground- on the second; hurricane, orthoepy- on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes its place (compare: ton – tons and wall – wall – walls and walls).

The last example demonstrates the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However,” as K. S. Gorbachevich rightly notes, “if the heterogeneity and mobility of the Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (flour – flour, cowardly – cowardly, immersed on the platform – submerged in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (Bay leaf, but in botany: laurel family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.

Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of ​​stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.

Stress in adjectives

In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, little-used and bookish words are more often stressed at the stem, while frequent, stylistically neutral or reduced words are more often accented at the end.

The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-Earth and near-Earth, minus and minus, cleaning and treatment. Such words are not included in the USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.

And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful – beautiful – beautiful – Beautiful – beautiful; unthinkable – unthinkable – unthinkable – unthinkable – inconceivable etc.

The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The stress often falls on the stem in the plural form, as well as in the singular in the masculine and neuter forms, and on the ending in the feminine form: right – right – right – right – rights; gray - gray – gray – sulfur – sulfur; slim – slender – slender – slender – slender.

Such adjectives, as a rule, have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with the simplest suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: lengths and long, fresh and fresh, full and full etc.

It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a rule: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix
-her: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slim - slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form.

Stress in verbs

One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs
lah are forms of the past tense.

The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili - lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).

The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out.

Verbs put, steal, lay, send the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.

And one more pattern. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes
at the end: start - started, started, started, started; to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.

About the pronunciation of the verb to call in conjugated form

Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.

Stress in some participles and participles

The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles.

If the stress in the full form is on the suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it passes to the ending: carried out – carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out; delivered-
ny – imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say:
"imported" instead of imported,"translated" instead of translated etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.

A few remarks about the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -t-. If suffixes of an indefinite form -o-, -nu- have an accent on themselves, then
in participles, it will go one syllable forward: weed – weedy, prick – chipped, bend – bent, wrap – wrapped.

Passive participles from verbs pour and drink(with the suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can speak: spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled, spilled(only!), spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled; drunk and drunk, dopit and supplement, supplement and supplement, dopito and added, supplements and supplements.

The participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: putting, setting, filling, taking, drinking, exhausting (DO NOT: exhausted), starting, raising, living, watering, putting, understanding, betraying, undertaking, having arrived, having accepted, having sold, having cursed, having spilled, having penetrated, having drunk, having created.

Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.

A.P. Chekhov once famously said: “In fact, for an intelligent person, speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write.” And one cannot but agree with this. A person learns to speak from the first days of his life: first he singles out his name from the general cacophony of surrounding sounds, then the words that are spoken most often. Later, the child begins to reproduce the words, repeating them exactly as he hears from loved ones.

But, unfortunately, not everything that we learn from others corresponds to the norms of our native language! Science is called to help understand the rules of pronunciation orthoepy(Greek orthos- "correct" and epos- “word”), one of the sections of which is the study of the placement of stresses in Russian speech.

Accented words to remember

Take a look at the spelling dictionary and you will be surprised to find how many mistakes we all make in our everyday speech! Here and there we hear daily the ugly: "p O nyala", "vz I la", "sn I la."

And, after all, you just need to remember one simple rule: In feminine verbs in the past tense, the ending -a becomes stressed.. Remember and enjoy the correct pronunciation of words such as: understood BUT, stripped off BUT, took BUT, lied BUT, lied BUT, waited BUT, drove BUT, perceived BUT called BUT .

There are not so many exceptions to remember: BUT la, sl BUT la, cr BUT la, cl BUT la and all words with the prefix you-(you drink - in S saw, in S kick - in S zero).

Another trap was the use of plural nouns. Here the error lies in wait for us at the stage of the formation of the plural. For some reason, many turn the word "dogs O r" to "agreement BUT", and "professor" and "doctor" turn into monstrous "professor BUT' and 'doctor BUT". In fact, everything easier than a steamed turnip»:

1. Most masculine plural nouns end in -ы.
2. The ending is always unstressed!

Remember? Now you should have no problem with words like: aerop O rt - aerop O mouths, prof E quarrel - prof E quarrel, d O ktor - d O who, bow - b BUT nts, ​​scarf - sh BUT rfs, dogs O r - Great Danes O ry, elevator - l And ft, cake - t O mouths, boo BUT lter - bukhg BUT lters

We are all proud that the Russian language is rightfully considered one of the richest languages ​​in the world. But the penetration of foreign words into speech is an inevitable and quite natural phenomenon. Few people know that in the true Russian language there are no words starting with the letter " BUT «.

Most words that begin with the first letter of the alphabet And that one is of Greek origin, and some came to us from Turkic (for example: watermelon, arshin, argamak). The fashion for the use of French among representatives of the upper classes, which began during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and ended during the Napoleonic Wars, enriched our speech with a huge number of Gallicisms.

The current generation is watching how the Russian language is actively enriched with words of English origin. Alien words that have settled in our dictionaries, for the most part, retain stress in their usual place.

So for French borrowings, the stress falls on the last syllable, for Latin - on the penultimate one. The correctness of stress in words of foreign origin is best checked in dictionaries, but those words that have become firmly established in our everyday life must be remembered: alphabet And t, apostrophe O f, def And with, shutters And , rolled O g, necrol O g, quart BUT l, part E r, esp E rt, fet And w, f O rzats, fax And miles.

You should also remember the rules for placing stress in the following adjectives: At honny, sl And new, gr At sew, ukra And nsky, moza And chny, wholesale O wow, long time ago And shny.

The most popular words with stress at the olympiads

Learning the correct placement of stress can be an exciting experience. Often, just knowing the rules of the Russian language is not enough. Many stresses need only be remembered by referring to special orthoepic dictionaries.

When preparing high school students for passing the exam, it is usually proposed to study up to 500 of the most common word forms, which can cause difficulties with the correct placement of stresses, but their number is not limited to this. The study of stress norms is a laborious process, but the result can exceed all expectations: our speech will not be full of illiterate I la", "pr O cents", "contract BUT”, which means we will not be ashamed in front of the classics of Russian literature.