Interesting facts about human immunity presentation. Interesting facts about our immunity

The immune system is a unique instrument of our body. And probably the most important. It is she who protects us from bacteria and viruses that can cause various diseases.

The immune system recognizes "pests" and sends white blood cells to fight them. Want to know more? Here are 10 interesting facts about immunity.

1. One in 100,000 cases a person can have severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This congenital disease suggests a complete lack of a protective mechanism. His treatment requires a bone marrow transplant.

2. What role does immunity play in humans?, seriously began to think only in the 18th century. And only in the 19th century, experts recognized that microorganisms are the true cause of the development of diseases.

3. Symptoms of any disease is a clear sign that the immune system is doing its job.

4. Sleep and immunity are closely linked It is precisely because of lack of sleep that your immune system can be compromised.

This has been proven in several studies by scientists from around the world. The fact is that with a lack of sleep, the process of dividing T-cells slows down. At the same time, even one night of lack of sleep can negatively affect immunity.

5. Vaccine to stimulate the immune system appeared thanks to milkmaids. It was noticed that women who had cowpox in the 17th and 18th centuries did not get sick with it in the future. This was the impetus for the invention of the smallpox vaccine by the English physician Edward Jenner.

6. Autoimmune diseases, in which the immune system reacts to its own tissues as a foreign object, starting to fight them, mainly affect women - about 78%. This is evidenced by statistics, but so far there is no exact explanation for this.

7. The immune system is in the gut. As scientists have found out, the secret of the immune system is hidden in the gastrointestinal tract - it is there that special bacteria work that support overall health.

In addition, billions of gut bacteria produce antibodies to make proteins that the immune system uses to heal damage.

8. The sun is immunity's best friend, because the vitamin D received with it is involved in cell regeneration and protein production. It is sunlight that has a complex effect on the immune system. But an overdose of the sun does not bring anything good - immune responses to bacterial, viral and fungal infections are suppressed.

9. white blood cells, which fight bacteria, infections and viruses, is a small percentage of blood (about 1%). They are produced gradually - for a phased fight against diseases.

10. There is innate and acquired immunity. The first is from cells and proteins that are always present in the body. This is natural immunity. The second comes into play when pathogenic organisms bypass natural defenses.

And, hiding in the body, and then sends its troops - white blood cells - to destroy the invaders and the tissues infected by them.
We present to the attention of readers 11 entertaining facts about the immune system.

Some people have little or no immunity

The 1976 movie Under the Hood depicts a handicapped man who is forced to spend his life in a completely sterile environment because his body is unable to fight infections. Although the story is fictitious, the immune system disease severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is very real and occurs approximately once in 100,000 births.
Bone marrow transplantation from an appropriate donor relative is used to treat SCID patients, but recently gene therapy has shown promise in this area.
For a long time it was thought that fluid imbalances caused disease.

The microbial origin of disease theory, which correctly indicates that some diseases are caused by microorganisms, gained acceptance in the 19th century. Before the germ theory, the humoral theory dominated medical science for 2,000 years.
The erroneous version claimed that the human body consists of four liquid substances or "juices": blood, yellow bile, black bile and mucus. Excess or deficiency of one or more fluids causes disease or abnormalities. Treatment options such as have been aimed at restoring fluid balance.
Immunity was first mentioned two thousand years ago.

The first vaccine was developed in the late 18th century, but people recognized the importance of immunity long before that.
During the epidemic in Athens in 430 BC. the Greeks realized that people who had smallpox would no longer get the disease. Moreover, smallpox survivors were often sent to care for first-time sufferers of the disease.
In the 10th century, Chinese healers began blowing dried pox scabs into the noses of healthy patients who had a mild form of the disease, and the survivors became immune to the disease. This practice, called variolation or inoculation, spread throughout Europe and New England in the 1700s.
Symptoms of an illness are sometimes signs that the immune system is performing its function.

It is often said that bacteria, viruses and fungi are the cause of the symptoms of the disease, but this is technically incorrect. Symptoms of the disease sometimes appear due to the fact that the immune system reacts with microorganisms.
For example, take the common cold. The immune system comes into play when the epithelial layer (the cells lining the body cavities) of the upper respiratory system is invaded by rhinoviruses. Immune system chemicals called histamines dilate blood vessels and increase their permeability, allowing proteins and white blood cells to reach infected people. However, inflammation of the blood vessels in the nasal passages causes nasal congestion.
In addition, a runny nose can occur due to increased fluid leakage from permeable capillaries, combined with increased mucus production, which is provoked by histamines.
The immune system can suffer from lack of sleep

A healthy immune system is vital to preventing colds, flu and other illnesses. But research over the past few decades has shown that lack of sleep suppresses the immune's ability to fight disease, for example, by reducing T-cell division. Even a single night of poor sleep can damage the immune system by reducing the number of natural killer cells.
What's more, a 2012 study even found that the effectiveness of vaccines for people who get less than six hours of sleep per night is reduced compared to those who get a full night's sleep. Perhaps this is due to the fact that reduced sleep leads to a decrease in the immune response.
Milkmaids helped invent the first vaccine

In the 1700s, variolation became a common practice in the Western community. This method still showed some mortality, but the rate was 10 times lower than that due to smallpox. Over time, stories began to circulate that milkmaids who had cowpox could not contract smallpox. Moreover, the mortality rate due to cowpox was lower than due to variolation.
This information prompted the English physician Edward Jenner to conclude that cowpox protects against smallpox, and the first of these diseases can be safely transferred to people, thereby protecting themselves from smallpox.
So, in May 1976, Jenner prepared the first smallpox vaccine. He found a young milkmaid with fresh cowpox ulcers on her hands, took pus from them and infected an 8-year-old boy. The child developed mild symptoms such as fever and loss of appetite, but recovered quickly. A few months later, Jenner injected the boy with pus from a fresh smallpox sore and showed no symptoms.
Autoimmune diseases mostly affect women

An autoimmune disease is when the body's natural defenses become overactive, attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease and psoriasis.
But men and women are not equally affected by such diseases. So, out of 5-8 percent of those suffering from autoimmune diseases, about 78 percent are women.
Gut bacteria are the secret to a healthy immune system

The human body is home to trillions of bacteria, 10 times the number of its own cells. These microbes often benefit the gastrointestinal tract by promoting digestion and producing vitamins B and K. But research has shown that gut bacteria also help the immune system and keep the body healthy in a variety of ways.
For example, beneficial bacteria prevent pathogens from taking root in epithelial and mucosal tissue. And these symbiotic bacteria train the immune system to distinguish between disease-causing pathogens and harmless antigens that prevent allergies from developing.
Similarly, "good" bacteria can influence the sensitivity of the immune system to antigens, helping to prevent autoimmune diseases when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
In addition, bacteria produce antibodies that promote the production of intestinal proteins, which help the immune system heal internal damage.
Sunlight has a complex effect on the immune system

For decades, scientists have known that exposure to sunlight, in particular, can suppress the immune system's response to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. It takes only 30 to 50 percent of the amount of ultraviolet radiation that causes a barely noticeable sunburn to disable the immune system.
At the same time, sunlight causes the body to produce vitamin D. A recent study indicates that T cells are not mobilized if they recognize only a small amount of vitamin D in the blood stream. In addition, other studies suggest that vitamin D may trigger the production of antimicrobial peptides in the skin, which compounds protect the body from new infections.
White blood cells make up only a small percentage of blood

The immune system is constantly at work, defending against diseases and fighting infections that already exist, which makes it seem that the soldiers of the immune system - white blood cells - are found in large volumes in the blood. But it's not. The number of white blood cells is only 1 percent of the cells in 5 liters of adult blood.
But don't worry; this is more than enough to perform the necessary functions. Each milliliter of blood contains 5-10 thousand white blood cells.
The ancient immune system can be studied on a starfish

There are two equally important aspects of the immune system: innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system is made up of cells and proteins that are always ready to fight microorganisms at the site of infection. The acquired immune system comes into play when pathogenic organisms bypass natural defenses.
Invertebrates, as a rule, do not have acquired immunity, unlike animals that have a backbone. But in the late 19th century, Russian biologist Ilya Mechnikov discovered that invertebrates do have an innate immune system. >

She told me what the immune status is, how immunity affects pregnancy and whether the immunomodulators that are sold in pharmacies are effective.

Bella Bragvadze Pediatrician, allergist-immunologist

Fact #1: Immune cells recognize "aliens" at the genetic level

The immune system also protects against oncology and autoimmune pathologies. If a cell in our body has mutated, behaves aggressively, or simply aged and does not perform its function, its receptor either changes or disappears from the surface. The immune system understands that something is wrong with it. And absorbs it (phagocytosis) or starts the process of self-destruction in it (apoptosis).

Fact #2: Lack of sleep reduces immunity

The work of the immune system directly depends on the sleep-wake mode and nutrition. These two factors are very important. Their significance is explained simply: for the normal functioning of immune cells (like any others), you need “building material” that comes with food. Their update occurs during sleep, and if it is not enough, the "factory" fails. It is night sleep that is important - the formation of cells in the bone marrow occurs during this period.

The most common change in a malfunctioning immune system is a decrease in the number of cells, which leads to more frequent and severe infections.

Fact #3: Knowing your immune status is important

Immune status - quantitative and qualitative assessment of the main factors of immunity. This analysis allows you to: find out the number of cells of the immune system (leukocytes and lymphocytes) and their ratio, evaluate the phagocytic activity of leukocytes (the ability of cells to absorb bacteria) and their ability to synthesize antibodies. Assessment of the immune status is extremely important for allergy sufferers, often and seriously ill people suffering from autoimmune diseases, patients with oncopathologies, as well as in the detection of pathologies during pregnancy.

Only a doctor can prescribe and decipher the analysis. According to its results, a group of pathological conditions is determined: without significant changes in the immune status, with a deficiency of the immune system (immunodeficiencies), with increased activation of immune cells (autoimmune diseases, allergies, inflammation).

An analysis of the immune status makes it possible to diagnose a specific disease, determine its pathogenesis and cause, select an algorithm for individual immunotherapy and monitor its effectiveness.

Fact #4: Immune cells can start to work "against" our body

This occurs in autoimmune diseases. In such cases, they act against their own tissues or organs, striking them in the same way as genetically alien objects. Experts have not yet learned to 100% manage immune cells. Partially, this can be done with the help of vaccination - today this direction is actively developing in the treatment of oncological diseases. Vaccines "train" the cells of the immune system to fight tumors. With the help of growth factors, it is possible to stimulate an increase in the number of certain cells. It is at these levels that we have so far learned how to interfere with the immune system. But for such manipulations there must be serious evidence.

Fact #5: Some Immunomodulators Really Work

Immunomodulators are drugs that stimulate the function of the immune system. They do exist. But those that really work require serious indications, may have side effects and contraindications. They are used in hospitals.

Immunomodulators, which are actively promoted in our country and sold without a prescription, are not used in Europe and the USA - there is no serious evidence base for their effectiveness.

I can't say 100% that they are ineffective. In my practice, there are many cases when a large number of immunomodulators and a combination of several drugs led to a "manifest" of allergic reactions and the development of autoimmune diseases. I do not use them for two reasons: not proven effectiveness, the risk of complications.

Fact #6: Vaccination promotes immunological memory

Over the past few years, there has been a fierce debate on the topic of vaccinations. I am a supporter of vaccination. It forms immunological memory. This process is well studied in terms of evidence-based medicine. I and all my family members are vaccinated. We do this every 10 years. The question is that it is necessary to vaccinate wisely, taking into account contraindications, the presence of allergies and other individual characteristics.

Fact #7: Allergy is an overreaction of the immune system

To prove this theory, statistics are given: in undeveloped countries with a low standard of living, allergies are much less common than among Europeans.

Fact #8: Breastfeeding boosts immunity

This fact has long been proven and is not subject to appeal. Together with breast milk, the mother passes antibodies to the baby - it helps to protect the child in the first months of life (his own immune function is low). In addition, breast milk has an excellent composition - it has a beneficial effect on bowel function. If it is “populated” with normal microbiota and works well, the immune defense functions perfectly. Experts recommend, if possible, to feed the child at least up to a year.

Fact number 9: immunity is directly related to the work of the digestive tract

Gastrointestinal function is linked to the immune system for several reasons. Firstly, in the intestine, lymphoid tissue is widely represented, in which immune cells are located.

Secondly, there are many mucous membranes - immune cells actively interact with them. Thirdly, there are many microorganisms in the intestines, both useful and not very good. The balance of flora has a serious impact on immunity. If digestion in the intestines is defective, this can cause allergies and other immunopathologies.

Fact #10: Antibiotics can affect the immune system

Some types of antibiotics can inhibit the growth and differentiation of cells in the immune system. In the general blood test, this manifests itself in the form of a decrease in leukocytes, lymphocytes or neutrophils. After discontinuation of the drug, their number is restored.

You can not use antibiotics without strict indications - this way we deprive the immune system of the ability to independently fight the infection and form immunological memory.

Do not forget about the resistance of microorganisms - today it is a serious problem.

Fact #11: Understanding that you have a reduced immune status is easy

We know what the immune system is fighting against, so identifying a decline in immune status is easy. Frequent infectious diseases are the main sign that the "defense" has failed. And it's not just SARS. With a decrease in immunity, a viral infection often ends with bacterial complications.

Fact number 12: a really working way to boost immunity on your own is the right lifestyle

I would like to joke that the real way to boost immunity is to go on vacation. In fact, for this you need to lead the right way of life. If a person follows the regime and allows the immune system to recover and function normally, there are no problems. Another thing is if there is some kind of genetic “breakage” or immunopathology. Here you can’t do without drugs and the help of a specialist.

Fact #13: Severe combined immunodeficiency is treatable

Severe combined immunodeficiency is a genetic disease related to primary immunodeficiencies. It is characterized by a complete or partial inability to form lymphocytes in sufficient quantities. When there are no protective antibodies, the child is seriously ill with infectious diseases. The only treatment that shows good results is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Fact #14: Women are the most affected by autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are conditions when cells of the immune system that are aggressive to their own tissues were not rejected by the bone marrow or thymus and entered the peripheral circulation. They immediately begin to attack! Anything can become a “target”: connective tissue, thyroid gland. These diseases are treated with immunosuppressive drugs that suppress the function of the immune system.

A fairly common occurrence during therapy is viral infections. Alas, no other treatment has yet been found.

Some autoimmune diseases are more common in women. This is due to the fact that female sex hormones increase the amount of antibodies, including autoaggressive ones.

Causing factors: adolescence and pregnancy.

Fact #15: You need vitamin D to maintain immunity

Recently, many studies of vitamin D have appeared - it is hormone-like and takes part in many processes, including the immune system, activating it. Promotes an adequate immune response.

Fact #16: There is innate and acquired immunity

Evolutionary innate immunity was introduced much earlier. Acquired appears later. They have different cells and protein factors. Innate immunity is the first line of defense. At the level of mucous membranes, in the first hours after infection, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, acute phase proteins, heat shock proteins are activated, working here and now. Innate immunity has no memory.

Our acquired immunity is different - it depends on who has encountered what infections. This is a very intelligent system, represented by T and B lymphocytes. The protein factor of acquired immunity is antibodies. He, unlike innate, has an immunological memory. Faced with an infection once, the next time it enters the body, the immune response will be realized on the first day, and not after 5-7 days.

Fact #17: Pregnancy depends on immunity

Moreover, it is possible thanks to immunity! Pregnancy is a complex process during which the immune system plays an important role. An interesting fact: a child is a foreign object for the mother's body, but immune cells do not touch him, but on the contrary, they surround the fetus with protective antibodies. They do not allow aggressive immune cells - T-killers - through the placenta to the fetus. At the same time, the process of reducing the number of aggressive defensive cells is launched so that they cannot “break through the defenses”. That is why pregnancy is accompanied by mild immunodeficiency, which lasts up to 38-40 weeks. Further, the antibodies begin to break down, there will be more aggressive protective cells, they will begin to attack the placenta - this is the beginning of childbirth.

Fact #18: It's better to get vaccinated before planning a pregnancy

I am a supporter of the fact that an adult should be vaccinated every 10 years.

Standard list: vaccination against tetanus, measles, rubella, hepatitis B, chickenpox (for those who have not been sick).

Three months before the planned conception, I recommend these vaccinations. In some situations, vaccination is also possible during pregnancy to protect against influenza, tetanus, rabies, pneumococcus, and so on. The appropriateness of the use of vaccines is determined by the attending physician.

Interview and text: Natalia Kapitsa

Similar materials from the rubric

Hello dear readers of Andryukhin's blog. Immunity is a unique body system that protects us from various infectious, colds and even cancer. Despite the abundance of information about this system, our immunity still keeps many secrets. Let's try to find out more. In this article you will learn - interesting facts about immunity, as well as an effective remedy for boosting immunity. Here are 21 interesting facts about immunity.

1. Immunity can be congenital or acquired. Congenital - or it is also called natural, is given to us at birth and consists of cells and proteins that are always present in us and is the first line of defense of our body against various infections.
   Acquired immunity depends on what viruses and bacteria the body had to deal with. For residents of different countries and localities, it is different and can vary greatly. This immunity takes effect when viruses and bacteria bypass natural defenses. It is more complex and is based on lymphocytes.
   Immunity during life can be destroyed or strengthened. According to statistics, only every tenth inhabitant of the planet has powerful immunity, which is able to protect against almost any disease. Approximately the same number of people have congenital immunodeficiency, so they get sick very often and for a long time. In about 80% of the world's population, immune protection depends on lifestyle and living conditions.
2. The immune system needs sleep. From lack of sleep, the immune system is severely affected and can be compromised. Scientists have proven that with a lack of sleep, the process of dividing immunity T-cells slows down, and this leads to its destruction and a decrease in protective potential. Even just one night of lack of sleep can negatively affect our defense.
   According to studies, people who sleep less than 6 hours a night, the effectiveness of vaccines is reduced, compared with those who had a full and healthy sleep.
3. The defense system depends on the lifestyle. Half of the protective properties of the body depend on lifestyle and environmental factors. The main enemies of the immune system are:
   - bad habits (alcohol abuse, drug use, smoking).
   - Constant sleep deprivation.
   - Wrong and unhealthy diet.
   — pollution of the environment.
   - frequent stress and depression.
   - deficiency of essential vitamins and microelements (an overabundance of them also depresses the immune system, so they should be taken as directed by a doctor).
   - excessive physical activity,
   - complete lack of physical activity.
   - Uncontrolled intake of drugs.
   - too long exposure to the sun.
   
4. The 21st century is the age of allergies. Allergy is a hyper reaction of the body's defense system to various substances (allergens). Every 10 years, the number of allergy sufferers doubles. Allergy is one of the fastest growing diseases in this century. The reason for this is: environmental pollution, poor quality of water, food, artificial radioactivity (radioactive substances received by mail as a result of atomic explosions, nuclear waste and accidents at nuclear enterprises). The most suppressed immune system in urban residents.
   According to statistics, every 20th adult and approximately every 7th child suffers from this disease.
   The most common allergens are plant pollen, house dust mites and cow's milk protein.
5. The immune system depends on the work of the intestines. About 80% of the cells of the body's immune system are located in the intestinal mucosa, so the health of the gastrointestinal tract is the health of the whole body. Gut bacteria produce antibodies to produce a protein needed for immunity, heal internal damage and help prevent autoimmune diseases.
   Everything we eat either strengthens the body's defenses, or vice versa, weakens it. Plant foods should make up half of the total daily diet, you need to eat more vegetables and fruits. Fermented milk products, cereals are very useful and you need to drink at least 1.5 liters of clean water daily.
6. Tea improves immunity. Tea is perhaps the most popular and widespread drink on the planet. Tea helps with colds, sore throats and sore throats, and also helps fight infections. Green tea promotes the elimination of radioactive substances. Scientists have proven that tea contains the substance L-theanine, which increases the resistance of cells of the body's defense system by 5 times, and when drinking a couple of cups of tea daily, it supports our body well, but it is better to drink it without sugar, because it weakens the immune system and reduces the activity of protective cells .
7. The sun has a complex effect on the immune system. The vitamin D obtained with it is involved in cell regeneration and protein synthesis and thus strengthens the immune system. But too long exposure to the sun inhibits the protective reaction to various viral and bacterial infections, so it is recommended to sunbathe in the shade and use protective creams. Vitamin D mobilizes T cells (lymphocytes) and is involved in the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides in the skin.
   
8. Immunomodulators are not so harmless. Doctors tried to control the immune system, as a result, a lot of immunomodulators appeared - drugs that strengthen and stimulate the activity of the cells of the defense system. For people with weakened immune systems, it is enough to take a pill and that's it, immunity has earned, but not everything is so easy and simple. By helping the process of immune cell division, you can very easily upset the balance between bacteria and leukocytes, so taking immunomodulators should be done only with the approval of your doctor. Self-medication in this case can be expensive.
9. White blood cells make up only 1%. The number of white blood cells (they fight viruses, bacteria and infections) is only 1% of the total amount of blood, but they are enough to perform all the necessary functions. 1 milliliter of blood contains from 5 to 10 thousand white blood cells. They are developed gradually, the fight against the disease is carried out in stages.
10. Immunity cells have memory. Lymphocytes remember the infection that the immune system has already encountered, so a person does not get chickenpox twice and has lifelong immunity. Vaccination is based on this property. After vaccination, lymphocytes form a memory cell, and after the onset of this infection, this cell does not get sick.
11. Some people may not have immunity at all. 1 person in 100,000 cases may have severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This is a disease of the immune system, when a person completely lacks a protective mechanism. His treatment requires a bone marrow transplant.
12. Thanks to milkmaids, the first vaccine was synthesized. As early as the 17th century, it was noticed that milkmaids who had cowpox never got it again. This is what prompted the English physician Edward Jenner to create the first vaccination against smallpox.
    
13. Autoimmune diseases usually affect women. In such diseases, the immune system reacts to its own healthy tissues as if it were a foreign object and begins to fight them. This disease mainly affects women, about 80% of women suffer from it. Approximately every twentieth inhabitant of the planet suffers from autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases include psoriasis, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.
14. Physiological immunodeficiency. This is the period of life when our body is especially sensitive to infectious diseases:
    - children from 0 to 6 years old, this is the period of formation of the child's immunity.
    - adolescents from 11 to 13 years old, during this period there is a hormonal surge, which affects the immune system too.
    - during pregnancy, there is a weakening of immunity in order to bear the fetus.
    - after 65 years, it is at this time that the metabolic processes slow down.
15. Symptoms of the disease - means that the immune system works. Symptoms of the disease appear because immune cells begin to interact with pathogenic microorganisms.
16. Pregnancy. Thanks to immunity, pregnancy is possible. Protective cells attack any foreign cells, but during pregnancy, half of the child's biomaterial is from the father and it is foreign to the woman's body. In this case, the immune system reduces all its protective factors, and they begin to protect the fetus until the very moment of its birth.
17. Mother's milk is the first immunomodulator. Mother's milk is the very first and natural immunomodulator, it contains alkylglycerols necessary for the formation of immune cells, and it contains 10 times more of them than cow's milk. That is why breastfeeding is a vital necessity for a child. Many modern mothers refuse breastfeeding, thereby depriving the child of immunity, it is mother's milk that protects the child while his defense is being formed. There is a theory that breastfeeding reduces the risk of developing cancer in the future.
18. Immunity cells can help a foreign object. When a foreign object enters the body, antibodies begin to deal with it and lymphocytes rush to their rescue, destroying everything foreign to the body. If the body is healthy with good immunity, then lymphocytes accurately distinguish cancer cells and destroy them without a trace, but if immunity is weakened and there are too few lymphocytes, then the risk of missing malignant cells increases many times over. Sometimes there is a failure in the immune defense, and lymphocytes can begin to help foreign cells, then the development of the disease is very difficult to stop.
    
19. Antibiotics harm the immune system. Now antibiotics no longer act on many viral infections, but when used together with foreign cells, immunity cells also die. The vacated place is captured by foreign cells and it takes time to develop immunity protection. Therefore, you should not self-medicate and take antibiotics only as prescribed by your doctor.
20. The immune system protects against its own cells. All created lymphocytes undergo a serious selection, and only one of the twenty cells pass it, and the rest, which have not passed the selection, are immediately destroyed. This important property of our immunity is designed to prevent the development of autoimmune diseases (see fact 13).
21. Immunity can be restored. It was previously thought that T cells (lymphocytes that actively fight foreign cells) and B cells (lymphocytes that synthesize antibodies) develop independently of each other. According to scientists, B-cells contribute to the synthesis of T-cells, thereby restoring immunity. With the introduction of immunoglobulin into the blood of a sick person, the process of restoring immune protection can be accelerated.

How to boost immunity

1. Get rid of bad habits. Try to stop drinking alcohol, taking drugs and smoking. If it is impossible to give up smoking, then at least during epidemics of colds and flu, reduce the number of cigarettes smoked.
2. Vitamins. Try to drink a glass of freshly squeezed juice in the morning, and also eat more vegetables and fruits.
3. Complete sleep. You need to sleep at least 7 hours every day.
4. Physical activity. Moderate physical activity is required.
5. Control over stressful situations.

100% Effective Immunity Booster

An excellent alternative for boosting immunity at home is a remedy for eliminating accumulated stress. Scientists have proven that 95% of diseases are caused by stress and depression: bronchial asthma, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, decreased potency, obesity, hypertension, psoriasis, insomnia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, decreased memory and intelligence, and excessive sweating.

According to statistics, stress shortens life by 15-20 years, causes early aging and can result in a heart attack and stroke.

In addition, clinical trials conducted by European researchers, involving 1400 people, found:

• Efficacy for relieving chronic stress by 100%!
• Efficiency in psychosomatic diseases by 98%.
• Improvement in physical well-being by 96%.

The tool has no side effects.

Dear my readers! I am very glad that you looked at Andryukhin's blog, thank you! Was this article interesting and useful to you? Please write your opinion in the comments. I really want you to also share this information with your friends in the social. networks.

I really hope that we will communicate with you for a long time, there will be many more interesting articles on the blog. In order not to miss them, subscribe to blog updates.

Sincerely, Andrey Vdovenko.

Epidemics of plague, cholera, smallpox, influenza left a deep mark in the history of mankind. In the 14th century, a terrible epidemic of the Black Death swept through Europe, killing 15 million people. It was a plague that engulfed all countries and from which 100 million people died. Smallpox, called "black pox", left a no less terrible mark. The smallpox virus caused the death of 400 million people, and the survivors became blind forever. 6 epidemics of cholera were registered, the last one in India, Bangladesh. The flu epidemic called "Spanish flu" claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people in the years, epidemics are known as "Asian", "Hong Kong", and today - "swine" flu.

Morbidity of the child population In the structure of the general morbidity of the child population for a number of years: in the first place - diseases of the respiratory system; second place - diseases of the digestive system; in the third place - diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and diseases of the nervous system.

Morbidity in the children's population Statistical studies of recent years put forward diseases associated with a decrease in immunity to one of the first places in human pathology. Over the past 5 years, the level of general morbidity in children has increased by 12.9%. the greatest growth is observed in the classes of diseases of the nervous system - by 48.1%, neoplasms - by 46.7%, pathologies of the circulatory system - by 43.7%, diseases of the musculoskeletal system - by 29.8%, endocrine system - by 26 .6%.

immunity from lat. Immunities - liberation from something The immune system provides the human body with multi-stage protection against foreign invasions. This is a specific defensive reaction of the body, which is based on the ability to resist the action of living bodies and substances that differ from it in hereditarily alien properties, maintain their integrity and biological individuality. The main purpose of the immune systems - to determine what is in the body and what is foreign. One's own must be left alone, and someone else's must be destroyed, and as soon as possible Immunity ensures the functioning of the body as a single whole, consisting of one hundred trillion cells

Antigen - antibody All substances (microbes, viruses, dust particles, plant pollen, etc.) that enter the body from outside are commonly called antigens. It is the influence of antigens that causes the formation of protein structures, which are called antibodies, when they enter the internal environment of the body. the structural and functional unit of the immune system is the lymphocyte

Components of the human immune system 1. Central lymphoid organs: - thymus (thymus gland); - Bone marrow; 2. Peripheral lymphoid organs: - lymph nodes - spleen - tonsils - lymphoid formations of the colon, appendix, lungs, 3. Immunocompetent cells: - lymphocytes; - monocytes; - polynuclear leukocytes; - white process epidermocytes of the skin (Langerhans cells);

Nonspecific protective factors of the body The first protective barrier Nonspecific mechanisms of immunity are general factors and protective adaptations of the body Protective barriers The first protective barrier impermeability of healthy skin and mucous membranes (gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genital organs) impermeability of histohematological barriers the presence of bactericidal substances in biological fluids (saliva, tear, blood, cerebrospinal fluid) and other secrets of the sebaceous and sweat glands have a bactericidal effect against many infections

Nonspecific protective factors of the body The second protective barrier The second protective barrier is an inflammatory reaction at the site of the introduction of the microorganism. The leading role in this process belongs to phagocytosis (cellular immunity factor) Phagocytosis is the absorption and enzymatic digestion of microbes or other particles by macro- and microphages, as a result of which the body is released from harmful foreign substances Phagocytes are the largest cells of the human body, they perform an important non-specific protection function. Protects the body from any penetration into its internal environment. And this is his, phagocyte, purpose. The reaction of the phagocyte proceeds in three stages: 1. Movement towards the target 2. Enveloping the foreign body 3. Absorption and digestion (intracellular digestion)

Non-specific body defense factors The third protective barrier operates when the infection spreads further. These are lymph nodes and blood (humoral immunity factors). Each of these factors of the three barriers and adaptations is directed against all microbes. Nonspecific protective factors neutralize even those substances that the body has not encountered before

Specific mechanisms of immunity This is antibody formation in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow Specific antibodies are produced by the body in response to the artificial introduction of an antigen or as a result of a natural encounter with a microorganism (infectious disease) Antigens are substances that carry a sign of foreignness (bacteria, proteins, viruses , toxins, cellular elements) Antigens are pathogens themselves or their metabolic products (endotoxins) and decay products of bacteria (exotoxins) Antibodies are proteins that can bind to antigens and neutralize them. They are strictly specific, i.e. act only against those microorganisms or toxins, in response to the introduction of which they have developed.

Specific immunity Divided into innate and acquired Innate immunity - inherent in a person from birth, inherited from parents. Immune substances from mother to fetus through the placenta. A special case of innate immunity can be considered the immunity received by a newborn with mother's milk Acquired immunity - arises (acquired) in the process of life and is divided into natural and artificial Natural acquired - occurs after the transfer of an infectious disease: after recovery, antibodies to the causative agent of this disease remain in the blood. Artificial - produced after special medical events and it can be active and passive

Artificial Immunity Created by the introduction of vaccines and sera Vaccines are preparations from microbial cells or their toxins, the use of which is called vaccination. Antibodies appear in the human body 1-2 weeks after the introduction of vaccines Serums are often used to treat infectious patients and less often to prevent infectious diseases

Vaccinal prophylaxis This is the main practical purpose of vaccines. Modern vaccine preparations are divided into 5 groups: 1. Vaccines from live pathogens 2. Vaccines from killed microbes 3. Chemical vaccines 4. Toxoids 5. Associated, i.e. combined (for example, DTP - associated pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine)

Serums Serums are prepared from the blood of people who have been ill with an infectious disease or by artificially infecting animals with microbes. in the form of gamma globulins There are gamma globulins from human blood - against measles, poliomyelitis, infectious hepatitis, etc. they do not contain pathogens. Immune sera contain ready-made antibodies and act from the first minutes after administration.

NATIONAL VACATION CALENDAR Age Name of vaccination 12 hours First vaccination hepatitis B 3-7 days Vaccination tuberculosis 1 month Second vaccination hepatitis B 3 months First vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio 4.5 months Second vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio 6 months Third vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough , tetanus, poliomyelitis Third vaccination hepatitis B 12 months Vaccination measles, rubella, mumps

Critical periods in the formation of the immune system of children The first critical period is the neonatal period (up to 28 days of life) The second critical period is 3-6 months of life, due to the destruction of maternal antibodies in the child's body The third critical period is 2-3 years of the child's life The fourth critical period is 6-7 years Fifth critical period - adolescence (12-13 years for girls; years - for boys)

Factors that reduce the protective functions of the body The main factors: alcoholization and alcoholism drug addiction and drug addiction psycho-emotional stress physical inactivity sleep deficit overweight Human susceptibility to infection depends on: individual characteristics of the person; living conditions and human activities lifestyle

Increasing the child's body defenses general strengthening methods: hardening, contrast air baths, dressing the baby according to the weather, taking multivitamins, trying to limit contact with other children as much as possible during outbreaks of seasonal viral diseases (for example, during an influenza epidemic, you should not take your child to Christmas trees and other public events) traditional medicines such as garlic and onions When should I see an immunologist? With frequent colds that occur with complications (ARVI, turning into bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi, pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs or the occurrence of purulent otitis media against the background of SARS - inflammation of the middle ear, etc.) With repeated illness with infections to which lifelong immunity should be developed (chicken pox, rubella, measles, etc.). However, in such cases, it must be borne in mind that if the baby has been ill with these diseases before the age of 1 year, then immunity to them may be unstable and not provide lifelong protection.