What organs are included in the ultrasound of the small pelvis. When is it better to do a gynecological ultrasound: decoding and diagnostic norm of the pelvic organs (OMT) and the genitourinary system in women

It is necessary to identify pathologies and disorders in the pelvic organs. With the help of such an analysis, the following problems and diseases can be diagnosed:

• Ectopic pregnancy
• Changes in the position, structure or size of the ovaries, uterus
• The appearance of neoplasms (fibroids, polyps, tumors)
• Inflammatory processes in various organs
• Urolithiasis disease
• Obstruction of the fallopian tubes
• Violations in the structure of the cervix
• Changing the state and position of contraceptives (spiral)
• The development of pathologies in the fetus during pregnancy
• Infertility

Indications for pelvic ultrasound in women

Such an examination is prescribed when symptoms such as:

• Pain in the back, lower back and lower abdomen
• Bleeding of an unexplained nature (during the period when they should not be)
• The appearance of mucus and pus in the urine
• Discomfort when urinating
• Urinary incontinence or inability to empty the bladder

It is also carried out:

• In case of existing diseases of the mammary glands
• If a tumor or inflammation is suspected
• To determine pregnancy or monitor its course
• To monitor the patient before or after surgery

Types of ultrasound of the pelvic organs

To conduct an examination of female organs, several methods of ultrasound are used:

• Through the wall of the abdominal cavity (transabdominal)
• Through the rectum (transrectal)
• By inserting a probe into the vagina (transvaginal)

If necessary, several types of ultrasound can be used to obtain a more accurate picture of the disease.

• The first type of examination is suitable for a patient of any age, since it is painless and non-endoscopic (the sensor is not inserted into the body, but moves along the surface of the abdomen). The diagnostician runs the sensor over the patient's stomach, smeared with gel, and the image is immediately transmitted to the screen
• The second method is used if the transabdominal examination gives an insufficiently clear image - if very small neoplasms are to be identified. In this case, the sensor, with a condom on it, is inserted into the patient's rectum.
• Transvaginal ultrasound is not used in the diagnosis of patients who are not sexually active, in order to avoid rupture of the hymen. But it can also show more contrasting and correct results than abdominal analysis. With this method, the diagnostic device is placed in the patient's vagina.

Pelvic ultrasound: preparation for the procedure in women

Before conducting an ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women, the preparation is simple, but it is important to follow all the doctor's recommendations.

The most labor-intensive, in this case, are the preliminary actions before the transabdominal examination.

A few days before the analysis, it is necessary to switch to eating easily digestible and quickly processed food:

• Boiled eggs and scrambled eggs
• Hard cheeses
• Low-fat meat and fish dishes

At the same time, it is necessary to exclude labor-intensive foods for digestion from the diet:

• Raw vegetables, fruits
• Dairy
• Alcohol
• fatty food
• Legumes

The last meal should be made the night before (preferably no later than 6 hours).

If the patient suffers from flatulence and bloating, then drugs that normalize digestion can be used and washing with an enema can be done.

On the day of the study, you can not eat before the procedure. But it is necessary to drink water, since in this case, an ultrasound of the small pelvis is carried out with a full bladder. This is necessary to achieve the most contrast image.

It is also worth wearing loose clothing to make it easier to remove it from the area being examined.

Preparing for a pelvic ultrasound for women with a transrectal method requires less work: it is necessary to clean the rectum of food debris with an enema, since the probe will be inserted through the anus. It must be applied a few hours before the study.

Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound is performed on an empty bladder. It must be emptied shortly before the examination. This affects the accuracy of the results. At the same time, do not forget about personal hygiene.

What does a pelvic ultrasound show: deciphering the results

If the preparation for ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women was carried out correctly, then the image of tissues and structures during the study will be clear and contrasting.

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) is a medical procedure using high frequency sound waves.

Devices that medical professionals call "sensors" send and receive these sound waves, which produce images on a computer screen in real time and in real time.

These images include various parts of the body, organs, and blood flow.

Usually, an ultrasound scan is performed 1-2 days after the end of menstruation, but you can visit a doctor on the 8-12th day after the end of menstruation.

In case of bleeding that is not related to menstruation, ultrasound is performed regardless of the day of the cycle. With endometriosis, it is desirable to conduct an ultrasound of the pelvic organs in the second half of the cycle.

Pelvic ultrasound is performed by one or both of the following methods:

1. Transabdominally (through the abdominal cavity).
2. Transvaginally (through the vagina).

In rare cases, transrectal ultrasound is also used, it is also TRUS. It is performed by inserting a small ultrasound probe into the anus. Indications for this type of ultrasound are: deep pelvic endometriosis with (or without) infiltration of the intestinal wall, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, obstruction of the fallopian tubes, cysts and polycystic ovaries, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, tumors on the fallopian tubes and inflammation of the fallopian tubes. The type of ultrasound procedure depends on the reason for the patient's request.

Only one method or both methods may be used if they may be necessary to provide the information required for diagnosis or treatment. Other diagnostic procedures that may be used to evaluate pelvic problems include: hysteroscopy, colposcopy, and laparoscopy. However, they are more invasive than pelvic ultrasounds in women and take longer to prepare.

Ultrasound of the female pelvic organs is useful in that it allows you to assess:

• Size, shape and position of the uterus and ovaries.
• Thickness, echogenicity (darkness or brightness of the image associated with tissue density), and the presence of fluid or mass in the endometrium, myometrium (uterine muscle tissue), fallopian tubes, or within or near the bladder.
• The length and thickness of the cervix.
• Changes in the shape of the bladder.
• Blood flow in the pelvic organs.

Often, ultrasound is performed after childbirth, surgery, in order to avoid possible complications. In the early stages of childbearing, an experienced specialist can identify some of the problems associated with pregnancy.

note

A pelvic ultrasound can provide more information about the size, location, and structure of the pelvic organs, but cannot provide a 100% certainty for a specific diagnosis.

The big advantage is that with ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women, preparation for the procedure is minimal, and its implementation does not carry any risks. The only unpleasant moment may be a slight discomfort when inserting the transvaginal probe into the vagina. The transvaginal method requires covering the ultrasound transducer with a plastic or latex sheath, which may cause a reaction in patients who are allergic to latex. During a transabdominal ultrasound, the patient may experience discomfort from having to keep the bladder full.

A pelvic ultrasound can be used to diagnose and help treat the following problems:

• Abnormalities in the anatomical structure of the uterus, including the endometrium, fibroid tumor (benign formation), cysts and other types of tumors within the small pelvis.
• The presence and position of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD).
• Pelvic inflammatory disease and other types of inflammation or infection.
• Uterine bleeding in menopause.
• Monitor ovarian size to evaluate infertility.
• Aspiration of follicular fluid and eggs from the ovaries for in vitro fertilization.
• Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy occurs outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube).
• Monitoring of fetal development during pregnancy.
• A transvaginal ultrasound may be used in sonohysterography, a procedure in which the uterus is filled with fluid to stretch it for a better image.

After an ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women, a gynecologist or phlebologist is preparing the results for the patient if the examination was carried out after complaints of varicose veins. Further diagnostics for various diseases may include a general blood and urine test, a gynecological examination on a chair, and a smear analysis for flora.

Certain conditions may affect test results. These include: obesity, gas in the intestines, insufficient filling of the bladder (with transabdominal ultrasound). A full bladder helps move the uterus up and the intestines out to the side, giving a better image.

Preparation for pelvic ultrasound for women of different methods

Preparation for a pelvic ultrasound for women is very simple: you need to drink 2-3 glasses of clear liquid at least one hour before the appointed time. And don't empty your bladder until the ultrasound is done. Two days before the study, it is better to refuse food that can lead to flatulence, as this condition can distort the results of the ultrasound. The diet for two to three days before the examination should consist of lean fish, cheeses, cereals, beef and poultry. It is advisable to take activated charcoal.

Preparation for pelvic ultrasound for women before transabdominal ultrasound and its features

This type of ultrasound is done with a full bladder. You will be asked to remove any clothing, jewelry, or items that interfere with the screening. You will lie on your back, on a couch, or on an examination table. Your doctor will apply a gel-like substance to your abdomen. It doesn't hurt, but it can be slightly uncomfortable because the substance is cold.

The sensor will be pressed against the skin, and the specialist will move it around the area being examined. Images of body structures will be displayed on the computer screen. After the ultrasound is completed, the gel can be wiped off with a tissue. You will be able to empty your bladder when the procedure is over.

Preparation for pelvic ultrasound for women before transvaginal ultrasound and its features

It is not necessary to fill the bladder before this type of ultrasound. You will be asked to remove any clothing, jewelry, or items that interfere with the screening. You will lie on your back, on an examination table, or on a couch. This type of ultrasound uses a long, thin transvaginal transducer that is sheathed in plastic or latex and lubricated to prevent discomfort.

The tip of the probe will be inserted into the vagina. It may be a little uncomfortable, but it doesn't hurt. The doctor will gently rotate the transducer at an angle so that the areas to be examined are in focus. You may feel a slight pressure when the sensor is moved. Images of organs and structures will be displayed on the computer screen. After the ultrasound is completed, the transducer will be removed.

Preparation for pelvic ultrasound for women before transrectal ultrasound and its features

Blood thinners should be stopped 7-10 days before the start of TRUS. TRUS is done on an empty stomach, 1-4 hours before the procedure, you need to take an enema (or take a laxative) to clear the intestines. And just before the procedure, you need to urinate to empty the bladder. During the examination, you will likely be asked to lie on your side and bring your knees up to your chest.

The doctor puts on a protective sheath (usually a condom) and applies lubricant to the ultrasound transducer. Then the probe passes, the width of which does not exceed the width of the finger, into the rectum. You may feel pressure in your rectum when the transducer is in place. TRUS takes 10 to 15 minutes. What happens after a pelvic ultrasound? There is no special type of care that is required after a pelvic ultrasound. You can resume normal activities and eat normal food.

note

There are no confirmed data on the adverse biological effects of ultrasound at the intensity levels used in ultrasound diagnostics.

How to prepare for a pelvic ultrasound for a woman, and which doctor to go to with the results

How to prepare for a pelvic ultrasound for a woman depends on the type of proposed procedure. It is best to avoid foods that cause flatulence for a few days prior to the exam, as gas in the intestines can reduce image quality.

A full bladder is essential for a successful transabdominal examination of the lower abdomen. On the day of the examination, you may take your regular daily tablets if necessary.

Popular questions

How does a pelvic ultrasound work?

The patient lies on his back, on the couch. The ultrasonic machine is next to the couch. It consists of a monitor, a computer and a transducer (sensor), which is connected to the machine with a cable. While the doctor moves the ultrasound transducer over the lower abdomen, the organ under study is displayed on the monitor.

For a more accurate assessment, it may be necessary to insert a special rod probe into the vagina. In many countries, this study is called endovaginal ultrasound, in Russia it is usually called transvaginal ultrasound.

Do I need a medical examination to do a pelvic ultrasound?

No, this procedure can be performed on an outpatient basis. You can go home after the examination. This also applies to other types of ultrasound, such as ECHO KG.

What should I bring with me?

A napkin or soft cloth to remove the gel left after the ultrasound.

How to prepare for a pelvic ultrasound for a woman during pregnancy

In women "in position" ultrasound is no different from the same procedure in non-pregnant women. The results of the ultrasound are either sent to the doctor who referred you for a routine examination, or evaluated by the doctor who performed the ultrasound diagnosis.

He will issue a written report of the results of the examination either to you or to the doctor who referred you for the ultrasound. Procedures such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may be used to further investigate ultrasound findings, which are not definitive. These methods allow you to identify and evaluate even the most minor changes in the body.

Content

Sometimes, after a gynecological examination, a woman receives a referral for a transvaginal ultrasound of the pelvic organs, which becomes a cause for concern for her, but should we worry in advance? An indication for the appointment of a study may be the uncertainty of the doctor in the preliminary diagnosis. In order to exclude the slightest possibility of risk, it is necessary to listen to the recommendations of the gynecologist and undergo the procedure as soon as possible.

What is a pelvic ultrasound

One of the most accurate and safe diagnostic methods used in gynecological practice is ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs (ultrasound of the pelvic organs). The essence of this method is the reflection of the sound wave sent by the sensors by the internal organs. The reflected radiation with the help of technical devices is converted into a graphic image, which is interpreted by the diagnostician. With the help of ultrasound, you can track the pelvic organs in dynamics, which allows you to make accurate conclusions.

What is included in the pelvic organs of a woman

The space that is limited by the pelvic bones is called the small pelvis. The organs located in it belong to the reproductive and excretory systems. The excretory organs include the bladder and rectum, which are the same in men and women. The organs of the reproductive system for each sex are individual, in women it is:

• vagina;
• uterus (cervix, cervical canal);
• ovaries;
• fallopian (or fallopian) tubes;
• rectum;
• bladder.

Indications

It is recommended to undergo this procedure, regardless of the presence of indications (for prevention purposes) every year, since some diseases of the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems may be asymptomatic. The reason for the appointment of an ultrasound examination after a gynecological examination is the gynecologist's suspicion of the presence of neoplasms (fibroids, cancer, tumors, cysts). In addition, the indications for the study are:

• violation of the menstrual cycle;
• signs of inflammation of the uterine appendages;
• pregnancy (a cervicometry procedure is prescribed to assess the condition of the cervix);
• the presence of an intrauterine device (to control its position);
• past inflammatory diseases and other gynecological diseases (adnexitis, endometritis, cervicitis, vulvitis, colpitis);
• infertility (to determine the cause, folliculometry is performed, i.e., the identification of violations of the ovulatory mechanism);
• transferred surgical interventions (to control the condition).

What shows

During the study, the specialist performing the procedure evaluates the anatomical structure of the organs. Evaluation occurs on the basis of comparison of the observed picture to the established norms. Deviations cannot unequivocally indicate a pathology; necessary tests should be taken to confirm the diagnosis. When diagnosing, the following main indicators are used:

How to prepare

Preparation for ultrasound for women depends on how the diagnosis will be carried out. The transvaginal method does not require preliminary preparation, but it is better that the bladder is emptied before the study. To prepare for a transrectal ultrasound, which involves examining the pelvic organs through the rectum, and for a transabdominal ultrasound, follow these steps:

• two days before the procedure, stop eating foods and drinks that promote gas formation (legumes, dairy, carbonated and alcoholic drinks, fresh vegetables and fruits);
• eat fractionally in small portions;
• 3 hours before the procedure, cleanse the intestines (using an enema or taking laxatives);
• an hour before the diagnosis, the bladder should be filled (drink 1 l - 1.5 l of non-carbonated water);
• on the day of the examination, you must refrain from smoking, taking medications.

Is it possible to eat before an ultrasound

Eating on the day of the transabdominal examination is not recommended if the procedure is scheduled for the morning. If the time of the study is scheduled after 2 pm, a light breakfast is allowed, which should be no later than 11 am. With a transvaginal examination of the pelvic organs, there are no restrictions on the time of eating.

What day is the ultrasound done?

Due to the fact that the female pelvic organs undergo changes throughout the entire menstrual cycle, it is important to diagnose in the phase in which the clinical picture is more accurate. The most favorable period for conducting research of the pelvic organs is 5-7 days after the start of the last menstruation. In order to assess the functions of the ovaries, the procedure is prescribed several times in one cycle. Men can have the procedure at any time.

How is a pelvic ultrasound done?

During a gynecological or urological examination, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound scan if possible abnormalities are identified. The method of diagnosis depends on the proposed diagnosis and can be transvaginal, transabdominal and transrectal. The ultrasound procedure lasts 10-20 minutes. and is carried out in the absence of direct contraindications, which may include an allergy to latex (with transvaginal) or open skin lesions on the abdomen (with transabdominal).

Transvaginal ultrasound

The transvaginal ultrasound procedure is practically painless (except in cases of acute inflammation of the genital organs or abdominal organs). The study proceeds as follows:

1. The woman releases the lower part of the body from clothing and lies down on the gynecological chair.
2. The specialist puts a disposable condom on the tip of the vaginal sensor (transducer), lubricating it with a special gel.
3. The transducer is inserted into the vagina.
4. The sensor sends a signal to the screen of the device.
5. The doctor deciphers the received picture, dictating his observations to the assistant.

Transabdominal ultrasound

Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound is not prescribed for young girls who do not have a broken hymen, therefore, in such cases, a transabdominal examination is used, which is indicated for both women and men. It is necessary to prepare for this procedure in advance, following the instructions of the doctor. The sequence of actions during the diagnostics is as follows:

1. The diagnosed takes a horizontal position on the couch and frees the stomach from clothing.
2. A conductive gel is applied to the skin of the abdomen and the transducer.
3. The specialist moves the sensor along the surface of the abdomen, studying the indicators of internal organs.
4. After the end of the procedure, the remains of the gel are removed, and the patient can immediately return to their normal lifestyle.

Deciphering the results

The patient has the opportunity to receive the results with their interpretation immediately after the end of the procedure. During the procedure, the diagnostician voices sonological conclusions regarding the observed picture, but the exact diagnosis should be made by the gynecologist based on the results of the diagnosis. Deviations from the established norm may indicate both the individual characteristics of the subject and the presence of pathologies. During the study of organs, their size, echogenicity, structure are evaluated:

For men

During an ultrasound scan of the pelvic organs in a man, the diagnostician determines whether the size and structure of the prostate and bladder correspond to normal values. When deciphering the results of the study, the following data are taken into account:

• The normal size of the prostate gland is 30/25/1.7 mm (length, width, thickness). An upward deviation in size may indicate prostatitis, prostate adenoma.
• The structure is homogeneous, inclusions and seals are absent. The presence of seals or thickening indicates the possibility of tumor formations.

Price

The cost of the ultrasound procedure in different diagnostic centers in Moscow is different. You can conduct this examination at a price of 1000 to 6000 rubles:

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The body of a woman is a fragile and finely arranged mechanism that requires constant care and attention. Many people have a question about how to check the changes taking place in the body, as well as the state of certain organs. In this matter, a specialist in diagnostics using ultrasound can come to the aid of a woman.

ultrasound

The most common study in this area is an ultrasound of the lower pelvic organs. This is logical, because it is this group of organs in a woman that is most susceptible to various changes. However, many women are afraid of this procedure due to their ignorance of the features of its implementation. Below we consider all the main points of conducting a study using ultrasound of the organs of the lower pelvis, as well as decoding the results. Detailed information about the procedure often helps a woman get rid of her fear of her. On what day to do a pelvic ultrasound, not everyone knows.

Research using ultrasonic waves is considered the safest for the human body, including pregnant women and infants. In addition, it is one of the most accurate. Unlike an x-ray, which can give false information if the patient moved during the procedure, a study using ultrasound waves is able to assess the state of the organs in dynamics. This makes it possible to detect any abnormal indicators, which are almost impossible to miss during ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women.

Work principles

How is a pelvic ultrasound done in women? We will understand the principles of operation of an ultrasonic device. This research method has a lot in common with echolocation. The sound wave sent by the probe of the ultrasonic device through the tip is reflected from the tested organs and returned back. This exchange of data allows you to create an image on the screen, with the help of which a specialist evaluates the processes occurring inside the body.

On what day to do a pelvic ultrasound, the doctor will tell you.

Indications for carrying out

Most often, in order to examine the organs of the lower part of the pelvis, a woman is sent for ultrasound. Such a study allows you to assess the condition of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, bladder, rectum, as well as detect pregnancy even at the earliest possible date. A referral for examination is issued by a general practitioner or gynecologist. The reason for such an appointment may be:

Failure in the menstrual cycle.

Soreness in the lower abdomen.

Bleeding and abnormal discharge.

Suspicion of the presence of formations such as endometritis, tumors in the ovaries, cysts in the fallopian tubes and on the cervix.

Also, ultrasound helps to diagnose the presence of kidney stones and other diseases of the urinary and biliary tract.

Preparing for an ultrasound

There are several types of pelvic ultrasound:

Transabdominal, that is, the anterior wall of the peritoneum.

Transvaginal.

Transrectal.

Obstetric, for pregnant women.

Each method provides for its own preparatory measures, but there are general nuances:

For several days before the procedure, it is worth giving up products that can cause increased gas formation. These can be legumes, yeast bread, alcohol and sour-milk products.

If a few days before the pelvic ultrasound, the patient had an X-ray examination with a contrast agent such as barium, the ultrasound should be postponed. This is because barium can distort the results.

On the day when the study will be carried out, the intestines should be cleaned. On what day to do a pelvic ultrasound, consider below.

Research Options

How to prepare for a pelvic ultrasound, it is better to find out in advance. Modern diagnostics offers several options for conducting research using ultrasound:

Before transabdominal should fill the bladder. This is done by drinking several glasses of water. In the case of an emergency, the fluid is administered using a catheter.

Transvaginal ultrasound, on the other hand, requires an empty bladder, so you need to go to the toilet before it.

Obstetric ultrasound, or the so-called screening, does not require special preparation, but it is best to drink a glass of water a few hours before the procedure. Every woman should know how to prepare for a pelvic ultrasound.

If there are problems with flatulence or constipation, enzyme-containing preparations, such as Espumizan or Mezim, should be taken for several days before the study. However, on the day of the procedure, it is better to refuse to take any medications, and 10 hours in advance, food intake should also be excluded.

It is considered most effective to carry it out during the first week after the end of menstruation. There are no strict contraindications to the procedure, but you should tell the specialist about an allergy to latex or about ongoing menstruation.

Ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women

It was mentioned above that it is most optimal to conduct a study by ultrasound of the lower pelvic organs in the first week after the end of menstruation. This rule is relevant both for checking for erosion and polycystosis, as well as for the condition of the appendages and uterus. If the presence of uterine fibroids is suspected, the study should be carried out immediately after the end of menstrual bleeding.

What else is included in a pelvic ultrasound?

Endometriosis is diagnosed before the onset of menstruation. To make a diagnosis of folliculogenesis, transvaginal ultrasound should be performed on days 5, 9, 14-17 of the cycle. Depending on the length of the menstrual cycle, these terms may vary. For prevention, an ultrasound examination should be performed at least once a year. If you have any complaints of pain in the lower pelvic area, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Pregnant women

How is a pelvic ultrasound done in women during pregnancy?

During the period of bearing a child, it is also important to visit the ultrasound room. In addition to the study during which pregnancy was detected, it is necessary to conduct an ultrasound in each trimester:

• Week 9-10 involves the so-called genetic ultrasound. Determines whether the embryo has abnormalities of genetic origin.
• 16-20 weeks, planned ultrasound. You can determine the gender of the child.
• 32-34 weeks, screening. Weight, height, facial features of the child.

Who does the diagnostics?

The procedure should be performed by an ultrasound specialist or a gynecologist with appropriate skills. The study is carried out according to a certain scheme. First, the patient is located on the couch, opening the lower abdomen for access by a specialist. Most clinics provide disposable sheets, but it's a good idea to make sure you bring a tissue with you. If the procedure is performed transvaginally, then you will have to completely undress from the waist down. After that, the doctor lubricates the sensor and the patient's skin with a special gel and begins the examination procedure itself. The duration of the ultrasound is from 5 to 20 minutes. In fact, this procedure is painless, however, in case of severe inflammation, slight sensitivity is possible.

The transvaginal method uses a special elongated probe called a transducer. Its diameter is approximately three centimeters. The sensor is inserted into the vagina. For hygienic purposes, a condom is put on it, on which the gel is also applied. This substance helps to improve the conductivity of the sound wave. The specialist observes the data on the screen and analyzes the results.

Below we consider what a pelvic ultrasound shows in women.

Decryption

The specialist makes a conclusion and makes a diagnosis based on the data displayed on the screen. An assessment is given of such indicators as the size and echogenicity of internal organs. It would be optimal if the conclusion on the study was made not by a sonologist, but by a urologist or gynecologist. It is the doctor who can assess the structure, position and size of the uterus and its cervix, as well as the ovaries, identify the presence of follicles, uterine neoplasms. Also, a specialist is able to detect the presence of stones in the kidneys or bladder, neoplasms in the large intestine, etc.

At the end of the examination, the specialist draws up a written conclusion containing all the data obtained, indicating the normal values. In addition, the doctor draws conclusions about the health status of the patient's pelvic organs and prescribes an additional examination or prescribes the necessary treatment. What else does a pelvic ultrasound show in women?

Deviations

Deviations from the norm indicate the presence of certain diseases. For example, thickening of the walls of the fallopian tubes or cervix indicates an increased risk of developing cancer. Round or oval formations, distinguishable on scans, indicate the possibility of the formation of fibromas and cysts. A decrease in the uterus and an increase in the size of the ovaries will indicate polycystic disease. Fibroids and endometriosis are diagnosed based on changes in echogenicity.

Diagnosis of the disease should be handled by the attending physician, that is, a gynecologist. The specialist issues the results of the analyzes in the form of a written conclusion with a snapshot attached. The conclusion is issued within an hour after the procedure, however, some clinics issue all documents immediately after the ultrasound.

Experts in the field of medicine justifiably consider ultrasound to be not only the safest, but also the most reliable. The accuracy of the results obtained is close to 100 percent. When cysts are detected, this value is 98%, and with fibromas it approaches 90%. However, factors that can distort the diagnostic results should be taken into account. As mentioned above, it can be overweight, x-rays with contrast, etc. The quality of the technique used in the study is also of great importance.

Conclusion

Thus, the study by ultrasound of the pelvic organs is an integral part of the diagnosis of pathologies of the reproductive system in women. The procedure is painless and does not require special preparation conditions, which makes it accessible to every woman.

We considered on what day to do a pelvic ultrasound.

In the pelvic area in women, the reproductive and urinary organs are located. Any manifestations of discomfort, for example, pain during urination or sexual intercourse, a burning sensation, cramps, the appearance of blood in the urine, indicate that pathological processes are occurring in one of the systems (urinary or reproductive). Due to the fact that all these organs are located side by side, in the limited space of the female small pelvis, often disorders or diseases affect both systems, so their comprehensive examination is necessary. One of the methods for diagnosing women's health in gynecology is ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women.

What is the small pelvis in women, what organs are located in it

The small pelvis is an anatomical space delineated by the pelvic bones. The anterior border of the small pelvis is the pubic articulation, the posterior border is represented by the bones of the coccyx and sacrum. From the sides, the space is limited by the wings of the ilium. The female pelvis has a smaller depth, but greater width than the male one, and has a wider angle of the pubic articulation - this factor is due to the ability of the female body to bear children, and plays an important role in the process of childbirth.

The anatomical structure of the female pelvis is different from the male. Common organs in both men and women in this area are the bladder and part of the large intestine, namely the rectum.

The bladder acts as a kind of reservoir for urine. This is a hollow organ in which urine is collected from the kidneys, and after the accumulation of a certain volume, it is excreted through the urethra. Its location is behind the pubic joint behind the pubis. This muscular sac can stretch and contract, depending on how much urine has collected in it.

The rectum belongs to the human digestive tract, and is its final part. The name of this gut fully describes its structure - it really has no twists and turns. This part of the large intestine lies between the sigmoid colon and the anus. It is the process of absorption, as well as the accumulation of feces.

In addition to the excretory organs, the woman's pelvis contains the genital organs - the uterus, vagina, ovaries and fallopian tubes.

The uterus is an unpaired organ that looks like a sac. It is hollow inside, and its walls are formed by muscle tissue. During the life of a woman, the size of the uterus changes, for example, in nulliparous women, its weight is about 60 grams, and in those who have given birth - 80 grams. The size of an organ in an adult woman can reach 6-9 centimeters in length and 3-4 centimeters in width. In front of the uterus is the bladder, behind it is the rectum. At the bottom of the sac is a rounded tubular formation called the cervix.

The woman's vagina is a muscular-elastic formation of a tubular oblong shape, with a slit lumen. Its length can vary from 5 to 14 centimeters, but the vagina has the ability to stretch. The upper border of the organ is the cervix, from below it passes into the vestibule of the vagina.

The ovaries are a paired organ in a woman's body. In them, the process of maturation of eggs - female germ cells involved in conception. In addition, the ovaries produce some sex hormones:

• progestins;
• estrogens;
• androgens.

Their structure is represented by the connective tissue stroma and cortical substance. The mass of the ovary is about 6-8 grams, the length is from 25 to 55 millimeters, the width is 15-30 millimeters.

The fallopian tubes look like two paired hollow tubes connecting the abdominal and uterine cavities. The main function of the uterine (fallopian) tubes is the transportation of the fetal egg to the uterine cavity.

All these organs together form a complex system. They are located very close to each other, are small in size, and can overlap each other. Therefore, a full-fledged diagnosis should give the physician the opportunity to examine each of them, fix its condition, features of the structure and location, and also determine the presence of pathologies.

Why is an ultrasound of the pelvic organs prescribed for women, which shows

The female reproductive and genitourinary system is subject to both specific diseases that affect only these organs, and manifestations of complications, for example, from general inflammatory processes in the body, blood diseases, and infectious diseases. In addition to infertility and menstrual irregularities, all these pathologies can significantly affect a woman's well-being, and some of them even threaten death.

Therefore, an ultrasound examination of these organs is often prescribed to women not only as part of an examination to establish a diagnosis. A consultation and a general gynecological examination, including a pelvic ultrasound, for patients who are sexually active, must be done at least once a year, regardless of the presence or absence of alarming symptoms.

The operation of an ultrasound machine is based on the properties of ultrasonic waves to contact differently with tissues of different densities. Ultrasound waves are reflected from some tissues, absorbed by others, and freely transmitted by others. Thanks to the ultrasonic sensor, the doctor has the opportunity to monitor the condition of the pelvic organs in a woman in real time on the monitor.

In the process, the physician has the opportunity to see:

• uterus and cervix;
• ovaries, follicles, corpus luteum;
• bladder;
• interior space of free fluid;
• rectum (with some types of examination);
• the fallopian tubes.

Types of ultrasound diagnostics of the small pelvis in women

Depending on how exactly the research will be carried out, there are such types of it:

• transvaginal;
• transrectal;
• transabdominal.

In the first case, the probe of the ultrasound machine is inserted through the vagina. Before that, a condom is put on it to prevent contamination of the sensor itself and the ingress of pathogens into the woman's genitals.

Transrectal ultrasound is performed quite rarely, mainly for girls who have not yet had sexual intercourse. In this case, the sensor, with a condom previously put on, is inserted through the anus.

The transabdominal method implies that the examination takes place through the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity, that is, the doctor drives the sensor along the abdomen, having previously applied a special gel to it.

The most informative is the transvaginal method. The other two are used only in cases where the ultrasound room does not have the required type of transducer for insertion into the vagina, or if, for physiological reasons, transvaginal ultrasound is not possible.

Indications and contraindications for the appointment of ultrasound

Before referring the patient to a diagnostic session, the attending physician conducts an examination and a survey, finds out what conditions and diseases the woman has suffered, what symptoms bother her. A referral for this type of ultrasound is issued to a woman if:

• there is a suspicion of pregnancy;
• possible pathologies in the fetus in the womb;
• inflammatory processes develop in the pelvis;
• had an abortion;
• childbirth took place with complications;
• oncology is suspected;
• there are congenital or acquired abnormalities in the development of the pelvic organs;
• disturbed menstrual cycle;
• diagnosed or suspected chronic diseases of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes;
• the woman had suspicious symptoms: sharp pains in the lower abdomen, bleeding from the vagina, not associated with menstruation, pulling and aching sensations.

In what cases is it forbidden to conduct an ultrasound of the pelvic organs? In fact, there are practically no strict contraindications for this method of examination. It is prescribed for pregnant women, can be carried out by girls at any age. In this case, rather, there are limitations associated with the choice of the method of conducting. For example, pregnant women in the later stages and patients who have not yet begun to have sex, transvaginal ultrasound is not prescribed - diagnosis is carried out transabdominally, less often transrectally. If the condition of the anus does not allow the insertion of an ultrasound probe there, the simplest method remains - examination through the anterior abdominal wall.

It is inappropriate to conduct ultrasound diagnostics immediately after X-ray procedures with barium contrast agents. The contrast agent remaining in the body can significantly distort the image on the monitor of the ultrasound machine.

How to prepare for an ultrasound procedure

To obtain the most objective results, an ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs is recommended for women on the 7-10th day of the menstrual cycle, if examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes is expected, and erosion or polycystic disease is suspected. To detect uterine fibroids, the procedure is prescribed immediately after menstrual flow stops. Endometriosis is most accurately determined before the onset of menstruation. To study the process of folliculogenesis, the procedure is prescribed for 5, 9, and once in the period from 14 to 17 days of the menstrual cycle. Pregnant women are shown this type of diagnosis at least once a trimester.

The requirements for preparing the patient when prescribing different types of pelvic ultrasound differ from each other. A common requirement for all three types of ultrasound is to follow a slag-free diet in order to reduce the level of gas formation in the intestines. Dietary restrictions are recommended to be introduced 2-3 days before the date of the examination.

From your menu you need to exclude:

• carbonated drinks and alcohol;
• fresh bread, especially black, and confectionery;
• fresh fruits and vegetables with a high content;
• and dairy products;
• legumes.

As for the special preparation rules, they relate to the fullness of the bladder. For example, with a transabdominal diagnostic method, one hour before the procedure, you need to drink 1-1.5 liters of water so that by the time of the study the bladder is noticeably full. Before transvaginal ultrasound, on the contrary, it is required to empty the bladder.

How is a pelvic examination performed with an ultrasound probe

The patient lies on the couch or is located in the gynecological chair. If the procedure is performed transabdominally, the subject releases the abdomen from clothing, and a conductive gel is applied to it. The doctor firmly presses the sensor to the body at various angles, moves it across the stomach, receiving an image of the internal organs on the monitor.

If we are talking about the transvaginal method, a condom is put on the sensor and a hydrogel is applied, after which the doctor inserts it into the vagina. In this case, the sensor has the form of a thin long tube, about 3 centimeters in diameter, with a rounded end. The doctor changes the angle of the transducer in the vagina to get a clear image of all the organs being examined. The transrectal procedure is similar.

The duration of the study is from 15 to 25 minutes. Patients note that ultrasound is almost completely painless. In some cases, when the sensor moves into the vagina, discomfort may occur, and if an inflammatory process occurs there, even pain. They should be reported to the doctor.

What happens after the procedure

The doctor-diagnostician, having completed the process of examining the organs on the monitor of the ultrasound machine, and having recorded all the information seen with the help of a nurse, proceeds to decipher the results and draw up a medical report.

The results of ultrasound make it possible to assess the size of organs and their structure, due to the property of tissue echogenicity. The diagnostician analyzes the position, structure and size of the fallopian tubes, bladder, uterus and cervix, the size and location of the ovaries, and can determine the number of follicles. An ultrasound image shows the presence or absence of neoplasms in the intestine, stones in the bladder.

The doctor compares all anatomical parameters with the norm, thus getting the opportunity to determine the presence of deviations. For example, thickening of the walls of the cervix or fallopian tubes may indicate the presence of cancer. Various oval or round inclusions show cysts and fibromas. An increase in the size of the ovaries with a simultaneous decrease in the uterus indicates the development of polycystic disease. Inhomogeneous altered echogenicity reflects endometriosis.

The conclusion of the ultrasound diagnostician, along with pictures or a recording of the procedure on a digital medium, is handed over to the patient. All these documents must then be transferred to the attending physician who ordered the ultrasound examination.

Doctors around the world note the high information content and absolute harmlessness of ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women. The accuracy of determining ovarian fibroma through ultrasound is about 90%, the detection of polycystic disease is 97-98%. The procedure is recommended as part of the annual preventive examination for women, to establish a diagnosis, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Its results make it possible to establish the anatomical features of the structure and location of organs, and the presence of pathological changes in them.