When traffic jams burn out in the sky "The Matrix" and "Star Wars" were invented by Russian futurists: what do "Victory over the Sun" and the end of the world have in common? Interesting facts about the sun Common between the sun.

The project was prepared by a student of class 11 A of the Oktyabrsky Lyceum, Daria Bogdanova. Head: Russeva Lyudmila Ivanovna.

Close, deep study of nature is the source of the most fruitful discoveries of mathematics. (J. Fourier)

What do sunset and sine function have in common?

The purpose of the project: to mathematically investigate the phenomenon of sunset. Task: Explore the properties of the sine graph using the sunset phenomenon.

For a number of years, people have presented the initial information about trigonometric functions based on the observed picture of the movement of the Sun in the celestial sphere and the description of the dependence of the moment of sunset on the date of the calendar.

A function in the mathematical sense is a mapping of one set (X) to another (Y), i.e. each element x of the set X is associated with exactly one element y of the set Y , the converse condition is not always satisfied. Each day corresponds to exactly one moment of sunset; the day when the sun does not set does not exist. Moreover, the polar regions are a separate conversation.

date time date time on the 1st day of each month in 2009

By connecting the obtained points, you can build a graph, taking as the abscissa axis the average time of sunset - 18 hours.

20 19 18 17 16 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 2 1

To some deviations from the "ideal" sine graph leads: some oblateness of the globe along the polar axis; Movement in an elliptical, not a circular orbit.

Properties: Domain of definition Domain of admissible values ​​Shortest period Intervals of monotonicity Zero points (roots) Important points

Domain of definition: The solar system exists, if not forever, then for a long time, both in the past and in the future. Therefore, it can be argued that the domain of definition of this function (-∞

Note: By constructing a sunset curve for Volgograd, you can get a similar graph for higher latitudes by vertical stretching, and for lower latitudes by compressing the existing curve.

Tolerance Range: Tolerable sunset times can vary from sunset on the winter solstice to sunset on the summer solstice.

Shortest period: At the end of the year, all the moments of sunset are repeated in the same sequence from January 1 to December 31. period

Intervals of monotony: Approximately from December 21 to June 21, the daylight hours increase, and after June 21 and until December 21, on the contrary, it decreases. increases decreases

Zero points (roots): The beginning of astronomical autumn, like the beginning of spring, corresponds to the zero values ​​of the function - the “nodes” of the wave line.

Important points: (0˚; 0), (90˚; 1), (180˚; 0), (270˚; -1), (360˚; 0) These points, studied for thousands of years, are called the beginning of astronomical spring, summer, autumn, winter.

Conclusion: The graph was obtained as a result of considering a "non-mathematical" model related to everyday life by compiling a table of sunset time values. The concreteness and clarity of presentation facilitate the assimilation of such concepts as "range of permissible values", "monotonicity", periodicity, etc., which can easily be extended to the study of other functions.

Used literature: Mathematical journal for schoolchildren "Alpha" (published since 1967)

Mathematics is the best and even the only introduction to the study of nature. (D.I. Pisarev) The end.

Here everyone does his own thing. The sun shines. The poet writes. Vladimir Mayakovsky poems EXTRAORDINARY ADVENTURE WITH VLADIMIR MAYAKOVSKY IN THE SUMMER IN THE COTTAGE (Pushkino. Akulova Gora, Rumyantsev's cottage, 27 versts along the Yaroslavl Railway) At a hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing, in July summer was rolling, there was heat, the heat was floating - on dacha was it. The hillock of Pushkino hunched with Akulova Mountain, and the bottom of the mountain was a village, the roofs were twisted with bark. And behind the village is a hole, and the sun probably descended into that hole every time, slowly and surely. And tomorrow again the sun rose scarlet to flood the world. And day after day, it began to terribly anger me. And so one day, getting angry that everything faded in fear, point-blank, I shouted to the sun: “Get down! Enough to wander in hell!” I shouted to the sun: “A parasite! , draw posters!" I shouted to the sun: "Wait a minute! Listen, golden-browed, than so, without business to come in, it would have come to me for tea!" What have I done! I'm dead! To me, of my own free will, the sun itself, spreading its beam-steps, walks in the field. I want to not show fear - and retreat backwards. Already in the garden of his eyes. Already passing through the garden. In the windows, in the doors, entering through the crack, the mass of the sun fell, tumbled; taking a breath, she spoke in a bass voice: “I’m driving back the lights for the first time since creation. Did you call me? Drive tea, drive, poet, jam!” Well, sit down, luminary!" The devil pulled my audacity to yell at him - embarrassed, I sat on the corner of the bench, I'm afraid - it couldn't have been worse! But a strange stream was flowing from the sun, and forgetting the sedateness, I sit, talking with the luminary gradually. I’m talking about something, I’m talking about something, Rosta ate, and the sun: “Okay, don’t worry, look at things simply! But you think it’s easy for me to shine. - and shine in both! " Chatted like that until dark - until the former night, that is. What darkness is here? On "you" we are with him, quite comfortable. And soon, not melting friendship, I hit him on the shoulder. And the sun too: "You and me, we, comrade, are two! Let's go, poet, look, sing around the world in gray trash. I will pour my sun, and you yours, in verse." The wall of shadows, nights the prison fell under the suns with a double-barreled shotgun. Poems and light commotion shine into anything! He gets tired and wants to lie down for the night, stupid dreamer. Suddenly - I'm doing my best - and again the day is ringing. Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days of the bottom, shine - and no nails! Here is my slogan and the sun!

... And plus "roboticization of the whole country." Analysis of the trend started by the Futurists in the opera "Victory over the Sun": "Solaris" and "Stalker", "Terminator" and "Matrix", Viktor Tsoi and Andy Warhol. All of them came out of the overcoat of Malevich and his fellows.

The Internet, TV, virtual existence, persistent talk about implantable chips, contemporary art brought to automatism in the perception of reality: maybe machines really rule the world? Did the prophecy from the Russian futurist opera "Victory over the Sun" come true?

The whole XX century passed under the slogan "Robotics!". Machines are embedded in all spheres of human life. The modern man in the street does not think of himself outside the computer. Even in a cafe to swallow a couple of pies - and then with a laptop.

As one good friend complained: “I’m sitting here at my friends’ dacha without a computer! Yearning!" Do sunsets by the river look better on a monitor?

Are we playing Tamagotchi or are they us? To what extent have machines-robots-computers remained a means for humans? Or maybe people imperceptibly become a tool for machines?

The phrases "political machine", "financial ...", "military ..." have long come into use. Maybe a person began to lose features as a biological species or as a spiritual being?

Something tells us inside that we have a single, but no small, advantage over machines: intuition. After all, it was with her help that the triumph of technology over nature was proclaimed in 1913 by Russian futurists in the opera Victory over the Sun. Such is the paradox!

Journey of the Spotted Eye

For the fateful performance, the scenery and costumes were designed by Kazimir Malevich (the text of the "wise man" Kruchenykh, music by Matyushin). Then the founder of Suprematism first introduced the black square as an element of decoration that obscured the sun: an apocalyptic symbol of the victory of the human mind over nature. At the same time they kicked the symbolists with the Balmont slogan "We will be like the Sun."

Interview with Victor Misiano on the situation in contemporary contemporary art in Russia and in the West: “In the 1990s, in the Western creative environment, interest in Russian art was incomparably higher. The Western situation is determined today by the cognitive industry - the production of meanings, not things ... "

The heroes of the opera are mythical characters: Budetlyansky strongmen, Motley eye, Traveler through all ages, Bully, Burialers, Athletes, Aviator.

The general choir sings: “We are free ... Broken sun. Hello darkness!" Budetlyansky strong men tear out the sun “with fresh roots”, declaring: “The sun, you gave birth to passions, burned with an inflamed ray. We'll pull the veil, we'll nail it into a concrete house!

The luminary is “pulled” with a black square, symbolizing the power of human reason, logic, and analysis. Of course, Malevich came to such a figurative solution on a whim, catching something in the atmosphere of his time.

To the accusation of critics that he denies everything good and bright with his square, the artist grumbled that "art moves and develops on its own, whether we like it or not."

Now the Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val is hosting the exhibition "The Theater in the Works of Artists of the 1910-1930s."

The sketches of El Lissitzky's costumes for "Victory over the Sun", but already in 1923, aroused the greatest interest. El Lissitzky (art pseudonym of Lazar Markovich Lissitzky) designed costumes not for actors, but for electromechanical performance.

"PNS" was conceived by him as an automated performance with puppets, in fact, imitating robots. But it was only in 1921 that Chapek coined the very word "robot" in the play "RUR". The robotic Budetlyansky strongman of Lissitzky is simply wonderful: a cubic body, a head in the form of a round black and white antenna, like a yin-yang sign.

The avant-garde director Vsevolod Meyerhold introduced machinery into the theatre, having developed the theory of “biomechanics”, where “the human body is like an automotor”. The director "programs" the actor. At turning points in history, characters become characters.

Russian religious philosophers regularly cursed technology. The Bolsheviks sent them on a "philosophical ship" so as not to spoil the electrification holiday of the whole country.

The remaining Alexei Losev managed to brand the light of electric lamps: “The light of electric bulbs is a dead, mechanical light. It does not hypnotize, but only dulls, coarsens the senses. In it there is the narrowness and emptiness of Americanism, the machine and inveterate production of life and heat. It is the multiplication table made light."

The theme of the “multiplication table”, which became the basis of a technocratic society, is permeated by Yevgeny Zamyatin’s anti-utopia “We” (1920) about machine-like people living in the One State under a “sterile sky”. And here the industrialization of the USSR is in full swing: the romance is wrapped up. Society itself is turning into a machine where a person is no longer even a robot, but a cog.

American science fiction writers at first enjoyed the world of the future, where robots are uncomplaining servant-slaves whose purpose is to make human life more comfortable. Isaac Asimov introduced three rules of robotics, the general meaning of which is - do not harm the human owner.

However, soon the writers sounded the alarm: people themselves began to turn into machines! The novel Simulacra by Philip Dick (about robotic presidents, electromechanical simulacra) appeared long before the famous work of the French postmodernist Jean Baudrillard Simulacra and Simulation. Baudrillard will frighten with the metaphysics of the machine-market realm. Deleuze - a man as a "social desire machine".

Andy Warhol calmly admitted: "I am a machine." True, after the assassination attempt, he became less calm and even began to attend church.

The girl who almost sent the king of pop art to the next world, went out into the street from his "Factory", bought ice cream and, having finished eating, proudly told the traffic controller: "I shot at Andy Warhol!"

"I killed John Lennon!" another "rational" son of a bitch will say smugly.

Technological progress has stepped into space. It is curious that the large-scale space stations of Lucas' Star Wars are almost copies of Malevich's plaster architectons, futuristic architectural models that were not rigidly tied to the conditions of earth's gravity.

55 years after Yevgeny Zamyatin's novel "We", the English rock band Pink Floyd performed the song "Welcome to the car" - about the show business car.

In the album "The Wall" the total machine has grown to the size of the whole world, overwhelming the individual. Zamyatin, by the way, wrote off the image of the United State from the English shipyards, where he worked as an engineer. But ideologically, the novel, of course, was a parody of the proletarian cult, striving to "turn the proletariat into an unprecedented social automaton with the iron mechanics of the new collective."

Russians usually leave all the demonic-machine functions at the mercy of their native state in order to revel in slovenliness themselves, that is, "to live like a human being."

A huge number of Soviet paintings of the 60-80s ("July rain", "Moscow does not believe in tears", "Flying in a dream and in reality") are filled with picnics.

After wild industrial breakthroughs, victory in the Great Patriotic War and a jump into space, the USSR stayed on hiking trips and barbecues until the piercing wind of change of the 80s came up.

And again, Suprematist art became in demand. The cover of the album "Blood Type" (1988) by the "Kino" group is a copy of Malevich's poster for the film "Doctor Mambuzo" (1922). There is again a black circle - a symbol of the eclipse. This is a completely Suprematist look: “And wherever you are, whatever you do, there is war between earth and sky…”

In the Union, "aggressive machinery" began to manifest itself in culture in the form of breakdance. At the end of the tape "Courier" (1988), young people in black glasses are frighteningly twitching.

However, robots did not take root in Soviet science fiction. Russians, with their mental and emotional dominance, have always found it difficult to seriously talk about the subject of a man-machine. Amphibious man - back and forth. The Strugatskys and Efremov created mostly futuristic social models. Electronics is hardly distinguishable from his counterpart Serezha Syroezhkin. Here is the idea of ​​Pinocchio-Pinocchio: the doll wants to become human. Of the "self-sufficient" robots, there was one bright character - Werther, and he was killed by space pirates. He is the only victim of the "Guest from the Future".

Two worlds - two types of robots

Technocratic Americans have a different story. From their future, the evil Terminator falls almost on the heads of poor people. If you remember, in the first series, naked Schwartz "descends" straight from heaven onto the asphalt.

In the United States, the theme of a rebellion of machine slaves against human masters has long been developed. As part of the "victim - executioner" system, where they often change places. Like Kubrick in Odyssey 2001: either the HAL 9000 computer (almost HELL) with artificial intelligence wets the crew, or the miraculously surviving astronaut wets the presumptuous computer. Moreover, turning off, he unbearably poignantly sings a children's song, questioning the thesis that machines have no soul.

The virtual reality in The Matrix has a mythological scope and biblical analogies: there is both a prophet and a savior. However, this computer apocalypse does not stand out too much against the background of other US films: Hollywood has put the end of the world on stream.

The Germans are more serious citizens in terms of metaphysics. It was they who made the second production of "Victory over the Sun", 70 years after the premiere.

The project was carried out in 1983 by the West Berlin Academy of Arts, although not without the help of the California Institute. The Americans themselves would be much more suited to the attraction version of Lissitzky: there is a watershed in the American and Russian perceptions.

The Americans, due to the technocratic nature of civilization, have saturated their virtual reality with the same mythical archetypes. But what gives it authenticity is the American faith... in electricity. As the poet Kormiltsev wrote, "this music will last forever if I change the batteries."

Americans believe in The Terminator and The Matrix precisely because they are convinced of the omnipotence of electricity. It has its own God and Devil, its own good and evil. But for Russians, the reality of this world is doubtful, because it is enough to pull the plug out of the socket - and that's it! Another end of the world!

Here, approximately, as in Moscow today. You are sitting writing an article, and suddenly bam - computer woo. I'm free for two or four hours - an accident at a power plant, something burned down in the house, scheduled repairs - dozens of reasons. You thought it was the end of the world, and this is a short circuit.

Whether it's an icon, it "works" on a metaphysical current. You can feel its effect using only your own soul and imagination. For Malevich, the black square, circle, cross were not just symbols of an idea, they were living mystical signs. It is no coincidence that he hung the Black Square at the 0.10 exhibition in the red corner.

Poetry ends, politics begins

In Kazimir Malevich's five-volume book, which was published by the Gilea publishing house, on every page he has discourses about God and the sacredness of his signs.

Here are his thoughts in a letter to Lissitzky about his famous painting “Head of a Peasant”: “I painted an ordinary head of a peasant, it turned out that it was extraordinary. And indeed it is, if you look from the point of view of the East. What is ordinary for Westerners becomes unusual for the people of the East, everything ordinary turns into an Icon, for the East is iconic, and the West is a machine, an object, a toilet, utilitarianism, technology.

Digital reality is powered by electricity, spiritual-mystical - by some more subtle energy.

I will say: as soon as we run out of poetry, politics begins. That is why “Victory over the Sun” was not staged in Russia for 69 years: from 1920 to 1989. Suprematism waited out communism. Vitebsk students of Malevich thought that after communism Suprematism would come. And so it happened.

In short, humanity will never lose to machines until it has forgotten how to love. At least in the same way as the WALL-E robot. Ugh…

The sun, the central body of the solar system, is a hot ball of gas. It is 750 times more massive than all other bodies in the solar system combined. That is why everything in the solar system can be roughly considered to revolve around the sun. The Sun outweighs the Earth by more than 330,000 times. A chain of 109 planets like ours could be placed on the solar diameter. The sun is the closest star to Earth and the only star whose disk is visible to the naked eye. All other stars that are light years away from us, even when viewed through the most powerful telescopes, do not reveal any details of their surfaces. Light from the Sun reaches us in 8 and a third minutes.

The sun rushes in the direction of the constellation Hercules in an orbit around the center of our Galaxy, overcoming more than 200 km every second. The Sun and the center of the Galaxy are separated by an abyss of 25,000 light years. A similar abyss lies between the Sun and the outskirts of the Galaxy. Our star is located near the galactic plane, not far from the border of one of the spiral arms.

The size of the Sun (1392,000 km in diameter) is very large by Earth standards, but astronomers, at the same time, call it a yellow dwarf - in the world of stars, the Sun does not stand out in anything special. However, in recent years, there are more and more arguments in favor of some unusualness of our Sun. In particular, the Sun emits less ultraviolet radiation than other stars of the same type. The sun has more mass than similar stars. In addition, these very similar stars to the Sun are seen in inconstancy, they change their brightness, that is, they are variable stars. The sun does not noticeably change its brightness. All this is not a reason for pride, but the basis for more detailed research and serious checks.

The radiation power of the Sun is 3.8 * 1020 MW. Only about one-half of a billionth of the Sun's total energy reaches Earth. Imagine a situation in which 15 standard apartments of 45 sq.m. flooded to the ceiling with water. If this amount of water is the entire output of the Sun, then the Earth will have less than a teaspoon. But it is thanks to this energy that the water cycle occurs on Earth, winds blow, life has developed and is developing. All the energy hidden in fossil fuels (oil, coal, peat, gas) is also originally the energy of the Sun.

The Sun radiates its energy in all wavelengths. But in a different way. 48% of the radiation energy is in the visible part of the spectrum, and the maximum corresponds to the yellow-green color. About 45% of the energy lost by the Sun is carried away by infrared rays. Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and radio radiation account for only 8%. However, the radiation of the Sun in these ranges is so strong that it is very noticeable at distances even hundreds of solar radii. The magnetosphere and the Earth's atmosphere protect us from the harmful effects of solar radiation.

The main characteristics of the Sun

The Earth and the Moon are particles of our solar system, at the center of which is the Sun. Since ancient times, the universe has been mysterious and carried with it many secrets. Man wanted to unravel these mysteries and learn something new. Astronautics has become a big step for the knowledge of space. Everyone knows that Gagarin for the first time managed to fly around the Earth and land successfully. Since that time, people began to celebrate Cosmonautics Day, and the American astronaut took the first step on the surface of the moon and set the national flag. The planets revolve around the Sun in orbits and are tens of thousands of kilometers apart from each other. The sun is still mysterious and unexplored. So what is the difference between the Moon and the Sun?

There is almost no atmosphere on the moon. Its entire surface is covered in craters due to the fall of meteorites. The craters are round in shape and have a hill in the center, which is evidence of a volcanic eruption. Lunar mountains are located on the surface, which were formed in the same way as on Earth. There are so-called Lunar seas. These are newer areas and there are almost no craters, these seas are dark spots. There is practically no gravity on the Moon, so it is best for a person to move around by jumping. From the Earth, you can see the Moon in different ways, it all depends on how it is located in relation to the Sun.

The most interesting phenomenon for astronauts is solar eclipse. The moon obscures the solar disk for some time. There are also lunar eclipses. The moon is on the other side of the sun and falls into the shadow of the earth. The sun's rays illuminate the Moon a little and from the Earth this phenomenon looks very beautiful. These eclipses can last up to two hours.

The sun is the star around which all the planets in our solar system revolve. It has the shape of a sphere and consists of gas and plasma, which have a huge temperature equal to 6000 degrees Celsius. On the Sun you can see a lot of granules and from the side they look like a "honeycomb".

Really see at sunset dark spots. Many scientists have tried to figure out what it is, and one succeeded. Galileo Galilei proved that dark spots are formations on the surface of the Sun. Such spots appear and disappear once every 11 years. When the sunspots increase, solar activity occurs.

Solar flares are dangerous. The flow of charged particles during solar flares has a negative effect on humans. During a solar flare, astronauts are wary of spacewalks. Radio communications are disrupted on Earth. Many people during this period may not feel well. Flares occur over several sunspots in the region of the Sun's corona and last for several minutes.

The sun can stretch along the line of its equator and scientists say that the star is pulsating. The rhythm of this pulse reaches 2 hours.

The age of the sun reaches about 5 billion years and for the same number of years it will shine, according to scientists. After that, all hydrogen fuel will be burned, the Sun will expand and turn into a "red giant" and will not be able to hold its shell. It will simply dissolve into space and the Sun will become an extinct star.

The difference between the sun and the moon

• purpose. The sun is a star. She gives the earth light and warmth. Without it, cold and darkness would reign on Earth. No living creature could survive in such conditions. The Moon is the only but very important natural satellite of the Earth. Without it, human history would have been very different. The Moon regulates many important factors on Earth, such as the ebb and flow of the tides.
• The size. The Sun is much larger than the Earth, and the Moon, on the contrary, is smaller than the Earth. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times larger than the diameter of the Earth. The moon's diameter is about 3475 kilometers and this is 4 times less than the earth.
• Distance. The Sun is much farther from the Earth than the Moon. The sun is at a distance of 150 million kilometers from the Earth; The Moon is at a distance of 380,000 kilometers from the Earth.
• Compound. A star consists of plasma and gases heated to enormous temperatures. The plasma ball of the Sun consists of several layers, which become less hot as they move away from the center of the star. The sun has a magnetic field. It is due to the rotation of the star. There is also an atmosphere. It is divided into the photosphere (the inner layer that emits light), the chromosphere, and the crust (the outer layer).

The moon consists of a crust, which is divided into several layers: the upper mantle, middle and core. Its thickness varies on average from 0 to 105 km. Scientists have found that the crust on the Moon is thicker on the side that faces the Earth. There is almost no atmosphere on the satellite that protects against “stray” celestial bodies. The entire lunar surface is covered with debris that resemble rocks. They were formed due to the fact that meteorites collided with the moon.

Common between Sun and Moon

The sun and the moon have a common house - space. Together they shine, and each person can admire them. The satellite and the star, of course, are not similar to each other and they have many differences, but if you look from the other side, they are interconnected. After all, you can see a different moon in the sky. It all depends on which side it is located towards the Sun. A phenomenon such as a solar eclipse or a lunar eclipse is also due to the moon.

Since ancient times, people have learned to predict certain phenomena on Earth by the location of the Moon and the Sun. For example, they could calculate when the tides would rise or fall. It all depended on the movement of the Moon in its orbit and the movement of the Sun.

Planet Earth is entirely dependent on these two celestial bodies and thanks to them the existence of mankind has a real form.