mbou dod duts "rhythm". A Beginner's Guide to Pedigree Writing

Chapter II. THEORY

1. Types of genealogies.

a) In genealogy there are two possible areas of research:

• ascending,
• descending.

In ascending pedigree, the object of research is the person about whose ancestors information is being collected. They start with it, then go along ascending steps or knees, i.e. to father, grandfather, great-grandfather, etc. This is the initial type of genealogy, when the researcher still has little information, when he consistently goes from the known to the unknown.

When compiling a descending pedigree, one begins with the most distant known ancestor and gradually moves to his descendants. Such a genealogy allows us to clearly present the overall picture of the life and activities of the clan, starting from more distant times and gradually unfolding to the present day.

Both ascending and descending genealogies are male and mixed.

Male descending A genealogy is a genealogy that indicates all the descendants of a given ancestor, but which originated only from men; in relation to the female representatives of the clan, it is limited to indicating the names of their spouses.

Mixed descending This is called a pedigree that clearly indicates all the offspring of a given ancestor, both descended from men and women. Such a genealogy is not, of course, a genealogy of one surname, because often covers a huge number of genera descended from one ancestor along the female lines. It is sometimes necessary to clarify family ties between lateral and very distant relatives and most often appears in inheritance proceedings.

Male ascendant the genealogy, when depicted, will look like a line, since in each generation there will be one ancestor of a given person. This pedigree is used to prove a person’s family connection with some famous historical figure distant in time.

Mixed ascending genealogy is a genealogy that indicates all the ancestors of a given person, both male and female. Such a genealogy always has the correct form when depicted graphically, because in the first tribe one person is indicated, in the second - two, in the third - four, in the fourth - eight, etc. in geometric progression, and each of these persons in one tribe belongs to a different clan, so that in the fourth tribe we have representatives of eight different surnames, and in the fifth there are already sixteen, etc.

b) Family tree.

Figure No. 1

Figure No. 2

A genealogy can be drawn up in the form of a tree, where the trunk represents, for example, you, the branches of the trunk represent your parents, smaller branches represent your grandparents, etc. Such a tree will be ascending (Fig. No. 1). The descending tree is similar in appearance, but your ancestor will be at the base, and you will be at the crown.

There are cases, and in Russian genealogical practice of the 17th century this was considered the rule, when the descending table is, as it were, inverted: the ancestor is placed in the top line, and then, on the corresponding horizontal lines, the generations of his descendants go down (Fig. No. 2). This is exactly how genealogical tables are designed in Russian genealogical books of the 17th century and Russian pre-revolutionary historical literature.

When designing a tree, the name and surname are written on circles that are nailed to the trunks and branches or depicted in the form of leaves or fruits suspended from the tree. All men who have offspring are written on a yellow background, those without children are written on a red background. The names of married women are in purple, girls' names are in blue. All living faces are on a green background, men are darker, women are lighter. This coloring is not a rule, but only a custom adopted in Western Europe; in Russia it is rarely used. Men's names were written in rectangles or diamonds, women's names in circles or ovals. The reverse designation rarely occurred.

A family tree looks beautiful and visual, but it cannot provide detailed information about the individuals mentioned in it.

c) Pedigree table.

Figure No. 3

A pedigree chart can tell you more about each character mentioned in it. Tables can also be ascending or descending. In general, a table is the same tree, only made not with a drawing, but strictly graphically (Fig. No. 3). If the table is made graphically correctly - each generation is located strictly on the same horizontal line - then the structure and family ties within the genus are clearly and clearly reflected. Unlike the ascending table, it is very difficult to draw a descending table without errors: it not only contains a non-matching number of names in each generation, but also a different number of descendants for each person in one generation.

d) Horizontal table.

A horizontal table presents the same data in a slightly different form. Since it is difficult to calculate the location of faces in a table, on a modern printed sheet it seems to “lie on its side.” On the left is the person whose pedigree is being compiled, or the ancestor, and then - in columns, by generation, all his ancestors or descendants (Fig. No. 4). Unlike a descending table constructed vertically, where the seniority of persons in each generation goes from left to right, in a horizontal table the eldest son or daughter is always placed at the top, and seniority is read from top to bottom.

Figure No. 4

The tables widely use generally accepted abbreviations and symbols:

AND.- first name (patronymic is excluded to save space; in addition, it is restored by the father’s name)

F.- surname

T/P- title, profession (occupation, social status, specialty, titles, ranks, ranks, etc.)

* 1965 - born in 1965

+ 1991 - died in 1991

X 1990- married 1990

1) 1987 2) 1989- married several times in 1987 and 1989

In addition to these signs, others are used:

* 1965 - born in 1965

)(1988 - divorced in 1988

(+) 1992 - buried in 1992.

Other designations may also be used.

Along with the signs, abbreviations of the corresponding words are also used: father - O.; mother - m. If the exact date of birth, death or marriage is unknown, write “about” - OK., before, after. For example: * until 1914; X ok. 1940; + after 1970

Each name in the table is assigned its own number (for more information about this, see the “Genealogical lists” section).

e) Circular table.

Figure No. 5

f) Genealogical paintings.

The painting is a verbal retelling of the table. It makes it possible to place all the necessary information under each name. For the sample, a pedigree list of A.S. Pushkin’s ancestors is provided.

Pedigree list of A.S. Pushkin's ancestors.

I generation

2. Sergei Lvovich Pushkin, b. 05/23/1770, d. 07/29/1848 and buried in the Svyatogorsk Monastery. In 1777 - sergeant of the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment, 1791 - ensign, 1797 - captain-lieutenant of the Life Jaeger battalion, 1798 - retired major, 1800 - in the Commissariat staff, 1811 - military adviser, 1814 - head of the Commissariat Commission of the reserve army in Warsaw , 1817 - retired state councilor.
J. From November 1795:

3. Nadezhda Osipovna Hannibal, b. 06/21/1775, d. 03/29/1836 and buried in the Svatogorsky Monastery. Her dowry is the village of Mikhailovskoye.

II generation

4. Lev Alexandrovich Pushkin, b. 02.17.1723, d. 10/25/1790 and was buried in the old cathedral of the Donskoy Monastery. In 1739 - corporal, 1741 - sergeant, 1747 - bayonet cadet, 1749 - second lieutenant, 1754 - captain, 1759 - major, 09/23/1763 - retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel of artillery.
His first marriage was to Maria Matveevna Voeikova, she died in a home prison, from her there are three sons.
J. (second marriage):

5. Olga Vasilievna Chicherina, b. 06/05/1737, d. 01/22/1802. Daughter of Vasily Ivanovich Chicherin (1700-1793), Poltava commandant, and Lukeria Vasilievna, née Priklonskaya.
They have two sons and two daughters.

6. Joseph (Osip) Abramovich Hannibal, b. 04/20/1744, died 10/12/1806. Captain of the 2nd rank, landowner of the village. Mikhailovsky, Pskov province.
J. from 09.11.1772:

7. Maria Alekseevna Pushkina, b. 01/20/1745, d. 06/27/1818. Daughter of Alexei Fedorovich Pushkin (1717 - 1777) and Sarah Yuryevna Rzhevskaya.
They have one daughter - Nadezhda.

In the pedigree murals When a name is given, a number is placed on the left side in order. Numbering was invented by the 16th-century German historian Michel Eisinger, improved by the Spaniard Jerome Sosa in 1676, and completed two hundred years later by Stefan Stradonitz. A Sosa-Stradonitz number is assigned to all direct ancestors, with men receiving even numbers and women receiving odd numbers (with the exception of the person whose genealogy is being compiled). This table can be continued indefinitely, and: the father’s number is twice the product of the son’s (daughter’s) number, and the mother’s number is the father’s number plus one. By the number you can easily determine the correspondence of descendants and ancestors. So the son of number 10 will be placed at number 5, the wife at number 11, the parents at numbers 20 and 21, etc. For a genealogy to be scientific, it must first of all be reliable. And for this it is necessary that with each information the source from which it was drawn is indicated, which makes it possible to always check it.

In a genealogy, all members of a given clan are listed by generation. Often a genealogy is preceded by a legend, that is, a legend about the origin of the family. Examples of such legends are sometimes filled with fantastic news.

All genealogies are divided into ascending and descending. The first list the ancestors of a person by tribe, the second “descend” from the head of the clan to his descendants.
In many countries there was a custom to depict genealogies in the form of a tree, since the tree symbolized the idea of ​​growth, prosperity and prosperity of the family. The ancestor was placed in the roots of the tree, and all the descendants were placed on the branches.
usually with wives and husbands. There were special rules for the design of such trees. For example, tablets with the names of men and women, sons and daughters, living and deceased ancestors were of different colors. As a result, the family trees turned out to be colorful and easy to use. They spread first of all to Europe; they came to Russia later. (Fig.1.)

Fig. 1. Ascending family trees.

There were also genealogies in the form of a human body and others. Family trees are an example of ascending ancestry.
Typically, genealogies are depicted in the form of genealogical tables, diagrams and paintings.

The tables, like all genealogies, are divided into ascending and descending. Tables have their pros and cons. On the one hand, they are convenient due to their compactness and contain a large amount of information in a compressed form. On the other hand, they limit the number of generations included and do not allow additional information to be entered.
Tables come in many different types and may vary depending on the purpose of their compilation. Their appearance also differs. There are vertical, horizontal and circular tables. Horizontal ones can include more data. The most common tables of descending kinship in the male line are those that include both male and female offspring descended only from men. The spread of such tables is explained by the specifics of the medieval period. All rights, private property and social status were inherited through the male line. (Fig. 2.)

Fig.2. An example of a blank horizontal genealogy table.

The second common type is mixed tables of ascending kinship. They listed the direct ancestors of a given person on both lines. (Fig. 3.)

Fig.3. Mixed ascending kinship table.

Fig.4. Circular (circular) table of kinship.

Significantly more information may include a pedigree, or generational history. In Rus', genealogical paintings along the male line were common. The ancestor was placed at number 1, followed by his descendants. Since the painting, unlike a table, is not limited in space, it allows you to indicate many additional information. For example, the tables usually reported the name, nickname, title, and dates of life. The painting can include incomparably more data.

There is a method similar to painting - a genosociogram (family tree with its significant facts, important life events and graphically represented emotional connections). (Fig. 5.)

The term itself comes from the words “genealogy” - the study of the family tree and “sociometry” - the measurement of relationships between people. The gene sociogram is a more comprehensive method than the genogram often used in family therapy.

This is an annotated family tree with several labels; used primarily in systemic therapy and by social scientists who are not psychoanalysts and thus are less likely to "dig" into life stories for hidden or unconscious connections.

To work with the genosociogram, the following information is required:

· Current age of all family members.

· Dates of birth and death, age and diagnosis of deceased relatives.

· Dates of marriages, duration of marriages. Age of children at the time of relationship interruption (divorce).

· Myths and legends of the family, as well as those related to the cause of death of some relatives.

· Age difference between spouses.

· Change of surname, first name.

· Number of children in families.

· Abortions, miscarriages.

· Professions.

· Diseases, alcoholism, drug addiction.

· Imprisonment in places of deprivation of liberty (prisons, correctional colonies).

· Suicide, rape, violent death, physical injury.

· Road traffic incidents, accidents.

· Incest (of the first type - forbidden relations between blood relatives, of the second type - between people who became relatives as a result of marriage).

A gene sociogram is a family tree built from memory, that is, without the use of additional information and documents, supplemented by important life events with their dates and connections, emotional context (sociometric connections in the form of arrows or colored lines). The genosociogram is not a classic family tree that describes all family ties. What is important is the way in which the author of this “fantasy tree” perceives the characters and the connections that connect them and himself with vertical ancestors and horizontal relatives, as well as with their roles. Sometimes even blank spots, gaps in a family’s memory can say a lot about what was “erased from family memory.”

In the countries of East and Central Europe, both in Russia and around the Mediterranean, the family represents a very strong “social atom”, a nest, a closely knit clan, a “matrix”, on the basis of which individuals build themselves and find their identity.

The most informative, interesting and relevant thing in working with a genosociogram is to establish probable connections between events, facts, dates, ages, and situations.

One can assume a probable relationship, for example, between death and birth or a coincidence of dates or ages (synchrony, anniversary syndrome); This also includes the repetition of certain events and the hypothesis of reactivation of feelings and anticipation stress in certain periods of a person’s and family’s life - anniversary stress.

The genosociogram takes into account the heredity of the family in several generations and helps each person understand his “life scenario”, choices in professional and personal life. It reveals some unconscious tendencies in the life of the family, including relatives, reveals various roles, family myths and secrets, repetitions in the choice of spouses, professions, lifestyle, worldview, as well as patterns in diseases, injuries, and deaths.

Fig.5. An example of a genosociogram.

In the form of a conditionally symbolic “tree”, at the “roots” of which the ancestor is indicated, on the “trunk” - representatives of the main (by seniority) line of the clan, and on the “branches” - various lines of the pedigree, its known descendants - “leaves” (real the example illustrates the tree of “descending genealogy”, which are the most common); but often, if the painting is not stylized in the form of a real tree, which was very common in the past, the diagram represents the family tree inverted, when the ancestor is located at the top of the table. A family tree or pedigree tree is also called the representation of ascending or descending genealogies and genealogical tables in general - genealogy (genealogy) deals with all this.

The circular table is a private and rarely used version of the less common “mixed ascending pedigree” (from the person in the center, along the maternal and paternal lines to the ancestors). Such tables are more common in French and English genealogy. In the center of the circle is the person whose ancestors are being studied, the second (outer) circle is divided in half, the father and mother are indicated in it, the third, concentric circle is divided into 4 parts, grandparents are recorded in them, etc.

It should be noted that in Russian genealogy, direct kinship is considered exclusively in the male line, “descending from father to son”; this norm is well illustrated by the status of belonging to the noble class, which was not inherited through the mother’s line, that is, the ancestors and descendants on the maternal side are not in direct kinship (she is the only and last direct descendant in her line), however, in the era of “matriarchy” the descendants on the maternal side they were directly related. It is no coincidence that there is an expression “the race is cut short,” which implies, first of all, the absence of sons.

About the meaning of the term

The use of the word “tree”, which has become quite widespread, instead of the traditionally used and having full meaning at the present time - “tree”, is considered a distortion of the professional thesaurus and a devaluation of the generally accepted norms of the language of the applied historical discipline, which is genealogy, and not just the corporate argot of genealogies. The urgent need to preserve tradition is explained not only by “decorative” considerations, but also by completely utilitarian and - quite simply: the integral, interdisciplinary features of real science (the combination in research of turning to sources that are very heterogeneous in terms of genre), imply not only their own norms of the workshop, but also the danger of coexistence of a distorted term with a homonym. In addition, this is another example of the impoverishment of an already extremely “shrunken” language, filled not only with all-pervasive jargon, but also with completely unjustified, alien expressions.

see also

• GRAMPS - genealogical computer program

GENEALOGICAL TABLES

EXPLANATIONS

The tables are intended to make it easier for the reader to navigate the extensive prosopographical material contained in the volume, summarizing it whenever possible and presenting it in a systematic form of interrelated genealogies. This required, naturally, the inclusion of a number of names not mentioned in the texts and comments, but without which the genealogy would have lost its coherence. In addition, the compiler took the liberty of adding to the tables a fair number of persons dynastically connected with the Old Russian princely house, although these connections are not discussed in the text. Therefore, the tables are not only an auxiliary part of the volume, but also carry independent, separate information. At the same time, of course, one should in no way expect exhaustive completeness from the given genealogies. The names of many historically more or less important characters remained outside them, if their presence was not dictated by the needs mentioned above; the exception is some well-known names, which give the reader the opportunity to link the genealogy to historically marking figures - Charlemagne, Alexander Nevsky, Přemysl-Otakar I, etc. As a result, genealogies sometimes suffer from annoying, but inevitable selectivity, presenting names that are insignificant (since they appear in the text) and omitting historically much more significant ones (but not found in the text). The reader will have to come to terms with this, just as the compiler did.

A few technical notes.

The °° sign between two names indicates a marriage between the respective individuals. Occasionally, under one name or another, an arrow (->) is found, which means that this person is present in the same table in the part where the arrow points, but in a different genealogical context.

It should be noted that filiation between parents and descendants can be carried out either on behalf of the sign or directly on behalf of the parent. The first means origin from the specified marriage, the second means origin outside of it (out of wedlock or from another marriage not included in the table). Dotted filiation (.........) makes it clear that the genealogical connection between these individuals is conjectural.

The name legends are extremely laconic. Of the chronological indications, only the date of death is given; it should be remembered that it does not always coincide with the end date of the reign (if we are talking about a king, prince, etc.). The date is present only when the name is mentioned in the main table for it; in case of repeated mentions (if any) in other tables, it is omitted. For example, the date of death of the Anglo-Saxon princess Gida, the first wife of Vladimir Monomakh, is given in Table VII, which presents the Anglo-Saxon kings in sum; when Gida is mentioned in the genealogy of Russian princes (Table IXb), this detail is missing. And vice versa: the date of death of Vladimir Monomakh is in table IXb, but it is not in table VII, although Monomakh’s name is mentioned there too. The reader will find more details in the index of personal names.

In the legend, we tried, as far as was available to us, to take into account the current status of the named person. In other words, in Table VII, where Vladimir Monomakh appears only as Gida’s husband, he is called the Prince of Pereyaslavl, because during Gida’s life Vladimir was not yet the Prince of Kyiv. But in Table IXb Monomakh is designated, naturally, as the Prince of Kiev.

A certain terminological difficulty is presented by the distinction between “West Frankish” and “French” and, accordingly, between “East Frankish” and “German” kings, which is associated with a number of contradictory conventions in historiography. Realizing that there was a tendency to use the first pair of terms throughout the 10th century. (Otto II is still an “East Frankish” king, while his son Otto III is already a “German”, “German”), we still prefer to carry out this conditional edge, focusing on the end of the Carolingian dynasty in the East Frankish kingdom at the beginning of the 10th century; in this case, the last “East Frankish” king remains Louis IV, and Conrad I and Henry I become “German”. In view of what has been said, from the first Capetians Odon (died in 898) we conventionally call it “West Frankish”, and his brother Robert I (died in 923) - already “French

Table I. Frankish kings and emperors.

Table II. German kings and emperors.

In genealogy, two directions of research are accepted:

Rising,

Descending.

In ascending pedigree, the object of research is the person about whose ancestors information is being collected. They start with it, then go along ascending steps or knees, i.e. to father, grandfather, great-grandfather, etc. This is the initial type of genealogy, when the researcher still has little information, when he consistently goes from the known to the unknown.

When compiling a descending pedigree, one begins with the most distant known ancestor and gradually moves to his descendants. Such a genealogy allows us to clearly present the overall picture of the life and activities of the clan, starting from more distant times and gradually unfolding to the present day.

Both ascending and descending genealogies are male and mixed.

Male descending genealogy is a genealogy that indicates all the descendants of a given ancestor, but descended only from men; in relation to the female representatives of the clan, it is limited to indicating the names of their spouses.

Mixed descending is a pedigree that indicates all the descendants of a given ancestor, both descended from men and women. Such a genealogy is not, of course, a genealogy of one surname, because often covers a huge number of genera descended from one ancestor along the female lines. It is sometimes necessary to clarify family ties between lateral and very distant relatives and most often appears in inheritance proceedings.

A male ascendant genealogy, when depicted, will look like a line, since in each generation there will be one ancestor of a given person. This pedigree is used to prove a person’s family connection with some famous historical figure distant in time.

A mixed ascending pedigree is a pedigree that lists all of a person's ancestors in both the male and female lines. Such a genealogy always has the correct form when depicted graphically, because in the first tribe one person is indicated, in the second - two, in the third - four, in the fourth - eight, etc. in geometric progression, and each of these persons in one tribe belongs to a different clan, so that in the fourth tribe we have representatives of eight different surnames, and in the fifth there are already sixteen, etc.

Pedigree tables.

In the period of the 15th-16th centuries, tables became a form of summarizing information on genealogy. The tables were ascending and descending, reflecting the kinship of male and female lines, and tracing the kinship of mixed lines.

In scientific works, tables of descending kinship along the male line are most often used, containing offspring of both sexes descended from men; addressing women was limited to the names of their spouses. These conventions are related to the laws of inheritance through the male line (social status and title). Mixed tables of ascending kinship were used, indicating the direct ancestors of the male and female lines without side branches, convenient and visual in determining the gaps in the pedigree.

In practice, tables of ascending and descending kinship along direct female lines are rarely used. But these developments are of interest and are used in modern works. In the historical past, such tables were used in England (Wales).

The tables are varied in appearance. Can be horizontal, vertical, circular. They are clear, compact and concise.

Modern conditions dictate their own characteristics. Genealogies are saturated with information: photographs, various certificates, information from biographies, service records, work activities, etc. The form of recording also changes. For such cases, a form called pedigree painting or generational painting is convenient.

If the pedigree table can be supplemented with a pedigree painting, in cases of a large amount of information, then it is possible to combine the visualization with textual information, with photographs and images of ancient tomes and letters. In the development of modern computer technologies, the use of information processing results for pedigrees is gaining current importance.

Information about representatives of the clan should be short, concise and contain the necessary minimum: first name, patronymic, last name, years of life, rank, title, profession, place of birth, some historical details, awards, and so on at the discretion of the compiler.