Scientific educational story - what is it? Scientific and educational literature. Scientific educational children's book What story is called scientifically

Primary classes

Lesson-research: comparison of a scientific educational article and a fiction story

Lomets Elena Gennadievna,

primary school teacher of the highest qualification category

State Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 9 of Slutsk"

Russian literature (literary reading)

Subject: 1) scientific educational story “Moon”; 2) the story “Moon” by V. Gorkov and Yu. Avdeev.

Goals: comparison and analysis of scientific, educational and artistic stories; finding their distinctive features and characteristics.

Tasks: repeat the distinctive features of a scientific educational story; learn to analyze, compare, draw conclusions; develop students’ monologue speech, their imagination, memory; develop interest in literature of different genres.

Equipment: an exhibition of encyclopedias on the topic “Space”, a table “Distinctive features of a scientific-educational story and a work of art”, cards for comparative analysis of stories, stickers “Stars”.

During the classes

I Organizational and psychological moment

A student reads the poem “Native Planet”

Let's fly up like a rocket.

We'll fly down like a comet.

We strived for the stars and the light,

Now let's return to our home planet.

There are nine planets, but this one is

The third planet from the Sun is

Our native land.

It is wide and free!

Both forests and fields are noisy here.

She will never get bored!

II Communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson

– Today we have not an ordinary lesson, but a research lesson. Remember thatWhat does the word "research" mean? / study, search, experiments, observation…/

– Since we are working on the “Space” project, the topic of our research in the lesson is as follows ( writing on the board): comparison and analysis of scientific educational text and fiction story.

Goal: to find the distinctive features of a scientific educational story in comparison with a fiction story.

III Updating knowledge. Quiz (For the correct answer, the student sticks a star on himself)

COUNTER

Rockets are being sent

To any of the planets.

One two three four five.

Call it what you want -

The whole sky to choose from:

There is Venus, there is Jupiter,

Mars, Mercury and Pluto.

Who will get to drive?

One, two, three - the rocket is waiting.

The countdown begins:

Five, four - the firmament,

Three - the pilot took aim,

Two, one - attention, TAKE-OFF!

1. What is space? / this is all that exists: the Sun, Earth, Moon, planets, stars, comets /

2. What distinctive features of space do you know? / there is no oxygen, there is weightlessness /

3. What color is the sky in space? / black/

4. What are stars? / these are huge balls of gas, the temperature of which reaches several thousand degrees /

5. How many stars do scientists know? /200 million/

6. What types of stars are there? / giants, dwarfs /

7. Which star is the largest in our system? / Sun/

8. How many planets are there in the solar system? / 9: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto/

9. Which planet is closest to the Sun? / Mercury (god of trade)/

10. What is the name of the second planet? /Venus/

11. Give the red planet a name. Why is it called that? /Mars, god of war/

12. Which planet has the name of the god of the seas? /Neptune/

13. Which planet is the most distant? /Pluto/

14. Which planet has many rings? /Saturn/

15. Name the giant planets. / Saturn, Jupiter /

16. Which planet is the hottest? Cold? Why? / Mercury, closest to the Sun; Pluto, farthest from the Sun/

17. Which planet is the largest? /Jupiter/

18. Which planet can be visible even during the day? /Venus/

19. What has a crown? What is it made of? / at the Sun; gas cloud/

20. What is the name of our Galaxy? / Milky Way/

21. How many constellations are there? /88/

22. What is a constellation in the shape of an inverted bucket called? / Ursa Major/

23. What is a comet? /a huge block of stone and ice/

24. What is an orbit? / the trajectory along which the planet moves /

25. What is a satellite? /small celestial bodies that revolve around planets/

26. Name the Earth's satellite. / Moon/

27. What is the name of the device for studying stars and planets? /telescope/

28. What is the name of the building from which space observations are carried out? /observatory/

29. What color is the Earth when viewed from space? /blue/

30. Name the first cosmonaut and the date of his flight into space. / Yuri Gagarin; April 12, 1961 (this year marked the 50th anniversary of the first pallet into space) /

31. Name the first female astronaut. / V. Tereshkova /

32. Name the Belarusian cosmonauts. /Peter Klimuk, Vladimir Kovalenok/

IV Distinctive features of a scientific educational story and a work of art (students name, table windows “open” on the board)

VPhysical education lesson “Who lives during the month”

A month floats across the sky.

Who lives during the month? ( walking in place)

There's a sly fox walking there,

He looks down at the ground. ( bend forward for a few seconds)

The fox waves his tail

The fur is thick and silvery. ( waving their hands behind their backs)

And the stars fly around,

They fly to visit the fox. ( waving their hands in front of them)

Who sits on the bed

Some on the chair, and some on the closet,

Some on the chair, some on the table,

Some on the shelf, some on the floor. ( squats)

Well, let's sit down

And let's open the notebooks. ( return to their desks)

VI Working with texts. Filling out the story comparison card. Work in pairs.

– To achieve the goal of our research, we must analyze in detail the stories that we read at home and fill out cards for comparison.

1. Reading texts:

Moon

The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. It moves around the Earth and circles it once a month.

The Moon is several times smaller than the Earth.

The moon itself does not emit light. She, like a mirror, reflects the light of the Sun.

There is no air or water on the Moon, so people don't live there.

You can see light and dark spots on the Moon. Light ones are lunar seas. In fact, there is not a drop of water in these seas. Previously, people did not know this, which is why they called them seas. Dark spots are flat areas (plains).

The entire surface of the Moon is covered with a thick layer of dust. On the Moon, lunar craters (pits) are visible everywhere, which were formed from the impacts of meteorites - stones that fell from space.

On the surface of the Moon during the day the heat is up to 130 degrees, and at night the frost is 170 degrees.

Moon

/IN. Gorkov, Yu. Avdeev/

The closest neighbor of the Earth, or rather, not a neighbor, but its satellite in infinite outer space, is the Moon.

Ancient people endowed the moon with magical properties. Good luck in the hunt, harvest in the field, victory in war, and even health were associated with the Moon. The moon was sung in poetry, worshiped as a deity, and depicted on battle banners.

Watching the moon, people never ceased to be amazed at how, as if in a fairy tale, it either grew from a narrow crescent to a round bright disk, then gradually decreased until it disappeared completely. And after a while everything repeated itself, and there was no end to it. People thought: “Maybe you can use the moon to measure time?” And they created a calendar, according to which they began to count weeks and months.

Man had only just dreamed of flying to the Moon, but scientists had already calculated the distance to it. Is it big? If you make balls the size of the Earth and place them on top of each other, the thirtieth one will touch the Moon.

The moon is relatively small. And it seems big because it is located closer to other celestial bodies.

WHY IS THE MOON A SATELLITE?

In astronomy satellite called a body that rotates around a larger body and is held by the force of its gravity.

Artificial satellites- These are man-made spacecraft orbiting the Earth or another planet. They are launched for various purposes: for scientific research, for studying weather, for communication.

Moon- the only natural satellite of the Earth, but so large and close!

It is visible to the naked eye better than any planet in telescope. Telescopic observations and close-up photographs show that its beautiful surface is uneven and extremely complex. Through binoculars you can clearly see that the Moon is a ball. Dark spots are visible on the Moon, which are called seas. But there is not a drop of water in them.

Active study of the Earth's natural satellite began in 1959. For its comprehensive study, space probes and automatic interplanetary stations were launched. And to this day, spacecraft bring a lot of information for work selenologists(scientists studying the Moon). Our satellite holds many mysteries. For a long time, people did not see its reverse side until 1959, when the Luna-3 automatic station photographed the invisible side of the lunar surface. Later, based on the images, maps of the lunar surface were compiled.

Although L.N. Tolstoy is known throughout the world as a master of monumental prose; among the writer’s creative heritage there are many small works. A separate category consists of stories for children, including pupils of the Yasnaya Polyana school.

Works of Tolstoy for children

Among Tolstoy's works for children, several main genres can be distinguished. The first of them is fairy tales. Most of the fairy tales are processed folk stories (such as “The Three Bears”), which were included in Tolstoy’s famous “ABC”.

Another genre loved by Tolstoy is the story. In such works, he describes events that happened in reality, but artistically processes them. The famous “Filipok” and “The Lion and the Dog” belong to this type.

The writer created a large number of realistic stories, the heroes of which are often children themselves. These include the works “Fire”, “Girl and Mushrooms”, etc.

Finally, the last genre in which Tolstoy created stories for children was scientific educational stories. Let's talk about it in more detail.

Scientific and educational stories by Tolstoy

Among the most famous scientific and educational works of Tolstoy for children are the stories:

• "Hares".
• "What kind of dew happens on the grass."
• "About Ants"
• "How wolves teach their children."
• “Why can you see in the dark?”
• "Apple trees."
• "How trees walk."

Already from the titles of the works it is clear that most of them are devoted to the description of natural phenomena. Tolstoy talks in detail about the habits of animals, various plants, etc. At the same time, the presentation style is quite laconic, but succinct. This helps children better perceive the material and learn the most important points regarding a particular topic.

Tolstoy's scientific and educational stories are an excellent example of how a work of art can be combined with an educational function. Children remember well a vivid image, and after it the main facts that relate to the scientific characteristics of the subject of the story.

Scientific educational story - what is it? Popularization of scientific knowledge about the world around us is a necessary link in the education system. It makes it possible to convey complex information about the content of various branches of science (natural and humanities) in an accessible form, in literary language. Popular science literature includes biographies of historical figures, scientists and cultural figures, and travel narratives, stories about nature and physical phenomena, and historical events.

Optimal genre

More specifically, in relation to children's consciousness, which is just beginning to master the variety of phenomena and objects known by man, then for the development of needs, scientific and educational literature is necessary first of all. It can be represented by various genre formations. The simplest and most appropriate for children's perception is a story. Compact in volume, it allows you to focus on any one topic, on homogeneous phenomena, choosing the most characteristic ones.

Artistic or informative?

A story as a genre presupposes narration, plot, and a sequential presentation of facts or events. The story should be of interest, contain intrigue, an unexpected, vivid image.

What is a scientific educational story, and how does it differ from a fiction story? The latter does not have as its goal the transmission of any accurate information about the surrounding world, although it cannot but be present there. A fictional story creates, first of all, a world based on both knowledge and fiction.

The writer uses the factual material known to him not in order to introduce someone to it and expand knowledge about the subject, but in order, firstly, to create a convincing image (to draw in words), and secondly, to express his attitude to the depicted realities: your feelings, thoughts - and infect the reader with them. That is, to express your creative potential.

To what category can M. Prishvin’s prose miniatures about nature be classified? “Gadnuts” - an artistic or scientific-educational story? Or his “High Melts”, “Talking Rook”?

On the one hand, the author absolutely reliably describes in detail the appearance and habits of the birds. On the other hand, he composes a dialogue that the chickadees supposedly conduct among themselves, and makes it very clear what surprise and admiration these birds evoke in him. He speaks in the same spirit in other stories. Of course, these are artistic stories, especially since in general they form a broad framework that allows us to evaluate them in the categories of artistic natural philosophy. But you can’t deny them educational value either.

Fiction and educational literature

A number of specialists in literary criticism and teaching literature at school introduce such a concept as artistic and educational literature. Of course, the stories of M. Prishvin, as well as those of V. Bianchi and N. Sladkov, fully fit into this concept and correspond to it.

This example clearly shows that the concept of “scientific educational story” can hardly have a precisely defined and limited framework. Strictly speaking, we must admit that its functions serve primarily educational purposes. What matters is not only the content - certain information necessary for assimilation, but also how it is organized, how it is communicated to the reader.

What is a scientific educational story? Its functions

A scientific educational work reveals its theme from a historical perspective, in development and in logical interconnectedness. Thus, it contributes to the development of logical thinking and helps to understand the cause-and-effect relationship between phenomena. A clever story can facilitate the transition from objective thinking to operating with abstract concepts.

It is intended to introduce into the mental life of a child (or teenager) an idea of ​​the special terminology used in a particular branch of knowledge. Moreover, this should happen in stages: from revealing the content of a strict scientific concept to more complex texts that use certain terminology.

A scientific educational story stimulates the student to master special reference literature, helps him learn to use encyclopedias, dictionaries, and reference books on various fields of knowledge. It helps create a clear understanding of the system of reference guides that clearly reveal the terminology or essence of the subject of interest.

and education

Expanding the volume of knowledge, the information base of the emerging personality and at the same time cultivating intellectual activity, stimulating mental growth - this is what a scientific educational story is. A skillfully and talentedly composed text of a story necessarily touches on the emotional sphere. Only a machine can operate with “pure”, “naked” knowledge.

Assimilation of the material occurs much more successfully against the background of interest. A scientific educational story should evoke a desire to read something new and create a desire for knowledge. Therefore, a personal attitude, the author’s personal intonation - and this is a feature of fiction - are still a necessary component of such a work.

The inevitability of artistic bias

Here we will have to return to the comparison of fiction and scientific literature. Its elements, illustrativeness, descriptiveness, the creation of a verbal picture and, above all, the presence of an emotional aura and individual intonation give the work an educational function. They awaken curiosity in the little reader, help determine their value attitude towards the world around them, and their value orientations.

Therefore, artistic and educational literature is indispensable for perception at early school age. There is no impassable gap between these two types of educational literature. Artistic and educational stories correspond to the very first step of the educational process; it precedes the reading of scientific and educational stories.

Scientific educational story (definition)

So what is it? A scientific educational story is a type of teaching aid introduced into the educational process in the mid-70s, as at the same time a methodology for using this literature was developed, methods for its assimilation and memorization, and ways to motivate reading were developed. Its functions are defined: cognitive, communicative, aesthetic.

The authors of such works, for their part, use various techniques to facilitate understanding and memorization of the information presented. The narrative is constructed in the form of questions and answers, in the form of a dialogue with the reader. The author, narrating in the first person, acts as a mentor, friend, advisor. A scientific educational story is also a guide to performing various experiments and experiments; it includes their description and instructions.

Know yourself

Man as an object of knowledge, as a biological and social phenomenon, as well as society - all this is also a subject of study. A scientific educational story about a person can be devoted to an endless variety of topics.

The primary need for the younger generation is to become imbued with the norms of public morality created by generations of people, on which human solidarity rests. It is precisely this kind of material that is provided, for example, by stories about great people of the past, people's leaders, political figures, geniuses of science and culture - all those who created human civilization.