Features of BCG vaccination: vaccination schedule, contraindications and consequences. Composition of the BCG vaccine

Judging by nutrition, you absolutely do not care about immunity and your body. You are very susceptible to diseases of the lungs and other organs! It's time to love yourself and start getting better. It is urgent to adjust your diet, to minimize fatty, floury, sweet and alcohol. Eat more vegetables and fruits, dairy products. Feed the body with the intake of vitamins, drink more water (precisely purified, mineral). Harden the body and reduce the amount of stress in life.

In Russia, BCG vaccination is included in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, because the country has an unfavorable epidemic situation for tuberculosis. In some developed countries, this vaccination is not on the calendar - cases of tuberculosis are rare in them, and vaccinations are carried out selectively according to the epidemic. testimony.

The composition of the vaccine

BCG is a vaccine made from live but attenuated bovine tuberculosis bacillus lyophilized (frozen and then dried in a vacuum chamber) in a monosodium glutamate solution.

It is a dry powder or tablet inside an ampoule. One such ampoule contains 20 doses of the vaccine. The vaccine is accompanied by 1 more ampoule with a solvent (a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride).

BCG vaccination is carried out for healthy newborns in the first 3-7 days of life in the maternity hospital.

Contraindications for vaccination are

• Birth weight less than 2500g.
• Acute and exacerbations of chronic diseases: severe lesions of the nervous system, hemolytic disease of the newborn, intrauterine infections, severe skin lesions. In these cases, vaccination is delayed until the patient is cured or improves.
• Immunodeficiency state (HIV infection in the mother, or immunodeficiency states in other children in the family, malignant neoplasms.
• Generalized infection for BCG vaccination, previously identified in other children in the family.

Children not vaccinated in the maternity hospital with the BCG vaccine, after gaining weight and recovering from diseases, are vaccinated in the children's clinic at the place of residence with the BCG-M vaccine starting from any age.

Revaccination (re-vaccination of BCG) is carried out for children with a negative Mantoux reaction at the age of 7 and 14.

Contraindications for revaccination

• Acute and exacerbations of chronic diseases until the moment of cure and 1 month after.
• Immunodeficiency states, malignant neoplasms, immunosuppressive and radiation therapy.
• Tuberculosis and tuberculosis in a child.
• Positive or questionable Mantoux reaction.
• Complications from previous vaccine administration.
• Contact with a patient with tuberculosis before the expiration of the incubation period.

The BCG-M vaccine is weakened, contains 2 times less drug in 1 dose than the BCG vaccine (0.025 mg and 0.05 mg, respectively). It is intended for vaccination of weakened and unvaccinated children in the maternity hospital, as well as for vaccination of children in the maternity hospital and in departments for premature babies weighing more than 2000g.

The procedure for vaccinating BCG-M in a children's clinic

If the child is not vaccinated in the maternity hospital, after the removal of contraindications, the vaccination is carried out in the children's clinic.

BCG vaccination in the clinic is carried out separately from other vaccinations (on a different day) in order to exclude the slightest chance of BCG vaccine getting into other vaccines. 1 ampoule contains 20 doses of the vaccine, the vaccine from the opened ampoule is suitable for use within an hour.

Babies under 2 months of age only need to see a pediatrician on the day of vaccination.

If the child is older than 2 months, he is assigned a general blood and urine test. Those. before the BCG vaccination, you will have to visit the clinic several times. The Mantoux test is evaluated after 72 hours, i.e. on the third day after the event. If the tests are normal and the Mantoux test is negative, after examining the pediatrician, the child is allowed to be vaccinated with BCG. The interval between Mantoux test and BCG vaccination should not exceed 2 weeks.

Vaccination is performed with a special tuberculin syringe, strictly intradermally, on the border of the upper and middle thirds of the left shoulder. The needle is inserted into the superficial layer of the skin with the cut upwards, the vaccine is injected slowly, with the correct injection, a whitish papule with a diameter of 7-9 mm should form at the injection site, disappearing after 15-20 minutes.

Normal course of BCG vaccination and immunity

The vaccine contains weakened, but still live Mycobacterium bovine tuberculosis, they have lost part of the genome, so they are not able to penetrate into lung cells (pneumocysts) and cause disease. But due to the similarity of the antigens (surface proteins) of the vaccine strain and mycobacteria of human tuberculosis, BCG vaccination causes cross, non-sterile immunity. That is, weakened vaccine mycobacteria live for some time at the injection site (intradermal), causing an immune response. The body fights them with the help of immune mechanisms, trying to destroy them.

1. As a result of this struggle, after 4-6 weeks, redness and a seal with a diameter of 5-10 mm are formed at the vaccination site - these are immune cells that have accumulated around the bacteria, forming a protective barrier, delimiting the infected area of ​​the skin from the healthy one.
2. Then a vesicle with cloudy contents is formed, then the vesicle bursts, and a crust forms - this is in the center of the delimited area, tuberculosis bacteria die and are destroyed, and together with them part of the protective cells, resulting in the formation of pus, which breaks out.
3. After the crust falls off, a scar 3-10 mm in size is formed. This means that immunity to tuberculosis has formed.

That the immunity is cross-linked means that it will be effective against both bovine and human TB. And the word non-sterile means that inside the hilum the bacteria did not completely die, they passed into a dormant intracellular form, while these bacteria in the hilum exist in the body, immunity is maintained, over time they die, then the protective effect of the vaccine ceases. Scar formation usually ends 6 months after vaccination. All these are stages of the normal course of BCG vaccination.

The vaccination site must be protected from excessive irritation: do not scratch, do not rub with a washcloth when bathing, do not try to remove the crust, do not treat with disinfectant solutions.

BCG vaccination is considered effective for an average of 5 years. Indirectly, its effectiveness can be judged by the size of the scar and the results of the Mantoux reaction after BCG. If the scar is less than 3 mm or there is no scar and the Mantoux reaction 1 year after BCG is negative - presumably the vaccination failed, the cause of failure may be a poor-quality vaccine, improper administration and the child's genetic immunity to tuberculosis.

What does the BCG vaccine protect against?

But BCG vaccination does not protect against infection with tuberculosis and does not protect against the development of localized forms of the disease. It reduces the likelihood of the disease in case of infection, and in the event of the development of the disease, it contributes to a faster activation of all protective mechanisms and an easier course of the disease, prevents the development of severe generalized forms of tuberculosis in children (disseminated tuberculosis, meningitis, sepsis).

Complications

Since the vaccine is live (albeit weakened), children with congenital immunodeficiency may develop a generalized disseminated BCG infection with the development of lupus, osteitis (4 cases per 1 million vaccinated). In 1 case per 1 million vaccinated, a fatal outcome is possible.

Local complications: cold abscesses, subcutaneous infiltrates, ulcers in some cases may be associated with improper (subcutaneous) administration of the vaccine. The treatment of all complications of BCG vaccination is handled by a phthisiatrician.

And on tuberculosis in the following articles.

According to WHO statistics, about 9 million people fall ill with tuberculosis every year, therefore, vaccination against it is recommended in all countries of the world. But the expediency of such vaccination is ambiguous: some consider it an indispensable tool for an increased risk of tuberculosis, while others are sure that the vaccine is ineffective.

On the territory of Russia, the BCG vaccination is done in the maternity hospital. Before vaccination, you need to pay attention to contraindications, including: the presence of an immunodeficiency state, the presence of human immunodeficiency virus in the mother and other factors.

Deciphering the BCG vaccination

The abbreviation BCG, translated BCG, is an abbreviation, stands for bacillus Calmette-Guerin, from Latin - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. For the formation of the Russian name, a direct abbreviated Latin designation is used, spelled out in characteristic letters.

In Russia, vaccination against tuberculosis can be carried out in two compositions: one of them is the BCG vaccine, and the other is BCG-M. There are a number of indications for the use of a particular composition, based on the individual characteristics of the child's body.

The composition of the vaccine

The BCG tuberculosis vaccine is synthesized on the basis of different subtypes of Mycobacteria bovis. Since 1921, the components of the solution have not changed, as they are considered the most effective in the fight against pathology.

For 13 years, a cell culture based on various types of Mycobacterium Bovis was isolated and sieved by Calmette and Guérin. As a result of the study, an isolate was obtained.

In order to produce a culture of mycobacteria, the method of sowing bacilli on a nutrient medium is used. The culture grows in an organized environment for 7 days, and then it is isolated, filtered, concentrated. After the manipulations, everything is formed into a homogeneous mass, diluted with clean water. As a result of such production, not only live, but also dead bacteria appear in the vaccine.

The number of bacterial cells in a single dosage varies. The amount is determined by the subtype of bacterium used to produce the solution, as well as the particular method of its production. The composition of 90% of medicines is based on one of the following strains:

• French "Pasteurovsky" 1173 Р2;
• Glaxo 1077;
• Tokyo 172;
• Danish 1331.

The effectiveness of the produced vaccine on any of the listed strains is the same.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the BCG and BCG-M vaccines are used. They are both made on the basis of the BCG-1 strain - bovine tuberculosis bacillus. Their main difference is concentration. BCG-M contains half as many bacteria. It is used only in situations where the baby has contraindications for BCG vaccination, for example, with a negative Mantoux test, when the child's body reacts slowly to the pathogen.

Should I get vaccinated?

The danger of tuberculosis in childhood lies in the fact that the pathology is actively developing to the most severe forms that threaten life. Among them, meningitis is distinguished, a disseminated form, in the absence of which the child quickly dies. Based on these considerations, many doctors recommend following the BCG vaccination schedule.

The reaction to BCG vaccination is the formation of protection against a complicated type of tuberculosis pathology: disseminated form and meningitis. Such statistics are observed in 85% of children who have been vaccinated. It is they who, even in the case of infection, have a high chance of a full recovery without any complications.

One of the tasks of the WHO is to instill BCG in children living in areas characterized by active tuberculosis spread. For these reasons, in Russia, vaccination is carried out even in the maternity hospital. Such a composition protects against the formation of tuberculosis complications for 15–20 years, after which its action ends.

Since the development of possible complications after infection of a child with tuberculosis most often leads to death, doctors still recommend vaccinating BCG in infancy.

There is a small list of groups of people who need to be vaccinated with BCG:

1. Children under 12 months of age growing up in regions with a high prevalence of TB.
2. Children from 12 months to 17 years of age who have a high probability of contracting pathology. Vaccination is only given if the child lives in areas with a low prevalence of the disease.
3. People who are regularly in direct contact with patients who are carriers of severe, complicated forms of tuberculosis that are resistant to most drugs.

BCG revaccination does not protect a person from contracting tuberculosis, but helps to avoid serious complications, so it should be carried out after 15–20 years.

Vaccination of newborns in the hospital

The first BCG vaccination is given in a maternity hospital in every state where an unfavorable tuberculosis situation is observed. It is this situation that is developing in Russia, therefore, vaccination against pathology is carried out 3–4 days after birth. Almost all newborns have a favorable course of the vaccination reaction, so parents should not be afraid of vaccinating their child.

The bacillus is introduced in order to eliminate the risk of developing severe forms of tuberculosis, which are fatal. Also, BCG vaccination is necessary to prevent the development of carriage, which does not manifest any symptoms, into an acute form of pathology.

BCG for newborns should be carried out without fail. This is due to the fact that 2/3 of the population of the Russian Federation who have reached the age of 18 are carriers of the pathogenic bacterium. At the same time, they do not show any symptoms, but during sneezing or coughing, they actively infect others. According to statistics, 70% of children, upon reaching the age of 7 years, are infected with this pathogenic microorganism.

In the absence of vaccination and when a child becomes infected, the risk of developing meningitis, an extrapulmonary and disseminated form of pathology, in which high mortality is observed, increases.

Vaccination: after BCG vaccination

After BCG vaccination, it is necessary to follow several recommendations that will help the child cope with the introduced composition. And for half an hour after vaccination, it is forbidden to feed the child, treat the injection area with any liquids or medicines, cover it with adhesive tape or tight-fitting things.

During the day after the injection, you should not visit places with a large crowd of people with your child, wash or wet the vaccination site, rub or scratch it. An increase in temperature to 37.5 degrees during the day after BCG vaccination is considered a normal process, but if it rises above, the child should be shown to the doctor.

In the event of any complications, it is necessary to carefully examine the child in order to exclude the risk of a significant deterioration in the general condition. For a month after the introduction of the composition, the child should be fed with non-allergenic food. If the child is breastfed, his mother should follow a dietary diet.

When is the vaccine given?

Primary BCG vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis is given 3-4 days after birth. Sometimes this period can be extended up to 1 week. Further, BCG revaccinations are carried out according to the vaccination schedule:

• at 7 years old;
• at 14 years old.

Parents can refuse to be vaccinated, taking full responsibility for the health of their child. But such refusals most often end badly: in the form of complicated forms of tuberculosis. If the baby was not vaccinated in the maternity hospital, vaccination is carried out later, while a preliminary Mantoux test is made.

Revaccination is an optional procedure. It is done only when a negative Mantoux test is observed. If the first vaccination was done later, it must be entered in the medical record in order to get advice from an immunologist and draw up a further vaccination calendar.

The site of the vaccine injection

BCG vaccination for newborns is done in the shoulder, the procedure is performed intradermally, subcutaneous administration is unacceptable. When injected subcutaneously, a cold abscess forms on the surface. To prevent this from happening, you must follow the instructions:

• First of all, the necessary equipment is prepared: a table, gloves, a beaker, a light-protective cone.
• Next, you need to put on gloves, wipe the neck of the ampoule with an alcohol solution, break it.
• The ampoule is placed in a beaker, the needle is fixed on the syringe, 2 milliliters of solvent is drawn up.

• BCG is diluted with a solvent, this must be done carefully along the wall of the ampoule.
• The vaccine is mixed with a plunger syringe.
• The resulting solution is drawn into a tuberculin syringe in a volume of 0.2 milliliters, while half is released along with air into a napkin.
• Ampoules are installed under a light-protective cone.

• The syringe is placed inside the sterile table.
• The patient's shoulder is rubbed with alcohol.
• The desired area of ​​​​the skin is stretched, the needle is inserted with the cut up. In this case, the angle should be 10-15 degrees.
• Next, the vaccine is slowly injected, the needle is removed.

With the wrong BCG vaccination technique, a clear scar forms on the child’s shoulder instead of a scar.

Reaction to the vaccine

The immune reaction to the administered drug is the formation of a small local tuberculous focus, which is caused due to the vital activity of the bacteria that make up the solution. Such a response is formed in a month and a half, therefore, for 45 days, other types of vaccination should not be done, immunobiological preparations should not be administered. This is due to the fact that such drugs can disrupt the process of immunity formation.

After 30 days, redness and a bump appear at the injection site. In some cases, a bubble forms, filled with a clear liquid or pus. Parents should know that this is a normal reaction of the body. If the formed button from BCG began to boil, the child will have itching. To avoid scratching the injection site, the child should be given an antihistamine. In no case should you squeeze out the contents of the bubble.

The formation of a trace from the BCG vaccination will occur after the crust falls off the injection site. A small scar will appear at the injection site. You should not tear off the crust yourself, as this will damage the skin and increase the likelihood of complications.

Evaluate the effect of the vaccine and the formation of immunity according to the size of the appeared spot, scar when the child reaches the age of 1, 3, 6, 12 months. If there is no trace, the defense mechanisms have not been formed or the child has complete immunity to tuberculosis.

Complications after vaccination

Complications may occur after BCG vaccination. Most often they appear due to a violation of the injection technique, care of the injection site. After vaccination, you may experience:

• with suppuration, malaise appears;
• during the first 3 days, there may be a decrease in appetite, drowsiness, lethargy, crying;
• body temperature of 37.1–37.5 within 2 days after the injection;
• runny nose due to a decrease in immunity;
• in the absence of treatment for inflammation of the nasal mucosa, a cough, redness of the throat may occur;
• 98% of those vaccinated have skin reactions in the form of swelling, redness, their area does not exceed 1 centimeter in diameter: if the BCG vaccination turns red in a child, this is not a cause for concern.

All of these complications are normal. But there are also dangerous reactions of the body:

• an extensive ulcer warns of the child's hypersensitivity to the solution;
• regional lymphadenitis - inflammation of the lymph nodes in the armpits on the left side;
• keloid scar - the reaction of the body, in which the scar tissue grows, hurts and itches;
• severe suppuration that spreads beyond the grafted area is characteristic of newborns suffering from immunodeficiency;
• BCG-ostiomyelitis - damage to the skeletal system, develops slowly, symptoms appear 3 months after the injection;
• generalized BCG infection is a very rare complication that manifests itself in the form of a complete lack of body defenses due to the presence of immunodeficiency.

The absence of a scar or a negative Mantoux test, which was done to a child at the age of 12 months, indicates a lack of susceptibility to tuberculosis or immunity to it.

Contraindications for BCG vaccination

There are a number of contraindications to the introduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, since in some situations vaccination can worsen the condition of the child. So, contraindications to the use of BCG are:

• deep prematurity;
• light weight - up to 2.5 kilograms;
• the presence of hemolytic pathology in Rhesus conflict with the mother;
• the presence of severe congenital malformations in the stage of sub- and decompensation;
• manifestations of intrauterine infection.

A contraindication to revaccination at the age of 7 is a positive Mantoux test, the presence of complications after BCG, immunodeficiency, oncology. Also, vaccination is prohibited in the presence of acute or exacerbated chronic pathologies, during treatment with immunosuppressants, cytostatics, glucocorticoids.

Any vaccination has the function of immunoprophylaxis, the purpose of which is to develop immunity in the human body to the pathogen introduced with the vaccine.

One of the main ones is the BCG vaccination, due to which the latent infection of the disease does not become overt in the child's body, and the occurrence of severe forms of this disease is excluded. That is why the first BCG vaccination is administered to children in the first days of life after birth.

In contact with

What does the abbreviation BCG mean?

The common name for the BCG vaccine comes from the Latin abbreviation Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which means Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, named after the scientists who discovered it. It is prepared from a strain of a weakened tuberculosis bacillus of domestic cattle grown in a special artificial environment - Mycobacteria bovis of different subtypes. The vaccine itself contains a certain number of live and dead bacteria.

What does the abbreviation BCG-M mean?

BCG-M - this is the name of the dry tuberculosis vaccine against, for primary immunization in a sparing form. It differs from a conventional vaccine in its low concentration - if BCG contains 0.05 mg of the drug, then BCG-M 0.025 mg, respectively. This vaccine is intended for primary vaccination:

• Premature newborns (less than 2500g);
• unvaccinated in the maternity hospital due to weakness or some kind of disease (vaccinated at the clinic at the place of residence).

History of the BCG vaccine

The founders of the BCG vaccine are French scientists Camille Guerin (veterinarian) and Albert Calmette (microbiologist).

• 1908 - the beginning of the work of scientists, during which they found that in a certain nutrient medium it is possible to grow tubercle bacilli of the least activity. After that, they began to develop a strain to create a vaccine.
• 1919 - scientists receive a vaccine with non-virulent bacteria that does not cause disease in animals.
• 1921 - received the BCG vaccine for humans.
• 1925 - the strain was transferred to Moscow for study by the scientist L.A. Tarasevich, as a result of which the effectiveness of the vaccine was revealed.
• 1928 - BCG is adopted by the League of Nations.
• Mid 1950 - Newborn vaccination becomes mandatory.
• 1985 - BCG-M began to be used.

Which countries are vaccinated against tuberculosis?

The BCG vaccine is used in many countries. In the USSR in 1962, it was customary to vaccinate all newborns en masse in the maternity hospital, which continues to this day. Currently, this approach to vaccination has been preserved in Ireland, Belarus, Romania, Portugal, Hungary, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Bulgaria, Brazil, Azerbaijan, India and Slovakia. In Germany, vaccination was abolished in 1998.


In Singapore and Malaysia, since 2001, BCG has been administered only at birth. Mass vaccination has never been used only in the USA and the Netherlands.

The composition of the vaccine

The main component of the vaccine is the various subtypes of Mycobacteria bovis tuberculosis bacilli. Bacilli are grown in a special artificial environment for a week. After that, they are filtered, isolated and concentrated. It is then lyophilized in sodium glutamate solution (frozen and dried in a vacuum chamber). This is a dry powder that is placed in an ampoule, which contains approximately 20 doses of the vaccine. Dissolve the strain in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, which is usually immediately attached to the vaccine.

Vaccination of newborns in the hospital

If the newborn has a body weight of 2500 or more, and also does not have such contraindications to vaccination as:

• CNS damage;
• intrauterine infections;
• skin diseases;
• hemolytic disease;
• HIV infection;
• malignant formations;
• generalized infection for vaccination,

then on the 3-7th day of the child, BCG is vaccinated. In other cases, he is vaccinated with BCG-M in the maternity hospital (with a lack of weight) or in the clinic after complete recovery. Children older than 2 months who are not vaccinated in the maternity hospital must be tested before vaccination - tests are taken and the Mantoux reaction is performed. BCG is possible with a negative Mantoux reaction and good test results. A normal reaction to vaccination in newborns appears after about 4-6 weeks in the form of an abscess measuring 5-10 mm. This scar cannot be processed and disturbed.

The process of vaccinating infants is particularly careful - it is carried out separately from other vaccinations, with a special needle and syringe. The child's card must indicate the date of vaccination, series and expiration date of the vaccine. Children from 0 to 2 months on the day of vaccination should be observed by a pediatrician.

In Russia and some other countries, it is customary to carry out BCG revaccination. This occurs at 7 and 14 years of age. Revaccination differs from the first vaccination in that it is done only after checking the Mantoux reaction - it must be negative.

In the absence of data on the first vaccination, the decision on revaccination is made based on the presence or absence of a scar on the shoulder - in its absence, it is necessary to vaccinate. A local reaction to revaccination appears after 2-3 weeks.

Possible Complications

The percentage of possible complications after BCG vaccination is not high - from 0.004 to 2.5% cases. The most common complications may arise through 2 — 18 months of vaccination, as a result of which the lymph nodes (subclavian, cervical, axillary and supraclavicular) suffer mainly. Sometimes BCG osteitis is formed, in which bone tissue is affected. According to statistics, from 2005 to 2010, the number of operated children with BCG abscesses increased from 7 to 68 per year. A frequent complication is an increase in temperature within 2 days. The main causes of complications are errors and non-compliance with the basic rules when administering the drug, individual intolerance to the drug, and not taking into account contraindications to vaccination. A lethal outcome is possible in 1 case per 1 million (0.0001%).

In this way,

BCG vaccination is the very first vaccine in human life. As soon as the baby is born, on the first day he is vaccinated against tuberculosis. Unfortunately, an unfavorable situation has developed in our country with the spread of tuberculosis infection, which is easily transmitted by airborne droplets - during a conversation, shaking hands or using dishes. The country has approved a vaccination calendar, and the BCG vaccine is mandatory.

Importance of immunization against tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is included in the category of socially dangerous diseases. The causative agent (microbacterium) circulates among the human population in many countries. The carriers of this microbacterium are a large number of people, however, a maximum of 10% of them fall ill with the active form.

In what cases does a tubercle bacillus provoke an active form of the disease? This happens in case:

• unbalanced (malnutrition) nutrition;
• living in unsanitary conditions;
• alcohol/drug abuse.

All of these reasons actively reduce immunity and create a favorable environment for the prosperity and reproduction of microbacteria. How does the BCG vaccine help? In this case, it prevents the acute course of the disease and creates an uncomfortable environment for the activity of microbacteria. In young children (up to two years old), the BCG vaccine prevents:

• development of meningitis;
• development of dangerous deadly forms of tuberculosis.

The death rate from tuberculosis is the highest in the world. Cases of death in people under 50 years of age exceed mortality from cardiovascular and malignant oncological diseases.

Tuberculosis is especially dangerous for children: the disease develops rapidly and acquires the most severe forms, leading to death. After vaccination, even sick children have a chance for recovery and the absence of severe complications in the form of meningitis.

Important! Vaccination has a limited duration - up to 15/20 years. BCG revaccination is practically useless.

Vaccination schedule

The national vaccination calendar begins with a tuberculosis vaccination. Vaccinate all newborns (with the exception of premature babies) during the first week of existence. The first revaccination is carried out at the age of 7, repeated - at 14 years. More frequent vaccination does not make sense. The schedule of other vaccinations is carried out depending on the BCG vaccination - in a month.

Between vaccinations, a schedule of mantoux samples is established, the timing of which is set by health workers. The schedule of vaccinations and testing must be strictly observed. If the test showed a positive reaction, an x-ray and the necessary therapy are prescribed.

Important! BCG vaccination and mantoux test are two different things. Vaccination develops artificial immunity to tuberculosis, mantoux reveals the number of Koch sticks in the body. Mantoux test is the introduction of tuberculin for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

The meaning of vaccination and revaccinations has the following explanation: vaccination is the primary introduction of dead or inactivated agents of the virus for the body to produce antibodies to them. Revaccination is carried out to reinforce the developed immunity.

If, after the introduction of the vaccine, a characteristic scar does not form, and the Mantoux test comes out negative, it means that the immunization has not been carried out. In such cases, an unscheduled revaccination is carried out.

Contraindications

Before vaccination (revaccination) it is necessary to undergo an examination. If a disease is suspected, tests should be taken. Vaccination must be carried out in a healthy state in the absence of temperature (above 36.6 C) and malaise. If any are found, immunization is postponed until the normal state is fully restored.

To whom is the vaccine contraindicated? List of people who should not be vaccinated:

• premature babies weighing up to 2.5 kg;
• newborn babies with severe pathology - vaccination is postponed;
• children with immunodeficiency and HIV;
• children with tumors of different types;
• with lymphadenitis from a previous vaccination.

In some cases, they are vaccinated with a lighter proportion of microorganisms - BCG-M. It is shown to premature newborns.

The absolute ban on immunization includes:

• with primary immunodeficiency;
• having immunodeficiency among relatives;
• having relatives with complications in the field of this vaccine;
• with severe pathologies of a hereditary nature;
• with fermentopathy;
• with severe lesions of the central nervous system;
• infants with postpartum complications.

In non-severe cases, the vaccination is postponed (this is provided for by the vaccination calendar). Transfer of immunization occurs when:

• infectious processes of any severity;
• deep prematurity of the baby;
• mismatch between the Rh factors of the mother and the baby.

Revaccination is prohibited in the following cases:

• tuberculosis infection;
• positive mantoux reaction;
• severe post-injection complications;
• the presence of malignant tumors.

Side effects and complications

The risk of developing dangerous side effects from this vaccine is extremely small, but there are complications. After vaccination, an infiltrate forms at the puncture site (approximately in the second month), similar to a seal after a mosquito bite. The amount of compaction should be small - up to 10 cm. Often a crust appears at the site of the infiltration. The formation of an infiltrate is a normal reaction to vaccination, which shows the development of immunity to the vaccine.

Important! It is impossible to remove the crust and treat it with iodine / brilliant green. The crust will fall off on its own with time.

It leads to unpleasant consequences:

• redness and induration at the puncture site;
• intramuscular/subcutaneous abscesses.

Abscesses (suppurations) appear as a result of improper vaccination, when the nurse injected the vaccine not into the skin mass, but into the muscle, or got under the skin. This pathology is treated with surgery. An abscess can spread to the lymph nodes, causing them to enlarge.

In some cases, a breakthrough of the infiltrate and the spread of infection in the bloodstream can occur, which causes infection. When the infiltrate breaks out, a purulent fistula may occur.

It is extremely rare to have a disease of bone tuberculosis, which may appear due to a breakthrough of the infection from its localization site. The disease may appear after a year / six months after vaccination. This complication occurs due to weak immunity.

If hyperthermia occurs up to + 38C, nothing needs to be done - it will pass by itself. If the thermometer rises above the indicated mark, it is necessary to take antipyretics.

Should I be afraid of BCG? Look at the video:

BCG M - vaccination to prevent the development of tuberculosis
The composition of the BCG vaccine: all about the production and components of the drug