Paranoia: mental illness. Anhedonia and paranoia

Paranoia is a mental disorder accompanied by the development of delusional ideas in the patient, which are given overvalued importance. From the outside, it can be very difficult to notice a deviation: the thinking and behavior of the patient are perceived by others as meaningful and correct. At the same time, the patient's attitude to the world around him is very critical. In his own address, he does not accept any critical remarks.

With paranoia, the formation of delusional ideas occurs in close connection with the personality and character of the patient. The patient becomes delusional, not because he perceives the external world incorrectly, but because he is haunted by an internal conflict. The paranoid is not able to adequately evaluate his ideas, his value system is so far from the real world that a deep abyss stretches between them. As a result, delirium becomes the result of the patient's need to become significant for society and the inability to establish contact with the world around him.

The development of paranoia: causes

It has been established by medicine that the cause of paranoia is a violation of the metabolic processes associated with protein in the brain. At the same time, an incorrect response of a person to different situations in life, as well as its unfavorable circumstances, can provoke the onset of the disease.

Signs of paranoia

To identify a paranoid, it is not always even necessary to consult a psychotherapist. Patients from a young age stand out among the rest with their egocentrism, high self-esteem, a tendency to fantasize and truth-seeking. All this largely determines how the patient develops relationships with the outside world, acquaintances, friends and relatives.

Paranoids believe that people can come into conflict with them only because they envy them or want to belittle their dignity. Over time, the patient becomes more distrustful and suspicious, jealous and vengeful. The progression of paranoia may stop at this stage, but after some traumatic event in life, the symptoms of the disease worsen.

How does paranoia work?

The behavior of the paranoid is completely social, their thinking is not affected. Others perceive such people normally, so patients often manage to give their delusional systems the appearance of reality. The beliefs of the paranoid lie at the basis of his delusions, which determine his behavior. The patient may constantly suspect his wife or spouse of treason, complain to various government agencies, and so on.

Treatment for paranoia includes family and individual psychotherapy. Methods of family psychotherapy are aimed at improving the social adaptation of the patient, resolving situations that traumatize the patient's psyche.

Main symptoms:

• Aggression
• Rave
• hallucinations
• Changing gestures
• Change in facial expressions
• Change in gait
• Negative attitude towards people
• Lack of desire to make contact
• Increased mental activity
• Increased physical activity
• strong jealousy
• Excessive self-criticism

Paranoia is a specific disorder in thinking that progresses in a person due to damage to the central organ of the human nervous system - the brain. For pathology, it is characteristic that a sick person in random coincidences of circumstances, various everyday situations begins to see the intrigues of his enemies. He suspects everyone of plotting various plots against him. The term "paranoia" was first introduced into medical literature as early as 1863. For a long period of time, this pathological condition belonged to classical psychiatry and was considered an independent mental disorder.

To date, the true causes of the progression of paranoia in women and men have not yet been accurately established. If the disease is mild, then clinicians say that a person has begun to progress paranoid personality disorder. If the disease is not treated and the patient's condition is not normalized, then there is a high risk that paranoia will turn into delusions of persecution or delusions of grandeur. These warning signs indicate a delusional isolated disorder. Most often, paranoia manifests itself in men and women in old age. Scientists tend to assume that this is due to various pathological processes of a degenerative nature that occur in the patient's brain.

Etiological factors

The reasons why paranoia manifests itself in people have not yet been reliably established. But in the course of various studies, it was found that most often the causes of such a pathology are degenerative processes. In most clinical situations, paranoia is diagnosed in the elderly, but its manifestation is not excluded in people from the middle age group.

Reasons for the progression of paranoia:

• advanced age;
• Huntington's disease;
• cerebral vessels.

The reason for the coming form of paranoia may be the use of psychodysleptics. These include:

• narcotic drugs;
• some groups of synthetic pharmaceuticals;
• amphetamines;
• large doses of alcoholic beverages.

Varieties

Psychiatrists distinguish the following types of paranoia:

• alcoholic. This type of pathology progresses in people suffering from alcoholism. Psychosis is chronic. Its main manifestations are a feeling of persecution and intense jealousy;
• fight. The main manifestation of pathology is that a sick person is constantly fighting for his rights, which, in his opinion, are significantly infringed;
• lust. Manifested by delirium of an erotic or amorous nature;
• involutional. This type of pathology manifests itself in the fair sex just before menopause itself;
• hypochondriacal. The patient is sure that he is ill with various somatic pathologies;
• acute. The characteristic symptoms of this form are delirium, hallucinations and stupor;
• persecutory. A sick person has a feeling that someone is constantly chasing him. Also, the appearance of delirium is no exception;
• acute expansive. A person manifests a delusion of talent, greatness, power;
• sensitive- increased propensity to create conflict situations, the patient becomes more vulnerable and sensitive;
• conscience. Increased tendency to self-flagellation, self-criticism.

Signs of illness

It is not difficult to notice the signs of paranoia, as they usually appear quite clearly. A sick person has overvalued ideas (for him), which gradually develop into delusions of grandeur. They become the reason that in all situations a person is able to see the machinations of his enemies. He is completely sure that a conspiracy is woven around him, directed directly against him. And to others, he explains it quite logically. In some cases, it is precisely this logic that causes the patient to be trusted by his relatives and thereby postpone a visit to a psychiatrist. But under no circumstances should this be done. As soon as signs of paranoia appear, it is important to deliver the patient to a medical facility as soon as possible to undergo a full diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment plan.

In most cases, relatives do not believe the patient with paranoia. And it is the lack of their belief in the patient's crazy ideas that causes the development of various conflicts, including domestic ones. The patient himself is very distrustful of the people around him. He also becomes touchy and even aggressive.

Symptoms

The symptoms of paranoia in women and men are as follows:

• increased mental activity. The patient assesses the situation from different points of view. Even in ordinary things he sees a conspiracy, a threat to himself, and so on;
• increased physical activity;
• lack of desire to make contact with other people;
• aggression;
• negative attitude towards close relatives, friends;
• auditory hallucinations. A paranoid person tends to hear sounds that don't really exist;
• tactile and visual hallucinations;
• musculoskeletal disorders. In a patient with paranoia, gait, facial expressions and gestures often change.

Therapeutic measures

It is necessary to treat paranoia only with a qualified specialist who can determine the true cause of its manifestation and prescribe the correct course of treatment. Therapy of the disease can become somewhat more complicated if the patient begins to perceive the treatment as a way to keep him or control his consciousness.

Treatment of paranoia is based on the use of neuroleptics, which have an anti-delusional effect. Psychotherapy is also no less effective. The most positive effect is achieved if psychotherapy and drug therapy are combined.

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Diseases with similar symptoms:

The nervous system is one of the most important components of the human body, and the importance of the functions it performs can hardly be overestimated. And any failures in its work can lead to very unpleasant consequences, which will subsequently affect the work of the whole organism. One of the serious diseases associated with the central nervous system is Huntington's chorea. This disease is dangerous, primarily because it affects the human psyche, leads to serious impairment and degradation of mental abilities. Moreover, even the highest quality treatment available today is unable to cope with this scourge to the end.

Paranoia is a rare psychosis, the only manifestation of which is the gradual development of a systematized and logically constructed delusion. At the same time, there will be neither a personality change characteristic of schizophrenia, nor disturbances in thinking.

This term has been used before. In the modern classification of mental illness, there is no such diagnosis, but instead expose a chronic delusional disorder.

Paranoia is now synonymous with paranoid syndrome, the main manifestation of which is the primary systematized monothematic delirium.

The debut of a mental disorder occurs in adulthood - after 30 years. Sometimes a disease is diagnosed only after a person has committed some kind of crime (for example, destroyed some important documents or killed someone).

Causes

The causes of paranoia have not yet been definitively established. It is known that a mental disorder can occur both as a result of endogenous factors (it is possible to establish that one of the close relatives suffered from endogenous psychosis, for example, schizophrenia or), and as a result of external factors (for example, due to intoxication).

In the pathogenesis of the disease, the main role is given to the pathological processing of real life situations and conflicts. That is, there were events and problems, only a person perceives them a little differently, makes incorrect conclusions.

Some people are predisposed to the development of paranoia. As a rule, these are strong unbalanced people with developed thinking. They are distinguished by incredulity, overestimated conceit, despotism, accuracy, captiousness, increased vulnerability, excessive pride and weak criticality.

Manifestations of the disease

As a rule, paranoia begins with an overvalued idea, which, although it occupies a dominant place in the mind of a person, is able to convince him with logical arguments. Over time, overvalued ideas develop into crazy ones, which are no longer subject to any logical correction.

Slowly but progressively, one's own delusional system is being formed, which is the leading sign of paranoia, new facts are only perceived as confirmation of one's own idea.

The delirium that occurs in the clinical picture of the disease is resistant, it is difficult to treat with medication.

When communicating with a sick person, it is difficult to immediately identify contradictions (“everything is somehow like this, but a little bit different”).

In most cases, the mood of such people is slightly elevated.

All mental activity of a person is subject to a delusional goal. Patients stubbornly strive to find confirmation of their “guesses”, they try to convince others of their ideas, they bring new arguments. They can write complaints and accusatory letters to various authorities, turn to the leadership, ask for support in order to punish the “enemies”.

If you touch on another topic of conversation that is not related to the crazy idea, then it is usually not possible or very difficult to identify any other symptoms of paranoia (including deviations in the field of thinking or emotions).

A person suffering from paranoia can cope with his work duties for a long time, he will not particularly stand out among others if none of his employees is included in the delusional system.

Classification

There are the following clinical forms of paranoia:

• delusions of persecution
• querulant nonsense (defending one's rights in case of damage);
• delusions of an erotic nature;
• delusions of grandeur (nonsense of inventions, discoveries).

There is another classification of paranoia, according to which they distinguish:

• expansive paranoia - it is based on an active struggle for the approval of one's ideas;
• sensitive - a person becomes closed, passive, overly sensitive, because others do not share his ideas;
• paranoia of desires - patients believe that their desires are "fulfilled", for example, one of my patients was sure that he was the husband of Sofia Rotaru, but did not even mention his late wife.

Characteristics of individual forms

In addition, there are such types of paranoia:

1. Persecutory paranoia (delusions of persecution) - develops gradually and slowly, against the backdrop of life's failures. A person begins to think that someone is following him, controlling him, and over time he is “convinced” that he is being persecuted. Initially, one person falls under “suspicion”, but then the field of “suspects” expands, develops into an organized group. This form is dangerous because the patient begins to actively take “countermeasures”, may begin to complain, defend his rights, and may even commit a crime on this basis.
2. The paranoia of jealousy, as a rule, arises from the fact that it begins to seem to a person that someone is not indifferent to his wife, and she is not against such courtship. Gradually, this delusional system is expanding, more and more confirmations of the infidelity of the spouse appear, including those relating to the past. More and more new men are attributed to the wife. As a rule, the paranoia of jealousy is characteristic of men. It can also be called differently as alcoholic paranoia, this disorder is described in more detail in the article about.
3. The paranoia of love, on the contrary, is characteristic of women. It begins to seem to a woman that some man is in love with her, gives her all sorts of signs of attention, but something prevents him from being honest to the end, directly talking about his feelings. And then the patient begins to take active steps to help, they begin to sort things out with the imaginary "groom". This is fraught with scandals, especially if the man is married.
4. Reformist paranoia - a person is convinced that he is destined to do great things. Such people begin to invent new religions, unite religious denominations, promote a new social system.
5. Paranoia of invention - the patient begins to consider himself a great scientist or inventor. On this basis, world "discoveries" appear. And since the person himself is not critical of everything connected with the crazy system, he begins to interpret all attempts at dissuasion as envy, hostility from competitors, etc.
6. Hypochondriacal paranoia - a person suffers from an abundance of thoughts about the presence of a serious incurable disease, looking for all kinds of confirmation of this. He begins to turn to doctors, demand treatment, sometimes surgical. It is an extreme degree.

paranoia and schizophrenia

There was a time when paranoia was synonymous with schizophrenia. However, in our time it has been established that these two pathologies differ.

Schizophrenia is a progressive disease in which, over time, emotional disturbances, thought disorders, and a personality defect join.

With paranoia, all symptoms are limited to systematized monothematic delusions. No personality or emotional disturbances develop with this disorder. The pathology of thinking can be traced only as far as the crazy idea is concerned, in all other respects a person can behave adequately, maintaining professional and social adaptation for a long time.

This is a type of mental disorder in which a person ceases to interpret the surrounding reality in the same way as healthy people do. A person becomes obsessed with a certain idea (it is called overvalued or delusional). Paranoia is not accompanied by hallucinations and, without treatment, proceeds for a long time with alternating exacerbations and remissions (subsidence of symptoms).

An accurate diagnosis of paranoia is a consultation with a psychiatrist and additional examinations that he will prescribe.

How to define paranoia? Diagnostic methods include:

1. Clinical and anamnestic examination- a conversation with a psychotherapist, assessment of mental status, the doctor assesses the causes of the disorder and its severity.
2. Pathopsychological research- performed by a clinical psychologist. The specialist identifies mental disorders specific to mental illness and describes them in the conclusion (important for differential diagnosis and final diagnosis).
3. Instrumental and laboratory methods include Neurotest and. These are modern methods of blood analysis and physiological parameters to prove a person has a serious mental disorder and assess its severity.

A person's behavior changes. Due to disturbances in thinking, ideas are formed that completely absorb his life. He builds long, complex and, as it seems to him, logically connected chains, which he shares with relatives and friends. A person can talk for hours about himself, about his “persecutors” or his “great discoveries”. Relatives do not trust the person, and he ceases to trust them.

In the future, the situation worsens. The paranoid person becomes scandalous in everyday life, constantly swears with loved ones, begins to see a hidden, unfriendly meaning to him in what is happening. Gradually, he becomes more sensitive to changes in the emotional state of others, but interprets these changes incorrectly: any gesture, look, chuckle has a negative connotation in the understanding of a person and mortally offends him.

It is very difficult to convince a person with paranoia that the problem is in his head and that he needs to seek help from a doctor.

At work, such people behave actively, perform duties in good faith, but are constantly dissatisfied. One of the main symptoms of the disease of paranoia is clearly manifested: a person criticizes everything around, is dissatisfied with everything, but never admits that something might be wrong with him.

From a human point of view, he has no signs of paranoia. On the contrary, it is all the rest who are trying to deceive, humiliate and insult him, do not believe in his genius, capabilities and strength. Sometimes paranoids even buy weapons to deal with "ill-wishers".

Paranoia: symptoms and signs in women

Paranoia is a disorder that can occur in a person regardless of social status, position and gender. However, there are differences in the clinical course of paranoia in men and women.

Paranoia (and mental disorders in principle) in women can occur or worsen during hormonal changes in the body. This is puberty, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation, peri- and postmenopause. The main symptoms of paranoia in women are distrust of others, open hostility, and increased resentment.

Paranoia and mental illness are not directly related to the hormonal background, but an imbalance in the hormonal system can provoke exacerbations and worsen symptoms.

Women often develop ideas of persecution. It constantly seems to her that there are terrible conspiracies against her with the aim of insulting, depriving her of a highly paid position, surviving from an apartment, harming her family and child.

The following symptoms can be signs of paranoia in women (behavior that was not typical for a person before):

• aggression towards relatives;
• constant conflicts on everyday, petty topics;
• accusations of relatives of causing harm to the woman herself and her property;
• a woman is obsessed with one idea (persecution, a fatal illness or superpowers), she can talk about this topic for several hours without stopping.

There is a paranoia of lust - such an idea is of a pronounced erotic nature. Women fall in love with a famous man and begin to speak openly about the reciprocity of feelings, about the connection with the man. They make contact with a person, impose themselves, try to offer a meeting, persecute. The refusal of a person is explained by the fact that he is simply “shy”.

The signs of paranoia in women are varied and depend on the idea that has captured the woman's mind. Permanent signs include detachment from reality, an obsession with an idea, and the fact that a woman cannot be dissuaded.

An accurate diagnostic method is an examination by a psychiatrist, who, with the help of competent questioning, will identify the problem and its causes. Additional diagnostic methods include: pathopsychological examination, Neurotest, Neurophysiological test system .

Paranoia responds well to treatment with modern medications. .

Signs of paranoia in men

Signs of paranoia in men - a man's behavior changes, he becomes obsessed with a specific idea.

Often this idea is jealousy. Any little thing becomes convincing evidence of cheating on a wife or girlfriend: a new dress, a slight delay at work, a missed call or a message from an unknown number. Men become aggressive, behave hostilely with a partner, with men from her environment - potential "rivals" or "lovers".

It happens that a man has a conviction that his wife began to cheat on him a very long time ago, and therefore he is now raising someone else's child.

The delusions of over-giftedness are widespread. Symptoms and signs of paranoia in men in this case:

• excessive passion for one's hobby, whether it be poetry, drawing, music;
• constant demonstration of creations to the public;
• a person without special education suddenly becomes interested in nuclear physics or serious philosophy;
• “superpowers” ​​may appear - a person sees the future, heals terminally ill patients, telepathically communicates with an alien or other world.

Such patients insist on their genius, and if someone disagrees with them, they consider him an ill-wisher and an envious person.

The symptoms of paranoia in men depend on the particular idea of ​​the patient. This may be the belief in persecution, the desire of acquaintances or strangers to cause damage, a pathological obsession with science or religion, delusions of jealousy or love delusions, hypochondriacal ideas - then the man is convinced that he is terminally ill.

Paranoia in men responds well to treatment. The main thing is to clearly follow the doctor's recommendations and not stop taking medication if the doctor insists on continuing therapy. The patient and his relatives must be prepared for a long course of treatment so that the symptoms of the disease go away for sure. .

The disease of paranoia implies that a person suffering from this pathology is suspicious and confident that others want to offend him and cause harm. Anything and everything in the paranoid's environment is subject to distrust and suspicion. Although it is absolutely clear to objective observers that in fact there is no danger either in the words or in the actions of others.

According to some scientific studies, 6% of women and 13% of men have a chronic distrust of the motivation of others in relation to them. But only 0.5-0.25% of women and men can actually be diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder. Interestingly, paranoid traits and psychiatric disorders with paranoid features are more common in men than in women.

The term "paranoia" was first used in 1863 by the German Karl Ludwig Kalbaum, who was a psychiatrist. After that, they began to believe that paranoia is such mental disorders as delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur and similar deviations.

We can say that all people are subject to paranoia in one way or another. Causes of paranoia in healthy people:

• stressful situation at work
• difficulties in personal life.

How to get rid of paranoia in this case? Overcoming crisis moments in a person's life will help to correct the situation.

Definition of paranoia

Each of us has heard the words “paranoid” or “paranoia” at least once in our lives. However, not everyone knows what meaning is hidden behind these concepts. Paranoia is considered serious mental disorders, which are manifested by an exaggerated and unreasonable distrust of others.

Paranoia is a disease more often in the elderly. However, it happens that the disease is not associated with age. Often the cause of paranoia can be destructive changes that occur in the brain during Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's and others. Drugs and alcohol also often provoke paranoia.

There are a large number of subtypes of this disease, for example, paranoia due to alcohol consumption, which develops with the abuse of strong drinks. Persecutory paranoia is a disorder characterized by delusions of persecution. Paranoia of conscience causes self-flagellation and the development of depressive states.

Symptoms

How does paranoia manifest itself? Symptoms of this disease can be different. Signs of paranoia:

• the emergence of ridiculous ideas that are firmly held;
• constant logical development of these ideas;
• paranoid ideas arise from auditory hallucinations that regularly provide information for delusions.

Paranoia can have many faces. The symptoms of this disease are as follows:

1. Self-referential thinking: the patient feels that even complete strangers around him are always talking about him.
2. The feeling that the thoughts of the paranoid person can be read by other people (thought broadcasting).
3. Magical thinking, which is characterized by the paranoid's feeling that they can use their thoughts to influence the actions and thoughts of others.
4. Thought Conclusion: The paranoid person feels that others are stealing her thoughts.
5. Feeling that the thoughts of others are wedged into his own thoughts. This is called thought insertion.
6. Appeal Idea: The paranoid believes that TV and/or radio are addressing him specifically.

Stages of development of paranoia

There are several stages of chronic paranoia. The first is preparatory. For a certain time, delirium does not yet appear in the behavior and conversation of the patient. The person continues to live and work as before, but he becomes more prone to suspicion and incredulity. The patient comes to the conclusion that others began to treat him differently, and begins to show aggression towards fictional enemies. In his head, a plan for self-defense is ripening. During this period, others are not yet aware of the presence of the disease. And only after a certain number of months does the character of the patient change.

Further, the disease passes into the second stage - delusional. The patient begins to develop paranoid plans in more detail. This can go on for many years. A person has ridiculous ideas, which are expressed for the most part in persecution. He often feels in his life the presence of certain spies threatening him, forcing him to perform certain actions, including against his will. This compromises, destroys, harasses the patient, brings him to suicidal moods and puts him in a hopeless situation. A person becomes embittered, often conflicts, regularly complains and writes angry letters to various authorities.

Paranoia: causes

An attack of paranoia can often be caused by depression, severe emotional stress, long isolation from society, low self-esteem, as well as physical or moral and spiritual loneliness. Paranoia is a heightened sense of reality that all people are subject to in one way or another. Sometimes paranoia is expressed in mild personality disorders.

The chemical and physical processes that occur in the brain in this disease have not yet been fully studied. However, paranoia can be a sign of various mental disorders and is also found in some physical illnesses. In addition, certain drugs or chemicals may cause signs of paranoia in people who are completely normal outside of the effects of these drugs.

Thus, paranoia is often part of the symptom complex of schizophrenia. Due to the fact that patients are often isolated from reality, they suffer from hallucinations, are characterized by blunted or absent emotions, disorganized thinking and behavior.

Diagnosis of paranoia

Thus, paranoid personality disorder is diagnosed when a person has no other symptoms of schizophrenia.

Paranoid personality disorder is diagnosed when a person with paranoid personality disorder has at least four of the following:

1. Constant suspicion of lies and deceptions in the world around.
2. Frequent preoccupation with fidelity or the possibility of trust in certain individuals.
3. Fearing betrayal, patients cannot trust others.
4. Harmless events or comments may be distorted and perceived as threatening.
5. Prolonged claims to other people, the latter being perceived as threatening or insulting in some way.
6. The words or certain actions of the surrounding people may seem aggressive to some extent, and hence the readiness to counterattack at any moment.
7. Repeated unsubstantiated accusations of a spouse or partner of infidelity.

Treatment

Paranoia is considered a disease that is very difficult to treat. Treatment is difficult and takes a long period of time due to the fact that:

• people suffering from this pathology rarely seek specialized help;
• patients very rarely accept the fact that their disease is paranoia;
• even close people who seek medical help are perceived by the sick as the worst enemies;
• if therapeutic measures are nevertheless carried out, then patients are confident in the guilt of others, including doctors, in all their troubles and troubles.

Thus, if the patient is not aware of his pathology, then the therapy will be ineffective.

How to get rid of paranoia?

Identifying the cause of the disease is the first step in the treatment of paranoia. If the disorder was caused by an easily reversible situation, for example, it is a side effect of a drug, then eliminating the situation (refusal of narcotic drugs) will lead to getting rid of the symptoms of the disease.

Patients suffering from other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or other forms of mental retardation, Huntington's disease or Parkinson's disease, feel better when the underlying disease is treated. As the underlying pathology progresses, the symptoms of paranoia may eventually return or worsen.

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) or other forms of psychotherapy are very effective in treating some patients. This type of therapy helps to increase a person's awareness of their motivations and actions, helps in interpreting environmental signals, and changing dysfunctional behavior.

Adequate social adaptation, constant support of relatives and friends contribute to recovery.

Medical treatment

The following medications are used:

1. traditional antipsychotics. They have another name - neuroleptics. Their use has been possible since the 1950s. These substances block dopamine receptors in the brain. This is the principle of their action. This hormone is a neurotransmitter. There is an opinion that dopamine is involved in the development of various crazy ideas. Among this group of drugs are Thorazin, Haldol, Prolixin, Navan, Stelazin, Mellaril and Trilafon.
2. atypical antipsychotics. This group of drugs is more modern and effective. When they are used, blocking of serotonin receptors, a neurotransmitter, which is also involved in the formation of delirium, occurs. This group consists of Risperdal, Serokel, Clozaril, Zyprexa and Geodon.
3. Other medicines. Perhaps the appointment of tranquilizers and antidepressants. If there is a high level of anxiety or sleep problems, sedatives are used.

Prognosis for paranoia

Many factors are important in predicting the outcome of the disease. For example, not the last role is played by the warehouse of the patient's character, as well as the form of delusional disorder, certain life circumstances. After all, if medical care is not available and there is no desire to be treated, then there will be no effect from such therapy.

If the cause of paranoia is the presence of an underlying mental pathology, such as schizophrenia, therapeutic measures will be carried out for life. The patient's condition may improve somewhat with remission. An exacerbation can be observed in various stressful situations or a change in the course of chemotherapy.

If paranoia occurs on the background of the use of drugs or drugs, treatment may consist only in refusing to take these substances.