Presentation on the topic “Immunity. Immunity and its types Obtained from plasma

health

Plan

The concept of the immune system, immunity, specific and non-specific defense mechanisms.

Risk factors for impaired immunity.

Means and methods of immunity stimulation. Vaccination.

Isotherm. The concept of the temperature optimum of living conditions.

Valeological bases of hardening. Principles and means of hardening.

The concept of colds and colds - infectious diseases. Prevention of colds.

Immunity is the body's ability to withstand the harmful effects of the external and internal environment, it is a specific factor of protection against human infectious diseases, which consists in recognizing and destroying genetically alien cells that have penetrated from the outside, including microorganisms

IMMUNITY

IMMUNITY - A METHOD OF PROTECTING THE ORGANISM FROM BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SUBSTANCES CARRYING THE SIGNS OF FOREIGN GENETIC INFORMATION

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM- THE SET OF LYMPHOID ORGANS, TISSUES AND CELLS, AS WELL AS MACROPHAGES AND THE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY THEM, PROVIDING IMMUNITY MECHANISMS

IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY- THE ABILITY OF THE ORGANISM TO RECOGNIZE FOREIGN GENETIC INFORMATION AND FORM MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION AGAINST IT

Classification of protective mechanisms

There are three complementary systems in the body that provide protection against harmful agents.

1. The specific immune system responds to the introduction of foreign cells, particles or molecules (antigens - AG) by the formation of specific protective substances localized inside cells or on the surface (specific cellular immunity), or dissolved in plasma (antibodies

AT; specific humoral immunity). These substances, combined with foreign particles (AG-AT reaction), neutralize their influence.

2. Nonspecific humoral systems.

These include the complement system and other plasma proteins capable of breaking down antigen-AT complexes, destroying foreign particles, and activating body cells involved in inflammatory reactions.

3. Non-specific cellular systems include leukocytes and macrophages capable of phagocytosis and thereby destroy disease-causing agents and complexes. AG-AT.

Tissue macrophages also play an important role in the recognition of foreign particles by the specific immune system.

TYPES OF IMMUNE

1. By the nature of the foreign factor:

non-infectious

Infectious

2. By nature:

Congenital

- Acquired: (natural

or artificial)

3. By mechanisms:

humoral

Cellular

Immunity.

IMMUNOCOMPETENT

1. Antigen presenting cells- monocytes - macrophages

endothelial cells

2. Regulatory cells

Helper-suppressors-counter-suppressors-memory

3. Effectors of the immune response - T and B - killers

- B-antibody producers

- plasma cells

CENTRAL ORGANS OF IMMUNE

BONE MARROW

Place of maturation(antigen-independent differentiation) B-lymphocytes.

The place of maturation of predecessors T-

lymphocytes to the stage of their migration into the thymus

THYMUS

Place of maturation(antigen-independent differentiation) T-lymphocytes. Place of positive and negative selection

T-lymphocytes. Production and secretion of hormones necessary for the maturation of T-lymphocytes.

slide 2

• Epidemics of plague, cholera, smallpox, and influenza left a deep mark on the history of mankind. In the 14th century, a terrible epidemic of the Black Death swept through Europe, killing 15 million people. It was a plague that engulfed all countries and from which 100 million people died. Smallpox, called "black smallpox", left a no less terrible mark. The smallpox virus caused the death of 400 million people, and the survivors became blind forever. 6 epidemics of cholera were registered, the last in 1992-93 in India, Bangladesh. The influenza epidemic called "Spanish flu" in 1918-19 claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people, epidemics are known as "Asian", "Hong Kong", and today - "swine" flu.

Viral infection is very sensitive to the temperature factor. No wonder our wise body, in order to speed up the fight against viruses, raises body temperature. The development of most viruses is very strongly suppressed at a temperature of 39 - 40 degrees. Two conclusions can be drawn from this fact: 1. If the temperature appears in the body (within reasonable limits - up to 39 degrees Celsius), do not rush to reduce it with various medications. At elevated body temperature, viruses die very quickly, and the duration of the disease decreases several times. When the temperature drops, the viruses feel great, and the disease acquires a sluggish, long-term character. 2. To prevent the fight against viruses (in particular, influenza viruses), we need to periodically raise our body temperature. The easiest and most effective way to do this is to visit a sauna or a Russian steam room once a week. Thanks to this procedure, you can effectively and most importantly - pleasantly cleanse the body from the outside and suppress the infection that has penetrated inside the body. It is not recommended to visit the steam room if you already have an elevated body temperature.

Immunity The presentation was made by: Derevyanchenko Polina MAOU gymnasium No. 69 and m. Sergey Yesenin teacher: Znamenshchikova Galina Mikhailovna.

Immunity (lat. immunitas ‘liberation, getting rid of something’) is the ability of the immune system to rid the body of genetically alien objects. Provides homeostasis of the body at the cellular and molecular level of organization.

The purpose of immunity: The simplest defense mechanisms aimed at recognizing and neutralizing pathogens, resisting the invasion of genetically alien objects O ensuring the genetic integrity of individuals of a species throughout their individual life

Characteristic signs of the immune system: Ability to distinguish "own" from "foreign"; Formation of memory after primary contact with foreign antigenic material; Klonal organization of immunocompetent cells, in which a single cell clone is usually able to respond to only one of the many antigenic determinants.

Classifications Classification There are also several more classifications of immunity: Acquired active immunity occurs after a disease or after a vaccine is administered. Acquired passive immunity develops when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body in the form of serum or transferred to a newborn with mother's colostrum or in utero. Natural immunity includes innate immunity and acquired active (after a disease), as well as passive immunity when antibodies are transferred to the child from the mother. Artificial immunity includes acquired active after vaccination (vaccination) and acquired passive (serum administration). Congenital (non-specific) Adaptive (acquired, specific)

Immunity is divided into species immunity (inherited to us due to the characteristics of our - human - body) and acquired as a result of "learning" the immune system. So, it is innate properties that protect us from canine distemper, and "training by vaccination" - from tetanus.

Sterile and non-sterile immunity. After the disease, in some cases, immunity persists for life. For example measles, chicken pox. This is sterile immunity. And in some cases, immunity is preserved only as long as there is a pathogen in the body (tuberculosis, syphilis) - non-sterile immunity.

The main organs responsible for immunity are the red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. Each of them performs its important work and complements each other. yayaya

Protective mechanisms of the immune system There are two main mechanisms by which immune responses are carried out. This is humoral and cellular immunity. As the name suggests, humoral immunity is realized through the formation of certain substances, and cellular immunity is realized through the work of certain cells of the body.

Humoral immunity This mechanism of immunity manifests itself in the formation of antibodies to antigens - foreign chemicals, as well as microbial cells. B-lymphocytes play a fundamental role in humoral immunity. It is they who recognize foreign structures in the body, and then produce antibodies on them - specific substances of a protein nature, which are also called immunoglobulins. The antibodies that are produced are extremely specific, that is, they can only interact with those foreign particles that caused the formation of these antibodies. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are found in the blood (serum), on the surface of immunocompetent cells (surface), as well as in the secrets of the gastrointestinal tract, lacrimal fluid, breast milk (secretory immunoglobulins).

Humoral Immunity In addition to being highly specific, antigens have other biological characteristics. They have one or more active sites that interact with antigens. More often there are two or more. The strength of the connection between the active center of an antibody and an antigen depends on the spatial structure of the substances that bind (i.e., antibodies and antigen), as well as the number of active centers in one immunoglobulin. Several antibodies can bind to one antigen at once. Immunoglobulins have their own classification using Latin letters. In accordance with it, immunoglobulins are divided into Ig G, Ig M, Ig A, Ig D and Ig E. They differ in structure and function. Some antibodies appear immediately after infection, while others appear later. Ehrlich Paul discovered humoral immunity.

Phagocytosis Phagocytosis (Phago - to devour and cytos - cell) is a process in which special cells of the blood and tissues of the body (phagocytes) capture and digest pathogens of infectious diseases and dead cells. It is carried out by two types of cells: granular leukocytes (granulocytes) circulating in the blood and tissue macrophages. The discovery of phagocytosis belongs to I. I. Mechnikov, who revealed this process by doing experiments with starfish and daphnia, introducing foreign bodies into their bodies. For example, when Mechnikov placed a spore of a fungus in the body of a daphnia, he noticed that it was attacked by special mobile cells. When he introduced too many spores, the cells did not have time to digest them all, and the animal died. Mechnikov called cells that protect the body from bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, etc. phagocytes.

Conclusion Immunity is the most important process of our body, helping to maintain its integrity, protecting it from harmful microorganisms and foreign agents.

Immunity Immunity is the body's ability to protect its own integrity and biological identity. Immunity is the body's resistance to infectious diseases. Every minute the dead are carried, And the groans of the living Fearfully ask God To calm their souls! Every minute you need a place, And the graves among themselves, Like a frightened herd, Cling in a close succession. A.S. Pushkin "A Feast During the Plague" Smallpox, plague, typhus, cholera and many other diseases have taken the lives of a huge number of people.

Terms Antigens - bacteria, viruses or their toxins (poisons), as well as degenerated cells of the body. Antibodies are protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of an antigen. Each antibody recognizes its own antigen. Lymphocytes (T and B) - have receptors on the cell surface that recognize the "enemy", form "antigen-antibody" complexes and neutralize antigens.

The immune system combines organs and tissues that protect the body from genetically alien cells or substances that come from outside or are formed in the body. Central organs (red bone marrow, thymus) Peripheral organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen) Location of organs of the human immune system Immune system

Central immune system Lymphocytes are formed: in the red bone marrow - B-lymphocytes and precursors of T-lymphocytes, and in the thymus - T-lymphocytes themselves. T- and B-lymphocytes are transported by blood to peripheral organs, where they mature and carry out their functions.

Peripheral immune system The tonsils are located in a ring in the mucous membrane of the pharynx, surrounding the entry point for air and food into the body. Lymph nodules are located at the boundaries with the external environment - in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tracts, as well as in the skin. Lymphocytes located in the spleen recognize foreign objects in the blood, which is "filtered" in this organ. In the lymph nodes, the lymph flowing from all organs is “filtered”.

TYPES OF IMMUNE Natural Artificial Congenital (passive) Acquired (active) Passive Active Inherited by the child from the mother. Appears after infection illness. Appears after vaccination. Appears under the action of healing serum. Types of immunity

Active immunity Active immunity (natural, artificial) is formed by the body itself in response to the introduction of an antigen. Natural active immunity occurs after an infectious disease.

Active Immunity Artificial active immunity occurs after the introduction of vaccines.

Passive immunity Passive immunity (natural, artificial) is created by ready-made antibodies obtained from another organism. Natural passive immunity is created by antibodies passed from mother to child.

Passive immunity Artificial passive immunity occurs after the introduction of therapeutic sera or as a result of volumetric blood transfusion.

Work of the immune system A feature of the immune system is the ability of its main cells - lymphocytes - to recognize genetically "own" and "foreign".

Immunity is provided by the activity of leukocytes - phagocytes and lymphocytes. The mechanism of immunity Cellular (phagocytic) immunity (discovered by I.I. Mechnikov in 1863) Phagocytosis is the capture and digestion of bacteria.

T-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes (formed in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus). T-killers (killers) T-suppressors (oppressors) T-helpers (helpers) Cellular immunity Blocks the reactions of B-lymphocytes Helps B-lymphocytes to turn into plasma cells

Mechanism of immunity Humoral immunity

B-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes (formed in the bone marrow, mature in the lymphoid tissue). Antigen exposure Plasma cells Memory cells Humoral immunity Acquired immunity

Types of immune responses

Vaccination Vaccination (from the Latin "vassa" - a cow) was introduced into practice in 1796 by the English physician Edward Jenner, who made the first inoculation of "cowpox" to an 8-year-old boy, James Phips.

Immunization schedule 12 hours first hepatitis B vaccination 3-7th day tuberculosis vaccination 1st month second hepatitis B vaccination 3 months first vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, haemophilus influenzae 4.5 months second vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection 6 months third vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection, third vaccination hepatitis B 12 months vaccination measles, mumps, rubella

Immunization schedule 18 months first booster vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, haemophilus influenzae 20 months second booster vaccination polio 6 years second vaccination measles, mumps, rubella 7 years second booster vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, first booster tuberculosis 13 years vaccination against hepatitis B, vaccination rubella (girls) 14 years third diphtheria and tetanus booster, tuberculosis booster, third polio booster adult diphtheria and tetanus booster every 10 years from last booster

HIV and AIDS HIV infection is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The end stage of HIV infection is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection leads to severe damage to the immune and nervous systems, to inevitable death.

HIV infection

HIV transmission

HIV is not transmitted

Your protection is in your hands! Your best adviser is common sense. The one who knows cannot be defeated. We choose LIFE!