Symptoms of Mycoplasma hominis in men and women - ways of infection, diagnosis, treatment and complications. Mycoplasma hominis (hominis) - symptoms, treatment, ways of transmission of infection What is mycoplasma hominis

Mycoplasma is the name given to the smallest bacteria, located between fungi and viruses in the biological series.

In its structure, mycoplasma dispenses with a cell wall, having only a plasmalemma - the thinnest film that can only be seen with a powerful electron microscope.

From it, mycoplasma receives all the substances necessary for life, depleting and genetically changing it.

It is possible to become infected with mycoplasmosis in the following ways:

• Sexual - this can happen with a frequent change of sexual partners, as well as during unprotected intercourse with a carrier of the disease. Moreover, the type of contact can be different - oral, anal or genital.
• From a pregnant mother, mycoplasma can get to the fetus through the placenta, as well as during childbirth, when the child passes through an infected birth canal.
• Airborne - this method applies only to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In this case, the airways and lungs become inflamed. Diseases such as pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and pneumonia develop. There are frequent cases of mycoplasmal bronchitis in children in crowded groups - kindergartens and schools.

Thanks to the conducted studies, it has been proved that mycoplasmosis is not transmitted by contact-household.

Bacteria of this type are especially dangerous for pregnant women: in the first trimester they can cause spontaneous abortion, and in the third - premature birth.

Even if this did not happen, mycoplasmas can disrupt the functioning of the child's vital organs - the liver, vascular system, etc. Their presence often provokes chronic fetal hypoxia, in which the brain does not receive the required amount of oxygen, delaying development. In men, mycoplasmosis can cause no less serious problems - impotence and infertility.

Mycoplasma hominis and mycoplasma genitalium: comparative characteristics of infections

Currently, the existence of many types of mycoplasma has been discovered, but only 16 of them are able to survive in the human body. 10 species live in the respiratory (respiratory) tract - the pharynx and oral cavity, the remaining 6 - in the urogenital (on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract and genital organs). Most of them are saprophytes - they exist in the body without showing themselves. However, when the immune barrier is lowered, bacterial cells are activated, causing various diseases.

Only 6 types of microbes can cause serious problems:

• Micoplasma pneumoniae - contributes to the development of atypical pneumonia and pulmonary mycoplasmosis (mycoplasmal bronchitis).
• Micoplasma penetrans and Micoplasma fermentans - their presence can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• Micoplasma hominis and Micoplasma genitalium - causes urogenital mycoplasmosis.

Both species are opportunistic pathogens. This means that under certain conditions they can cause an illness, but it is not uncommon to find them in healthy people.

Mycoplasma genitalium has a greater ability to cause disease, but it is much less common than Mycoplasma hominis. In heterosexual men, the percentage of the presence of this type of bacteria is much lower than in homosexuals (11% and 30%, respectively). Mycoplasma hominis is less pathogenic, but in infectious and inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system it is found much more often. It is not uncommon in patients with cystitis and pyelonephritis.

• inflammation of the ovaries and their abscesses;
• endometritis;
• adnexitis;
• salpingitis, etc.

Mycoplasmosis of the external female genital organs caused by mycoplasmas hominis and genitalia includes urethritis, vulvovaginitis, etc. The presence of these diseases can prove the presence of a high level of epithelium in a smear taken for clinical examination. In men, mycoplasma genitalium can cause inflammation of the urethra (urethritis). The influence of mycoplasmas on the development of prostatitis has not been proven.

Mycoplasmosis: symptoms, diagnosis and necessary tests

Urogenital infections caused by mycoplasma are divided into asymptomatic, acute and chronic.

In most cases, a disease such as mycoplasmosis may have no symptoms.

In this case, the following common symptoms in men and women with mycoplasmosis can be observed:

• Mucous discharge in small quantities. At the same time, they can either disappear or appear after a while in a larger volume.
• Cutting and burning during urination. In men with urethritis, a sharp pain can be observed at the end of this process, sometimes blood appears.
• Lower abdominal pain.
• Itching in the genital area.
• Pain during sex.

With mycoplasma in men, pulling pain of the testicles may appear. The edges of the scrotum become inflamed red. The acute stage of urogenital mycoplasmosis is rare and completely curable with the appropriate approach. No specialist is able to make a correct diagnosis and recommend taking certain pills based on one examination and a single analysis.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis, the symptoms of which are disturbing, is carried out in several stages. Initially, an examination by a highly specialized doctor is carried out, in which the condition of the cervix and the mucous membrane of the vaginal walls is assessed. If a specialist detects inflammation of the mucosa and cervical canal in combination with copious secretions that have a pungent odor, he may suspect the presence of urogenital mycoplasmosis.

To clarify the diagnosis, ultrasound of the pelvic organs and additional laboratory tests may be recommended. For example, a bacteriological smear. With the help of the analysis taken, the microbiologist conducts a sowing, which will not only determine the causative agent of mycoplasmosis, but also its reaction to antibacterial drugs.

Currently, this method is considered not very informative, so the patient is prescribed a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis, which has 90% efficiency. With this method, mycoplasma DNA is detected. Any biological material is suitable for research - saliva, blood, secretions from the genitals, etc.

In some cases, ELISA (enzymatic immunoassay) and PIF (immunofluorescence method) are used. In this case, the pathogen is detected using specifically stained antibodies. These methods are very common in our country, but have low accuracy (no more than 70%). In addition, there is a serological method and a method of genetic probes - but these are already rarer types of research.

Patients for seeding take a swab:

• in men - from the urethra or semen, urine, prostate secretion;
• in women - from the vagina, cervix, urethra.

Before taking a smear by a gynecologist, do not use vaginal suppositories. There is a danger that the result of the analysis may be unreliable. For ELISA and PCR, it is necessary to donate blood from a vein, on an empty stomach.

When sowing, the borderline indicator of the norm and anomaly is the value of 104 CFU / ml. If the indicator is less - the patient is healthy, if more - additional research and, possibly, treatment is required.

In studies on immunoglobulins of classes M and G, the response is of the following types:

• "negative" - ​​in this case, either there is no infection at all, or less than 2 weeks have passed since its moment, or it did not cause a strong immune response. Less than 5 IgG and less than 8 IgM must be found in the sample;
• "doubtful" - in the presence of 9 IgM and 5 IgG;
• "positively".

More about the disease

With weakly positive anti-Mic.hominis IgM 10-30, and anti-Mic.hominis IgG 10; with positive anti-Mic.hominis IgM 40-1100, and with anti-Mic.hominis IgG; with strongly positive anti-Mic.hominis IgM 1100, and with anti-Mic.hominis IgG 10 ≥40.

Do not interpret test results yourself. This should be done by a specialist, taking into account the conclusions of the clinical examination and observing the course of mycoplasmosis, the symptoms of which may appear and disappear from time to time.

If this or that analysis showed undesirable results - do not be upset. Any research can be wrong.

This usually occurs due to mixing of samples - contamination with foreign DNA, violation of the order of sampling for research or analysis during the period of antibiotics.

Mycoplasma in women and men: differences in the course of the disease

The incubation period of infection in men and women lasts up to 20 days, after which symptoms of the disease appear. At the same time, mycoplasma in women in the acute phase gives more pronounced symptoms, even spotting between menstruation may appear.

In men, the symptoms of the disease are very weak, unlike a woman, a man is not a carrier of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma in men rarely passes to the kidneys, but often ends in infertility.

Symptoms of Mycoplasma Pneumonia

The incubation period of the disease lasts up to 3 weeks.

At the same time, mycoplasmal pneumonia develops similarly to SARS:

• runny nose;
• general weakness;
• low body temperature;
• perspiration and dryness in the throat;
• headache;
• cough - at first dry, then the separation of mucous viscous sputum begins.

After 5-7 days, the symptoms intensify, the temperature rises to 40 degrees, the cough becomes stronger, the attacks are more and more prolonged. When breathing, chest pain may occur, wheezing is heard during the examination.

Pulmonary mycoplasmosis provokes Micoplasma pneumoniae.

It is manifested by the following symptoms, which are divided into two groups:

1. Respiratory.
   • with damage to the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, tracheitis, pharyngitis develop;
   • if mycoplasmas in women or men enter the lungs, pleurisy, pneumonia are diagnosed, abscesses form;
2. Non-respiratory: In this case, any organ can become infected. At the same time, mycoplasmas in men or women can cause diseases such as:
   • anemia;
   • pancreatitis;
   • hepatitis;
   • meningitis;
   • neuritis;
   • polyarthritis;
   • myalgia;
   • skin rashes, etc.

Mycoplasmosis of the genital organs and urinary tract

These diseases are provoked by mycoplasma genitalium and mycoplasma hominis, which are transmitted through sexual contact. The incubation period is from 3 to 35 days. Symptoms of mycoplasma in men are more pronounced than in women. Ladies may not be aware of their problems and only accidentally discover them during an examination for cervical erosion or inflammation of the internal genital organs. Obvious symptoms of the presence of mycoplasma in women can occur only during an exacerbation of the disease: discharge from the genitals, pain during intercourse and urination.

Mycoplasmosis: treatment with drugs and traditional medicine

When the first signs of mycoplasmosis appear, you should immediately consult a doctor who will give a referral for tests.

Based on the data obtained, the specialist will draw up a treatment regimen, which will depend on many factors:

• gender and age of the patient;
• pregnancy;
• manifestation of an allergy to certain components of the drug;
• the type of bacterium and its sensitivity to a particular agent.

At the same time, the main difficulty lies in the fact that not every antibiotic is able to successfully fight mycoplasma. Therefore, the treatment of diseases caused by these bacteria should be handled by a specialist.

In combination with antibacterial therapy, antiprotozoal and antifungal drugs are prescribed. In some cases, immunotherapy and physiotherapy are carried out. If mycoplasmosis is detected, treatment is necessary for both sexual partners at the same time to avoid re-infection. To achieve this goal and increase the effectiveness of treatment, many doctors use modern technology of extracorporeal antibiotic therapy.

It consists in the incubation administration of significant doses of antibiotics and the simultaneous purification of the blood (plasmapheresis). It is impossible to get rid of mycoplasmosis by folk methods. You can only reduce some of the symptoms of the disease, but the pathogens themselves cannot be destroyed.

Folk remedies can be used as ancillary, but only under the supervision of a doctor:

1. With mycoplasmosis, treatment can be carried out with the help of garlic. At least 2-4 cloves should be eaten per day. You can also prepare a special composition: chop 150 g of garlic and vegetable oil in a blender, add salt and lemon juice. The last component can be replaced with diluted table vinegar. You should get a creamy mixture, which is added to salads or spread on bread. To get rid of mycoplasmosis, the more garlic is consumed, the better.
2. Wintergreen, winter love and boron uterus are mixed in a ratio of 1: 1: 1. The resulting 10-12 g of the collection is poured into 500-750 g of boiling water and kept on low heat for about 5 minutes. Insist 1 hour, strain. Drink the infusion in equal parts throughout the day. The course of treatment is 21 days.
3. 1 tbsp. meadowsweet flowers and St. John's wort leaves pour 800 ml of cold water, simmer for 10 minutes. After that, hold in a water bath for at least 2 hours. Strain. Drink chilled 3 times a day, 200 ml 15 minutes before meals.

It is easier to prevent an ailment than to get rid of it for a long time and painfully - a long-known rule. It also works in the case of such a problem as mycoplasmosis, the treatment of which takes a long time. To avoid infection, you need to follow a few simple rules. In order not to get sick with urogenital mycoplasmosis, you need to limit casual sex. If it doesn't work out, use a condom when making love. Moreover, it should be put on before the start of comfort - before contact with the partner's genitals.

Periodically, tests should be taken for laboratory diagnostics to detect sexually transmitted infections. This is especially important for those who are planning a pregnancy.

If a disease is detected in one family member, it is recommended that everyone else at home consult a specialist, it is necessary to complete a full course with a diagnosis of cure. A healthy lifestyle and good nutrition support the immune system in the proper form - this prevents the penetration of mycoplasma into the human body. The prevention and treatment of mycoplasmosis should be taken seriously. After all, a neglected disease can permanently deprive the patient of the hope of becoming a parent. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment will guarantee getting rid of the problem.

Description

Method of determination Immunoassay.

Material under study Serum

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Mycoplasmas - a group of intracellular microorganisms - gram-negative bacteria 115 - 200 nm in size, which do not have a dense cell wall, covered with a three-layer cytoplasmic membrane. Several strains of mycoplasmas have been described.

Conventionally, mycoplasmas are divided into 6 groups, depending on the diseases they cause in humans. The group of mycoplasmas that cause lesions of the urogenital tract in men and women include Mycoplasma hominis type I and type II, Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Mycoplasmas are characterized by polymorphism and a peculiar life cycle. The source of infection is a person with mycoplasmosis, or a healthy carrier of mycoplasmas.

Mycoplasma infections of the urogenital tract occupy one of the leading places among STIs. They are often combined with gonococci, Trichomonas and opportunistic microorganisms, are transmitted through sexual contact, can cause non-gonococcal urethritis and prostatitis, inflammatory diseases of the small pelvis, pathology of pregnancy and fetus, infertility in women and men, as well as perinatal infection of newborns.

Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis infection using microbiological methods is difficult because it is difficult to cultivate this microorganism in vitro. An adequate modern method for diagnosing M. hominis infection is a PCR method aimed at identifying the pathogen's DNA (in the INVITRO laboratory tests,).

Serological methods (detection of antibodies in blood serum) are of lesser use, since, due to the intracellular localization of M. hominis, the body's immune response against these microorganisms is often weakly expressed. A positive test result for IgM antibodies may indicate the likelihood of an ongoing infection.

Mycoplasmatosis: causes, symptoms and diagnosis of the disease

Among a sufficiently large number of mycoplasmas found in humans, only 4 species can cause disease under certain conditions. One of them - Mycoplasma pneumonia - affects the respiratory system, causing inflammatory diseases of the throat, bronchi, and lungs. The remaining three - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum - are the causative agents of genitourinary mycoplasmosis - one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.

Mycoplasma causes:

1. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract (atypical pneumonia, mycoplasmal bronchitis, etc.).

The causative agent of this group of diseases is a microorganism of the species Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

The main route of transmission of diseases: - airborne.

The source of infection is a sick person and a healthy one (carrier).

The possibility of infection persists throughout the year, but in the autumn-winter period, infection is activated.

Clinical manifestations:

cough is the most common symptom of respiratory tract infection in patients with mycoplasma infection. As a rule, a dry, hysterical cough with light sputum is present throughout the disease, but among those who cough only 3-10% of patients with pneumonia.

Diagnostics:

one of the main tools for laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae are serological tests, partly due to their wide availability and ease of sampling - using venous blood to detect antibodies (Ig A, IgM, IgG).

These methods are widely used in clinical practice. In recent years, an increase in their sensitivity has been achieved through the separate detection of different classes of antibodies (IgM and IgA). An elevated IgM level is a reliable indicator of mycoplasmal infection in children. In adults, methods based on the determination of IgA have a higher sensitivity.

Ig G is an indicator of a current or past Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, these antibodies appear later than Ig A and Ig M, and persist for a longer time (more than a year).

Another modern method for diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae is PCR diagnostics. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a method that allows you to find in the studied clinical material a small section of genetic information (DNA) of any organism among a huge number of other sections and multiply it many times.

The clinical material for the study can be venous blood, saliva, sputum, separated from the ear, throat and nose.

2. Diseases of the urogenital tract in men and women (Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum).

Currently, mycoplasmas are considered to be opportunistic microbes. Only Mycoplasma genitalium is considered by most researchers as a pathogenic microorganism that can cause urethritis, epidymitis in men, and cervicitis, vaginitis, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and pregnancy pathology in women.

The frequency of detection of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum varies widely and ranges from 10% to 50%. These microorganisms are often detected in clinically healthy individuals and, being opportunistic microorganisms, can normally colonize the organs of the urogenital system.

Genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealiticum) can be infected in several ways:

during sexual contact;

when the infection is transmitted from mother to fetus through an infected placenta or during childbirth;

in transplantation (transplantation) of organs;

indirectly (in women, especially girls, through household items).

Clinical manifestations of urethritis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

dysuria (itching, burning, pain when urinating);

discomfort, itching, burning in the urethra;

frequent urination or urge to urinate;

pain during sexual intercourse (dyspanuria).

Clinical manifestations of vaginitis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the genital tract;

discomfort, itching, burning on the mucous membrane of the genital tract.

Clinical manifestations of cervicitis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

spotting after sexual intercourse;

discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen;

soreness during sexual intercourse.

Diagnosis of urogenital infectious diseases

Indications for examination for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum:

clinical and / or laboratory signs of inflammation of the urogenital tract (urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis, cervicitis, cervical erosion, pyelonephritis, vaginitis);

recurrent pathological processes associated with an imbalance in the vaginal flora (bacterial vaginosis);

pre-gravid (pregnancy planning) examination of sexual partners;

upcoming surgical manipulations on the pelvic organs with a high risk of infectious complications;

the presence of a burdened obstetric or gynecological history (miscarriage, perinatal losses, infertility);

the possibility of infection of the fetus with a complicated course.

An additional indication for testing for the presence of Mycoplasma genitalium is the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in one of the partners, as well as a change of sexual partner in the absence of the use of barrier methods of contraception.

Material for laboratory tests for the presence of urogenital infections is obtained: 1) in men - from the urethra, prostate gland, and it is also possible to study the ejaculate and the first portion of morning urine, 2) in women - from the urethra, vagina and cervical canal (cervix).

For the qualitative laboratory diagnosis of urogenital infections, it is important to correctly obtain clinical material for research from the patient. To obtain the most reliable test result, it is recommended to comply with a number of requirements:

Donate biomaterial before the start of treatment or not earlier than 1 month after the end of antibiotic therapy;

Observe the time frame for obtaining biomaterial: a) from the urethra not earlier than 3 hours after the last urination, b) in the presence of abundant urethral discharge - 15-20 minutes after urination, c) from the cervical canal and vagina before menstruation or after 1-2 days after its completion;

To carry out the taking of biomaterial in sufficient quantities for laboratory research.

Methods of laboratory diagnostics of urogenital infectious diseases

Currently, for the purpose of diagnosing urogenital infections, a number of methods are used that differ in sensitivity, specificity, ease of use and general availability.

The independent laboratory INVITRO offers a wide range of tests to detect the presence of mycoplasma infection.

For the identification of Mycoplasma genitalium, the only research method is the PCR method. PCR diagnostics of Mycoplasma hominis is based on the detection of the genetic material of the pathogen (DNA) in the biological material.

The advantages of the method are:

the possibility of using a variety of biological material (scraping, urine, prostate secretion, semen, saliva, synovial fluid) depending on the location of the alleged pathogen localization;

high sensitivity of the method allows early diagnosis of urogenital infections;

high speed of analysis.

To detect Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum, a cultural (bacteriological) study is carried out with a quantitative determination of isolated microorganisms and sensitivity to antibiotics. Clinically significant is the detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum in an amount of more than 10^4 cfu/ml.

In addition, in order to assess the state of the epithelium of the genital organs, the presence of an inflammatory process and concomitant sexually transmitted infections, it is recommended to conduct a microscopic examination of a Gram-stained smear.

Literature

1. Manual of Infectious Diseases with an Atlas of Infectious Pathology. Edited by Yu.V. Lobzina, S.S. Kozlova, A.N. Uskov. www.infectology.spb.ru, St. Petersburg. 2000

Indications for appointment

Positive result:

1. likely current infection with Mycoplasma hominis;
2. bacillus carrying.

Negative result:

1. early or late terms of Mycoplasma hominis infection;
2. weak immune response to Mycoplasma hominis;
3. no infection (with negative PCR results).

* The positivity ratio (PC) is the ratio of the optical density of the patient sample to the threshold value. KP - the coefficient of positivity is a universal indicator used in high-quality enzyme immunoassays. The CP characterizes the degree of positivity of the test sample and may be useful to the doctor for the correct interpretation of the result. Since the positivity coefficient does not correlate linearly with the concentration of antibodies in the sample, it is not recommended to use the CP for dynamic monitoring of patients, including monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

Description

Attention!The cost of the analysis is indicated for each individual localization.

Mycoplasma hominis (mycoplasma hominis, hominis) is the causative agent of urogenital mycoplasmosis. Mycoplasma hominis enters the human body through the mucous membranes of the genital organs, due to which this disease is classified as an STD. The source of infection is a sick person or a carrier. It is also possible to transmit the pathogen from an infected mother to the fetus in the prenatal period or to the newborn during childbirth. Mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic pathogen and normally lives in the vagina of a healthy woman. Under the influence of negative factors, Mycoplasma hominis begins to multiply uncontrollably and causes inflammation of the urethra, prostate, kidneys in men, and the development of vaginosis, vaginitis, salpingitis, cervicitis, endometritis in women. PCR is a modern and very accurate diagnostic method. The high sensitivity of the method makes it possible to detect the disease at an early stage. The specificity of the determination is 100%. The detection sensitivity is 100 copies of Mycoplasma hominis DNA per sample.

Mycoplasma hominis is the causative agent of urogenital mycoplasmosis in men and women. This opportunistic microorganism is transmitted from person to person sexually through the mucous membranes. Also, this disease is transmitted from mother to child in utero or during childbirth.

Normally, mycoplasma lives in the microflora of any healthy person. But only after exposure to environmental factors or a weakening of the immune system, it begins to multiply intensively, thereby provoking the development of vaginitis, urethritis, endometritis, vaginosis, cervicitis and salpingitis.

How is PCR tested for mycoplasma?

The PCR technique is a high-tech and accurate way to diagnose sexually transmitted diseases. A smear test for mycoplasma allows you to detect a disease in the body even at an early stage.

For a more accurate determination of mycoplasma by PCR, it is necessary to completely refrain from sexual intercourse 2-3 days before the study. It is also not recommended to urinate 2-3 hours before taking a smear.

PCR for mycoplasmosis in our center is not performed during menstrual bleeding in women, and it should not be done 24 hours after:

• colposcopy;
• Ultrasound using a vaginal probe;
• manual research.

Preparation rules

GENERAL RULES OF PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY OF UROGENITAL SMABS IN MEN

It is necessary to refrain from sexual intercourse for 2-3 days before the study. It is recommended not to urinate for 2-3 hours before the examination. Re-examination is possible no earlier than a week later.

GENERAL RULES OF PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY OF UROGENITAL SMARS IN WOMEN

A day before taking the biomaterial, refrain from sexual intercourse. Studies can be carried out before or not earlier than one day after manual examination, colposcopy, ultrasound examination using a vaginal probe.

It is recommended not to urinate for 2-3 hours before receiving the biomaterial from the urethra. The study of the detachable urogenital tract is not carried out during menstruation. Re-examination is possible no earlier than a week later.

GENERAL RULES FOR PREPARING FOR EJACULATE STUDY

It is recommended to refrain from sexual intercourse for 3-5 days before the study. The day before the study, limit physical activity, nervous strain, night shifts, etc .; exclude the consumption of strong coffee, tea, smoked meats, pepper, any alcoholic beverages. A week before the study, exclude baths and saunas, as well as hot baths. Biomaterial for research is taken before the start of antibiotic therapy or not earlier than two to three weeks after its completion. Before collecting the biomaterial, it is necessary to lead the toilet of the external genital organs.

PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING EJACULATE

The collection of biomaterial for all types of studies (spermogram, molecular diagnostics (PCR), microbiological examination (inoculation), etc.) is carried out by masturbation into a sterile container without a spoon (SC). Semen must be collected without touching the glans penis to the edges of the sterile container.

PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING AND PROCESSING SINGLE URINE SAMPLES

Mycoplasma hominis is one of the types of mycoplasmas, special microorganisms that occupy an intermediate stage between protozoa, viruses and bacteria. It is opportunistic pathogen...

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Study Description

Preparation for the study:

Scraping from the urethra. Before taking the patient, it is recommended not to urinate for 1.5-2 hours. Before taking the material from the cervical canal, it is necessary to remove the mucus with a cotton swab.