Nouns of all genders. Gender of nouns

Gender of nouns

Let's turn to the category of gender of nouns. You remember that in Russian the gender of nouns is determined on two grounds: by the end of the nominative singular and by the meaning of the noun, namely, by the attribution of persons and animals called by this noun to their natural gender. Knowing what gender a particular noun belongs to is necessary in order to correctly change it by case and correctly combine it with other words in a sentence. That is why in dictionaries, indications of gender are a mandatory characteristic of nouns.

It is customary to distinguish five groups of noun words according to their gender:

Masculine nouns;

Feminine nouns;

Neuter nouns;

Common nouns ( crybaby, smart girl, sneak);

Nouns whose gender cannot be determined ( trousers, railings, pliers, jungle, yeast, rouge, debate, vacation, twilight, Alps).

TO masculine include nouns ending in a hard consonant or -i (house, father, balance, bank, barter, credit, tea, region), all nouns ending in -tel (teacher, writer, switch, indicator), names of months (January, February, April, June, July, September, October, November, December), borrowed nouns with stems in -л, -н, -рь (ensemble, shampoo, piano, vestibule, calendar).

TO feminine include nouns ending in -а, -я (wife, earth, idea, game, computer science, migration, firm, function), nouns ending in a soft consonant stem (life, steel, night), as well as nouns ending in a hard hissing (youth, lies, rye, gouache, retouching, nonsense, falsehood, wilderness).

TO neuter include nouns ending in -о, -е (window, business, field, bankruptcy, godlessness, good, wealth, department, religion, application, lending, distribution), as well as all nouns ending in -mya (time, crown, burden, stirrup , udder, name, banner, flame, tribe, seed) and the noun child.

Exception constitute nouns with the ending -а, -я and nouns with a zero ending with a soft consonant, which belong to the masculine gender, as they denote male persons: uncle, youth, Muscovite, cabin boy, bear. The noun apprentice is also masculine.

So, in the modern Russian language there are traditionally three genders of nouns: masculine (envelope, law), feminine (article, bench) and neuter (punishment, crime). As a rule, the initial form of a word already gives an idea of ​​its gender. However, in some cases, determining the gender of nouns is difficult.

1. Errors are common when using indeclinable nouns (usually borrowed from other languages), in combination with adjectives or past tense verbs, due to incorrect compatibility of word forms by gender. Attempts to change such words lead to gross errors like: He came back for his coat. The gender of such words cannot be determined by the ending; it is determined by the meaning of the word, associated in most cases with the concept of animate/inanimate. Most inanimate indeclinable nouns belong to neuter words (foyer, cinema, coat, highway, khaki, pince-nez, boucle). Neuter gender have inanimate nouns that denote objects (highway, cinema, coat). The exceptions are the words coffee (m.r.), Hindi, Swahili (names of languages ​​- m.r.), avenue (street - zh.r.). TO feminine are animate nouns denoting female persons (madam, miss, lady). TO masculine relate:

Animate nouns denoting male persons (dandy);

Animate nouns with the meaning of a position, title or profession traditionally associated with male labor (entertainer, attaché, referee);

Nouns that are names of animals and are used without indicating their gender (kangaroo, chow-chow).

Animate indeclinable nouns can be used both as masculine and feminine words, depending on which gender they denote, i.e. they relate to the gender of a real person or animal. Wed: magnificent maestro; my vis-a-vis – my vis-a-vis; your protégé is your protégé; bright cockatoo – bright cockatoo.

There are exceptions to this general rule:

a) indeclinable nouns that have a generic name in the Russian language correspond to the gender of the latter: salami - f. R. (sausage), kohlrabi - w. R. (cabbage);

b) sometimes the gender of an indeclinable noun is determined by the gender of the word, which is common and inflected for such nouns: Avenue is defined as a feminine noun, since it correlates with the inflected feminine noun street, argot– with a synonymous masculine noun jargon, Suluguni– with a masculine noun (cheese), aloe– m.r. (flower), Hindi– m.r. (language), Capri– m.r. (island), Mississippi- and. R. (river), Tbilisi– m.r. (city);

c) the noun coffee is masculine, although recently in colloquial speech it has been acceptable to use it as a neuter noun: delicious coffee and tasty coffee, one coffee and one coffee;

d) the names of the letters refer to neuter words: Russian A, capital B; names of sounds – neuter or masculine: unstressed A – unstressed A; Note names are neuter: long mi;

2. If indeclinable nouns name living beings, their gender depends on the gender of the latter ( young - young kangaroo, Durnovo reported - reported, beautiful - beautiful counterpart).

3. Some nouns ending in -а/-я are used in relation to persons of both male and female gender and, as a rule, have an evaluative character. Such nouns are words general kind

(slob, smart girl, crybaby, bully, smart girl, good fellow, greedy, glutton, sleepyhead, sneak).

General nouns denoting males agree with the masculine forms of adjectives, pronouns and past tense or subjunctive verbs, and nouns denoting females agree with the corresponding feminine forms. Wed: He's so smart! She's so smart! My colleague carefully read the documents. My colleague carefully read the documents.

4. Considerable difficulties arise when using nouns denoting persons by occupation or profession. Nouns naming a person by profession or position are used in the masculine gender, regardless of the gender of the person in question ( Vasilyeva is a very young professor). Masculine nouns denoting male and female persons doctor, engineer, technologist, banker, assistant, manager, businessman, as a rule, agree with adjectives in the masculine form (i.e., by ending), and with verbs - in the masculine or feminine form, depending on whether the person is male or female (i.e., by meaning). For example: Experienced lawyer Ivanova won the case. - Experienced lawyer Ivanov won the case; The local doctor Smirnova visited the patient. - The local doctor Smirnov visited the patient. In some cases, parallel forms exist in the language ( orderly - nurse, weaver - weaver). Nouns have no opposition by gender seamstress, laundress, manicurist, machinist, typist. Shape type conductress, cashier, director, cook have a colloquial coloring.

5. Some nouns have gender variants. For example, giraffe and giraffe, jackboot and jackboot. Often only one option is recommended as stylistically neutral ( hall - hall (obsolete), hall (simple), gelatin - gelatin (prof.).

6. Nouns used only in the plural form have no gender ( sleigh, scissors, gates, trousers, glasses).

7. Gender of compound nouns theater-studio, novel-newspaper determined by the generic characteristic of the component that has greater informative significance.

8. The gender of indeclinable geographical names correlates with the gender of the corresponding common noun: Sochi, Tbilisi(city

– m.r.), Ontario(lake - s.r.), Mississippi(river - river).

9. The gender of indeclinable abbreviations is determined by the gender of the main word of the phrase ( SGUA - academy - zh.r., NCFU - university - m.r.). However, if in people’s minds there are no associations of the abbreviation with the generating words, it receives gender, like an ordinary word, according to the formal indicator and belongs to the masculine gender in the case of a zero ending ( Housing office, university, although “office”, “establishment”), to the neuter gender if the ending is -o ( RONO, although "department").

10. In the Russian language, nouns are actively used, which are formed as a result of adding two words. Such compound nouns can be animate or inanimate ( Governor General, female astronaut, conference room). For animate nouns, gender is determined by the word indicating the gender of the person ( female astronaut- and. R.; miracle hero– m.r.). For inanimate nouns, gender is determined by the gender of the first word ( museum-apartment– m.r.; robe dress- Wed R.; amphibious aircraft– m.r.; boarding school- and. R.). If a compound noun contains an indeclinable noun, then the gender is determined by the gender of the inflected word ( cafe-dining room- and. R.; comedy-buff- and. R.; taxi car– m.r.).

11. Gender of nouns formed using suffixes -ish-, -chic-, is determined by the gender of the noun from which these nouns are derived ( voice - voice: m.r.; oar - oar: cf. R.; snake - snakes: female form; brother - little brother: m.b.; letter - letter: cf. R; newspaper - newspaper: zh.r.).

Instructions

Most inanimate indeclinable nouns are neuter, regardless of meaning or final vowel. The words “depot”, “”, “jury”, “interview”, “coat”, “cinema”, “alibi”, “cocoa”, “puree” are neuter. For example, a locomotive depot, an interesting interview, an irrefutable alibi.

Among these nouns there are several words whose gender is motivated by the meaning of the gender concept or by old forms. Avenue - feminine; kohlrabi - feminine; coffee is a drink, meaning masculine; salami -, female; penalty - free kick, male; sirocco - wind, masculine. For example, fresh kohlrabi, hot coffee, salami.

The gender of nouns naming persons depends on their real gender. If the word names male persons, then these nouns are masculine (dandy). If female, then the nouns are feminine (Frau, Lady).

Nouns naming persons by profession are masculine, although they can also name female persons: attaché, entertainer, maestro. For example, attache Petrov and special attache Sidorova, experienced entertainer Izmailov and famous entertainer Orlova.

The names of animals and birds usually refer to the masculine gender: zebu, chimpanzee. But if in context the noun refers to a female, then the word is feminine: the chimpanzee was nursing a baby. And only for a few words the gender is determined by the generic concept: ivasi - herring, feminine; tsetse - a fly, feminine. For example, tasty iwasi, dangerous tsetse.

Indeclinable nouns are among the compound words. The gender of such abbreviations is determined by the word in the full name. For example: the UN (United Nations, feminine) adopted a resolution, RIA (Russian Information Agency, medium) reported. But there are exceptions to this rule: TASS is authorized to declare. Although the main word here is agency.

Helpful advice

Remember the gender of some words.

Neuter nouns: bikini, bungalow, variety show, whiskey, video, blinds, zero, igloo, macrame, montpensier, pince-nez, pleated, ranch, relay, rodeo, sombrero, taboo, chassis, highway, show.

Masculine nouns: bourgeois, euro, zombie, hidalgo, impresario, caballero, curé, mafia, pony, cockatoo, UFO, porter, rentier, referee, Tokyo, Delhi, Baku, emu, effendi, Yankee.

Feminine nouns: ingénue, madam, milady, lady, feijoa, fraulein, miss.

Sources:

• definition of genus
• Gender of nouns

To determine the gender of nouns, you must first determine the word that answers the question who, what. This is a noun. In Russian it can be masculine, feminine and neuter.

Instructions

Determine the gender of a noun by its ending or final consonant. The masculine gender includes words ending with a consonant and ending with –y. For example, a house, a loaf. The feminine gender includes nouns ending in –a, -ya, -iya. For example, cousin, . The neuter gender includes nouns ending in -о, -е, -и. For example, a window, a dress.

See if this noun is an exception. These include nouns ending in -ь. Such nouns can be either feminine or masculine. Thus, the dictionary is masculine, and the word notebook is feminine.

Pay attention to the gender of animate nouns. These are nouns that mean living things. Such words are either feminine or masculine. Exceptions are children, who are neuter. For animate nouns, determine gender either by the natural gender or animal, or by the ending of the noun. Elephant is a masculine noun and monkey is a feminine noun.

Correctly determine the gender of nouns denoting professions. They are masculine and feminine. Moreover, most nouns denoting professions are masculine: doctor, engineer, .

Pay special attention to the gender of borrowed nouns. Nouns in a foreign language often have -i, -u, -yu, which are atypical for the Russian language. Such nouns do not change either by number or by case. The masculine gender includes names of cities and islands. The feminine gender includes female given names and surnames, names of rivers and names of newspapers. The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects.

note

Nouns ending in consonant and -y are always masculine.

Most feminine nouns of foreign origin end in -iya.
Nouns ending in the suffixes –onok, -enok are always masculine.

Related article

Sources:

• “Grammar of the Russian language in illustrations”, Pekhlivanova K.I., Lebedeva M.N., 1985.
• how to determine gender in Russian

Definition sort of in Russian language is one of the most common tasks for people learning this language. In Russian language there are three sort of– male, female and average. In addition, there is a general genus, the definition of which causes the greatest difficulty.

You will need

• Ability to identify endings in different parts of speech

Instructions

Highlight the endings of adjectives and verbs that agree with the desired word. Most often, this is enough to determine. Put the verb in the past tense, and take the noun and adjective in the nominative case. The best friend has come, the best friend has come, a new one has risen. These are examples of adjective and verb endings in the masculine, feminine and neuter gender.

Determine whether the word you are looking for denotes a profession or type of activity. Most of these words are formally masculine. For example, the new doctor said (o), the new doctor said (o); He is an excellent specialist, she is an excellent specialist. Please note that some profession names do not have a masculine form sort of. For example, the word "ballerina" has only a feminine form sort of.

Remember that words like “klutz, fidget, bully, ignorant, greedy, smart” and the like refer to the general gender. These words give an emotional connotation to both masculine and feminine words. sort of, and name the occupation of these persons.

Sources:

• Gramota.ru

Abbreviation(Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) is a word consisting of the names of the initial letters or sounds of the lexical elements of the original phrase. The name of the term determines the way abbreviations are formed by abbreviation (truncation of stems). When determining sort of such complex abbreviated words need to be “deciphered”, i.e. lead to the original combination.

You will need

• - Dictionary.

Instructions

Determine what type the analyzed one belongs to. Traditionally, there are 3 types: - letter type, i.e. made up of the alphabetical names of the letters of the words that form the original phrase (RF, MHT, ORT); - sound type, i.e. formed from words included in the phrase (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UN, Moscow Art Theater). Usually, sound abbreviations are formed when there are vowel sounds inside it; - mixed type, i.e. composed partly from the names of the initial letters, partly from sounds (Germany, CSKA).

Determine the original phrase from which the abbreviation is derived. If you have difficulty deciphering, refer to dictionaries or other sources of information.

Determine the gender of the leading word. This grammatical category is assigned to the abbreviation. For example, hard currency is a freely convertible currency. Defined word "currency" of the feminine sort of. This means that SLE is the same sort of.

Remember that the gender of some initial abbreviations has changed over time and the peculiarities of their use in speech. If a compound word has acquired the ability to decline according to the declension of names, then it has acquired the form of a masculine sort of. For example, university - study at a university. Initially, the word belonged to the neuter gender, because university – educational institution. Such abbreviations usually end in a consonant, so they are similar to masculine nouns sort of.

Many abbreviations are used in everyday conversation in different forms. At the same time, native speakers, by analogy with the external appearance of ordinary (non-abbreviated) nouns, determine their gender. For example, the word “RONO” began to be classified as neuter at the end of nouns like “window”.

In the Russian language, gender is a morphological indicator of variable parts of speech. It can be difficult to determine this grammatical category for nouns if the word is of foreign origin and is not declined. Dictionaries help to cope with difficulties. Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles, verbs in the singular change according to gender.

Instructions

The word must necessarily belong to an independent part of speech and change. The morphological indicator of the gender of nouns is constant, determined in the singular and plural. More often we have to consider changing independent words by gender (names must be supplemented with verbs).

Nouns have three genders: feminine, masculine and neuter (apple tree, silver). The ending of the nominative singular helps to determine the relationship to a particular gender. In the language there are words that name the qualities of people (bully, slob,). Whether a quality belongs to a female or male person helps to establish a specific characteristic. Borrowed indeclinable names, as a rule, are classified as neuter (, scoreboard, interview), sometimes masculine (penalty, coffee) and feminine (salami, avenue). The correlative concept serves as the basis for determining the gender of a foreign geographical name (Tokyo is a city, Congo is a state or river, Capri is an island). The reference word is usually the basis for establishing the generic attribute of abbreviations (MSU - university, UN - organization, NPP - station).

For adjectives and participles in the singular, gender is a grammatical indicator that directly depends on the word being defined (funny joke, smiling girl, flying cloud).

Ordinal numbers in structure and properties resemble adjectives (twentieth kilometer, seventeenth minute, century). Two collective cardinal numbers have an inflectional gender category (neuter and masculine - both windows; feminine - both friends).

The grammatical properties of pronouns are correlated with nominal parts of speech. The third person (he, she, it) has a permanent gender characteristic. The school curriculum avoids the issue of having a similar category for the personal pronouns I, you. Linguistic science classifies them as a common gender. Interrogative pronouns are masculine (who) and neuter (what). Other categories formed from them will have the same generic correspondence (Nobody came. Something happened). The variable indicator is inherent in demonstrative, possessive and other adjective pronouns.

Only the past tense singular form indicates the presence of masculine, feminine or neuter gender. The word-object and ending associated with the completed action help to correctly determine the required property (lightning flashed, thunder, sky).

note

Sources:

• Grammar. How to determine the gender of nouns?
• Numeral
• Pronoun as part of speech

Non-declining words ending in -a, -e, -i, -o, -u, meaning singular inanimate objects, are usually used in the neuter gender.” The problem with the foreign origin of the word “coffee” is that, coming from Arabic, it overcame several language barriers before reaching the Russian language.

Understanding the black drink deserves special philological attention. So, if we are talking about the drink coffee - “a drink like coffee...” - then, definitely, it is it. The plant to which we owe the origin of this fragrant miracle is already neuter. The coffee plant is it. Those who like to tell fortunes on coffee grounds would do well to know that coffee grounds are the grounds.

As for the admissibility of using the noun “coffee” in the neuter gender, it is quite arbitrary. In average colloquial speech, the use of the neuter gender is acceptable. But those who strive for pure Russian literary speech must forget about this relaxation. In written speech, the use of the neuter gender is a sign of illiteracy.

In general, we can say the following:
male “coffee” has historical roots, a kind of linguistic memorial;
the foreign origin of this noun led to its various transformations in other languages ​​and, in particular, from French it came to Russia in a masculine guise;
The noun "coffee" is masculine, but its consumption on average "is not punishable by law."

Disputes continue as to what genus the word “coffee” actually belongs to. Using “coffee” in the neuter gender has long been considered a mistake, although in colloquial speech it has always been quite common. On the other hand, in 2002 it was officially allowed to say “one coffee”. How is that right? Is there a literary norm?

At the beginning of the 20th century V.I. Chernyshev, a famous Russian linguist and philologist, compiled the first manual on the stylistic grammar of the Russian language. He also described the word “coffee” in his essay, pointing out the obvious contradiction associated with its use. On the one hand, it ends in -e and is not declined, that is, apparently, the word should have a neuter gender. On the other hand, since ancient times it has been used in the masculine gender.

To understand which norm is considered literary, it is useful to turn to the classics. F. M. Dostoevsky wrote: “...sipped his coffee,” Pushkin has a line: “...drank his coffee.” They preferred to pronounce coffee according to the rules of the French language, in which the word is used in the masculine gender.

So, despite the fact that the word looks like a representative of the neuter gender, Chernyshevsky was inclined to believe that it should be used in the masculine gender, according to the literary norms and traditions of Russian classics.

Ushakov and Ozhegov wrote the same thing when describing the word “coffee” in their dictionaries. They believed that it was correct to use it in the masculine gender, but noted that the neuter gender is often found in colloquial speech.

Modern standards

Despite the fact that for a long time the only acceptable form of using the word “coffee” was in the masculine gender, there were still many people who used it in the middle gender. This is probably what caused the colloquial form to become the norm. In 2002, a reform of the Russian language was carried out, according to which the phrase “hot coffee” became the norm.

The Russian Language Help Desk recommends the following. When it comes to a drink, the literary norm is still to use the word “coffee” in the masculine gender. But in colloquial speech it has become acceptable to use it in the middle. At the same time, when you talk about coffee, it would be correct to use the neuter gender.

Gender of nouns

1. What is the gender system of nouns in the Russian language?

All Russian nouns in the form singular can be classified into one of the following genera: male, female, average, general.

2. How to determine the gender of a noun?

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with the pronoun my:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my little house- masculine; my wife, my wall, my night- feminine gender, my window, my sky, my animal- neuter gender.

For most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender: my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine gender).

The gender of nouns is determined by their singular form. Nouns used only in the plural have no gender: manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

3. What nouns have common gender?

Common nouns are nouns that characterize man, give him assessment characteristics; they have endings -and I and belong to the 1st declension: slob, ringleader, singer, hard worker, dirty guy, dude, drunkard, sissy, sleepyhead, crybaby.

Generic nouns can denote both male and female people: What a slob you are! What a slob you are!

4. How to determine genusunchangeable nouns?

Gender of immutable nouns, calling people, determined by gender: brave hidalgo, refined lady.

Nouns meaning professions and occupation, are masculine: military attache, night porter. Nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), even if used in relation to female persons, are still nouns male.

Unchangeable nouns that call animals, belong to the masculine gender, although when indicating a female they can be used as feminine nouns: Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee; chimpanzee feeding her babies.Exceptions:tsetse(fly), Ivasi(fish) - feminine.

Immutable inanimate nouns are neuter: night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds, aromatic cocoa, aged Bordeaux, heady Chardonnay, hot cappuccino, locomotive depot, new coat, wicker flowerpot. Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine); avenue, salami(feminine gender).

Genus foreign language geographical names determined by the generic word: distant Monaco(this is a principality, i.e. a neuter noun, which means the word Monaco also neuter) wide Limpopo(river - river), densely populated Tokyo(city - m.r.). If you can use two different generic words, then agreement options are possible: independent Haiti(state - s.r.), independent Haiti(country - female) and distant Haiti(island - m.r.); beautiful Brescia(city - district) and beautiful Brescia(province - f.r.). In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required.

5. How to determine the gender of compound words (abbreviations)?

Initials are based on the names of the letters, sound ones are based on sounds, like ordinary words.

The gender of abbreviations is usually determined by reference word in deciphering the abbreviation or by generic word: NATO(alliance - m.r.) decided, MPGU(university - m.r.) accepted new students, CIS(commonwealth - s.r.) took the initiative, UNESCO(organization - zh.r.) declared 2011 the year of forests.

In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required: university(the key word is establishment, but the gender is masculine), Ministry of Foreign Affairs(the key word is ministry, but the gender is masculine), TASS(the key word is agency, but the gender is masculine).

6. How to determine the gender of nouns ending in -Ль in the form im. P.(words like tulle, callus, polish, roofing felt, valve)?

The gender of such words must be memorized and, in case of difficulties, checked in a dictionary. For example, you can use dictionaries in the “Word Check” section on the website gramota.ru.

The words are masculine aerosol, polish, lampoon, vaudeville, quantile, quartile, endgame, tulle, roofing felt, flat and etc.

Feminine words include words such as mezzanine, callus, rosin, vacuole, triplet and etc.

7. How to determine the gender of nouns denoting the names of shoes and paired items?

The gender of such words must be memorized and, in case of difficulties, checked in a dictionary.

Words for names shoes:

In addition, there is a bigender noun high boots. If in plural the stress falls on the ending of the word (unt s, -ov), then the singular form is one ounce. If in the plural the emphasis falls on the stem ( at nts), then the form im.p. units - unta.

Other words for the names of paired items: gaiters - one gaiter, leggings - one gaiter, sideburns - one sideburn, leggings - one legging. But: knee socks - one golf, rails - one rail, adjustments - one adjustment.

8. How to determine the gender of compound nouns(words like cafe-dining room,sofa bed)?

If only one part of a noun changes by case, the gender is determined on the variable part: personal website(f.r.). If both parts of the word change in a noun, then the gender is determined on a more significant within the meaning of the part: delicious ice cream cake(m.r.), comfortable chair-bed (s.r.).

See additionally: How to say correctly: “The cafe-dining room is closed for renovation.”

9. Do nouns change by gender?

Nouns by gender do not change, the gender of each noun is a constant category: Mother- only female birth, apple- only s.r. etc.

Almost all bird names ending in - ь are masculine nouns, BUT bittern and tawny owl. Swan - usually m.p., but poetic - can be feminine.

All names of insects, except louse, moth - m.r.

Real nouns in the determination of the gender of which you can experience fluctuations, aerosol, tulle, shampoo - m.r., and some substances - vanilla, rosin - zh.r.

Nouns that can name types of objects are used in pairs. (boots, sneakers, clips, sneakers, shoes...). When you need to name an object from a pair, some of the words have one generic form - butsa, clip, sandal, slipper, shoe - zh.r., and some are noun. It can have two forms that are the norm of the language (ked-keda, sl. R.p. kedov - ked; unt - unta, R.p. untov - unt)

If we are talking about the gender of nouns with size-evaluative suffixes, then in the vast majority of cases nouns formed by means of suffixes indicating size, emotion. assessment, retain the gender of the original word (son-son, wo-goryushko), but there are exceptions. - words like chatterbox, liar, liar, coward, braggart, naughty girl. – suff. – ishk - , - words little animal, shed, which belong to the zh.r. - noun Ugly - commonly. Gender - pet names in – ik, - unchik, - chik... Derived from the names of female gender, but related to words of the masculine gender.

Indeclinable nouns that denote an inanimate object are overwhelmingly related to the sr.r.. A small number of words denoting inanimate objects are exceptions. So to the point. m.r. belong to - names of winds (take the gender of the word “wind”) - names of languages ​​(Pashto Swahili, Hindi), names of artificial languages ​​(Esperanto) are more often used as words of m.r., but the neuter gender is acceptable - names of some products (Suluguni, coffee ). Their use as words m.r. Most often it is preserved in texts of an official business style, and beyond its boundaries the modern linguistic norm allows the use of the neuter gender. - names of fonts (aldene), some individual words such as ecu, pinalti, status quo, although m.r. is also the norm. and sr. like the words auto, sirtaki. to the words of the woman: - kohlrabi, salami, avenue, street

Indeclinable nouns that refer to persons. In this case, the gender is noun. Depends on the gender of the person. All names of women, titles, addresses to women belong to the female birthright. (Pani, Frau, Lady...). In addition to f.r. refer to nouns whose LZ reveals some characteristics and characteristics of a woman (ingénue (stage role of a girl), peri (mythological being in the image of a girl)). The names of men, titles, addresses to men belong to m.r. (Monsieur, Chevalier). In the words of M.R. are also nouns that name persons by position, performance of duties, etc. (i.e. occupations, positions and characteristics of men for whom the tradition of the country has secured this idea), (attaché, croupier, referee, entertainer, dandy). BUT the names of persons by nationality are words of a general gender. Plus counterparts and protégés. Inflexible names related to the animal world, most of them refer to m.r. (kangaroo, cockatoo, hummingbird). A small number of words that refer to the names of the animal world have the gender of the inflected name of the class in relation to which this indeclinable noun acts as a species variety (tsetse, ivashi - zh.r.

Declension of nouns

Declension of nouns is the change of words according to cases and numbers. Another meaning of this term is a class of words united by a common inflection and a pattern according to which words of this class change. In RL, inflected and indeclinable nouns are contrasted. The vast majority of nouns are inflected. Indeclinable nouns combine:

Foreign nouns (popsicle)

Foreign male surnames with a vowel (Goethe)

Female names and surnames starting with a hard consonant (Elizabeth)

Russian surnames (Zhivago, Polish)

Ukrainian surnames (Prisivko)

A significant part of the abbreviations

In the Russian language there are 3 types of declension:

Substantive

The largest in composition. Learns all other nouns. Within its framework, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension of nouns are distinguished.

The 1st declension includes nouns m.r. with zero ending in I.p. and nouns w.r. with inflection –o, -e. In scientific grammar this declension is recognized as the first, and in school grammar it is recognized as the second. It is recognized as such because it is the most productive.

The 2nd declension includes nouns m.r. and f.r. with inflections –а, -я, plus common nouns like “glutton”.

The 3rd declension includes nouns zh.r. with zero ending in units.

Adjective

Declension of substantivized adjectives and participles. (Bakery, waiting room, patient, etc.)

Mixed (passive)

This is the declension of proper names into –ov, -in, plus toponyms like Tushino. It is called mixed because it has atypical inflections in some cases. (table-table, Kuznetsov - Kuznetsov. -ov - -ym

“Academic Grammar 80” also suggests highlighting the zero declension. It is proposed to include all indeclinable nouns. But this can hardly be called a declination at all.

Scheme of morphological analysis of nouns:

Initial form

LGR (lexico-grammatical categories)

A) proper – common noun

B) animate – inanimate

C) concrete, abstract – collective, material. Arguments.

A) motivated – unmotivated

B) way of expressing gender

C) for personal names, a characteristic of opposition

Consensus class

Number form

A) a way to express a numerical value

B) the meaning of the number form

Case form

A) means of expressing case meanings

B) the meaning of the case

Type and variety of declension

Syntactic function of a noun

For derived nouns, the method of word formation

Adjective

General characteristics of an adjective as a part of speech.

An adjective is a class of words that is characterized by the general categorical meaning of signs of objectivity (white coat, fresh bread, wild animal, etc.).

Unlike a verb, an adjective expresses a static, non-procedural attribute of objectivity.

The lonely sail is white

White sail in the distance

As Ovsyannikov-Kulikovsky wrote: “an adjective is such a movement of our thought, by virtue of which we attribute attributes to objects and imagine that they are in the object, passively abide in it."

The adjective is genetically related to the noun. Historically, the adjective is secondary. Over time, they emerged from the undivided name. It is no coincidence that many modern adjectives are historically derived from nouns. Morphologically, adjectives have common grammatical categories of gender, number, and case. They are non-binary, inflectional, formal, syntactic. In addition, the adjective also has its own morphological category of degrees of comparison, which expresses the measure of the attribute. However, it is inherent only in qualitative adjectives. In syntactic terms, an adjective is characterized by such a syntactic connection with a noun as agreement. The primary syntactic function of an adjective is the function of an agreed definition. Along with it, adjectives are capable of performing the function of a nominal predicate (the night is quiet). For short forms of adjectives, this function is leading. In word-formation terms, adjectives are characterized by a set of special formants - -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -in-, -an-, etc. The formation of adjectives is characterized by such methods as suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal. In addition, the composition of adjectives is replenished due to the adjectivation of participles (flashy colors, hackneyed truths). Thus, the adjective is a significant part of speech that expresses the meaning of a static non-procedural attribute of objectivity and realizes it in the inflectional categories of gender, number and case.

Until recently, adjectives were considered as inflectional words. Most of them are inclined. But in the 20th century, a new subclass of indeclinable (analytical) adjectives began to actively form. These are borrowed words of foreign origin (Bordeaux, beige, khaki, mini, maxi, etc.). It is now intensively developing, which indicates the growth of analytic features in the SRY. Thus, modern adjectives, like nouns, are characterized by the opposition of inflected and indeclinable words. The boundaries of adjectives are understood broadly and narrowly in science. In a broad sense, the class of adjectives can include, in addition to adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns and ordinal numbers. In a narrow sense, adjectives cover a traditionally distinguished class of words.

In RY, adjectives are represented by 3 main LGRs:

Quality

Relative

Possessives

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives.

The main opposition among the categories of adjectives is between qualitative and relative adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives represent the direct name of the features (green, large); denote characteristics that have a quantitative characteristic, i.e. may manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent (difficult - very difficult).

Based on the nature of the attribute being designated, qualitative adjectives are divided into 2 groups:

Adjectives denoting a variable attribute. In relation to the subject, it can act as an assessment given by the speaker (a difficult exam, a beautiful dress). Such adjectives are called qualitative-evaluative. They are characterized by the presence of degrees of comparison and the possibility of forming antonyms.

Adjectives that denote an absolute attribute that is independent of the speaker’s assessment (checkered, striped, dumb, single). They have no degrees of comparison. They are called intrinsically qualitative.

By meaning, qualitative adjectives are divided into:

Emperile

These are adjectives that denote qualities and properties that are directly perceived by the senses.

Rational

They denote signs established as a result of mental activity.

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by a number of word-formation and morphological features that distinguish them from other lexical and grammatical categories.

May have degrees of comparison

There is a contrast between long and short forms (stupid - stupid)

Can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very smart, unusually warm, too dirty, absolutely incomprehensible, etc.)

From qualitative adjectives forms of subjective assessment are formed (adjectives with diminutive or magnifying suffixes). These also include prefix formations with the value of the intensity of the attribute (pre-kind, super-important).

Qualitative adjectives form correlative adverbs with the suffixes -o-, -e- (fast-quickly, sincerely-sincerely).

Abstract nouns are formed from qualitative adjectives (courage, simplicity, blue).

Qualitative adjectives can form verbs with the meaning of manifestation of a characteristic (red - blush)

Qualitative adjectives come into antonymic and synonymous pairs (high - low).

Truncated adjectives must be distinguished from short forms of adjectives. They are special forms of adjectives, which, used in poetic speech of the 18th – early 19th centuries for verification purposes: “a dark shadow fell on the field.” Their use is characterized by truncation of inflection, for example, “gloomy” from “gloomy” - a special poetic device. Truncated adjectives differ from short forms:

The nature of the stress - they bear the stress on the basis

Syntactic function – in a sentence they are a definition

Short and full adjectives in SRL are correlative, however, this correlativeness is incomplete:

Not all full qualitative adjectives have short forms.

1. Adjectives that name the colors of horses do not form short forms.

   Most color adjectives

   Subjective adjectives (feisty, cute)

   Qualitative adjectives, ascending by definition to relative ones with the suffixes –o-, -sk-, -n- (business, efficient)

   Adjectives with -l- (burnt, experienced). They do not form short forms to avoid homonymy.

   Many compound adjectives (transparent crystal ball)

   Individual qualitative adjectives that are not combined into groups (native, ancient).

In turn, there are a number of adjectives that have only a short form (glad, love, much - words of the state category)

Short forms correspond to full n in the entire scope of their meaning - the short form realizes only one of the meanings of a polysemantic full adjective. (living girl - girl alive (undead)

Some short forms are assigned a conditional meaning that is different from the full ones (he is a bad person - he has negative qualities, he is bad - he is seriously ill).

In a number of dimensional (parametric) adjectives, short forms acquire an additional meaning - the meaning of the excessiveness of the attribute (large, small, cramped).

In the SRL there is no complete correlation between short and full adjectives, both structurally and semantically.

Semantics of short forms.

The question of the semantics of short forms is still open in linguistics. Vinogradov proposed the following interpretation of the semantics of short forms as opposed to full ones. Short forms express a temporary sign, full forms – permanent.

“Short forms denote qualitative states that occur or arise over time. Fat is a sign that is conceivable outside of time.” This opposition of meaning actually exists in language. He is sick (in general) - he is sick (at this time). However, it does not cover all short and long forms (we rarely talk to him - he is not talkative at all). Polish linguist Boguslavsky proposed a different interpretation of the semantics of short forms. From his point of view short adjectives are used in language to emphasize one degree or another of a characteristic (he is quite smart, he is too strong). There is an opinion that short forms, unlike long ones, denote a relative attribute, i.e. a sign that is limited by something (these streets are narrow for travel). However, these meanings are not typical for all short adjectives. In modern Russian studies, the most common is the following interpretation of the semantics of short adjectives. In short forms, the semantics of the property is combined with the semantics of the state, while the manifestation of the property with the ts is emphasized. the perceiving person. Short adjectives express one of the properties, in a complex of other properties, i.e. actively express an excretory characteristic. Associated with this is the dynamics of the designated property, the possibility of its termination, replacement by another...

Short forms in RN denote an currently manifested property, an actively excretory dynamic feature. Particular manifestations of this meaning are the following values:

Temporary localization (he is sick)

Situational, correlative, limited

Degrees, assessment of the speaker (he is extremely smart)

In RL there is competition between short and long forms. Short forms are required or preferred in the following cases:

In statements of a general, timeless nature, which are found in scientific provisions, definitions, aphorisms, maxims.

In the case when the subject is an infinitive.

When a verbal noun is the subject.

When the subject is expressed by pronouns w.r. with a general meaning

In combination with identifying pronouns and adverbs, also with “so”.

In slogans, stereotypical wishes, politeness formulas.

In the presence of additions or circumstances, clarifying or limiting characteristics.

When combined with an infinitive.

If there is an additional part.

The use of short forms of adjectives is influenced by factors such as:

Nature of the subject

Subject-object relations

The nature of temporary relations in a sentence

The presence of minor members or subordinate clauses

Short forms differ from full ones in stylistic terms. The question of this was first raised by Peshkovsky. In his book “Russian syntax in scientific coverage,” he turned to the analysis of Chekhov’s play “3 Sisters” and posed the following question: “if the short form denotes a temporary sign, why do the sisters, quarreling and criticizing each other, use exclusively the long form?” Peshkovsky wrote: “You are angry, you are stupid - there is already an insult. In short form, we see greater categoricalness, isolation from the real conditions of speech, and abstraction. Associated with the exceptional bookishness of this form.” Stylistically, short forms are book forms. In colloquial speech and in common parlance they are often replaced by full forms. Due to the fact that the short form actively expresses an excretory characteristic, it has greater expression, expresses assessment more clearly, and is characterized by a shade of categoricalness (this boy is cowardly).

Thus, short and long forms differ in the SRL by a whole complex of morphological, syntactic, semantic and stylistic features. When analyzing the short form you must:

Give its morphological characteristics

Show correlation with full form

Determine meaning in a given context

Give a stylistic description

Syntax function

She was quiet, not cold, unhurried (f.r., singular, cr. Form, correlates. Leisurely, expresses an active-excretive feature, situational, relative meaning, expressive, evaluative function, nominal part of the predicate).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives.

History of the study of degrees of comparison in Russian grammar

Typology of degrees of comparison in Russian

Education and meaning of comparative forms

Education and meaning of superlatives

Until the 19th century, Russian grammars did not distinguish between degrees of comparison and degrees of quality. For adjectives, non-relative or relative degrees of quality were distinguished. Irrelevant indicated that the characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent, without comparison with others. Relative degree implied comparison. There were 6 degrees of quality – 3 by 3.

Irrelevant:

Initial degree of quality (-ovod-, -evod)

Long (-enk-, -onk-)

Perfect (-okhonek-, -ekhonek-)

Relative:

Positive (red) Forms of the positive degree express the simple presence of a qualitative attribute, unrelated to other objects. It represents a kind of starting point on the gradation scale, while in the RN it does not have any special morphological forms.

Comparative (redder) The comparative degree or comparative indicates that the characteristic in one object is more pronounced than in another or in the same object, but at a different time (girls' faces are brighter than roses; your face is paler than it was). In this regard, the language distinguishes between co-core (this is a comparison in which the object of comparison and the standard of comparison is the same object or person) and non-correlative (this is a comparison in which different objects are compared) comparisons. Unlike the positive degree, the comparative in RN has special morphological forms - suffixes.

Excellent (reddest) Indicates the extreme degree of manifestation of the characteristic. A feature is represented in one object to a greater extent than in other objects of the same kind (Kazbek is the highest peak of the Caucasus). The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, has special morphological forms - suffixes.

In the mid-19th century, Buslaev distinguished between actual morphological elements and word-forming elements. He showed that the relative degree of comparison is actually morphological. As for the irrespective degree of quality, it cannot be considered as a grammatical category. These meanings are expressed in language irregularly and inconsistently. In addition, adjectives with the suffixes –ohonek-, -ekhonek- are archaized. They serve for general expressive illumination of speech and express an assessment of the speaker. Later, these adjectives began to be called “adjectives of subjective assessment.” As Vinogradov wrote, Buslaev was the first to introduce the doctrine of degrees of comparison into the traditional rouleau. Since the 60s of the 20th century, Russian grammar has distinguished 3 degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and superlative. The category of degree of comparison of qualitative adjectives indicates that the characteristic can manifest itself to a greater or extremely high extent. The main grammatical meaning of these forms is the meaning of a different measure of a characteristic in one object compared to others or in the same object taken in different time periods (the grass is greener in May than in April, Vika is more serious than Olya). This grammatical meaning appears in 3 degrees of comparison.

The main grammatical feature that is inherent in almost every part of speech is the category of gender. How many genders do nouns have and how to correctly determine this category for this part of speech? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article.

What is the gender of nouns?

Category of gender of nouns in Russian– a grammatical sign indicating the gender (gender) of the object (living creature, phenomenon) called by the noun or its absence. Gender is a permanent grammatical feature of nouns and is studied in the 6th grade.

Features of the category of gender of nouns

There are three types of nouns in the Russian language:

• Male (he). Masculine nouns in the singular I. p. have the endings -a, -я, and zero.

  Examples of masculine nouns: dad, uncle, knife, table, hawk.

• Female (she). Feminine nouns in the singular I. p. have the endings -a, -я, and zero.

  Examples of feminine nouns: wife, nanny, night, glory, desert.

• Average (it). Neuter nouns in the singular I. p. have endings -о, -е.

  Examples of neuter nouns: swamp, gold, sun, lake, jam.

There is also a class of words, the so-called general gender, which, depending on the context, can be used in both masculine and feminine genders

(boring, sissy, crybaby, smart, greedy).

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How to determine the gender of a noun?

For animate nouns, the gender coincides with the gender of a living creature, a person (father, interlocutor - m.r., girlfriend, gossip - f.r.).

For all nouns, gender can be determined by the grammatical form of the adjective, which agrees with the noun:

• Masculine whose? Which? (white snow, good advice);
• Feminine. Nouns agree with adjectives that answer questions - whose? which? (fresh newspaper, cheerful friend);
• Neuter gender. Nouns agree with adjectives that answer questions - whose? which? (green field, tall building).

The gender of a noun is quite easy to determine. You can just substitute a pronoun for it: my mother (feminine), my dad (masculine), my sun (neuter). But there are indeclinable nouns - nouns that appear in different sentences in the same form. And here you begin to think about how to determine the gender of indeclinable nouns.

Determining the type of abbreviations

To begin with, it would be good to remember what an abbreviation is. An abbreviation is a shortened spelling of a group of words. This is usually a word made up of the initial letters of each word in the group. To determine the gender of an abbreviation, you need to determine the gender of the main word from the group.

For example:

UGATU – Ufa State Aviation Technical University. This abbreviation is definitely masculine, since the word "university" is masculine.

Ministry of Internal Affairs - Ministry of Internal Affairs. This abbreviation is neuter, since the word “ministry” is neuter.

How to determine the gender of a noun in a sentence

To do this, you need to look at which adjective is attached to the noun. If the adjective answers the question: “Which one?”, then the noun is feminine. If the adjective answers the question: “Which?”, then the noun is masculine. If the adjective answers the question: “Which?”, then the noun is neuter. If there is no adjective, but there is a verb, you can use it to determine gender. For example, a lady walked down the street. "Lady" is feminine.

Rules and exceptions

If an indeclinable noun names a profession (professor, driver, attaché, receptionist), then it is definitely masculine, even if addressed to a woman.

Indeclinable nouns that came to us from other countries, most of them belong to the neuter gender: sconce, cinema, metro, taxi, etc. The exceptions here are: coffee (masculine), kohlrabi (feminine), avenue (feminine) , penalty (masculine).

If an indeclinable noun names an animal - a kangaroo, a chimpanzee, then it also belongs to the masculine gender. In context they can also be feminine.

The feminine gender includes indeclinable nouns that call women: Mrs., Miss, Madame, Frau, etc. Also included in the feminine gender are undecidable female surnames - Curie, Mary, Carmen.

If it is necessary to determine the gender of a geographical name, this can be done using the generic word. Distant (island) Haiti. Haiti is masculine.

For those who don’t want to learn the rules, there is a good tip - look up the gender of the desired word in the dictionary.