Table of ranks of the Russian Empire 1889 Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks

Table of ranks (“Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks”) - a law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (ratio of ranks by seniority, sequence of ranks) - was approved on January 24, 1722 (February 4, new style) Emperor Peter I. It [the “report card” was then feminine] existed with numerous changes until the revolution of 1917 and not only left its legal imprint on the state life of tsarist Russia, but also became a comprehensive background for any everyday, cultural and folklore manifestations.

“He was a titular adviser, She is the general’s daughter. He timidly declared his love, She drove him away. The titular adviser left And drank out of grief all night - And the general’s daughter rushed about in a wine mist Before him...”

The drama (and perhaps even the personal tragedy) sounding in this popular romance by P.I. may be completely unclear to the modern reader. Weinberg, but in the 19th century everything was crystal clear to any Russian: a person of non-noble origin could, through his labor, earn the rank of titular councilor, which gave the right to personal nobility. Receiving this rank as a simple tradesman seemed to open a window to inaccessible, previously unknown heights, became a reason for pride and self-respect... but at the same time hung like an impenetrable granite ceiling over the “little man” who had barely soared.

The fact is that the next highest rank of collegiate assessor gave the right to hereditary nobility, which is why there was an invisible barrier on the way to it, which was extremely difficult for a common official to overcome. The nobility was wary of being overly replenished at the expense of non-nobles. Most titular councilors remained in this rank forever, not counting on more; they were called “eternal titular advisers”, “titulars”, and the notorious “general’s daughter” remained an unattainable celestial being, a special person of at least the fourth class.

By the way, titular advisers were Gogol’s Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin, and old Marmeladov from Crime and Punishment, and A.S. Before his promotion to chamber cadet, Pushkin also vegetated in titles.

Below is the full article Yu.A. Trambitsky, which is currently the most complete compilation of information on the “Table of Ranks” from different years of its existence.

Table of ranks

Recently, the number of works devoted to our historical past has sharply increased. Terms and concepts associated with ranks, ranks and titles that existed in pre-revolutionary Russia flashed on the pages of magazines and newspapers. Some of them, found in publications of documents from the past, baffle even experienced historians. At the same time, the literature on these issues is extremely poor and sparse. With this article we will try to prevent possible questions from readers who are fans of military history.

On January 24, 1722, Peter I approved the Law on the procedure for civil service in the Russian Empire (ranks by seniority and sequence of ranks). The preparation of this law, the “Table of Ranks,” began back in 1719 and was a natural continuation of the reform activities of Peter I, as a result of which the number of positions in the army and state apparatus increased. The Table of Ranks was based on similar acts that already existed in Western European countries, especially in Denmark and Prussia. When developing the law, the ranks that already existed in Russia were also taken into account. In addition to the table itself, the “Table of Ranks” had eighteen more points of explanatory text and establishing penalties for its violation. All ranks of the “Table of Ranks” were divided into three types: military, state (civilian) and courtiers and were divided into fourteen classes. It is interesting that the law did not explain in any way the very concept of “rank”, due to which some historians considered the latter literally and only in the system of rank production, while others - as one or another position. In our opinion, the “Table of Ranks” included both concepts. Gradually, positions are excluded from the “Table of Ranks” [Petrine’s “Table of Ranks” numbered 262 positions] and at the end of the 18th century they disappear altogether.

Petrovskaya "Table", determining the place in the hierarchy of the civil service, to some extent provided an opportunity for talented people from the lower classes to advance. “So that those who are willing to apply for service and receive honor, and not receive impudent and parasites,” read one of the descriptive articles of the law. However, as the “Table” was established in the state structure, the rank increasingly became an object of veneration, which hampered any democratic processes in the country. Let us remember Griboyedov’s lines: “I would be glad to serve, but listening is sickening...”, let us remember the heroes of Chekhov’s stories. The French aristocrat Marquis de Custine, who visited Nicholas Russia, was struck by the cult of rank, defining it as “galvanism, giving the appearance of life to bodies and souls, this,” he wrote, “is the only passion that replaces all human passions. Rank is a nation formed into regiments and battalions, a military regime applied to society as a whole and even to classes that have nothing to do with military affairs." A characteristic manifestation of veneration was also the form of address - title, which was established in the second half of the 18th century. Thus, persons who had the ranks of the 1st and 2nd classes were titled “Your Excellency”, those of the 3rd and 4th classes - “Your Excellency”, the 5th - “Your Excellency”, the 6th - 8- th - "Your Honor" and, finally, 9th-14th grades - "Your Honor." Officials who had the family title of count or prince were addressed by their subordinates using the form “Your Excellency.” Another was the form of address by senior ranks to their subordinates. They used the rank and surname (“Captain Ivanov”), adding, if necessary, a princely or count title (“Lieutenant Prince Obolensky”).

Military ranks, which existed long before the adoption of the Table of Ranks and were reflected in the military regulations of 1698 and 1716, were finally formalized by the law of 1722. Initially, military ranks consisted of four categories: ground forces, guards, artillery troops and navy. Military ranks were declared superior to their corresponding civil and even court ranks. Such seniority gave an advantage to military ranks in the main thing - the transition to the upper nobility. Already the 14th class of the "Table" of military ranks (Fendrik, from 1730 - ensign) gave the right to hereditary nobility (in the civil service, hereditary nobility was acquired by the rank of the 8th class - collegiate assessor, and the rank of collegiate registrar - 14th class , gave the right only to personal nobility).

With the intensification of the crisis of the feudal system in Russia, the autocracy is making attempts to limit access to the nobility. These issues were discussed in numerous so-called secret committees. The Secret Committee had already prepared a bill on “December 6, 1826” protecting the class of nobles from the influx of commoners into it. This bill, although with a delay and some changes, was formalized by the Manifesto on June 11, 1845. According to this law, hereditary nobility was acquired with the promotion of an officer to the rank of staff officer (8th class). [Civil ranks from the 14th to the 10th grade received personal honorary citizenship, from the 6th grade - personal nobility, from the 5th grade - hereditary nobility] Children born before the father received hereditary nobility constituted a special class category of ober- officers' children, and one of them, at the request of the father, could be given hereditary nobility. Alexander II, by decree of December 9, 1856, limited the right to receive hereditary nobility to the rank of colonel (6th class), and in the civil department - to the rank of 4th class (actual state councilor).

A special place in the hierarchy of military ranks was occupied by officers of the guards units of all branches of the armed forces, who received an advantage of two ranks over army officers in Petrovskaya “Table.” Another interesting fact is that until 1837, guard officers appointed to new higher positions in the army had the right to retain their guards rank and guards rank. In documents of the 18th century one can often find an address like “colonel of the army and captain of the life guards.” In 1798, the rank of guard colonel was shifted from 4th class to 6th class, i.e., equal to the rank of army colonel. This was due to the fact that the commanders of the guard regiments began to be determined by the rank of general, and the colonels of the guard began to occupy the positions of battalion commanders. Only after the reform of military ranks in 1884, when the army chief officer ranks were transferred one class higher, the difference between the guard and the army began to be one class. Service in the guards units also gave an advantage in rank production. As a rule, guards officers who accepted a transfer from the guard to the army were enlisted to fill vacancies in army units. This is especially true for the positions of battalion commanders and regiment commanders. Having received a new position, and with it a new rank, the guards did not stay in the army for long and were again transferred to the guard. This state of affairs is associated with the desire of non-nobles to join the guard. Despite the fact that service in the guards military units required quite significant funds, the desire of graduates of military schools to graduate into the guard especially increased after 1901, when, according to the order of the Military Department (1901, No. 166), direct graduation into the guard was established based on the results final exams. This order caused discontent among the majority of guards officers - people who came from the old noble families of Russia and served in the 1st and 2nd guards divisions. A year later, the order of 1901 was canceled, and persons of non-noble origin were not sent to the guard, and this despite the fact that the legislation did not limit the right of non-nobles to become officers in the guard.

Until the end of the 18th century, artillery officers and engineering ranks had a one-rank advantage over the army. This was explained by the fact that service in the named branches of the military required officers to be more educated, especially in the field of mathematics. In 1798, this advantage was eliminated, but not for long, and already under Alexander I in 1811, the advantage of one rank against army officers was returned to the army artillery and engineering troops. At the same time, the officers of the quartermaster unit also received an advantage of one rank. After the Patriotic War of 1812, some regiments received the status of “young guard”, and their officers received an advantage of one rank over ordinary army officers. The named categories had this advantage until 1884.

When promoted to the next rank based on length of service, officers had to serve in each rank for 4 years (in the Guard, due to the lack of the rank of lieutenant colonel, captains served the rank of colonel for 6 years). Order No. 187 of the Military Department of July 21, 1896 approved the rules for promotion to staff officer ranks. According to these rules, 50 percent. vacancies were filled by those produced according to seniority and 50 percent. by election of the authorities, and from among the last 10 percent. allocated for production for “special distinctions” (for combatant captains only for “combat distinctions”), 20 percent. - for captains who graduated from military academies, the rest - for captains nominated for election proceedings. Thus, the principle of seniority lost its significance and certification played the main role.

The Knights of St. George also had benefits for promotion to the next rank. According to the rules of 1898, officers who were awarded the Order of St. George and served in this rank for 3 years were promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on the same basis as captains who graduated from the General Staff Academy, even if there was no staff officer vacancy available. Lieutenant colonels were also promoted to colonel on preferential terms if they had a positive certification and had served in their final rank for 4 years by November 26, the holiday of the Knights of St. George. These rules provided benefits for obtaining the position of commander of a regiment or a separate battalion.

In the army environment, so well shown in Kuprin’s “Duel,” the presence of benefits almost always aroused anger and envy. These feelings, as a rule, did not extend to the St. George cavaliers and officers of special branches of the military and were addressed mainly to the guards and officers of the General Staff, for whom, as A. A. Samoilo recalled, “the intrigue and arrogance that corroded this environment were very characteristic.”

The retinue ranks of adjutant general and wing adjutant, which were held by generals and officers close to the emperor, should be distinguished from the military ranks of the Russian army. During the reign of Alexander I, these titles formed the concept of “His Imperial Majesty’s Retinue.” Only staff and chief officers could be adjutant wings. With the promotion of a staff officer to the rank of general (4th class), the latter could receive the rank of adjutant general, naturally, if the emperor himself desired it. In 1827, a special military court rank appeared - Major General of His Majesty's Retinue. Since 1829, the rank of adjutant general was awarded only to generals holding the ranks of 2nd and 3rd classes. At the end of the 19th century, the rank of Adjutant General appeared under the person of His Imperial Majesty, who was listed above the Adjutant General of His Imperial Majesty.

In publications of historical material, you may also encounter other concepts that are in one way or another connected with the ranks and titles of pre-revolutionary Russia. Many of them, having arisen in one meaning, acquired a different meaning over time. Let's briefly look at those that are most difficult to understand.

At the end of the 18th century, special ranks were established among non-commissioned officers of noble origin, which were not included in the “Table of Ranks”: harness-ensign (in the infantry), estandard cadet (among the dragoons), harness-cadet (in the light cavalry and artillery). These ranks did not last long, and already in 1800 all non-commissioned officers - nobles from infantry units began to be called sub-ensigns. Since 1802, all non-commissioned officers of the Jaeger, artillery, and cavalry units, who came from the nobility, began to be called cadets.

In the 60s of the 19th century, the title of harness cadet reappeared, but in the meaning of a graduate of a cadet school, released into a regiment in anticipation of promotion to an officer. Officer candidates from the lower ranks who passed the officer exam also had the same rank. Since 1865, students of cadet (military) schools began to be called cadets.

In 1880, the rank of harness cadet was again renamed. In military units where there were warrant officers, he began to be called a sub-ensign, in the cavalry - an estandard cadet, in the Cossack troops - a sub-horunzhim. In the regiments, ensigns and estandard cadets performed the duties of junior officers.

Since 1906, the meaning of the rank of ensign has changed. Long-term non-commissioned officers who successfully completed military school began to be promoted to this rank.

In the Navy in 1882, the rank of midshipman (13th or 14th class, depending on the length of service) was excluded from the “Table of Ranks”, and midshipmen, as before 1860, began to be called students of the senior classes of the Marine Corps. schools.

The above table of ranks shows that Peter’s “Table of Ranks” changed over almost two centuries as a result of major reforms.

Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks

TABLE OF RANKS

Report card 1722:

Report card 1799:

Report card 1884:

Until 1884, 6th class of court ranks - Chamber-Fourier

01/24/1722 (02/06). - Peter I approved the “Table of Ranks” - a list of military and civilian ranks of the Russian Empire

On January 24, 1722, he approved the “Table of Ranks of all military, civil and court ranks...”, which became an effective tool for implementing administrative reform in Russia. From now on, every person entering the civil service had to go through all its steps, starting with the service of the lowest class rank. This ensured both the filling of all positions and the gradual acquisition by officials of the necessary experience.

The basis of the bureaucracy in those years were nobles, most of whom owned estates and were financially secure. Therefore, officials were paid low salaries, believing that the dependence of a civil servant on the salary he received did not allow him to express independent judgments and act freely enough.

In the Table of Ranks, all ranks of military, civil and court service were divided into 14 classes, each of which had to correspond to a specific position. In practice, however, deviations from this rule were allowed: for various reasons, an official could have a rank of a higher or lower class than would be appropriate for his position.

The seniority of military service over civil and court service was established, that is, among ranks of the same class, the military was considered senior.

It is noteworthy that the Table of Ranks included holders of the order, which was consistent with European practice, but was an exception to Russian traditions. They were assigned to class III, where lieutenant generals and privy councilors were listed.

For persons of non-noble rank, length of service allowed them to receive nobility. Under Peter I, hereditary nobility in military service was already given by the rank of the XIV class, in the civil service - by the rank of the VIII class, and the ranks of the XIV and VII classes were given only by personal nobility.

However, the influx of non-nobles into the civil service gradually increased and, accordingly, the class of rank conferring nobility increased. From December 9, 1856, in military service, the right to hereditary nobility began to be given by the rank of VI class, and for personal nobility - by XIV class; in civil service, the right to hereditary nobility was acquired upon reaching the rank of IV class; personal nobility was given by the ranks of V - IX classes, and personal honorary citizenship - ranks of classes X - XIV. These rules remained in place until 1917.

The clergy also had its own system of ranks (ranks), corresponding to the Table of Ranks. The five highest classes were for the black (monastic) clergy, and the five lower ones were for the white clergy.

Below are tables in which the Table of Ranks is presented in the form in which it was at the beginning and end of its existence, as well as clergy.

V.M. Avtsinov ("Imperial Courier")

Ranks (ranks) of the clergy

Table of ranks as of 1917

The trouble with the reform of Peter I is not that the governor began to be called a general and that he appeared before the people shaven and in a foreign uniform, but that he himself, instead of being connected with the people by love in the unity of spiritual and national interests, felt himself as a foreign body, standing above the people and separate from them and called upon to powerfully coerce and force...

Peter's Regulations led to the administrative Table of Ranks, and, to our great sorrow, withstood both the revolution and decades of emigration and in the future shows no signs of wanting to leave the stage... The atmosphere of spirituality was so dried up in the post-Petrine period that other bishops could not stand it their generalship and went into seclusion (St. Tikhon of Voronezh, Rev. Theophan of Tambov, Veniamin of Kaluga). Some were tormented by the duality of their position, and the majority, due to human weakness, turned into officials. This chill passed into the blood of Holy Rus', chilling the gracious warmth. The sin was that the Holy Russian position of Russia was forgotten... And we have gone so far from the spiritual lightness of the Holy Russian culture that the spiritual purpose of the existence of our Motherland, as it was in ancient times, seems incredible to us. .

(N. Kusakov. “Orthodoxy and Monarchy”)

Discussion: 8 comments

Both in the USSR and in the current Russian Federation, the construction of state power is based on the introduced system of Peter 1 (table of ranks). This system in itself is very harmful and anti-state, which naturally is what the enemies of Russia take advantage of from time to time! The dominant principle of managing our society is respect for rank, that is, it is enough to put “your person” at the very top of the hierarchical power and you can do whatever you want. The Jews take advantage of this flaw, penetrating the power structures and the administrative apparatus. Before the Jews there were Germans, and where are they now?

It seems that either errors crept in during the copying from the original, or the original was composed by a not very knowledgeable person.
1. Only black clergy are “revered”
2. A deacon cannot be a “blesser”, because does not bless anyone. Deacon - “Your gospel”, protodeacon and archdeacon - “Your high gospel”
etc.

We thank reader Michael, corrections have been made. The errors were contained in the indicated source - the Imperial Courier.

Please tell me, why did Peter 1 need a table of ranks?

In the article: "... and ranks up to the XIV and VII classes were given only by personal nobility." There is nonsense in the text, because there were NO ranks up to the XIV class.
In the XIX-early XX centuries. in the Cossack troops there were the ranks of major general, lieutenant general, cavalry general (cavalry generals M.I. Platov and P.N. Krasnov, etc.).

The only nonsense is in the preposition “before”, which I removed. Essentially correct. On Wikipedia we read the same thing: “Already the 14th class of the “Table” (Fendrik, ensign from 1730) gave the right to hereditary nobility (in the civil service, hereditary nobility was acquired by the rank of the 8th class - collegiate assessor, and the rank of collegiate registrar (14th grade) gave the right to personal nobility)".

In the table of ranks presented, there is no indication of the military and naval rank in the 5th class. I would like to clarify. In the 18th century, the military rank of the 5th class was Brigadier. Marine - captain-commander. Court - until 1884 - chamber-fourier, and from 1884 - master of ceremonies. Remember from Pushkin: “The humble sinner Dmitry Larin, the Lord’s servant and foreman, tastes peace under this stone.” Subsequently, this title was abolished. If it is not difficult for the editor, then I ask you to make an amendment to class 5.

NEW ORDER OF CIVIL SERVICE

Almost simultaneously (January 24), the famous decree was issued, concluding a table of ranks, which served as the basis for a new order of civil service. And here one could see the desire to put the supreme royal will above all rights and prejudices of the breed. Localism has long been destroyed; the promotion of individuals through the ranks remained at the discretion of the authorities. The new decree was a further development of this principle; Peter did not destroy the advantages of birth at all, but placed the dignity of public service above them. Merits rendered in public service gave the non-nobleman a hereditary title of nobility. Everyone who was considered a nobleman until that time was required to prove within a year and a half when and from whom the noble honor was granted to them; those who proved that their family had enjoyed the nobility for at least a hundred years received noble coats of arms. The master of arms had to keep lists of nobles, by name and rank, and add their children to these lists. Thus the beginning of genealogical books and heraldry was laid. The tsar granted himself the right to reward non-nobles for serving as nobility and to deprive them of it for a crime. According to the law of January 24, 1722, all public service was divided into military, civil and court service, and in each such category a ladder of 14 steps was established. Military service was divided into 4 departments: land - army, guards, artillery and naval. The highest rank or first class for the entire army, guard and artillery was Field Marshal, for the navy - Admiral General. The second class included, both in the army and in the guards service, full generals from the infantry and cavalry; in the artillery service - general field commander, in the naval service - admirals of other flags. In the third class, in the army, guard and artillery, there were lieutenant generals, the General Kriegskomissar and the Knights of St. Andrew, and in the naval class there were vice admirals. In the fourth, both in the army and in the artillery - major generals; and in the guards, this class begins the advantage over the army: the army major general was equal to the guards colonel, in the naval service the schoutbenachts and the oberzeigmeister. In the fifth - army brigadiers, Obersterkrieg Commissioner, General Priviant Master, in the artillery a colonel, in the guard a lieutenant colonel, and in the naval - captains, the commander of the port of Kronshlot and some economic positions. In the sixth: in the army - colonels, in the guard - majors, in the artillery - lieutenant colonels, in the navy - captains of the 1st rank. In the seventh: in the army - lieutenant colonels, auditor generals and some other positions, in the guard - captains, in the artillery - majors, in the navy - captains of the 2nd rank. In the eighth: in the army - majors, general's adjutants; in the guard - lieutenant captains, in the artillery - engineer majors, in the naval - captains of the 3rd rank. In the ninth: in the army - captains, in the guard - lieutenants, in artillery and in the navy - captain-lieutenants. In the tenth: in the army - captain-lieutenants, in the guard - non-commissioned lieutenants, in the artillery and in the navy - lieutenants. There was no eleventh class, except for naval service - ship secretaries. Twelfth: in the army - lieutenants, in the guard - fendriks, in the artillery - non-commissioned lieutenants, in the naval - non-commissioned lieutenants and skippers of the 1st rank. Thirteenth: in the army - non-commissioned lieutenants, in the artillery - bayonets, in the guard and in the navy there was no this class. Finally, on the fourteenth: in the army - fendriks, in the artillery - engineer fendricks, in the navy - skippers of the 2nd rank and constables. In the civil service: 1st class there was only the chancellor, 2nd class - actual privy councilors, 3rd class - the prosecutor general, 4th class presidents of the boards and privy councilors. Then the remaining classes, with the exception of the 11th, which did not exist at all, expressed different positions of civil service activity, and in this regard, Peter’s report card had a slightly different meaning than the one that has survived to our time and is similar to the modern one only in terms of the positions assigned in their dignity on the ladder of classes. Court positions, starting from the 2nd class, to which the chief marshal belonged, also went up to 14 degrees, but, with the exception of the 10th and 13th, they expressed court duties, in other cases permanent, such as, for example, secret cabinet secretary, life medicus, in others - o related only to court ceremonies, for example, obershenk, chamberlains. "Rank" under Peter meant the right to a certain honor, and anyone who voluntarily took a place giving him the right to honor above his rank was subject to the deduction of two months' salary or the payment of a sum that was equal to the salary received by others equal to him in rank, persons. “This inspection of each rank is not required in such cases when some like good friends and neighbors come together or at public assemblies, but only in churches during the service of God, at courtyard ceremonies, at audiences of ambassadors, at ceremonial tables, at official congresses, at marriages , burials and the like." This is how the sovereign’s decree explained the meaning of ranks. And the female sex enjoyed a similar distinction in rank. Married women were considered in rank according to their husbands, and girls according to their fathers, but a relationship was established between married women and girls that gave preference to the former over the latter. For example, girls, daughters of fathers of the 1st rank, before their marriage, were considered superior to those married whose husbands were in the 5th rank, daughters of fathers of the 2nd rank were considered superior to the wives of officials of the 6th rank. The fiscals now have a new duty - to see that everyone is honored in accordance with their rank and does not assign the highest honor to themselves. In the civil service, hereditary nobility was given to the first 8 classes, and in the military service - to all (such as headquarters and chief) officer ranks. Each had to have his own attire, livery for servants and crew in accordance with his rank. “The nobility and dignity of a person is often diminished when the attire and other actions do not match.”

Kostomarov N.I. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures. - M., 1993; 2006. Second section: The dominance of the House of Romanov before the accession of Catherine II to the throne. Chapter 15. VI. Internal events after the Peace of Nystadt

SEPARATION OF POSITIONS WAS NECESSARY

Under Peter, development was given such strength that the division of positions became necessary, which was expressed in the Table of Ranks, where all positions, or ranks, were placed in a certain order, by class, and next to the positions, or ranks, of the military are civil and courtiers . In January 1722, two senators, Golovkin and Bruce, and two major generals, Matyushkin and Dmitriev-Mamonov, composed a Table of Ranks. In this table, under the rank of general from cavalry or infantry, we see the rank of actual privy councilor; and this was not a rank in our meaning of the word: actual Privy Councilors were in fact members of the Privy Council, which usually met to discuss important, mainly foreign affairs. Contemporaries say that when Peter wanted to elevate Count Bruce to actual privy councilor, the latter himself refused this honor, imagining that although he was a loyal subject, he was a non-believer. The paragraphs appended to the Table of Ranks stated: “The sons of the Russian state of princes, counts, barons, the noblest nobility, also servants (officials) of the noblest rank, although we allow for their noble breed or their fathers, in the public assembly of noble ranks, where the yard is located, free access to others of the lower rank and we willingly want to see them distinguished from others in every case in dignity, but for this purpose we do not allow anyone of any rank until they show us and the Fatherland any services and receive character for them . The descendants of servants of Russian origin or foreigners of the first 8 ranks are ranked among the best senior nobility, even if they were of low breed. Since the civil ranks were not previously disposed of, and for this reason, no one, or very little due order from below, earned his rank from the nobles, and the need, now necessary, requires the higher (state) ranks, for the sake of taking whoever is suitable, at least one and had no rank. But even though this rank will be insulting to military people who have received it for many years and with such cruel service, and they will see without merit an equal or higher, for the sake of whoever is elevated to that rank, then he will deserve the rank over the years, as it should.”

PRINCIPLES OF THE “TABLE OF RANKS”

One of the main organizational principles of the civil service was that a civil servant had to go through it from the bottom up in its entirety, starting with the service of the lowest class rank. This was dictated both by the need to fill all positions and to obtain the required experience (since the practice of service itself was the main school of professional training for bureaucrats).

In each class it was necessary to serve a certain minimum of years (in the lower classes usually 3-4 years). For special merits in the service, this period could be reduced. The transition to the next class was supposed to be filled by an open vacancy.

Shepelev L.E. Titles, uniforms, orders in the Russian Empire. M., 1991.

"TABLE OF CONTENTS" ABOUT LADIES

9. On the contrary, all the girls whose fathers are in the 1st rank, until they are married off, have a rank above all the wives who are in the 5th rank, namely, below the major-general, and above the brigadier. And girls whose fathers are in the 2nd rank, above the wives who are in the 6th rank, that is, below the brigadier, and above the colonel. And girls whose fathers are in the 3rd rank are above the wives of the 7th rank, that is, below the colonel, and above the lieutenant colonel. And others, against the way the ranks follow.

10. Ladies and maidens at court have, while they are actually in their ranks, the following ranks:

The Chief Chamberlain of Her Majesty the Empress has rank above all ladies.

The actual ladies of Her Majesty the Empress follow the wives of the actual privy councilors.

The actual girls of the chambers have a rank with the wives of presidents from the college.

Gough ladies - with the wives of the raiders.

Gough girls - with the wives of colonels.

Gough's master and our crown princesses - with real ladies who are under Her Majesty the Empress.

The chamber maidens under the crown princesses follow the goff ladies under Her Majesty the empress.

The Gough maidens of the crown princesses follow the Gough maidens of Her Majesty the Empress.

a legislative act that determined the procedure for serving by officials. Published by Peter I in 1722. Established 14 ranks (classes, class ranks, 1st - the highest) in three types: military (army and naval), civilian and court. Abolished after the October Revolution of 1917 (see Appendices).

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

TABLE OF RANKS

the law defining the procedure for serving by officials was issued on January 24, 1722 by the government of Peter I. According to the T. o r. all positions were divided into 3 rows: land and naval military, civilian and courtiers, each of which had 14 ranks or classes. The highest (I class) positions in them were field marshal general, admiral general and chancellor, respectively, the lowest (XIV class) were fendrick, midshipman and collegiate registrar. Instead of nobility in appointment to the civil service, as well as in the further promotion of an official, the bureaucratic principle of length of service and consistent ascent up the career ladder was introduced, which was supposed to ensure the filling of all vacancies and the acquisition of the necessary skills. Anyone who held a high-ranking position in the civil service was equated to an officer and was called an official (in contrast to those who did not have a rank - “clerical servants”). All appointments in the civil service (except for the first 5 classes) were entrusted to the Senate (its first department), and their preparation and execution were to be carried out by the Heraldry Office of the Senate (see Heraldry, Officialdom).

All officials whose positions were included in the T. o r. received nobility. Initially, the XIV class gave the right to personal, and the VIII (for the military XII) - hereditary nobility. The law of December 9, 1856 established the receipt of personal nobility from class IX, hereditary nobility from class IV for civil ranks, and from class VI for military ranks. T. about r. opened a “path to the top” for people from unprivileged classes, creating an incentive for officials to serve.

Introduction of T. about r. Peter I sought to streamline the entire civil service system and ensure a constant flow of personnel. The highest ranks of the T. o r. were assigned to the nobles. T. about r. increased the service burden for representatives of the noble class, adding to it the obligation to study. T. about r. abolished in 1917

Classes for military, civil and court officials:

I. Field Marshal General, Admiral General. Chancellor, Actual Privy Councilor, First Class.

II, General-in-Chief, Infantry General, Cavalry General, Artillery General, Engineer General, Admiral.

Actual Privy Councilor.

Chief Chamberlain, Chief Marshal, Chief Equestrian, Chief Jägermeister, Chief Schenk, Chief Master of Ceremonies.

III. Lieutenant General (until 1799), Lieutenant General.

Privy Councilor.

Marshal, equestrian, chamberlain, jägermeister.

IV. Major General, Rear Admiral. Acting State Councilor.

V. Brigadier (until 1799), captain-commander. State Councillor. Master of Ceremonies.

VI. Colonel, captain 1st rank. College Advisor. Camera Fourier.

VII. Lieutenant Colonel, military foreman, captain of the 2nd rank.

Court Advisor.

VIII. Prime major, second major (until 1799), major (until 1884), captain, captain, captain (from 1884), captain Sh rank.

Collegiate Assessor.

IX. Captain, captain, captain (until 1884), staff captain, staff captain, captain, captain-lieutenant, senior lieutenant.

Titular Advisor.

X–XI. Captain-lieutenant (until 1799), lieutenant, centurion, lieutenant, midshipman. Collegiate Secretary.

XII. Second lieutenant, cornet, cornet, midshipman. Provincial Secretary.

XIII. Ensign, midshipman. Senate Registrar, Provincial Secretary.

XIV. Fendrik (XVIII century), midshipman (XVIII century). Collegiate Registrar.

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Every person is responsible to all people for all people and for everything.

Dostoevsky F.M.

The table of ranks was adopted by Peter 1 in January 1722. This document actually put an end to localism, streamlined the class hierarchy in Russia and allowed ordinary people to advance in their careers and receive “high” titles. For example, Menshikov, Apraksin, Tolstoy - all this is the new elite of the Peter the Great era.

The Table of Ranks introduced 14 ranks (ranks, levels) for military and civilian service in the Russian Empire. Initially, everyone (including nobles) had to begin service in a lower position, without privileges and rights. These were simple positions that did not provide privileges and were not reflected in the report card. In the future, based on their achievements and skills, everyone could rise to the 14th level, and after that gradually rise higher and higher, receiving a new rank. The timesheet itself is shown below.

All types of services were divided into 2 categories:

1. Military service. Included land, sea and guards corps. Everyone began to serve with the rank of private, and it was possible to receive a junior rank (14th rank) no earlier than after 15 years. All military ranks were given the right to an inherited estate.
2. Civil service. Only officials from the 8th rank (collegiate assessor) and above received the right to inherited estate. The lower ranks received the estate, but could not pass it on by inheritance.

These conditions were valid until 1856. After this, new rules were introduced regarding the acquisition of nobility. Personal nobility was received from the 12th rank (Lieutenant), and hereditary nobility from the 6th rank (Colonel). In the civil service, the right to personal nobility was given by rank 9 (Titular Councilor), and hereditary - by rank 4 (Actual State Councilor).

Features of the Report Card

Under Peter, the following formula was in effect: every educated person is obliged to serve, and any educated person can serve. Since the era of Peter the Great, career advancement has been based on knowledge and skills, and not on the basis of origin. A soldier could become an officer, an ordinary citizen could become a high-ranking official. Everything depended on skills. But there is an important limitation - the table of ranks did not apply to serfs.

We talk about the Table of Contents that it gave way to educated people, but what was education in the 16th and 17th centuries? There were big problems with her, especially among the nobles. As a result, Peter 1 formulated the minimum that all nobles had to know: 4 operations of arithmetic, be able to read and write, understand a foreign language. And even with such demands the nobles had big problems. They did not want to study, so Peter introduced a system of examinations (often the king personally took them), where the knowledge of the nobles was tested, and their suitability for a certain service and place in the Report Card was checked.

The table of ranks is an attempt to systematize the public service, giving all gifted people the opportunity to prove themselves. This system had its pros and cons, but the system worked. As an example of how old noble families bypassed the Report Card, I can give the example of military service. Nobles served in the army. The service was lifelong, but after 1722 everyone started as a simple soldier and only after 15 years could they move to an officer position. Noble people then began to enroll their children in the guard immediately after birth. As a result, when the child turned 15 years old and went to the army, he already had an officer position, although he had not spent a day in the army. But this is rather an exception, since there were not many who did this. On the whole, the system worked.