Training assignments for the 7th exam. Participle turnover in a sentence without a subject

1) worry about the outcome of the battle; 2) confidence in the victory of Russian football players; 3) offended by the reception; 4) pay attention to study; 5) rejoice at the arrival of a friend; 6) review of the thesis; 7) feedback on the article; 8) hinder promotion; 9) distinguish letters and sounds; 10) angry at being late; 11) pay for the fare; 12) right slipper; 13) meet at the end of the lecture; 14) miss you; 15) do not have the right; 16) assured about readiness to participate; 17) is busy at the evening performance; 18) hang a new tulle; 19) take measures to prevent the spread of influenza; 20) characteristic of the researcher.

Complete the test task. Determine in which sentences, complicated by adverbial phrases, a grammatical error is made. Give your answer in numerical form.

1. Hearing someone's steps, the cries of the trained raven Durov were heard: “Who is there?”.

2. Once, having removed saddles and harness from the wall, the thieves were about to climb out through the broken window.

3. Hearing a stern voice, the thieves, frightened, threw their things and ran away.

4. Returning from Italy, Bryullov was appointed professor at the Academy of Arts.

5. Blue heavy waves beat more and more quietly against the stones, sparkling in the sun with bright, cheerful splashes.

6. Having approached the corner of the house, the guests could see blocks of sandstone corroded by rains and winds, picturesquely scattered over the green lawn.

7. Having climbed into a remote place, Levinson almost lost contact with other detachments.

8. Arriving in the city, Andrei Gavrilovich decided to stay with a merchant he knew, spend the night with him, and the next morning appear in the presence of the district court.

9. Ahead, along the dusty street of the village, trotting, looking around and stopping occasionally with a lowing, ran a motley cow that had strayed from the herd.

10. On a foggy night, having made their way through the enemy's hell, Dubov's platoon suddenly appeared on the line.

11. Sensing the owners, we heard the quiet and displeased neighing of Mishka's horse.

12. Jumping out of the darkness, three huge, shaggy dogs rushed at us.

13. Ugly twisted, almost dry, without leaves, a young raspberry bush reaches for the sun.

14. Peering into the thicket of the forest, silence was established between the travelers, it became eerie.

15. When restoring a painting, the master refreshes paints that have faded from time to time.

Fix grammar mistakes
Thanks to the timely completion of the lesson, we had time for breakfast on time.
According to the schedule, we have time on time.
Contrary to expectations, we did not stay on the plane.
At the end of the presentation, we scattered around the classrooms.
Upon arrival at the station, we met with the parents.
Upon completion of the work, we received good grades.
Upon arrival in the city, we found good weather
I liked the new novel published in the Novy Mir magazine and which tells about the war.
For people who are fond of tourism and who want to see this amazing land with their own eyes, the author offers many interesting tourist routes.
In the essay, I wanted to talk about the meaning of sport and why I love it.
The book tells how to properly maintain aquarium fish and how to set up a home.
I love music and ice skating.
The listeners of the program expected and hoped for a meeting with the TV presenter.
Every day I watered and cared for the flowers.

Exercise 1.

Correct the error in matching homogeneous terms and generalizing words.

1) I love different types of art: music, theater, painting. 2) My brother plays the following instruments: violin, piano, guitar.

Exercise 2.

Here are sentences with speech errors. Explain what the mistakes are and correct them.

1) The program of the evening included Russian and funny songs. 2) Words are exact and foreign. 3) Forests are coniferous and damp.

Exercise 3

Find and correct, explaining, errors in the sentences.

1) Satirists expose the ignoramus, rudeness, greed, selfishness. 2) Voters know and trust their candidate for deputies well. 3) Lenochka met and told Masha about a trip to the forest. 4) The language of the play is short but colorful. 5) Father loves chess competitions and fishing very much.

Exercise 4

Determine the nature of the speech errors made in them and explain how the sentences should be constructed correctly. Write the sentences in correct form.

1) If you go deep into the forest in spring, you can hear how the buds burst and the joyful chirping of birds.

2) I really like to fish and I do it not only in summer, but also in winter.

3) In the detachments of Pugachev there were many Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvashs and Ural workers.

5) In our store you can buy stationery, pencils, paper.

6) Orders are accepted for sewing men's, ladies' and military dresses.

7) He lost the coin and his hope for new shoes.

8) We love and are fond of figure skating.

9) On weekends in winter, I usually read, but I also choose time to play hockey and different games with friends.

Exercise 5

Explain the errors in combinations of homogeneous members. Make stylistic changes.

1) LLC "Sevastopolsky" invites for a permanent job a vegetable processing master and single workers (men and women). 2) It is necessary to include in the work as many people and horses as possible, who would manage the harvesting of potatoes. 3) The bus has high running boards and low dynamic performance. 4) With songs and fun, the youth arrived at the camp site. 5) Thousands of new machines, equipment, instruments, means of mechanization and automation have come into operation. 6) Citizens passengers! When entering the escalator, do not place things, suitcases and bags on the steps. 7) The store needs sellers of vegetables and potatoes. 8) Workers of the plant support and vote for the candidates put forward by the participants of the rally.

Exercise 6

Find errors and shortcomings in the use of homogeneous terms. Correct the suggestions. Justify your answer.

1) Parents care and worry even for adult children. 2) I understand and sympathize with the author's desire to comprehensively shed light on this complex issue. 3) Everywhere: on the streets, squares, parks and gardens - the proximity of spring is felt. 4) The director relied on and developed the Stanislavsky system in his work. 5) Prefabricated brick panels are not inferior to reinforced concrete either in terms of strength, frost resistance, or other indicators. 6) A.S. Griboyedov was not only an outstanding playwright, but also a brilliant diplomat. 7) In the Raevsky family, the disgraced poet met the friendly disposition and warmth of the hearth. 8) The atmosphere of the era in comedy is created both by actors and off-stage characters. 9) Mayakovsky did not love all his life and disdained philistinism. 10) Based on this novel, not only films were created, but wonderful performances were also staged. 11) Moscow - the city that was the birthplace of Pushkin and described in detail by him. 12) This play is modern and topical. 13) I am not so much against rain as mud. 14) Alexei was surprised by her eyes, modesty and gullibility. 15) For complete happiness, I do not have enough good studies, discipline and grandfather. 16) Marina has a slim figure and a cheerful mood. 17) Dobrynya plays the harp and chess very well. 18) When the owner was drunk, he beat the dishes and the boy. 19) Chekhov ridiculed those who were chameleons and conceited. 20) No cheerful childish voices and bright wall newspapers were heard. 21) Only in the sixties were we able to read and enjoy Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita. 22) Chekhov's words do not sound with a smile, but with a proudly raised head. 23) Pushkin is a national poet, and we cannot help but love and admire him. 24) I was taken apart by curiosity and joy. 25) Sophia, in order to annoy and insult Chatsky, spreads gossip about him. 26) In Pushkin's poems, confidence and love for the future of Russia sound. 27) The author speaks not only about her external beauty, but about her inner beauty. 28) I do not like boredom and when they scold. 29) In the story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin showed people with different characters, but who know what honor is. 30) Now Pugachev was the king, and not the tramp who met Peter during a snowstorm and whom Peter thanked with a glass of wine. 30) Walking from morning to evening and if you don’t study, you won’t pass the exam.

Test on the topic "The use of homogeneous members of the sentence"

Exercise 1 .

Correct errors in the formation and use of participles.

1. I remember the performance of the front-line concert team, consisting of artists from the Murmansk Drama Theater. 2. Experts noted the undoubted achievements in this previously lagging sport. 3. Funds sent from the center arrive at the banks of our city with a big delay. 4. So we returned without buying anything. 5. The silence was broken at times by clods of snow falling from the height of the pines. 6. In a chess competition, a young athlete, meeting with a grandmaster, won a brilliant victory. 7. Certain types of factory products, which were very popular in the past, are currently not in demand.

Exercise 2.

Point out the errors in the formation of participles and the use of participial phrases. Correct these errors. If necessary, replace participial phrases with subordinate attributive clauses.

1. The author spoke about the changes in the book, which he is preparing for reprint. 2. The facts cited in the report testify to the great successes of our medical science. 3. None of the critics of the project proposed anything else that would move things forward. 4. In the same position as the inhabitants of Adria, were the inhabitants of nearby villages and farms, cut off by the flood and fleeing on the roofs of houses, threatening to collapse at any moment. 5. The arrested person was worried about the family, taken under the supervision of the police and which he left without any means of subsistence. 6. In the hands of the director, footage from a motion picture filmed at Mosfilm. 7. Students who are sent to practice must be well prepared theoretically. 8. Applicants who try to use mobile phones will be deprived of the opportunity to write an essay. 9. There are students in the class who would be willing to study English if such classes were organized. 10. The writer attached great importance to the cause of the Decembrists, expressing confidence that it would be continued by descendants who wished to see Russia free.

Exercise 3

Insert the adverbial phrases enclosed in brackets into the sentence.

Sample . Levinson stood a little and walked even faster (listening into the darkness; smiling to himself) - Levinson stood a little, listening to the darkness, and, smiling to himself, walked even faster (A. Fadeev ).

1. The doctor carefully examined the patients and left the ward (giving the necessary instructions to the sister). 2. Through the glass of the windows, moonbeams made their way into the room (illuminating it with a dim light). 3. A group of geologists climbed the slope of the mountain and descended from the opposite side (studying various rocks along the way; reaching the pass). 4. A woman entered the room with a small child and began to undress him (holding his hand; placing him on a chair). 5. A few minutes later, the riders were already racing along the road (quickly jumping on their horses; raising thick gray dust). 6. In the evening and in the morning the young man thought about the same thing (going to bed; getting up at dawn). 7. The hunter lingered a little, and then confidently walked towards a small lake (peering into the darkness of the forest; noticing something interesting). 8. The old man stopped and looked around (after walking a few steps; as if waiting for someone). 9. A dense forest stretched behind the village, where century-old pine trees pressed tightly against each other (surrounding it in a semicircle; resembling fabulous giants). 10. My interlocutor lit a candle and continued his story (taking out matches from his pocket; drinking some water from a mug).

Exercise 4

Point out the errors in the formation of gerunds and the use of gerunds. Correcting these mistakes, you can replace adverbial phrases with subordinate clauses of time.

1. This talented writer, writing a feuilleton, built a phrase with the same sweet intonations with which he spoke in life. 2. Upon learning of the death of the poet, Varvara Alexandrovna was never able to recover from the blow, although she lived for another 10 years, dying at the age of thirty-six. 3. Having determined these quantities from astronomical and geodetic observations, the Earth's compression is derived based on the formulas. 4. They read the instructions very carefully, taking note of everything new and interesting. 5. Having gathered for the holiday, do not forget to buy rattles and sparklers. 6. In the World Chess Championship, Kasparov, meeting with Karpov, won a brilliant victory. 7. We took second place in the district competition, defeating the athletes from the boarding school. 8. Yesterday, while having lunch with the writer, he told me... 9. Having looked at the lesson, the director presented himself with an interesting picture. 10. Testing was discussed at the teachers' council, without giving any useful recommendations.

Exercise 1.

Add endings, matching the predicate with the subject. Explain the choice of predicate form.

1. A number of events dedicated to the 120th anniversary of I. A. Bunin will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. 2. Forty-one people enter the group of students sent for field practice. 3. Several of our high school students took .. participated in the city Olympiad. 4. Those who have been .. nearby for the past few years have come to me. 5. The vast majority of students showed deep knowledge in the exams. 6. A number of specialists were sent .. to the factories of the Urals, some of the engineers were sent .. to Siberia. 7. In the memory of everyone who knew closely .. Platonov, he remained a great lover of life.

Exercise 2.

What sentences are wrong? Fix them.
1. Most of the poet's works are devoted to the theme of love. 2. Some students have already passed their specialty exams. 3. Twenty people stood aside. 4. A number of tables were in the middle of a large room. 5. Those who have not studied themselves will never achieve a deep understanding of people. 6. Many darkish clouds spread vaguely across the sky. 7. Ten students graduated from schools with commendable diplomas in the Russian language.

Exercise 3

Choose the correct form of the predicate, justify the choice.

1. Alarm clock (deteriorated, deteriorated) on the first day. 2. Plant-laboratory (completed, completed) an urgent order. 3. In the museum (open, open) exhibition-view of new paintings. 4. The Vedomosti newspaper has repeatedly (raised, raised) this problem. 5. A female doctor (gave, gave) a referral to the hospital.

Exercise 4

Match the verb with the subject correctly.

1. The Don River spilled widely .. last spring. 2. Mount Elbrus is high... 3. TV company "REN-TB" started a series of programs dedicated to the anniversary of the Victory. 4. Neanderthal site Kostenki-1 was.. developed.. at the end of the last century. 5. The museum-apartment of the writer will be open to visitors at the end of the year. 6. The letter-receipt has been delivered to the addressee.

Exercise 5

Find the predicates in each sentence of an excerpt from A. Samoilov's poem "Regular".
From all stoves, from all fireplaces
A forest of curly smoke rises.
And I walk, throwing on a raincoat
And pulling his hat up to his eyebrows.
I hasten to the saving basement,
Where fast and slow
Red-haired waiter
Brings a couple of beers.

Exercise 6

Highlight the basics in sentences.

1. The heavenly mind is not measurable, the azure is hidden from the minds. (A. Blok) 2. They say that I will soon become a famous Russian poet. (S. Yesenin) 3. The old man was a master of telling fairy tales. (P. Bazhov) 4. The city at night is simple and eternal. (D. Samoilov) 5. My song was devoid of a motive, but it was impossible to sing it in chorus. (I. Brodsky) 6. She was simple-hearted, coquettish, loved to have fun. (S.Dovlatov) 7. Everyone is now sick with the flu. (V.Nabokov) 8. Spring was unfriendly. 9. Krasnov carried himself with deep dignity. 10. The meeting breathed a chill. (M. Sholokhov)

Exercise 7

Find the mistake in the compound nominal predicate and correct it.

1) One of the remarkable works of A.S. Pushkin is the poem "Gypsies". 2) The air becomes clean, frosty. 3) The weather was very good. 4) Two firs seem unhappy among such a company of birches. 5) Our compartment neighbor turned out to be a military man.

Exercise 8

In the sentence She was happy, highlight the predicate, and then replace the linking verb was alternately with the following words in the appropriate form: to become, to be considered, to appear, to be, to remain, to be. Write and then read the resulting sentences. What semantic differences do they have? What creates these differences?

Exercise 9

Put the predicate in the correct form.
1.Most students on all agenda items unanimously (support) the speaker. 2. Most teachers in the school (make) high demands on students and (achieve) deep knowledge from students. 3. The majority of workers, engineers, employees of the plant (speak out) against the candidate. 4. On the shore (stand) several willows. 5. Some students (leave) for competitions. 6. Most of the guys living in our yard already (go) on a hike. 7. Behind the stroller (run) four dogs. 8. Overhead (whistle) two bullets. 9. Many children annually (have a rest) in various health centers.

Exercise 10

Edit sentences. Write the sentences in correct form. Underline the grammatical basis of the sentences.
1. Many interesting questions arose during the discussion of the new film. 2. A lot of goods are sold in the central department store. 3. Dad and little daughter went to a concert. 4. There are many interesting books in the closet. 5. For centuries the peasantry fought against oppression. 6. She spent her childhood and youth in a merchant family. 7. A clatter and screams were heard in the village. 8. Most of the doors were low for his height. 9. There are five students in the circle. 10. Most of the books mentioned have been published recently.1. Find a sentence with a grammatical error.

1) My father knew well the habits of not only animals, but also the voices of birds.

2) Pushkin describes the Pugachev uprising and speaks critically about it.

3) The dash is placed not only before the generalizing word, but also between the subject and the predicate.

4) Either thoughts, or memories, or dreams wandered in Olenin's head.

2. Find a sentence with a grammatical error.

1) I respect and admire my parents.

2) At the exhibition of children's art, you can see the work of both very young artists and those who are 13-15 years old.

3) The term "female prose" can be used in relation to the work of such writers as V. Tokareva, T. Tolstaya, L. Ulitskaya.

4) Artists admire nature and spiritualize it.

3. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).

1) According to the rules, introductory words are separated by commas in the letter.

2) The inhabitants of this area paid special attention to the development of gardening.

3) Due to the complexity of the route, it was decided not to include small children in the tourist group.

4) The international community understands and is concerned about the problems of the economies of developing countries.

4. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).

1) In a short time, not only a new school, a hospital, but also a drama theater and a library were built in the satellite city.

2) I.S. Turgenev said that Russia can do without any of us, but none of us can live without it.

3) Due to the peculiarities of the soil on this mountain slope, you can find almost half of all known wild flowers.

4) The basis of the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky "The Singer" put the well-known images-symbols - the lyre and the crown.

5. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical (syntactic) error.

1) This act caused not only a storm of indignation, but also surprise.

2) Those who love the sky came to meet the pilot.

3) This artist is one of the recognized ideologists of the movement and played an important role in public life.

4) There are several main characters in the novel "Oblomov".

6. Indicate a sentence without a grammatical (syntactic) error.

1) Bazarov tells Arkady that your father is a retired man.

2) The meeting was attended by delegates from the following countries: England, France, Italy.

3) Check out the list of students who took the biology exam.

4) The trust organized and manages the enterprise.

7. Indicate a sentence without grammatical errors (correctly constructed).

1) In the fifth grade, we were very fond of reading both Pushkin's fairy tales and Nekrasov's poems.

2) There were not only textbooks on the table, but also lecture notes.

3) We are fond of and watch sports programs.

4) The teacher supervised the thesis work of a group of students interested in modern literature.

8. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical (syntactic) error.

1) In The Cherry Orchard there is something sad, and funny, and tragic.

2) Journalists received answers to all their questions.

3) We are fond of and love visiting exhibitions of philatelists.

4) The plot of the story is interesting in many ways.

9. Indicate a sentence without a grammatical (syntactic) error.

1) The government has repeatedly noted the economic danger of non-payments.

2) Grandmother loved and was proud of her only grandson.

3) Both in “Hot Snow” and in “The Shore”, Y. Bondarev is most interested in one topic: a man in a war.

4) The paintings of this artist were exhibited in large halls, modest clubs, open areas.

10. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical (syntactic) error.

1) Interesting articles are published in Rovesnik.

2) Communication with the child, which captured me all, allowed me to take a different look at familiar things.

3) The interlocutor turned out to be a cheerful and cheerful person.

4) Both children's and adult footprints were clearly visible in the sand.

11. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm)

1) She listened to him with fear and eagerly.

2) On the other side, a willow, a young oak and a small birch were curling merrily.

3) He went to the threshing floor, cattle and horse yards.

4) Raskolnikov not only killed the old pawnbroker, but also her sister.

12. Indicate a sentence with a grammatical (syntactic) error.

1) Boris understands that he deceived the expectations of Katerina and who believed him.

2) He remembered their faces, but where can you find them!

3) Everyone who has ever visited the Crimea will never forget it.

4) One of our students, who defended his diploma with honors, left to work in the North.

Learn to spot grammatical errors. If you learn to confidently recognize them in the task, then you will not lose points in the essay. (Criterion 9 - "Compliance with language standards.") Also, an assignment for which you can get 5 points requires special treatment!

Task 7 USE in Russian

Task Formulation: Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

How to perform such a task? It is better to start from the left side. Find the named syntactic phenomenon (participial phrase, subject and predicate, etc.) in the sentences on the right and check if there is a grammatical error. Start with the ones that are easier to find and identify.

Let's analyze typical grammatical errors in the order in which they should be checked on the exam.

Inconsistent Application

An inconsistent appendix is ​​the title of a book, magazine, film, painting, etc., enclosed in quotation marks.

The sentence changes by case generic word, and the inconsistent application is in the initial form and does not change: in novel"War and Peace"; picture Levitan "Golden Autumn" at the station metro station "Tverskaya"

If there is no generic word in the sentence, the application itself changes in cases: heroes of "War and Peace"; I'm looking at Levitan's Golden Autumn, we'll meet at Tverskaya.

Grammar mistake : in the novel "War and Peace"; in the painting "Golden Autumn", at the Tverskaya metro station.

In the task, such an error occurred in sentence 3.

Direct and indirect speech.

A sentence with indirect speech is a complex sentence. Compare:

The conductor said: "I'll bring you tea" - The conductor said that he would bring us tea. Grammar mistake: The conductor said that I would bring you tea.(The personal pronoun should change.)

The passenger asked: "Can I open the window" - The passenger asked if he could open the window. Grammar mistake : The passenger asked if he could open the window.(The sentence has LI in the role of the union, the union WHAT is not allowed in the sentence.)

Participial

We find sentences with participial turnover, see if there are any errors in its construction.

1. The defined (main) word cannot get inside the participial turnover, it can come before or after it. Grammar mistake: who came spectators to meet with the director. Correctly: viewers who came to meet the director or viewers who came to meet with the director.

2. The participle must agree in gender, number and case with the main word, which is determined by meaning and by question: residents mountains (what?), frightened by a hurricane or residents mountains(what?), overgrown with fir trees. Grammar mistake: mountain dwellers frightened by the hurricane or inhabitants of the mountains, overgrown with firs.

Note: one of the things that happened last summer(we agree on the participle with the word ONE - we are talking about one event). I recall a number of events that happened last summer (we ask a question from EVENTS “what?”).

3. The sacrament has a present tense ( rule memorizing student), past tense ( student who memorized), but no future tense ( student who remembers the rule- grammar mistake).

In the task, such an error occurred in sentence 5.

Participial turnover

Remember: The participle calls the additional action, and the verb-predicate - the main one. The participle and the verb-predicate must refer to the same character!

We find the subject in the sentence and check whether it performs the action called the gerund. Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova had a natural excitement. We argue: excitement arose - Natasha Rostova walked- Various characters. Correct option: Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova experienced natural excitement.

In a definite personal sentence, it is easy to restore the subject: I, WE, YOU, YOU: When making an offer, consider(you) grammatical meaning of the word. We argue: you take into account and you make up- no error.

The verb-predicate can be expressed infinitive: When composing a sentence, it is necessary to take into account the grammatical meaning of the word.

We argue: After reading the sentence, it seems to me that there is no mistake. I cannot be the subject, because it is not in the initial form. This sentence has a grammatical error.

The grammatical connection between the subject and the predicate.

The error may be hidden in complex sentences built according to the model “THE WHO…”, “EVERYONE, WHO…”, “ALL, WHO…”, “NONE OF THOSE WHO…”, “MANY OF THOSE WHO…”, “ ONE OF THOSE WHO…” In each simple sentence, the complex subject will have its own subject, it is necessary to check whether they are consistent with their predicates. WHO, EVERYONE, NOBODY, ONE, combined with predicates in the singular; THOSE, ALL, MANY are combined with their predicates in the plural.

Analyzing the offer: None of those who visited there in the summer were not disappointed. NOBODY WAS - a grammatical error. WHO VISITED - there is no error. Those who did not come to the opening of the exhibition regretted it. THEY HAVE SORRY - there is no mistake. WHO DID NOT COME - a grammatical error.

In the task, such an error occurred in sentence 2.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms.

Pay special attention to predicate verbs: incorrect use of the tense of the verb leads to confusion in the sequence of actions. I work inattentively, with stops, and as a result I made many ridiculous mistakes. Let's fix the error: I work inattentively, with stops, and as a result I make many ridiculous mistakes.(Both imperfective verbs are in the present tense.) I worked inattentively, with stops, and as a result I made many ridiculous mistakes.(Both verbs are in the past tense, the first verb - an imperfect form - indicates a process, the second - a perfect form - indicates a result.)

In the task, such an error occurred in sentence 1: Turgenev exposes and reveals...

Homogeneous members of a sentence

Grammar errors in conjunction sentences And.

1. Union And cannot link one of the members of a sentence to the whole sentence. I don't like to get sick and when i get two. Moscow is a city which was the birthplace of Pushkin and described in detail. When Onegin returned to Petersburg and having met Tatyana, he did not recognize her. Listened to a lecture on the importance of sports and why do they need to do. (Fix the bug: Listened to a lecture on the importance of sports and the benefits of sports. Or: Listened to a lecture on what is the importance of sport and why do they need to do .)
2. Union And cannot connect homogeneous members expressed in the full and short form of adjectives and participles: He is tall and thin. She is smart and beautiful.
3. Union And cannot link infinitive and noun: I love doing laundry, cooking and reading books. (Correctly: I love washing, cooking and reading books.)
4. It is difficult to recognize an error in such a syntactic construction: The Decembrists loved and admired the Russian people. In this sentence, the addition of the PEOPLE refers to both predicates, but is grammatically connected to only one of them: THE PEOPLE WERE ADMIRED (BY WHOM?). From the verb LOVE we ask the question WHO? Be sure to ask a question from each verb-predicate to the object. Here are typical mistakes: parents care and love children; I understand and sympathize with you; he learned and used the rule; I love and am proud of my son. Correcting such a mistake requires the introduction of various additions, each will be consistent with its verb-predicate: I love my son and I'm proud of him.

Using Compound Unions.

1. Learn to recognize the following conjunctions in a sentence: “NOT ONLY ..., BUT AND”; "HOW ..., SO AND". In these unions, you cannot skip individual words or replace them with others: Not only we, but our guests were surprised. The atmosphere of the era in comedy is created not only by actors, but also by off-stage characters. As during the day, so at night, work is in full swing.
2. Parts of the double union must be immediately before each of the homogeneous members . Incorrect word order leads to a grammatical error: We examined not only ancient cities, but also visited new areas.(Correct order: Not only did we see… but we also visited…)The essay should how about the main characters, so tell about artistic features. (Correct order: The essay should tell how about the main characters, as well as artistic features. )

Generalizing words with homogeneous members

The generalizing word and the homogeneous members following it are in the same case: Do two sports:(how?) skiing and swimming.(Grammar mistake: Strong people have two qualities: kindness and modesty.)

Prepositions with homogeneous members

Prepositions in front of homogeneous members can only be omitted if these prepositions are the same: He visited in Greece, Spain, Italy, on the Cyprus. Grammar mistake: He visited in Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus.

Complex sentence

Mistakes related to the incorrect use of unions, allied words, demonstrative words are very common. There can be many options for errors, let's look at some of them.

Extra union: I was tormented by the question of whether I should tell my father everything. I didn't realize how far from the truth I was.

Mixing coordinating and subordinating conjunctions : When Murka got tired of messing with kittens, and she went somewhere to sleep.

Extra particle WOULD: He needs to come to me.

Index word missing: Your mistake is that you are in too much of a hurry.(Omitted IN VOL.)

The allied word WHICH is torn off from the word being defined: A warm rain moistened the earth, which the plants so needed.(Correctly: Warm rain in which needed plants, moistened the ground.)

In the task, such a mistake was made in sentence 9.

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

1. Prepositions THANK YOU, ACCORDING TO, DESPITE, AGAINST, AGAINST, LIKE + noun in DATIVE CASE: thanks to the skillYu , according to scheduleYu , contrary to the rulesam .

• The preposition PO can be used in the meaning "AFTER". In this case, the noun is in the prepositional case and has the ending AND: upon graduation (after graduation), upon arrival in the city (after arrival), upon expiration of the term (after the expiration of the term).

Remember: on arrival And, at the end And, upon completion And, upon expiration And, upon arrival E, upon arrival E.

• We remember the features of management in the following phrases:

To prove (what?) right

To marvel at (what?) patience

Give an example of (what?) error

Summarize (what?) work

Confess to (what?) a crime

Miss you, be sad (for whom?) for you

Pay attention to (what?) little things

Point out (what?) shortcomings

Blame (what?) for greed

Remember couples:

worry about son - worry about son

Believe in victory - confidence in victory

The question of construction - problems with construction

Generate rental income - Generate rental income

Ignorance of the problem - unfamiliarity with the problem

Offended by distrust - offended by distrust

pay attention to health pay attention to health

Business preoccupation - anxiety about business

pay the fare - pay the fare

Essay review - essay review

Service fee - service fee

Superiority over him - advantage over him

warn against danger - warn of danger

Distinguish between friends and foes - Distinguish between friends and foes

Surprised by patience - surprised by patience

Characteristic of him - characteristic of him

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

A) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover in sentence 8. This error is caused by the fact that the participle does not agree with the word to which it obeys, either in gender, or in number, or case.

Here is the correct spelling: And now, in their weather forecasts, meteorologists rely on some folk signs (which ones), which give a fairly accurate forecast.

Rule 7.1.1 paragraph

7.1. USE OF PARTICIPIAL TERMS

INTRODUCTION

Participle turnover is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants

word Graduates- main word

surrendered - communion,

those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle dependent words.

Thus, the participial turnover in this sentence is - successfully passed the exam. If you change the word order and write the same sentence differently by placing a turnover before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, and the turnover remains unchanged.

Very important: before starting work with task 7 for finding errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and adverbial phrases.

The purpose of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical norms are violated when using participle turnover. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the participle you are looking for must certainly be in full form: the short form never forms a participle, but is a predicate.

To successfully complete this task, you need to know:

• rules for coordinating the participle and the main (or defined) word;
• the rules for the location of the participial turnover in relation to the main word;
• tense and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
• participle pledge (active or passive)

We draw attention to that that in a sentence with a participial turnover, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.

Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on the classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be attributed to a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using participial turnover.

7.1.1 Violation of the agreement of the participle with the word being defined

The rule according to which single participles (as well as those included in the participle) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires setting the participle in the same gender, number and case as the main word:

About children (what?) returning from a trip; for the exhibition (what?) being prepared in the museum.

Therefore, we simply find a sentence in which there is a full participle, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) the number of the main word.

Type 1, the lightest

I got to chat with the guests present at the opening of the exhibition.

What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We put the question from the noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.

I had a chance to chat with guests(what IMI?), those present at the opening of the exhibition.

In these examples, the noun and its participle stand side by side, the error is easily seen. But this is not always the case.

type 2, harder

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

I want to find the words to the song heard recently.

These sentences contain two nouns: author, books; lyrics. Which of them has a participle turnover attached to it? We think about meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?

Here's the corrected version:

I want to find the lyrics of the song (which one?), heard recently.

Type 3, even harder

The endings of participles sometimes perform a very large semantic mission. We think about the meaning!

Let's compare two sentences:

The noise of the sea (which one?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake up.

The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke up? Turns out it's noise. And the noise can wake up. This is the correct option.

I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.

I heard the heavy steps of a bear (what?), haunting me. The bear can chase. This is the correct option.

Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees”. It turns out that employees will have diseases, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is not the right option.

Children (what?) of employees, having any disease receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle "having" refers to the word "children", and we understand that it is the children who have diseases and they need vouchers.

4 type, variant

Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole, indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. Each of the nouns can be attached to a participle, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial) can be agreed with any word. It will be a mistake if the sacrament "hangs" and has no connection with any of the words.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Each of the participants who received the maximum number of points was given the right to perform one more number.

The sacrament can be agreed with both the word "to each" and the word "participants".

To each (what?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number

Each of the participants (which THEM?), who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number.

We draw attention to the fact that it will be a mistake to disagree with OR with the first word, OR with the second:

Incorrect: Each of the participants who received ... or Each of the participants who received ... This is not possible.

In explanations on DECIDE, the option of agreement with the ending THEM is more often used.

Similarly true: Part of the books (which THEM?), received as a gift will go as a gift.

Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift will go as a gift.

Incorrect: Part of the books received as a gift will go as a gift.

NOTE : this type of error when checking essays is considered a matching error.

7.1.2 Participle construction and place of the main word

In well-formed sentences with participial turnover the main (or defined word) cannot be inside the participial turnover. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks !!!

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Submissions must be carefully checked the documents for examination.

We walked through the littered alley fallen leaves.

presenter the outside the city was free.

Created novel young author caused lively controversy.

note: with this construction of the sentence, it is completely incomprehensible whether to put a comma.

Here's the corrected version:

Must be carefully checked the documents, submitted for examination. Or: You need to carefully check submitted for examination the documents.

We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.

The outside leading to the city was free. Or: Leading to the city the outside was free.

7.1.3. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of participles

In accordance with the norms for the formation of participles, the modern Russian literary language does not use participle forms in -sch, formed from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. In the opinion of the editors of DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but, since I.P. Tsybulko has similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Until I found human, able to help me.

A valuable prize awaits participant, finding the answer to this question.

These sentences need to be corrected, because future participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Participles do not have a future tense..

Here's the corrected version:

We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.

Until I found someone who can help me.

A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.

7.1.4. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of pledge of participles

This type of error was in the USE assignments of past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 there are no such tasks. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the real is used instead of the passive.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

The documents, sent for examination

Competition, hosted by the organizers

Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.

Here's the corrected version:

The documents, sent for examination must be carefully checked.

Competition, organized by the organizers very much liked by the participants.

The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.

B) the error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members in sentence 4 is that with homogeneous members an attempt was made to use a double union, while AND was erroneously added to the part NOT SO MUCH. Parts of double alliances are permanent: NOT SO MUCH, MUCH.

Here is the correct spelling: The Egyptian bridge in St. Petersburg is known not so much for the sphinxes installed on it, but for the mystical story that took place in 1905.

Rule 7.6.2 paragraph

7.6. MISTAKE IN CONSTRUCTING A SENTENCE WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

INTRODUCTION

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function, are united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence, and are interconnected by a coordinating link. Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members: subjects, predicates, additions, definitions, circumstances. For example, the definitions of "new, super-powerful computer" in relation to the word "computer" will be homogeneous; circumstances "depicted colorfully, but indistinctly" in relation to "depicted".

TYPES OF ERRORS MADE WHEN USING HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

7.6.1 Homogeneous predicates have the same dependent object.

Rule: With a normal, correct sentence structure, from each of the two homogeneous predicates (first and second), ONE GENERAL question is posed to the general addition, for example:

Guys addicted to (what?) and doing (what?) sports; Heroes of the story remember (about what?) and share their impressions (about what?) about the years of youth.

An error occurs if each of the predicates asks a DIFFERENT question to the GENERAL addition.

Example 1: I love (who? what?) and admire (who? what) my father.

The predicates “I love” and “I admire” have one dependent word “father”, which is in the instrumental case. It turned out that the addition of “father” correctly obeyed only the second predicate, since the verb “love” requires an accusative from the addition (I love whom? What? Father), therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. To correctly express a thought, you need to change the sentence so that each predicate has a separate, case-appropriate addition, for example, like this: I love my father and admire him.

Example 2: The hero of the story believed (in what? what?) and strove (for what?) to his dream. Each of the verbs requires its own form of complement, it is impossible to pick up a common word, so we change the sentence again so that each predicate has a separate complement that matches the case, for example, like this: The hero of the story believed in his dream and strove for it.

Note for teachers: This type of error refers to control errors. In written work, such a mistake is usually made by students due to inattention: the first predicate is simply overlooked, and the mistake (when pointing to it) is easily corrected. A much more serious problem arises where the student does not realize that this or that case question cannot be raised from a given verb in principle.

7.6.2 Homogeneous members are connected by double unions not only ..., but also ...; if not ... then ... and others

Rule 1 In such proposals, attention should be paid to that parts of a double union must connect homogeneous members of the same series, for example: We were inspired not so much colorful places of this quiet city, How many the spirit of its inhabitants. Let's make a proposal: not so much O , How many O . The first part of the double union: not so much, is before the first EP, subject to “places” (we do not take into account the word “colorful”), the second part How many stands before the second subject "soulfulness".

Now let's break the sentence. Us not so much inspired by the colorful places of this quiet city, How many the spirit of its inhabitants. The first part of the union now refers to the predicate, and the second to the subject. This is where this type of error lies.

Let's look at some more examples:

Example 1: It can be argued that the mood was the main Not only for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. That's right: each part comes before the OC, in this example, before the additions. Compare with an incorrectly constructed sentence: It can be argued that the mood was Not only the main thing for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. The parts of the union are connected not by homogeneous members, but by the predicate and the addition.

Rule 2 It must also be remembered that the parts of a double union are permanent, they cannot be replaced by other words. Yes, the suggestion would be wrong. Merchants Stroganovs Not only boiled salt, as well as , since the union not only.. but also no. The union "not only" has the second part "but" and not "also". The correct version of this sentence would be: Merchants Stroganovs Not only boiled salt, but also mined iron and copper in their lands

This is how you can: (variants of the second part are given in brackets).

1) not only ... but also (and and; but even; and yet; and besides); not only not ... but (but rather, rather; on the contrary, on the contrary); not only; 2) not that ... but (a; simply; even, not even); even ... not that; not even ... not that; not even ... especially not;

3) moreover ... also; not only that ... also; little of; moreover, more than that; worse than that; and even.

7.6.3 In sentences with homogeneous members there is a generalizing word.

It must be taken into account that all homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word.

The grammatically correct sentence would be: I forgot about everything: about anxieties and sorrows, about sleepless nights, about sadness and longing. . The word [about] "everything" is generalizing, it is in the prepositional case. All OCs are in the same case.

Failure to comply with this rule is a gross violation of the syntactic norm: gifts:crossbows, sables and ornaments.

In this sentence, the generalizing word “gifts” is in the form of the genitive case, and all homogeneous members (“crossbows, sable and decorations”) are in the form of the nominative case. Therefore, this sentence is incorrect. Correct option: Soon the nobleman began to inspect the brought gifts: crossbows, sables and ornaments.

7.6.5 Using different syntactic elements of a sentence as homogeneous members

There is a strict grammatical rule that prescribes which elements can and cannot be combined into homogeneous members.

We list the cases in which this rule is violated.

If the proposal is combined into homogeneous

- form of the noun and the infinitive form of the verb: I love chess and swimming, I like to embroider and needlework, I'm afraid of the dark and being alone and similar;

- different forms of the nominal part of the predicate: sister was upset and worried, she was younger and kinder and similar;

- participial phrase and subordinate clause: The main characters of the story are people who are not afraid of difficulties and who are always true to their word.; I do not like people who change their attitude and who do not hide it. and similar;

Participle and participle turnover: Loving their work and striving to do it well, the builders have achieved excellent results. and similar;

that is - grammar mistake. Note that such violations are very common in written work, therefore, like the entire task 7, this part is of great practical importance.

The following types of errors occurred in assignments prior to 2015.

7.6.4 Different prepositions may be used for homogeneous terms.

In one row of OC, when listing, it is possible to use prepositions, for example: in theatre, and on the exhibition VDNKh, and on theRed Square. As you can see, this sentence uses prepositions in and on the, and that's right. It would be a mistake to use the same preposition for all the words in this series: During my three stays in Moscow, I visited and in theater, and exhibition VDNH, and Red Square. You can't be "in VDNKh" and "in Red Square." So the rule is: you cannot use a common preposition for all members of the series if, in terms of meaning, this preposition does not fit at least one of the SPs.

Example with an error: Crowds of people were everywhere: on the streets, squares, squares. Before the word "squares" it is necessary to add the preposition "in," since this word is not used with the preposition "on". Correct option: Crowds of people were everywhere: in the streets, squares, squares.

7.6.6 Connection in one row of specific and generic concepts

For example, in a sentence: The package contained oranges, juice, bananas, fruits a logical error has been made. "Oranges" and "bananas" are specific concepts in relation to the word "fruit" (that is, common), therefore, they cannot stand with it in the same row of homogeneous members. Correct option: The package contained juice and fruits: bananas, oranges.

Another error example: Adults, children and schoolchildren came to the meeting with the famous artist. The words "children" and "schoolchildren" cannot be made homogeneous.

7.6.7 The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous terms

For example, in a sentence The mourners walked with bags and sad faces a mistake is felt: “faces” and “bags” cannot be homogeneous.

Such intentional violation can act as a stylistic device: Only Masha, heating and winter did not sleep(K. G. Paustovsky). When the frost and mother allowed him to stick his nose out of the house, Nikita went to wander around the yard alone.(A.N. Tolstoy). Only if this is acceptable for a work of art of the level of Tolstoy or Chekhov (they are not on the exam, they can joke, play with words!), Then such humor will not be appreciated either in written works or in task 7.

C) the incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech in sentence 1 is that direct speech is mixed with indirect speech. The direct does not need the unions "like, what" and the pronoun "he"; for indirect - superfluous "how"

Since we do not know if this quote is accurate, we will use only indirect speech as the correct spelling, leaving the statement itself in quotation marks.

Here is the correct spelling: M. Gorky wrote about A.S. Pushkin, that __ he "decorated the folk song and fairy tale with the brilliance of his talent!".

Rule 7.9.1 paragraph

7.9 INCORRECT SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION WITH ANOTHER SPEECH

In this task, students' ability to correctly build sentences with quotations and indirect speech is checked: out of 9 sentences on the right, you need to find one that contains an error.

The rules below will deal with quoting and indirect speech, these are very close, but not the same units.

In everyday life, especially often in oral speech, we often use the transmission of someone's words on our own behalf, the so-called indirect speech.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, what, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether.

For example: I was told that it was my brother. She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. We talked about how the birds I caught live.

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.

Let's try to restore sentences: from indirect speech we will translate into sentences with direct speech:

I was told that it was my brother. - They told me: "It was your brother."

She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. - She said: "Look into my eyes!" And then she demanded: “Do you remember minnows, our meetings, our quarrels, picnics? Do you remember?

A friend asked: “How do the birds you caught live?”

As can be seen from the examples, the sentences coincide only in meaning, but the verbs, pronouns, and conjunctions change. Let us consider in detail the rules for translating direct speech into indirect speech: this is very important both for writing an essay and for completing task 7.

7.9.1 Basic rule:

when replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, as well as related verbs, since in indirect speech we convey other people's words on our own behalf.

7.9.2 There are a number of additional rules

a) If direct speech is a declarative sentence,

what. Example: The secretary replied: "I complied with the request." – The secretary replied that he complied with the request. Pronoun changed!

b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence,

then when replacing it with a subordinate clause, the role of subordinating conjunctions is performed interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles who stood in direct question. A question mark is not used after an indirect question. Example: "What did you manage to accomplish?" the teacher asked the students. The teacher asked the students what they managed to do. Pronoun changed!

c) When in direct speech - an interrogative sentence there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles,

when replacing it with an indirect one, a particle is used for communication whether. Example: "Are you correcting the text?" the secretary asked impatiently. The secretary asked impatiently if we were correcting the text. Pronoun changed!

d) If direct speech is an exclamatory sentence with a call to action,

e) Particles and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

(addresses, interjections, introductory words, complex sentences) and contained in direct speech, are omitted when replacing it with indirect speech. Example: “Ivan Petrovich, make an estimate for the next quarter,” the director asked the chief accountant. The director asked the chief accountant to draw up an estimate for the next quarter.

7.9.3. Special citation rules.

When writing essays, it often becomes necessary to quote either the desired fragment of the source text, or to quote the statement from memory, organically including the quote in the sentence. There are three ways to introduce a quote into your speech:

1) using direct speech, in compliance with all punctuation marks, for example: Pushkin said: “All ages are submissive to love” or “All ages are submissive to love,” Pushkin said.. This is the easiest way, but it is not always convenient. Such proposals will meet as true!

2) using subordinate clause, that is, using unions, for example: Pushkin said that "all ages are submissive to love". Pay attention to the changed punctuation marks. This way no different from the transmission of indirect speech.

3) a quote can be included in your text using introductory words, for example: As Pushkin said, "all ages are submissive to love".

Note that in Quote can't be changed.: what is enclosed in quotation marks is transmitted absolutely exactly, without any distortion. If it is necessary to include only part of the quote in your text, special characters (ellipsis, various types of brackets) are used, but this is not relevant to this task, since there are no punctuation errors in task 7.

Let's consider some features of quoting.

a) How to avoid an error if there is a quote with a pronoun?

On the one hand, quotes cannot be changed, on the other hand, a pronoun cannot be left. If you just insert a quote, there will be errors: Napoleon once remarked that " I I can lose this battle, but I can't lose a minute". Or like this: In his memoirs, Korolenko wrote that he always " I I saw undoubted intelligence in the face of Chekhov.

Both proposals require:

firstly, replace the pronoun I with OH, exclude the pronoun from the quote:

secondly, to change the verbs, connecting them with new pronouns and also to exclude from the quote, so we know that nothing can be changed.

With such changes, quotes will certainly “suffer”, and if we can keep the second sentence in this form: Korolenko wrote that he always "saw in the face of Chekhov undoubted intelligence", then Napoleon's statement cannot be saved. Therefore, we boldly remove the quotes and replace the quote with indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that he can lose this battle, but not maybe lose a minute.

b) Of particular note are cases of erroneous combination of two ways of introducing a quote into a sentence,

which causes a grammatical error. As we already know, a quotation can be entered either as a subordinate clause or with the help of introductory words. Here's what happens when two methods are combined:

Wrong: According to Maupassant, what"Love is as strong as death, but as fragile as glass".

Right: According to Maupassant, "love is as strong as death, but as fragile as glass."

Wrong: As P. I. Tchaikovsky stated, what"Inspiration is born only from work and during work".

Right: As P. I. Tchaikovsky stated, “inspiration is born only from labor and during labor.”

Thus, we formulate the rule: when using introductory words, the union is not used.

c) In the works of students there are also cases when a quote is introduced using introductory words,

Wrong: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupery: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important thing with your eyes.”

Right: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupery, “only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important thing with your eyes.”

Wrong: According to L. N. Tolstoy: "Art is the highest manifestation of power in man".

Right: According to Leo Tolstoy, "art is the highest manifestation of power in man."

D) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 6 consists in the fact that the predicate "gave" is in the plural, although the subject "administration" is in the singular. With the subject, there are clarifying members (in italics), but they do not affect the number of the predicate.

Here is the correct spelling: School administration, first of all the director and head teacher paid special attention to improving the professional skills of teachers.

Rule 7.3.6 paragraph

7.3. Agreement of the predicate with the subject

INTRODUCTION

Subject - the main member of the sentence, which is consistent with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.

The subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding; Invisible moon Illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.

In such cases, we can talk about the agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary, there may be an incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you.- correspondence of number forms, but different forms of gender; Your destiny is endless chores- inconsistency of number forms.

The grammatical connection of the main members of the sentence is considered as coordination. This grammatical connection is wider and freer than agreement. Different words can enter into it, their morphological properties do not have to correspond to each other.

When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the gender / number of the subject is difficult to determine. This section of the "Reference" is devoted to consideration of these issues.

7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects

If in a sentence (and not necessarily in NGN!) a pronoun is used as a subject, then you need to know a number of rules that prescribe how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.

A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NOBODY, NOTHING, SOMEONE, SOMEONE, WHOEVER, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglect the opinions of others) risk being left alone].

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes), [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]

B) If the subject is expressed by the plural pronoun TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the plural form. If the subject is expressed by the singular pronouns TOT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in the singular form. For example: [ THOSE (who graduated with honors) are more likely to enter a university free of charge].

This proposal is built on the following model:

[Those (who + the predicate), ... the predicate ...]. And this is the most common model in which it is proposed to find an error. Let's analyze the structure of a complex sentence: in the main sentence, the pronoun “those” is the subject, pl. h; "have" -predicate, pl. This is in line with rule B.

Now attention to the subordinate clause: “who” is the subject, “finished” is the predicate in the singular. This is in accordance with rule A.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) MUST check in for the flight on their own].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

In examples 1 and 2, the error is easy to see: it is enough to throw out the subordinate clause. In the following example, the error often goes unnoticed.

EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].

C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF .., EACH OF ..., NONE OF .. then the predicate is put in the singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY FROM ..., SOME FROM ..., ALL FROM .. then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who won a prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old estate trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties (which presented its project) defended its advantages over other projects].

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old manor trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (who presented her project), defended its advantages over other projects].

D) If the sentence contains a turnover of WHO, HOW NOT .., the predicate is put in the singular masculine form. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children the ability to communicate?

This turnover can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in clause 7.3.3, part B.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not we, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of their cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

7.3.2 Predicate coordination with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity

When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the subject points to many objects, but appears in the singular.

A) The role of the subject is the collective name of nouns and words close to them in meaning.

Collective nouns designate a set of homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: FOLIAGE, DUBNYAK, ASPEN, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHER, PROFESSORIES, PEASANTS. They have the form of only the singular, are not combined with quantitative numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with the words a lot / little or how much: LITTLE RELATIONS, A LITTLE LEAVES, A LOT OF MOSHKORA.

The words PEOPLE, PACK, ARMY, GROUP, CROWD can also be attributed to them in terms of the meaning of collectiveness; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; TROIKA, PAIR; DARKNESS, DEEP, LOTS AND OTHERS

The subject, expressed by a collective noun, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form:

For example: The children frolicked in the courtyard of the house; young people often take the initiative.

The subject expressed by a noun like GROUP, CROWD also requires setting the predicate only in the singular form:

For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; a trio of horses rushed under the windows

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

Here are the corrected versions: 

EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

B) The subject is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning

The nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, despite the grammatical form of the singular, denote not one object, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the form of the singular, but also the plural. For example: On this pond ... an innumerable number of ducks were hatched and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is breaking on the door. Which form would you prefer?

The subject, which has in its composition the collective nouns MOST, MINORITY, MULTIPLE, ROW, PART, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form, if:

a) there are no dependent words from the collective noun

Part went on vacation, and part remained; many scatteredAxis, a minority remainedAxis

b) the collective noun has a singular dependent word

With a subject that has in its composition the words MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the plural, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:

Most students passed the test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.

Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects delivered ahead of schedule

The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the actors.

Consider the cases in which the use of the plural of the predicate is allowed and permissible.

Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that the singular form of the predicate is more in line with the tradition of book-writing styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate must be clearly justified. An error in the tasks of the exam will be the unreasonable setting of the predicate in the plural.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not done correctly enough.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel.

EXAMPLE 6 A lot of poems by this author were published in the series "Children's Library"

Here are the corrected versions: 

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. Events cannot act on their own, so the predicate must be used in the singular.

EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the Children's Library series.. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.

C) The combination of a numeral with a noun acts as a subject

With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in what number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood side by side at the very descent and were silent; He had two sons. L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: Three peasants and a woman sat in the sleigh; Two feelings fought in his soul - good and evil.

Note: In the USE assignments, such cases do not occur, since there is a high possibility of incorrect classification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral. Therefore, we confine ourselves to remarks of a general nature and note the most gross errors made in written works.

With a subject that has in its composition a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the singular:

Five years have passed; ten graduates have chosen our institute

The use of different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action is emphasized by the plural. number.

The predicate is usually put in the singular if

In the subject, a numeral ending in "one":

Twenty-one students of our institute are included in the city's volleyball team, but Twenty-two (three, four, five...) students of our institute are members of the city's volleyball team

If the message fixes this or that fact, the result, or when the message is given an impersonal character:

Twenty-two suits sold; Three or four students will be transferred to another class.

The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:

Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north

Wrong: Three kingdoms stood. There were two windows with wide window sills in the room. Three windows of the room faced north.

A single number, which creates an idea of ​​a single whole, is used to designate a measure of weight, space, time:

Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof. Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock struck. Five months have elapsed since

Wrong: Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock has struck. Five months have elapsed since then.

With a subject expressed by a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral sex-, the predicate is usually put in the singular, and in the past tense - in the middle gender, for example: half an hour will pass, half a year has flown by, half the city participated in the demonstration.

Wrong: half the class participated in the competition, half an hour will pass

7.3.3 Coordination between subject and verb separated from each other

Between the subject and the predicate, there may be secondary isolated members of the sentence, clarifying members, subordinate clauses. In these cases, it is necessary to strictly observe the general rule: the predicate and the subject must agree.

Let's consider special cases.

A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in a sentence built according to the “noun. is a noun.”

Note for the teacher: this type of error in the SPP is noted in his manual "How to get 100 USE points" (2015) by I.P. Tsybulko, while in the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D. Rosenthal, such an error is called a construction shift in a complex sentence.

The nominal part of the predicate in a sentence built according to the noun + noun model must be in the nominative case.

For example: [First, (what you should learn) is highlighting the basis of the sentence].

The grammatical basis of the main clause consists of the subject first and predicate selection. Both words are in the nominative case.

And this is what it looks like proposal with an error: [The first (what should be learned) is the selection of the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the subordinate clause, the predicate received the genitive case, which is a mistake.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (to stop) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last (what should be stopped) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]

B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are clarifying members.

In order to clarify the subject, sometimes they use clarifying (explaining turns), connecting members of the sentence, separate additions. Yes, in the proposal Competition Jury, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner the highlighted turnover is a connecting one(in other manuals it is called clarifying).

The presence in the sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such turns are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, INCLUDING, INCLUDING and the like. For example: Editorial Board, including the editors of the Internet portal, is in favor of reorganization.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.

EXAMPLE 6. The school administration, including members of the parent committee, supported holding an extended parent meeting.

Here are the corrected versions:

The mistake is easy to see if you throw out the subordinate clause.

EXAMPLE 4 The whole team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather. 

EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an expanded parent meeting.

7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.

For the correct connection of the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.

A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulty in determining the gender or number.

The gender and number of indeclinable nouns, abbreviations, conditional names and a number of other words are determined by special rules. For the correct coordination of such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological features.

Ignorance of these rules cause errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa is cold; shampoo is over; the university announced the enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Need: Sochi has become the capital of the Olympics; cocoa has cooled down; shampoo is over, the university announced a set of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Nouns, the gender/number of which is difficult to determine, are discussed in the section. After studying the above material, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.

Consider sentences with errors

EXAMPLE 1. The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week.

In the sentence, the word "package" is the subject, feminine. The predicate "was sent" is in the masculine. This is mistake. We fix: The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week

EXAMPLE 2. The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

In the sentence, the word "tulle" is the subject, masculine. The predicate "approached" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We fix: The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

EXAMPLE 3. The UN has met for another meeting.

In the sentence, the word "UN" is the subject, feminine (organization). The predicate "gathered" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The UN met for a regular meeting.

EXAMPLE 4. Foreign Ministry announced participation in the meeting

In the sentence, the word "MIA" is the subject, it does not change. When decrypted, we get "Ministry

Foreign Affairs". Keep in mind that this word refers to the masculine gender. The predicate "reported" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The Foreign Ministry announced its participation in the meeting.

EXAMPLE 5. "Moskovsky Komsomolets" published a rating of the best universities in the country.

In the sentence, the phrase "Moskovsky Komsomolets" is the subject, this is a conditional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word "Komsomolets". The predicate "printed" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We correct: Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating of the best universities in the country.

EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .

In the sentence, the word "Tbilisi" is the subject, it is an invariable code name. It is a masculine word, like the word "city". The predicate "attract" is plural. This is mistake. We fix: Tbilisi attracts tourists. 

B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of the profession

With a masculine noun denoting a profession, position, rank, etc., the predicate is put in the masculine gender, regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director called an employee

FROM proposals will be wrong, in which the teacher made a report, the director called an employee .

Note: if there is a person's own name, especially a surname, in which the indicated words act as applications, the predicate is consistent with the proper name: Teacher Sergeeva gave a lecture. More on this point below, 7.3.5

7.3.5 Subject is appendix

An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case: city ​​(what?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, website (what?) "ReshuEGE"

As a general rule, the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of an application in the form of a different kind or number in the last does not affect agreement.

For example: The plant, this grand colossus, seemed to be a ship of unheard-of dimensions too. The suggestion would be wrong. The plant, this grandiose colossus, it seemed, was also a ship of unheard of dimensions. .

If the subject has an application, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and then put the predicate in one form or another.

Table 1. Application and subjects are written separately. When combining a generic name and a specific or specific and individual subject, the word denoting a broader concept is considered, and the predicate is consistent with it. Here are some examples:

Application is a common noun:

the rose flower smelled marvelously; the oak tree has grown; kharcho soup is cooked

Application - proper noun

the Dnieper river has flooded; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out; Barbos dog barked

Exception: last names of people. In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Science Zvantseva came out, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper nouns are subject.

Table 2. The subject is compound noun, forms terms, in which one part resembles an application in function. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.

The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change

an armchair-bed stood in the corner; the factory-laboratory fulfilled the order; invoice issued in a timely manner; theater-studio brought up a lot of actors; attention was attracted by a table-poster; romance song became very popular

The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:

cafeteria is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine open(in this combination, the part of the diner acts as the bearer of a specific meaning); raincoat tent lay(tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman-newspaper" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).

EXAMPLE 1 ice cream cake cut into equal pieces .

The compound noun "ice cream cake" after the main, more general word "cake" is masculine, therefore: Ice cream cake cut into equal pieces

EXAMPLE 2 The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko. .

The conditional name is an application, so you need to coordinate the predicate with the word "story": The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko.

EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .

The subject is the word "dog", it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.

EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrov gave his first lecture. .

The subject is the surname "Petrova", it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday, the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture.

A) The sentence has homogeneous subjects and one predicate

If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by unions or connected by a connecting union, then the following forms of coordination apply:

The predicate after homogeneous subjects is usually plural:

Industry and agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.

The predicate that precedes homogeneous subjects usually agrees with the nearest of them:

In the village there was a clatter and screams

If there are divisive or opposing unions between the subjects, then the predicate is put in the singular.

Experienced fear or instant fright in a minute seems both funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.

Consider sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job. .

Two subjects, the predicate comes after a series of homogeneous members, so it must be in the plural: Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job.

EXAMPLE 2 Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me. .

Two subjects, with the union a, the predicate must therefore be in the singular: Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me.

EXAMPLE 3 In the distance, the familiar noise and loud voices could be heard. .

Two subjects, the predicate is in front of a number of homogeneous members, therefore it should be in the singular: In the distance there was a familiar noise and loud voices.

B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”

Setting the predicate in the plural or singular depends on what meaning is given to the phrase: joint action or separate.

When combined in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”, the predicate is put:

in plural, if both named objects (persons) act as equal action producers(both are subject);

Pasha and Petya had been waiting for their mother's return for a long time and were very worried.

in the singular, if the second object (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is an addition):

The mother and child went to the clinic. Nikolai and his younger sister came later than everyone else.

Only in the singular in the presence of the words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:

My father left the city with his mother.

Only in the singular with the subject expressed by the pronoun I, YOU

I will come with a friend; you had a fight with your mom

Consider sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .

With the word "together" the predicate cannot be plural: My brother and his friends went to the beach.

EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .

With the subject I (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.

EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .

With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: You and your sister will live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room..

E) the error in constructing a sentence with a participial phrase in sentence 2 lies in the fact that the predicate “seems difficult” is mistakenly assigned the gerund “creating”. It turned out that “this” both “seems complicated”, and it “creates”. And this is meaningless, because a person creates, and not “it”. According to grammatical norms, a gerund cannot be attached to a predicate expressed by a reflexive verb with the particle -sya (it seems).

The proposal can be restructured as follows: The process of creating a website seems complicated to many.

Rule 7.8.1 TYPE 3

7.8. USE OF GENERAL PARTICIPLES. ERRORS IN USE

INTRODUCTION

A participle turnover is a participle with dependent words.

The gerund always denotes an additional action that occurs in parallel with the main one, for example: a man walked (the main action), waving your arms(additional, what while doing); the cat fell asleep (main action), tucking its paws (additional action, what did you do?)

The participles answer the question what do you do? (imperfect view) and having done what? (perfect view). Along with this question, you can also ask questions as? how? for what purpose? and the like. A gerund always denotes a sign of an action, that is, it describes how the main action takes place.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using adverbial phrases.

7.8.1 Participle turnover in a sentence with a subject

The general rule for using adverbial phrases is as follows: the gerund and the predicate must denote the actions of the same person, that is, the subject. This person performs two actions: one main, the second additional. The participle should easily be replaced by the second verb: sat down, laid out textbooks - sat down and laid out; looked, smiling - looked and smiled.

TYPE 1. A gerund and a verbal predicate expressed by a verb without the postfix -sya

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Slipping on ice I was picked up by a guy next to me.

Passing under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.

In each of the sentences, there were two characters: in the first one, someone slipped and someone picked it up; in the second: someone passed and someone almost fell down. But due to an error in construction, it turns out that the guy picked up, slipping; the icicle nearly fell off as it passed.

With this construction, the participle is erroneously assigned to one actor, and the predicate to another, which violates the basic rule. To avoid mistakes, you need to ensure that the participle and the predicate refer to the same person.

When I slipped on the ice, I was picked up by a guy next to me.

When I was walking under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.

TYPE 2. The gerund refers to the predicate in the form of a short passive participle

Writing a poem "Death of a Poet", the fate of Lermontov was determined.

Analyzing the text, I was quite right in determining its size.

As in type 1, the participle and the predicate refer to different persons. Due to a construction error, it turns out that fate was determined by writing ; the size is determined having analyzed. The predicate is a short passive participle.

If the predicate is expressed by a short participle, then the subject itself does not perform the action, something is done with it. With this form of the predicate gerund, there can be no.

Here are the revised proposals:

When Lermontov wrote the poem "The Death of a Poet", his fate was determined.

When I analyzed poetic text, I was quite right to determine its size.

TYPE 3. The adverbial phrase is attached to the predicate-reflexive verb in the passive meaning, which has a postfix Xia

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Usually, creating your work, it expresses Xia author's attitude to life and people.

Having received an education, students direct Xia senior master for practice.

As in type 2, the subject in such a sentence does not actually perform the action itself: attitude expresses Xia(by someone); displays Xia(by someone); direct Xia(by someone). But a if there is no action, then there can be no additional, additional, expressed by a gerund. We replace the adverbial turnover with a subordinate clause.

Here are the revised proposals:

Usually, when a work is created, the author's attitude to life and people is expressed in it. Or: Creating a work, the author always expresses his attitude to life and people.

When students receive their education, they are directed by the senior master to practice.

7.8.2. Participle turnover in a sentence without a subject

It often happens that the subject performing both actions may not be formally expressed, that is, there is no subject in the sentence. In this case, we are talking about one-part proposals. It is these types that cause the greatest difficulty in finding an error.

TYPE 4. Participle turnover in an impersonal sentence (except for type 7)

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Sending a rather important telegram I didn't have enough money.

He was sad.

There is no subject, the acting person is expressed by a pronoun to me(this is the dative case). The use of participles in impersonal sentences is unacceptable. It is possible: either to make a subordinate clause from the adverbial clause, or to make the usual one from the impersonal, with the subject.

The exception is sentences with an infinitive verb, see type 7.

Here are the revised proposals:

When I sent a rather important telegram, I did not have enough money.

Refusing to experiment he experienced sadness.

TYPE 5. Participle turnover in an indefinite personal sentence

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Having received a good education, Griboyedov was sent as the secretary of the diplomatic mission to Persia.

Didn't finish the report, the head of the department was offered to go on a business trip.

There can be no adverbial turnover with the subject, if it is not defined. This situation occurs in indefinite personal sentences with the verb in the past tense plural.

Who directed? who received? who suggested? who did not finish the report? Unclear. We replace the turnover with a subordinate clause or restructure it so that it is clear who received an education and who completed the report.

Here are the revised proposals:

When Griboedov received a good education, he was sent as secretary of a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Without finishing the report, the head of the department received an offer to go on a business trip.

7.8.3. Participle turnover in a sentence without a subject. Permitted tricks.

Due to the fact that the assignments may also contain correct sentences with adverbial phrases, we consider it important to place a table with such examples and such rules that are not found in erroneous ones. Everything in this table is allowed.

TYPE 6. The adverbial phrase refers to a verb in the imperative mood

When crossing the street, carefully follow the traffic.

Having received the task for the adverbial turnover, check if it contains a request, order or advice.

There is no subject in sentences. But it is allowed to use participial phrases in such sentences where the verb is used in the imperative mood: follow, go, write, search and so on. It turns out that both the turnover and the predicate refer to one person, to whom we advise to do something. Easy to substitute a pronoun you: you follow by passing; you check when you receive it.

TYPE 7. The adverbial turnover refers to the infinitive

Consider sentences without errors.

Walking through the autumn forest, it is pleasant to inhale the intoxicating aroma of fallen leaves.

When handing over the work, it should be carefully checked.

Given that there is no subject (impersonal sentence) it is permissible to use a participial turnover if it refers to the infinitive: walking, inhale; reading, sit; dreaming, dozing; napping, dreaming.

Not all manuals allow this rule: in some of them, the infinitive must be required, it is possible, it is necessary, others follow (the so-called modal words). In any case, sentences like: rewriting, it should be noted; having begun, it is necessary to finish; having received, it is necessary to do, will be ERROR-FREE.

TYPE 8. Participle turnover in a definite-personal or generalized-personal sentence

Consider sentences without errors.

Gathering at the family table in the house of parents, we always remember grandmother's pies and tea with viburnum and mint.

Planning your upcoming vacation carefully calculate the family budget.

There is no subject, but the sentence definitely personal, it is easy to substitute the pronoun we. You can turn! It refers to the implied person: we remember when we gather; we calculate by planning.

Answers in alphabetical order:

Answer: 84162

In task No. 7 of the USE for Russian students, it is necessary to distribute sentences in accordance with the types of errors made in them. The difficulty lies in the fact that there are more sentences than error options, and it is impossible to simply guess the correct answer, so you need to be well versed in the rules for constructing sentences. For the correct completion of the seventh task, you can get as many as five primary points, so it is undesirable to make mistakes in it.

Theory for task No. 7 USE in the Russian language

Let's look at the errors that are proposed to be found in the exam task.

• violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

You can never include the word being defined inside the participial turnover: “tourists who came to the city”, or “tourists who came to the city”, but not “tourists who came to the city”. Also, the participle must always be consistent with the word being defined in gender, case and number: not “rooms furnished” but “rooms (what?) Furnished”.

You need to pay attention to the cases: “one of the letters written by me” - in this case, the sacrament is consistent with the word “one”, but “after reading a number of letters written by her” - the question for the sacrament is asked from the word “letters”.

• incorrect construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover

The actions expressed by the verb-predicate and the gerund should refer to one common subject: “leaving the house, I always turn off the light” - the wrong option, since in this case the participle refers to the word “light”, which is impossible. That's right: "leaving the house, I always turn off the light."

• error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

It is impossible to connect the union “and” with words that are different parts of speech, and also put it between the participial turnover and the word “which”. “Not far from home, we saw and met new neighbors” - incorrect; the correct option is “not far from home, we saw new neighbors and got to know them.” Also incorrect is “The book is not only intended for children, but also for their parents”, but correctly “The book is intended not only for children, but also for their parents”.

Another example: “The boy who sat at the table and who drew beautifully” is incorrect, but “the boy who sat at the table and drew beautifully” is correct.

• errors in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

In such sentences, you need to look at the word being defined. For example: "In the book" Crime and Punishment "many philosophical problems are raised" - incorrect; the sentence will be written correctly if the word “book” is removed or the appendix is ​​coordinated with it: “in the book“ Crime and Punishment ”many philosophical problems are raised.”

If there is a defined word, the application must be in the nominative case: in the newspaper "City Bulletin" (not "City Bulletin"), in the encyclopedia "Underwater World" (not "Underwater World"), in the program "Own Game" (not "Own Game ").

• misuse of the case form of a noun

Words such as “upon arrival”, “upon completion”, “upon completion”, “upon expiration”, “upon arrival”, “upon arrival” must be remembered.

You also need to remember the phrases:

1. point to something
2. pay for something
3. Confess to something
4. pay attention to something
5. to marvel at something
6. Blame something
7. remind something
8. Feedback on something

• violation of the connection between the subject and predicate

It must be remembered that with the subject "those" you need to use the verb-predicate in the plural, and with the subject "who" - in the singular. "Those who came to the exhibition left rave reviews about it", not "Those who came to the exhibition left rave reviews about it." "Everyone who saw the professor greeted him," not "Everyone who saw the professor greeted him."

• incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

You can not mix direct speech with indirect speech, and also use the word "I" in translating direct speech into indirect speech. For example, “the author writes that I am addressing all caring people” is wrong; "The author writes that he addresses all caring people" - right.

• violation of species-temporal correlation of verb forms

It is necessary to ensure that all verbs related to the same subject are consistent in time and form. For example, “I.S. Turgenev subjects Bazarov to the most difficult test - the "test of love" - ​​and this revealed the true essence of his hero. - an erroneous option, and “I.S. Turgenev subjects Bazarov to the most difficult test - the "test of love" - ​​and this reveals the true essence of his hero. - loyal.

• an error in the construction of a complex sentence

Such errors often consist in the incorrect use of unions. “Reading classical literature, you notice that how differently the “city of Petrov” is depicted in the works of A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky" - in this sentence, the union "what" is superfluous. “When the battle had already ended, but in some places separate shots were still heard.” - extra union "but".

Task execution algorithm

1. We exclude sentences in which there are no grammatical errors.
2. We read sentences with errors one by one and determine what kind of grammatical error was made.
3. Write down the correct answer.

Analysis of typical options for task No. 7 USE in the Russian language

The seventh task of the 2018 demo

Establish a correspondence between grammatical and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Execution algorithm:

1. We carefully read the list of grammatical errors with which we will have to work.
2. We carefully read the sentences in which you need to find sentences with a certain grammatical error.
3. To begin with, you can identify those sentences that are composed without errors. These are sentences 1, 3, 6 and 7.
4. sentence 2 we see a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; right - People who read Russian fairy tales and epics in childhood were breathtaking from heroic deeds. AT sentence 4- violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms; right : After graduating from school, my friend entered the factory, where he acquired the qualification of a turner in a short time. AT fifth sentence violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application; right - According to I.N. Kramskoy, despite the fact that many landscape painters depict trees, water and even air in their paintings, the soul is only in the picture "Rooks" A.K. Savrasov.In sentence 8 - incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition; need - Subsequently, he could not even explain to himself what made him rush in front of the horses.. Suggestion 9- incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; right - Using the letter "b" at the end of words in the 19th century, people only paid tribute to tradition.
5. Write down the correct answer:

The first version of the assignment

Execution algorithm:

1. We carefully read the list of grammatical errors with which we will have to work.
2. We carefully read the sentences in which you need to find sentences with a certain grammatical error.
3. To begin with, you can identify those sentences that are composed without errors. These are sentences 1, 3, 7 and 9.
4. We read sentences with errors one by one and determine what kind of grammatical error was made. AT sentence 2 we see the incorrectly used adverbial turnover “solving the problem”; in sentence 4- an incorrectly agreed application (should be “Sofya cream”). AT sixth sentence a mistake was made in the connection between the subject and the predicate; right - those who spare no effort usually achieve a lot, or - he who does not spare labor usually achieves a lot. The phrase " Andrew said» indicates indirect speech that is incorrectly constructed in sentence 5; need - Andrey said that it's better if we leave him alone.. Left sentence 8 and an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members.
5. Write down the correct answer:

The second version of the task

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Execution algorithm:

1. We carefully read the list of grammatical errors with which we will have to work.
2. We carefully read the sentences in which you need to find sentences with a certain grammatical error.
3. To begin with, you can identify those sentences that are composed without errors. These are options 2, 7, 8 and 9.
4. AT first sentence we see the incorrect use of the adverbial turnover; It turns out that reading books learns foreign languages. Correct option: helps in learning foreign languages… AT third sentence it turns out that publications, and not architects, lived in the eighteenth century - a mistake was made in the sacramental turnover. Correctly: .. publication of archival materials about Moscow architects who lived… AT fifth sentence the connection between the subject and the predicate is broken. AT sixth sentence the case form of a noun with a preposition is incorrectly used; the correct option is at the end", and in fourth a mistake was made in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members.
5. Write down the correct answer:

The third version of the task

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Execution algorithm:

1. We carefully read the list of grammatical errors with which we will have to work.
2. We carefully read the sentences in which you need to find sentences with a certain grammatical error.
3. To begin with, you can identify those sentences that are composed without errors. Correctly constructed sentences: 5, 6, 8 and 9.
4. AT first sentence you can see an inconsistent application; right - at the large sports arena of the Luzhniki stadium or simply "at the large sports arena "Luzhniki". Second offer- an example of incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition; right - thanks to vaccinations. Third- an error in indirect speech, fourth- in the construction of a sentence with an adverbial turnover. in the seventh the sentence made a mistake in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; correct option - The old linden trees in the alley in front of the main entrance to the manor house are tall and sprawling (or “high and sprawling”).
5. Write down the correct answer:

Quest Source: Decision 2442. Unified State Examination 2017. Russian language. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options.

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Solution.

Consider each of these sentences and determine if they contain grammatical errors.

1) The logicality of speech is a communicative quality that provides, first of all, the consistency and argumentation of speech. A complex sentence with a subordinate clause, no grammatical errors.

2) V. I. Vernadsky raised the question of HOW to gradually rid a person of his dependence on natural conditions, AND ALSO about the creation of artificial chlorophyll. A sentence with minor members, a compound union was incorrectly used (it was necessary: ​​both ... and). error D.

3) ON ARRIVAL of a passenger at the airport, border control workers put a border crossing stamp in the passport. The sentence contains a noun with the preposition PO. This preposition requires putting the noun into the prepositional case (it was necessary: ​​ON ARRIVAL). g error.

4) When a book is BORN in the writer's mind, he EXPERIENCES a feeling of approaching unknown happiness. A complex sentence, verbs of different tenses are used in the main and subordinate parts (it was necessary: ​​is born, experiences). Error B.

5) Expressing my view on the problem of loneliness in world literature, I asked the speaker a question. A sentence with a participial turnover that does not indicate an additional action of the subject (it was necessary: ​​Expressing my view on the problem of loneliness in world literature, I asked the speaker a question.). Mistake in.

6) It is impossible to read the end of Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet" without heavy emotional excitement. The proposal contains an appendix (the story "Garnet Bracelet"). Mistake A was made (it was necessary: ​​the story "Garnet Bracelet").

7) The joy of a true writer is the joy of a guide to the beautiful, who knows the way to the future. The sentence contains a participial phrase, there are no errors.

8) Upon arrival in Moscow, the novice writer called the editor and arranged a meeting. The sentence contains a noun with the preposition PO, there are no errors.

9) In his article, V. G. Belinsky not only studies the form of the work in detail, but also formulates questions that are important for understanding the moral problems of his time. Sentence with secondary members, no error.

Examination. Be sure to analyze each sentence from the proposed options so as not to make a mistake. The numbers in the answer are not repeated.

In response, we write out the numbers corresponding to the letters, strictly observing their order, without spaces and commas.