In m Bekhterev biography. Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev brain phenomena

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (born January 20, old style, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province, now the village of Bekhterevo, Yelabuga region of Tatarstan; died December 24, 1927 in Moscow) - the largest scientist: doctor, neuropathologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, physiologist and morphologist.

Born in the family of a bailiff, lost his father early; mother hardly found funds for education in the gymnasium. Graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg; in the spring and summer of 1877, he took part in military operations in Bulgaria (during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878)

On July 24, 1885, he was appointed extraordinary professor and head of the department of psychiatry at Kazan University. Participated in the construction of the first in Russia district psychiatric hospital in Kazan - he introduced useful and interesting work into the course of treatment, excluded any form of violence against patients.

To lead the department on the condition of organizing a research laboratory. Under its creation, the Ministry of Education allocated 1,000 rubles and an annual budget of 300 rubles. It was the first psychophysiological laboratory in Russia.

The subject of study was the structure of the brain and nervous tissue. In 1885, Bekhterev described the most important cell accumulation that is part of the vestibular system.

In the works of 1887-1892. discovered and described the pathways of the spinal cord and brain, showed the connection between individual parts of the cerebral cortex and certain internal organs and tissues - this work brought him worldwide fame.

Bekhterev was one of the first to apply a scientific approach to the upbringing of young children: based on the study of the movements of infants, he showed that personality formation begins in the first months of life.

In the autumn of 1893, Bekhterev moved to St. Petersburg, where he took the chair of mental and nervous diseases at the Military Medical Academy. He began teaching neuropathology and psychiatry at the academy and the newly opened Women's Medical Institute.

At the Military Medical Academy, he organized one of the world's first neurosurgical departments.

In 1908, using public funds, he founded the Psycho-Neurological Institute, which now bears his name.

During the war years, the institute operated on the wounded and provided assistance to people who became mentally ill at the front.

In May 1918, he developed a plan for the creation of the Institute of the Brain, the leadership of which the Soviet government entrusted to Bekhterev.

Then, in 1918, Bekhterev announced the creation of a new science - reflexology. In his opinion, an objective study of personality is possible on the basis of the study of reflexes.

Based on the law of conservation of energy, the psychic energy of a person cannot disappear without a trace, - the founder of reflexology argued, - therefore, the so-called "immortality of the soul" should be the subject of scientific research.

With such conclusions, Bekhterev did not come to court in the Soviet state. On December 24, 1927, during the First All-Union Congress of Neurologists and Psychiatrists, Bekhterev died suddenly and unexpectedly.

According to the official version, he "poisoned himself with canned food." The urn with his ashes was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg, the brain is kept at the Brain Institute.

The contribution of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev to medicine is enormous. In addition to the most famous work - the study of the pathways of the brain and spinal cord - Bekhterev made many discoveries in anatomy and morphology.

As a neuropathologist, Bekhterev described a number of diseases, one of which (ankylosing spondylitis) is now called "Bekhterev's disease".

He studied and treated many mental disorders and syndromes: fear of blushing, fear of being late, obsessive jealousy, obsessive smile, fear of someone else's gaze, fear of impotence, obsession with reptiles (reptilophrenia) and others.

For more than 40 years, Bekhterev has been studying and therapeutically using hypnosis, while developing the theory of suggestion.

In addition to the dissertation "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", Bekhterev owns numerous works that are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases.

Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich(1857-1927) - Russian neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, founder of the scientific school. Wrote fundamental works on anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Conducted research on the therapeutic use of hypnosis, including alcoholism. Proceedings on sexual education, the behavior of a young child, social psychology. Investigated personality on the basis of a comprehensive study of the brain by physiological, anatomical and psychological methods. Founder of reflexology. Organizer and leader of the Psychoneurological Institute (1908; now named after Bekhterev) and the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity (1918).

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was born on January 20, 1857 in the family of a petty civil servant in the village. Sorali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province. In August 1867, the boy began classes at the Vyatka gymnasium. After graduating from seven classes of the gymnasium in 1873, Bekhterev entered the Medico-Surgical Academy. He decided to devote himself to neuropathology and psychiatry. In 1879 he was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists. April 4, 1881 V.M. Bekhterev successfully defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine.

For the article "On forced and violent movements during the destruction of some parts of the central nervous system", written in 1883, Bekhterev was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Russian Doctors. In the same year he was elected a member of the Italian Society of Psychiatrists.

Vladimir Mikhailovich drew attention to the fact that nervous diseases are often accompanied by mental disorders, and with mental illness, signs of organic damage to the central nervous system are also possible. The most famous is his article "Stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease", published in the capital's magazine "Doctor". The disease described in this article is currently known as ankylosing spondylitis, or Bechterew's disease. Many neurological symptoms first identified by the scientist, as well as a number of original clinical observations, were reflected in the two-volume book "Nervous Diseases in Individual Observations", published in Kazan.

While working in Kazan, in the spring of 1893, Bekhterev received an invitation from the head of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy to take the chair of mental and nervous diseases. Bekhterev arrived in St. Petersburg and began to create the first neurosurgical operating room in Russia.

In the laboratories of the clinic, Vladimir Mikhailovich, together with his staff and students, continued numerous studies on the morphology and physiology of the nervous system. This allowed him to supplement the materials on neuromorphology and begin work on the fundamental seven-volume work Fundamentals of the Teaching of the Functions of the Brain, which outlined general provisions on the activity of the brain. In particular, Bekhterev presented the energy theory of inhibition, according to which the nerve energy in the brain rushes to the center that is in an active state. It seems to flock to it along the pathways connecting individual areas of the brain, primarily from nearby areas of the brain, in which, as Bekhterev believed, “a decrease in excitability, therefore, depression” occurs.

In 1894, Vladimir Mikhailovich was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1895, a member of the military medical scientific council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of the mentally ill charity home.

In May 1918, Bekhterev petitioned the Council of People's Commissars to organize an institute for the study of the brain and mental activity. Soon the institute was opened, and Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was its director until his death. Bekhterev died on December 24, 1927.

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, a world-famous neuropathologist, psychiatrist, physiologist, founder of the Russian school of psychoneurologists, was born on February 1, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province.

The choice of specialty was influenced by Bekhterev's illness, mental disorder. Therefore, in the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, in his senior years, he chooses nervous and mental illnesses as a direction. Subsequently, he participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878.

In 1881, Vladimir Mikhailovich defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", and also received the academic title of Privatdozent.

After a number of years of leadership of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, in 1893 Bekhterev headed the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, and

He also became director of the Clinic for Mental Diseases of the Clinical Military Hospital.

AT 1899 Bekhterev was elected an academician of the Military Medical Academy and awarded the gold medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For a short time, Vladimir Mikhailovich acted as head of the academy.

Vladi The world Mikhailovich Bekhterev took the initiative to create the Psychoneurological Institute, and thanks to his efforts in 1911 the first buildings of the institute appeared behind the Nevskaya Zastava. Soon he becomes president of the institute.

Bekhterev also actively participated in public life. In 1913, he took part in the famous politically engaged "Beilis affair". After Bekhterev's speech, the main defendant was acquitted, and the examination in his case entered the history of science as the first forensic psychological and psychiatric examination.

Such behavior displeased the authorities, and soon Bekhterev was dismissed from the academy, the Women's Medical Institute and was not approved for a new term as president of the Psychoneurological Institute.

V.M. Bekhterev was engaged in the study of a significant part of psychiatric, neurological, physiological and psychological problems, while in his approach he invariably focused on a comprehensive study of the problems of the brain and man. He studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion for many years.

The support of the Soviet government provided him with a relatively decent existence and activity in the new Russia. He works in the People's Commissariat of Education, creates the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. However, the alliance with the authorities was short-lived. As a great scientist and independent person, he was burdened by the totalitarian system that was taking shape in the country. In December 1927, Vladimir Mikhailovich died suddenly. There is a lot of evidence that the death was violent.

The urn with the ashes of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was kept for many years in the memorial museum of the scientist, in 1971 it was buried at the "Literary bridges" of the Volkovsky cemetery. Famous domestic sculptor M.K. Anikushin became the author of the tombstone.

The Psychoneurological Institute bears the name of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, and the street on which it is located is also named after the great scientist. There is also a monument to Bekhterev.

A great Russian scientist, he was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize, devoted his life to revealing the secrets of the human brain, treated people with hypnosis, studied telepathy and crowd psychology.

Mysticism and materialism

The experiments of Vladimir Bekhterev with hypnosis were ambiguously perceived by contemporaries, especially by the scientific community. At the end of the 19th century, the attitude towards hypnosis was skeptical: it was considered almost charlatanism and mysticism. Bekhterev proved that this mysticism can be used in an exclusively applied way. Vladimir Mikhailovich sent carts through the streets of the city, collecting drunkards of the capital and delivering them to the scientist, and then conducted sessions of mass treatment of alcoholism with the help of hypnosis. Only then, due to the incredible results of treatment, hypnosis is recognized as an official method of treatment.

brain map

Bekhterev approached the issue of studying the brain with the enthusiasm inherent in the discoverers of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. In those days, the brain was the real Terra Incognita. Based on a series of experiments, Bekhterev created a method that allows you to thoroughly study the paths of nerve fibers and cells. Thousands of the thinnest layers of the frozen brain were alternately attached under the glass of a microscope, and detailed sketches were made from them, which were used to create a “brain atlas”. One of the creators of such atlases, the German professor Kopsch, said: "Only two people know the structure of the brain perfectly - God and Bekhterev."

Parapsychology

In 1918, Bekhterev established an institute for the study of the brain. Under him, the scientist creates a laboratory for parapsychology, the main task of which was to study the reading of thought at a distance. Bekhterev was absolutely convinced of the materiality of thought and practical telepathy. To solve the problems of the world revolution, a group of scientists not only thoroughly studies neurobiological reactions, but also tries to read the language of Shambhala, plans a trip to the Himalayas as part of the Roerich expedition.

Analysis of the problem of communication

Questions of communication, the mutual psychological influence of people on each other occupy one of the central places in the socio-psychological theory and collective experiment of V. M. Bekhterev. Bekhterev considered the social role and functions of communication on the example of specific types of communication: imitation and suggestion. “If there were no imitation,” he wrote, “there could not be a person as a social individual, but meanwhile imitation draws its main material from communication with itself.
similar, between which, thanks to cooperation, a kind of mutual induction and mutual suggestion develops. Bekhterev was one of the first scientists to seriously study the psychology of a collective person and the psychology of the crowd.

Child psychology

The tireless scientist involved even his children in the experiments. It is thanks to his curiosity that modern scientists have knowledge of the psychology inherent in the infantile period of human maturation. In his article "The Initial Evolution of Children's Drawings in an Objective Study", Bekhterev analyzes the drawings of the "girl M", who is in fact his fifth child, his beloved daughter Masha. However, interest in the drawings soon faded away, leaving the door ajar to the untapped field of information that was now provided to followers. The new and the unknown has always distracted the scientist from what has already been started and partially mastered. Bekhterev opened the doors.

Experiments with animals

V. M. Bekhterev with the help of trainer V.L. Durova conducted about 1278 experiments of mental suggestion of information to dogs. Of these, 696 were considered successful, and then, according to the experimenters, solely because of incorrectly composed tasks. The processing of the material showed that "the dog's responses were not a matter of chance, but depended on the influence of the experimenter on it." Here is how V.M. Bekhterev's third experiment was when a dog named Pikki had to jump onto a round chair and hit the right side of the piano keyboard with its paw. “And here is the dog Pikki in front of Durov. He looks intently into her eyes, for some time covers her muzzle with his palms. A few seconds pass, during which Pikki remains motionless, but being released, he rushes swiftly to the piano, jumps up on a round chair, and from a paw strike on the right side of the keyboard, several treble notes are heard.

Unconscious telepathy

Bekhterev argued that the transmission and reading of information through the brain, this amazing ability, called telepathy, can be realized without the knowledge of the inspirer and transmitter. Numerous experiments on the transmission of thought at a distance were perceived in two ways. It was as a result of recent experiments that Bekhterev continued his further work "under the gunpoint of the NKVD." The possibilities of suggesting information to a person, which aroused the interest of Vladimir Mikhailovich, were much more serious than similar experiments with animals and, according to contemporaries, were interpreted by many as an attempt to create psychotronic weapons of mass destruction.

By the way...

Academician Bekhterev once noted that only 20% of people will be given the great happiness of dying, preserving their mind on the roads of life. The rest, by old age, will turn into evil or naive senile people and become ballast on the shoulders of their own grandchildren and adult children. 80% is much more than the number of those who are destined to get cancer, Parkinson's disease or die in old age from brittle bones. To enter the happy 20% in the future, it is important to start now.

Over the years, almost everyone begins to be lazy. We work hard in our youth so that we can rest in our old age. However, the more we calm down and relax, the more harm we do to ourselves. The level of requests is reduced to a banal set: "good food - plenty of sleep." Intellectual work is limited to solving crossword puzzles. The level of demands and claims to life and to others is increasing, the burden of the past is crushing. Irritation from misunderstanding of something results in a rejection of reality. Memory and thinking skills suffer. Gradually, a person moves away from the real world, creating his own, often cruel and hostile, painful fantasy world.

Dementia never comes suddenly. It progresses over the years, acquiring more and more power over a person. What is now just a prerequisite, in the future may become fertile ground for the germs of dementia. Most of all, it threatens those who have lived their lives without changing their attitudes. Such traits as excessive adherence to principles, perseverance and conservatism are more likely to lead to dementia in old age than flexibility, the ability to quickly change decisions, and emotionality. “The main thing, guys, is not to grow old with your heart!”

Here are some indirect signs that indicate that it is worth doing a brain upgrade.

1. You have become painfully sensitive to criticism, while you yourself criticize others too often.

2. You do not want to learn new things. Rather agree to repair an old mobile phone than understand the instructions for a new model.

3. You often say: “But before”, that is, you remember and are nostalgic for the old days.

4. You are ready to talk about something with rapture, despite the boredom in the eyes of the interlocutor. It doesn't matter that he will fall asleep now, the main thing is that what you are talking about is interesting to you.

5. You find it difficult to concentrate when you start reading serious or non-fiction. Poor understanding and memory of what you read. You can read half of a book today and forget the beginning tomorrow.

6. You began to talk about issues in which you were never versed. For example, about politics, economics, poetry or figure skating. Moreover, it seems to you that you have such a good command of the issue that you could start leading the state right tomorrow, become a professional literary critic or a sports judge.

7. Of the two films - the work of a cult director and a popular film novel / detective - you choose the second. Why stress again? You don’t understand at all what interesting someone finds in these cult directors.

8. You believe that others should adapt to you, and not vice versa.

9. Much in your life is accompanied by rituals. For example, you cannot drink your morning coffee from any mug other than your favorite without first feeding the cat and flipping through the morning paper. The loss of even one element would unsettle you for the whole day.

10. At times you notice that you tyrannize those around you with some of your actions, and you do it without malicious intent, but simply because you think that this is the right thing to do.

Brain development tips

Note that the brightest people, who retain their minds until old age, as a rule, are people of science and art. On duty, they have to strain their memory and do daily mental work. They keep their finger on the pulse of modern life all the time, tracking fashion trends and even being ahead of them in some ways. This "production necessity" is the guarantee of a happy and reasonable longevity.

1. Start learning something every two or three years. You do not have to go to college and get a third or even fourth education. You can take a short-term refresher course or learn a completely new profession. You can start eating those foods that you have not eaten before, learn new tastes.

2. Surround yourself with young people. From them you can always pick up all sorts of useful things that will help you always stay up-to-date. Play with children, they can teach you a lot that you don't even know about.

3. If you haven't learned anything new for a long time, maybe you just haven't been looking? Look around you, how many new and interesting things are happening where you live.

4. From time to time solve intellectual problems and take all kinds of subject tests.

5. Learn foreign languages, even if you don't speak them. The need to regularly memorize new words will help train your memory.

6. Grow not only up, but also deep! Get out old textbooks and periodically recall the school and university curriculum.

7. Go in for sports! Regular physical activity before gray hair and after - really saves from dementia.

8. Train your memory more often by forcing yourself to remember poems that you once knew by heart, dance steps, programs that you learned at the institute, phone numbers of old friends and much more - everything you can remember.

9. Break up habits and rituals. The more the next day will be different from the previous one, the less likely you are to "smoky" and come to dementia. Drive to work on different streets, give up the habit of ordering the same dishes, do things that you have never been able to do before.

10. Give more freedom to others and do as much as possible yourself. The more spontaneity, the more creativity. The more creativity, the longer you keep your mind and intellect!

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev(January 20 (February 1), Sorali (now Bekhterevo, Yelabuga district) - December 24, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian medical psychiatrist, neuropathologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological trends in Russia, academician.

He organized in St. Petersburg the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society for Normal and Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Organization of Labor. He edited the journals "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", "Study and Education of Personality", "Issues of the Study of Labor" and others.

After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.

Along Bekhtereva Street in Moscow is the largest in Moscow, the 14th city psychiatric hospital named after Bekhterev, which serves all districts of Moscow, especially the Closed Joint-Stock Company of Moscow.

Versions of the causes of death

According to the official version, the cause of death was food poisoning. There is a version that Bekhterev's death is connected with the consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.

According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain:

“The assumption that my great-grandfather was killed is not a version, but an obvious thing. He was killed for Lenin's diagnosis - syphilis of the brain.

A family

• Bekhtereva-Nikonova, Olga Vladimirovna - daughter.
• Bekhtereva, Natalya Petrovna - granddaughter.
• Nikonov, Vladimir Borisovich - grandson.
• Medvedev, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich - great-grandson.

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

• Autumn 1914 - December 1927 - mansion - embankment of the Malaya Nevka River, 25.

Memory

In honor of Bekhterev, postage stamps and a commemorative coin were issued:

Memorable places

• "Quiet Coast" - Bekhterev's estate in the current village of Smolyachkovo (Kurortny district of St. Petersburg), - a historical monument.
• The house of V. M. Bekhterev in Kirov is a historical monument.

Scientific contribution

Bekhterev investigated a wide range of psychiatric, neurological, physiological, morphological and psychological problems. In his approach, he always focused on a comprehensive study of the problems of the brain and man. Carrying out the reformation of modern psychology, he developed his own teaching, which he consistently designated as objective psychology (s), then as psychoreflexology (s) and as reflexology (s). He paid special attention to the development of reflexology as a complex science of man and society (different from physiology and psychology), designed to replace psychology.

Widely used the concept of "nervous reflex". Introduced the concept of "associative-motor reflex" and developed the concept of this reflex. He discovered and studied the pathways of the human spinal cord and brain, described some brain formations. Established and identified a number of reflexes, syndromes and symptoms. Physiological Bekhterev's reflexes (scapular-shoulder reflex, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) make it possible to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological reflexes (Mendel-Bekhterev's dorsal reflex, carpal-finger reflex, Bekhterev-Jacobson reflex) reflect the defeat of the pyramidal pathways.

Described some diseases and developed methods of their treatment (“Postencephalitic symptoms of Bechterev”, “Psychotherapeutic triad of Bechterev”, “Phobic symptoms of Bechterev”, etc.). Bekhterev described "stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" (" Bekhterev's disease", "Ankylosing spondylitis"). Bekhterev singled out such diseases as "chorea epilepsy", "syphilitic multiple sclerosis", "acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics". Created a number of drugs. "Ankylosing spondylitis" was widely used as a sedative.

For many years he studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion, including alcoholism.

For more than 20 years he studied the issues of sexual behavior and child rearing. Developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children.

1. on the normal anatomy of the nervous system;
2. pathological anatomy of the central nervous system;
3. physiology of the central nervous system;
4. in the clinic of mental and nervous diseases and, finally,
5. in psychology (Formation of our ideas about space, "Bulletin of Psychiatry",).

In these works, Bekhterev was engaged in the study and study of the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and the course of fibers in the gray matter, and at the same time, on the basis of the experiments performed, elucidation of the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (optic tubercles, vestibular branches of the auditory nerve, inferior and superior olives, quadrigemina, etc.).

Bekhterev also managed to obtain some new data on the localization of various centers in the cerebral cortex (for example, on the localization of skin - tactile and pain - sensations and muscle consciousness on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, "Doctor",) and also on the physiology of the motor centers of the cerebral cortex ( "Doctor", ). Many works of Bekhterev are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases.

Compositions:

• Fundamentals of the doctrine of the functions of the brain, St. Petersburg, 1903-07;
• Objective psychology, St. Petersburg, 1907-10;
• Psyche and life, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1904;
• Bekhterev V.M. Suggestion and its role in public life. St. Petersburg: Edition of K.L. Ricker, 1908
  • Bechterew, W. M. La suggestion et son rôle dans la vie sociale; trad. et adapté du russe par le Dr P. Keraval. Paris: Boulangé, 1910
• General diagnostics of diseases of the nervous system, parts 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1911-15;
• Collective reflexology, P., 1921
• General principles of human reflexology, M.-P., 1923;
• Conducting pathways of the spinal cord and brain, M.-L., 1926;
• Brain and activity, M.-L., 1928: Selected. Prod., M., 1954.

From the photo archive

see also

Notes

Literature

• Nikiforov A.S. Bekhterev / Afterword. N. T. Trubilina .. - M .: Young Guard, 1986. - (Life of wonderful people. A series of biographies. Issue 2 (664)). - 150,000 copies.(in trans.)
• Chudinovskikh A. G. V.M. Bekhterev. Biography. - Kirov: Triada-S LLC, 2000. - 256 p. With. - 1000 copies.

Historiography and links

• Akimenko, M. A. (2004). Psychoneurology is a scientific direction created by V. M. Bekhterev
• Akimenko, M. A. & N. Dekker (2006). V. M. Bekhterev and medical schools of the University of Leipzig

• Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich in the library of Maxim Moshkov
• The role of suggestion in public life - speech by V. M. Bekhterev on December 18, 1897
• Biographical materials about V. M. Bekhterev from the Khronos project

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