Believers-scientists of the 20th and 21st centuries: physicists, mathematicians, chemists. Yes, there is a force to which everything is subordinated

“Research conducted in the 1990s showed that only 7% of members of the American National Academy of Sciences and 3.3% of members of the British Academy of Sciences were believers. At the same time, according to a national survey, 68.5% of the country’s population consider themselves believers” - We find such a statement in the popular information resource - the Wikipedia article “Science”. “Some scientists explain this by the fact that the latest scientific discoveries, known facts, the scientific way of obtaining knowledge and, in general, the scientific vision of the world in our time, with an unbiased approach, do not leave room for belief in the supernatural, or at least make us doubt the plausibility of religious ideas” - We find an explanation on the same website in the article “Religion and Society.” Conducting these studies not only demonstrates the interest of the public and the scientific community in the issue of the legitimacy and rationality of faith in the life of modern man and him, but also reveals the ongoing confrontation between supporters of atheism and people who consider themselves to be believers. In the scientific community, these groups are most clearly represented by atheist evolutionists and creationists.

Can a serious scientist be a believer without betraying his “scientific calling”? Does a believer really simply ignore scientific facts, choosing as his worldview and beliefs what is “to his heart,” what is “closer and dearer,” and not what is objective and provable from the point of view of science? In other words, sometimes a believer looks like someone who has deliberately chosen to live in illusion “because it’s easier,” while an atheist is someone who has the courage to face the harsh truth. In another case, it is proven that with the help of faith its subject unintentionally (or even quite consciously) “compensates for a lack of knowledge or intellectual abilities.”

In this article, we want to review sociological studies of the phenomenon of a decrease in the level of religiosity of scientists in proportion to the increase in their status in the scientific community and, in a fairly concise form, present the facts that, in our opinion, provide an explanation for this phenomenon.

Research in this area has been carried out since the beginning of the twentieth century. One of the first studies concerning the issue of religious faith among scientists was conducted in 1914 by the prominent American psychologist James Luba from Bryn Mawr College. He found that of 1,000 randomly selected scientists in the United States, 58% were non-believers or doubters, while for the 400 “great scientists” on the AMS (American Men and Women of Science) list, which included only specialists in the field of biology, physics, astronomy and mathematics, this figure increased to 70%. Twenty years later, Luba repeated his study in a slightly different form and found that these numbers had risen to 67 and 85 percent, respectively.

In 1996, law and history professor Edward Larson of the University of Georgia repeated Luba's 1914 study and found that the overall situation in the scientific community had remained almost unchanged - 60.7% of scientists expressed disbelief or doubt. At the same time, among the “great scientists” the percentage of believers has decreased significantly.

The criterion for selecting respondents this time was membership in NAS (US National Academy of Sciences). Its total membership is relatively small, so Larson surveyed all 517 researchers in the disciplines listed above. As a result, it turned out that the percentage of non-believers in God and life after death among biologists is 65.2% and 69%, respectively, while among physicists the level of atheism is even higher: 79% and 76.3%. Of the rest, most were agnostic on both issues, and few were believers. The largest number of such were among mathematicians (14.3% in God, 15.0% in immortality). Belief was lowest among biologists (5.5% and 7.1%) and slightly higher among astronomers (7.5% and 7.5%). You can see a comparison of research data in Table 1, which shows the general indicators for the 1998 study.

You can display current data on the number of religious scientists in the United States in the table:

Summarizing the above, it can be argued that over the course of a century, the percentage of believers in the highest scientific circles of the United States has fallen fourfold, while on average among scientists it has remained at the same level. The figure of about 40 percent of believers among the US scientific community comes from the lower ranks of scientists.

Let us note some features of this study:

1) Proportional relationship between hierarchical position in scientific circles and the degree of disbelief.

2) Dependence on the theoretical or practical orientation of scientific staff - the strongest theoreticians of science are the farthest from faith.

It is necessary to pay attention to another important factor: it is representatives of the natural sciences who are the “stronghold” of unbelief. In 2005-2009, respected sociologist Elaine Ekland conducted research, the main subject of which was the question of how scientists relate to religion. Together with her colleagues, she surveyed 1,646 reputable scientists from 21 universities, of whom she interviewed 271.

The scientists who called themselves atheists were distributed as follows:

• Physics - 40.8%
• Chemistry - 26.6%
• Biology - 41%

The overall percentage among scientists in the natural sciences is 37.6%

• Sociology - 34%
• Economy - 31.7%
• Political science - 27%
• Psychology - 33%
  The overall percentage among scientists in the humanities is 31.2%.

It is noteworthy that the data provided by Ekland's study differs significantly from those reported previously. This is explained by a more liberal approach to assessing the “religiosity” of scientists: faith was not interpreted in the light of monotheistic religions. Scientists could call themselves believers on the basis that they themselves considered acceptable for this.

Based on this study, I would like to highlight another important factor in the issue of the distribution of believers among American scientists:

3) Differences in the field of humanities and natural sciences researchers: humanists in general are more prone to faith than “natural scientists”.

During this study, respondents helped identify another, perhaps the most significant factor. Most of the scientists interviewed did not report that their faith choices were influenced by science. “Most likely, the reasons for their lack of faith reflect the circumstances in which other Americans find themselves: they were not raised in a religious home; they have had bad experiences with religion; they disapprove of God's actions or see God as too changeable. For others, religion simply has no bearing on their scientific work,” Eklund writes. We decided to formulate this factor as follows:

4) The predominant importance of personal life experience in all its manifestations in the matter of choosing a faith or abandoning any beliefs.

Let us make an attempt to comment on the four features of these studies that we have identified. We can identify the following reasons for the phenomenon of a decrease in the level of religiosity of scientists in proportion to the increase in their status in the scientific community:

1) Methodology

The way of thinking in science and faith has significant differences. Scientific activity requires “objectivity” of knowledge, which shapes the philosophy of science and is expressed in its methodology and interests. Therefore, at the present stage, it is quite fair to note that “when engaged in specific scientific activities, a believer, in fact, forgets about God and acts in the same way as an atheist. Thus, the compatibility of doing science with faith in God is by no means identical with the compatibility of faith in God with scientific thinking.” We are dealing with two types of thinking and approaches to life: one based on trust and obedience, the second requires independence and rationality. This is how one atheist decided to describe the state of believing scientists: “They simultaneously live, as it were, in two worlds - one material, and the other some kind of transcendental, divine. It’s as if their psyche is splitting.” He quite correctly noted the key difference between approaches to activity in science and faith. The more deeply a person believes, the more he will seek guidance. At the same time, the more serious a scientist is, the stronger his foundation of objective facts should be, allowing him to conduct research and draw conclusions without taking into account the supernatural. Therefore, sometimes a scientist, spending the vast majority of his time in science, gets used to simply “ignoring” the “otherworldly.” This, however, does not mean that a scientist purely involuntarily becomes less of a believer. Here I would like to emphasize that studying science predisposes one to make a choice in favor of disbelief.

2) Area of ​​study

The definition “corridor of science”, invented by the author, relates to this issue. Its essence is that in order to achieve success in his field, a scientist limits his activities and field of study, and, accordingly, his life experience. In other words, he deliberately excludes certain aspects of life, narrows his life experience in a number of areas in order to achieve more in a few specific ones. In this way, a person can regularly “pass by” those places where he could meet the “otherworldly.” The supernatural, if it is encountered along this path, is explained by those who have not directly come into contact with it, from the position of the same “corridor”. At the same time, scientific methodology both directs movement along the “corridor” and determines its boundaries.

3) High level of abstraction

Through science, a person primarily comes into contact with this world indirectly - through facts collected by someone, ordered by someone and somehow evaluated. In other words, science is primarily a theory created by man himself. It is difficult to meet God in a theory where the creators themselves do not place Him due to the methodology for creating this theory.

The scientist does not come into contact in everyday life in the same way and in the same close way with the problems that represent the subject of his research. And the interaction caused by life is different from the interaction created by science. In the above studies, one can notice a correlation between the level of abstraction in the scientific activities of the subjects and the level of disbelief in their environment. Practical life confronts a person with such questions, challenges and tasks, and also provides such “material” for a person’s experience, which contributes to a much greater extent to the formation of his religious worldview.

4) Empirical basis

For natural sciences, it creates a lesser tendency to accept the supernatural factor. At the same time, humanities deal with man and society, where religion is present as a given, which no longer contributes to the tendency to completely reject it. They can assess the significance of religion from the perspective of its influence on society and the individual throughout history, while for natural science religion, although it can offer some valuable information, does not provide suitable argumentation to justify it.

5) Lifestyle

Science demands from its “servants” a very specific way of life. At the same time, various faiths also imply that their followers allocate a significant amount of time for spiritual practices, “service” and sometimes a number of other activities, which significantly reduces the amount of time available for scientific activity. They also often influence the pace of life, its content, and prescribe a certain approach and way of thinking aimed at developing a certain behavior or comprehending their philosophy and teachings. All this also resembles a “corridor”, in which there is no longer the same space for science as in the case described in the previous paragraph. A believer must often have a fairly active social position; “character work” or other religious tasks take a lot of energy... Probably this factor had a great influence on the achievement of academic titles by those 73 percent of American teachers who declared their faith.

6) Motivation

According to A. Einstein, “one of the most powerful motivations leading to... science is the desire to get away from everyday life with its painful cruelty and inconsolable emptiness... This reason pushes people with subtle spiritual strings from personal experiences into the world of objective vision and understanding " In this case, religion in a certain sense represents an alternative to science and vice versa. And, as you know, a person searches when he is dissatisfied. When he is sufficiently satisfied, he tends to move in the same direction. This applies to both scientific activity and religious life. In addition, if a person is busy enough, he does not feel a special need for any innovations. Thus, when a person enters the rut of life without an inclination towards faith (or science), then one should expect that only quite radical changes (or a long gradual involuntary path towards them) can force a person to look for what he needs in an area that was not too close to him before .

7) Inertia of the human personality

The foundations of a religious, anti-religious, or indifferent to matters of faith worldview are laid in early childhood, largely due to the environment in which a person grows up. Crises of age-related development can lead to a radical revision of it under accompanying circumstances. In general, the author of this article has repeatedly observed the following pattern: the longer a person lives, the more confirmed he is in the correctness of his views and attitude towards issues of faith. Having chosen a certain worldview for himself, a person further expands the “database” to confirm it, consisting of experience, facts and approaches. He replenishes the “piggy bank” of “arguments” for his position (not in a strictly rational sense, but in the meaning of everything that determines his choice, of which the most weighty (although not always conscious) for him is the following: I already __(so many ) years I’ve been living...) and criticism alien to him - often in the form of not only arguments, facts, emotions, memories, experiences (often hidden, not fully realized for this area) but also irony, satire or even sarcasm. This same “piggy bank” is replenished by relationships with like-minded people and representatives of other views.

Often a person deprives himself of the ability to understand the other side, and, as a result, narrows the range of opportunities to change his views. However, “understanding” does not automatically mean agreement; rather, understanding the position of the other side, its influence on life, its approaches and arguments, and, finally, the reasons that led to the choice of such a philosophy. An unbiased, honest person is willing to acknowledge and consider the strengths and weaknesses of both someone else's position and his own.

So, it is not common for a person to change his worldview, and the older he gets, the more difficult it is to do this.

8) Competition of goals and values

Science and religion are two worlds, each of which strives to involve a person entirely, to “absorb” him. Each world has its own rules and way of life, its own hierarchy and stages of growth. This is not to say that these worlds do not intersect at all, but at the same time it is difficult to find something absolutely identical in them. This, of course, does not mean that the choice always has to be made according to the “either-or” principle. We can meet both people who have “given themselves entirely” to faith or science, and those who combine them, giving something greater preference. But still, in conditions of limited life resources, this choice sometimes becomes more and more categorical.

We tried to explain the decrease in the level of faith among scientists in proportion to the increase in their scientific merits. We did not smooth out the sharp edges of contradictions between representatives of different worldviews, nor did we try to “reconcile” the thinking and approach of science and religion. We could see that the natural science paradigm is not conducive to the development of faith. At the same time, proof or refutation of the “Highest Being” goes beyond the competence of the natural sciences.

I would like to believe that awareness of the basic premises of the rejection by some representatives of science of a religious worldview will help believers in understanding and recognizing the “unscientific” (which is not the same as irrationality) of the foundations of their beliefs and life position; will help atheists to better understand the reasons for their ideological premises and will contribute to greater mutual understanding in communication between representatives of different parties.

We limited ourselves to considering the views of scientists and possible reasons for them. But in a similar way, the highlighted principles also apply to people with other forms of activity.

Vladimir Pikuza

Illustration: Godfrey Kneller's painting "Isaac Newton" (1689).

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science; ; http://www.atheism.ru/library/Other_105.phtml; http://goo.gl/6PNs6y

A high level of intelligence turns academics into atheists; http://www.atheism.ru/library/Other_105.phtml

Behind every door of scientific discovery, there are ten other doors on the other side. Forgetting this, convinced atheists continue to claim that one scientific discovery should free humanity from unfounded faith in God.

Although our rocket experiments are limited only to our solar system, one of the smallest of billions of galaxies, there are those optimists who say that they have already explored space and have not found God. They call this the "scientific conclusion" that there is no supernatural power and that belief in God and a Creator is unscientific.
Many ordinary people were deceived by such propaganda and are now convinced that among modern scientists there are no believers in God. Nothing could be further from the truth than this statement.
In contrast to such statements in those countries where scientists are not afraid of losing their jobs and positions because of religious beliefs, we know many world-famous scientists who boldly declare that the universe is so complex and highly organized that its explanation is inconceivable without faith in God the Creator. Most of the great scientists today profess faith in God whenever possible.
In the pages of this booklet the reader will find clear and bold statements from many famous scientists who were asked to express their opinions on the “contradictions” between science and religion. Does modern science reject the God in whom scientists such as Newton, Galileo, Copernicus, Bacon and many others believed?
Let's see what world-famous people, many of whom are Nobel laureates, have to say to us today on this serious topic.
First of all, we give a list of scientists with a description of their qualifications, and also on the following pages - their statements.

List of scientists mentioned in the book.

Alaya Hubert N., Doctor - Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University. One of the outstanding US scientists in the field of chemistry.

Alberti Robert A., Dr. - Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (one of the best institutes in the USA).

Anderson Arthur G., Doctor - Director of the Research Center of the International Corporation of Computing Machines. (World-famous, largest corporation for the manufacture of computers).

Anderson Elving V., Doctor - Professor of Genetics and Deputy Director of the Institute of Genetics at the University of Minnesota, USA.

Ault Wayne Y., Doctor - Senior Researcher at the Research Laboratory for the Study of Isotopes. (The world's first commercial laboratory to perform carbon dating and radioactive hydrogen isotope dating.)

Autrum Haniochem, Doctor - Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Munich, one of the outstanding German scientists.

Byron Ralph L., MD - Chief of General Surgery and Oncologic Surgery (Tumors). Director of the hospital for patients with cancer and cancer-related diseases. (World famous City of Hope Hospital in Los Angeles, USA.)

Beadle Georg W., Doctor - Director of the Research Institute of Biological Medicine of the American Medical Association, Nobel Prize laureate in physiology.

Born Max, Dr. Emeritus Professor of Physics (retired) at the University of Göttingen and also at the University of Edinburgh. Nobel Prize winner in physics.

Von Braun Werner, Doctor - often cited as the man above all others responsible for the successful launch of astronauts to the moon, USA.

Brooks Harvey, Doctor - Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Physics at Harvard University (the most influential university in the United States).

Burke Walter F., manager of the rockets and spacecraft department of the MacDonnell Aviation Corporation. Head of the design, construction and launch of the Mercury and Gemini space capsules. Outstanding expert on space flights.

Bjerke Alf H., is president of the Bjerke Paint Corporation in Oslo (Norway). One of the outstanding Norwegian experts in the field of chemistry.

Bube Richard H., Doctor - Professor of Materials Science and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. Author of more than one hundred scientific books and articles.

Wallenfels Kurt, doctor - director of the Institute of Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Germany.

Waldman Bernard, Doctor - Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, USA.

Van Iersel Jan Y., Doctor - Professor of Experimental Zoology, Leiden University, Holland.

Westphal Wilhelm H., Doctor - Emeritus Professor (retired), Technical University in Berlin, Germany.

Wilfong Robert E., Dr. is the technical manager of the nylon factory of the Du Pont Corporation, the greatest chemical company in the world. The first chemist to work in the production of Orlon, Kentris and many other fabrics for space flights.

Winand Leon J.F., Doctor - Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Liege in Belgium.

Wolf-Heidegger Gerhard, doctor - professor of anatomy at the University of Basel, Switzerland.

Worchester Willis G., Doctor - Dean of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, USA.

Gjterud Ole Christopher, doctor - professor of physics at the University of Oslo (Norway), one of the most prominent physicists in Norway.

Dana James Dwight, Doctor - Dean of the Department of Geology at Princeton University, one of the greatest geologists in the United States.

Jauncey James H., Doctor - Head of the Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, King's College, Australia. He has received 10 degrees from world-renowned universities. Author of 2 books on guided missiles and 500 scientific articles. Technical Adviser to the Australian Government during the Second World War.

Jaken M., doctor - professor of theoretical biology at Leiden University in Holland.

Jelinek Ulrich is the President of the Severn Industrial Company in New Jersey, USA. World-famous inventor and designer of instruments and systems for space exploration.

Davis Stefan S., Ph.D., is the dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Engineering at Howard University in Washington, DC.

Duchesne Jules S., Doctor - Chairman of the Department of Atomic Molecular Physics at the University of Liege in Belgium.

Inglis David R., Doctor - Senior Physicist, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, USA.

Komar Arthur B., Doctor - Dean of the Belfer Faculty of Natural Sciences; Yeshiva University in New York City, USA.

Coop Evert, doctor - chief surgeon at the Children's Hospital in Philadelphia, USA. One of the most famous surgeons in America.

Kush Polycarp, doctor - Nobel Prize winner in physics.

Lombard Augustin, doctor - professor of geology. Former Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.

Lonsjo Ole M., doctor - professor of physics at the University of Oslo. Norway.

Mandel Michel, Doctor - Professor of Physical Chemistry, Leiden University, Holland.

Millican Robert A., doctor - Nobel Prize laureate in physics.

Piccard Jacques E., Doctor - Oceanographic Engineer and Consultant, Grumman Aviation Corporation, Florida, USA.

Peel Magnus, doctor - professor of physics. Former Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Rydberg Jan X., Doctor - Dean of the Faculty of Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers Institute of Technology; Gothenburg, Sweden.

Smart V.M., doctor - professor of astronomy, department established by the English king; University in Glasgow, Scotland. One of the greatest British astronomers.

Tangen Roald, Doctor - Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; University in Oslo, Norway.

Forsmann Werner, doctor - head of the department of surgery at a large hospital in Dusseldorf (Germany), Nobel Prize laureate in medicine.

Friedrich John P., Doctor - Chief Chemist of the US Department of Agriculture (Northern Regional Research Laboratory).

Hynek Allen J., Doctor - Director of the Lindheimer Astronomical Research Center (Northwestern University, Illinois, USA).

Hansen Arthur G., Doctor - President of Purdue University. Former Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and President of the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.

Hearn Walter, Doctor - Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Iowa. Member of the American Association for Progress in Science. His research works were discussed at international scientific congresses.

Ziegler Karl, Doctor - Director of the Max Planck Institute (for research work in the field of the coal industry). City of Mülheim, Germany (Ruhr region), Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.

Shaw James, Doctor - Professor of Biochemistry at Harvard University (for 23 years); director of the research laboratory at Harvard University.

Einstein Albert, Doctor is one of the greatest scientists of all time. World famous scientist, creator of the theory of relativity, father of the atomic age, Nobel Prize laureate in physics.

Engstrom Elmer W., Doctor - Chief Administrator of the US Radio Corporation; world-renowned leading scientist, pioneer in color television (1930). He was awarded an honorary doctorate of science by fourteen universities.

Ehrenberger Friedrich, doctor - specialist in the field of analytical chemistry, Chemical Dyes Company; Kelheim, Germany.

Jung Carl, Doctor - one of the greatest psychologists of all time, having a worldwide calling authority. Switzerland.
Chapter 1. Are modern scientists really atheists?

Yuri Gagarin said after returning from space flight: “I was in interplanetary space and did not see God. That means there is no God.” Some ordinary people accepted this statement as truth, that modern science supposedly disproves the existence of God. Others, seeing that Gagarin did not even reach the moon, concluded that he hardly had the right to declare that he had already explored all of space. After all, in order to fly past our galaxy at the speed of light (300,000 km per second), it would take 1 million years and one and a half million years to reach the next galaxy. And there are billions of such galaxies.

Concluding this very naive reasoning of the late Gagarin, it must be said that only people who deliberately reject God can accept it as truth.

In contrast, the first group of American astronauts to reach and land on the moon read the first verse of the first chapter of the Bible while in orbit around the moon and broadcast the reading on a television network to the world. This testified to their belief that “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.”

The conclusion made by Gagarin was in no way accepted by other astronauts, and even less by other scientists.

Here are the words that many world-famous scientists expressed their opinion on this issue:

Alberty Robert

“You cannot be a real scientist if you do not believe that the universe is real! If God wanted to “play a joke” on a scientist, then the latter could not study the laws of nature and rely on the constantly changing data of science. The whole life of a scientist is based on confidence, that things or phenomena, although they may be mysterious and incomprehensible, are still connected and coordinated with each other."

Alaya Hubert

"It is wonderful how active the members of our chemistry department are in church affairs. It is a great lie that the majority of scientists are atheists."

Outrum Haniochem

“I do not believe that the percentage of believers in God among scientists is lower than among other professions.”

Bjerke Alf

"Modern science has not killed the fundamental truths of the Bible. I believe in God, I believe in Jesus, and I believe in the Bible."

Burke Walter

"A spiritual renaissance has recently penetrated among scientists involved in space exploration. There is rarely a day when I do not hear conversations on spiritual topics at my work. Some engineers and teachings profess their Christian faith, which I would never believe, "If I hadn't heard it myself. I stood near the rocket and prayed for Allen Shepperd before his flight, and I didn't see a single dry eye around me."

Born Max

"Many scientists believe in God. Those who say that studying science makes a person an atheist are probably some kind of funny people."

"Most scientists, if you look closely at them, are religious people. I believe in God in His three aspects. All the power that surrounds us was embodied in Jesus Christ. He has always acted and will continue to act, answering the needs and prayers of people ".

Duchesne Jules

“The connection between science and religion has never been as close and intimate as in our time. Scientists studying outer space have discovered so many beautiful and unexpected things that it is now more difficult to tell a scientist that God does not exist. There cannot be two opinions on this issue ".

Ehrenberger Friedrich

"I don't think a real scientist can be an atheist."

Einstein Albert

“I will never believe that God plays dice with the world.”

Engstrom Elmer

"I don't think it was the Creator's intention to destroy us all. Christian ministry... to do what is good for your neighbor. My wife and I are members of one small independent church. The first responsibility of this church is to lead people to Christ and to educate them in faith."

Forsman Werner

"God created the world and gave the world laws. These laws remain unchanged. The spiritual plans and powers of this world also remain unchanged."

Friedrich John

"Sincere scientists are thoughtful people. They understand that the number of questions grows faster than the answers to them. This leads them to believe in God. I believe that God is the Creator of the whole world. He holds the entire universe and looks after everything that is in it. He is more than the first cause, and only He can answer prayers."

Hynek Allen

"I know very few scientists who have told me that they are atheists. I know many astronomers who are definitely religious people. They have great respect for the universe and for the One who created it. Religion has no meaning if it does not manifest itself in a person's daily life."

Inglis David

“We have seen the work of the Creator in this world, which is unknown to other people. Look into biology, look at any organ of the human body or even the smallest insect. You will find so many amazing things there that you will not have enough life to study. This gives me and "Many of my employees have the feeling that there is something great and beautiful. This Someone is the cause of the creation of the universe, and this Cause cannot be understood by us."

Jouncey James

“There is no good reason why a scientist should not believe in God and the Bible, nor why a religious person should reject scientific discoveries.”

Jelinek Ulrich

“Almost every American satellite that flies around the earth has our parts. I am interested in new discoveries. Who is not interested in that? But I also have the habit of reading the Bible once a year and I always find amazing new things in it.”

Jaken M.

"Most scientists are religious people."

Mosquito Arthur

"It's a dangerous thing... to give science complete control. If you give a computing machine (computer) the problem of how to achieve world peace, the computer will give the answer: "Destroy all people."

Lombard Augustine

"My religious philosophy shows me a joyful way of life. This system works well. It gives me real freedom of thought and freedom of looking at things and people. I think of this as a positive experiential proof."

Loncio Ole

"We have as large a percentage of physicists taking part in church work as can be found among the rest of the population in the area where I live."

Mandel Michel

“I have friends who are good scientists and at the same time religious people. And this is not by chance, but truly religious people.”

Millican Robert

"I can't imagine how a real atheist can be a scientist."

Smart V.M.

“We have now learned a lot in space, but faith in the Creator is needed now, as it has always been needed.”

Van Iersel Yang

“It is very important that ordinary people know that modern scientists are not the atheists they once were. It is possible that those scientists who were not atheists did not say anything about their faith. Among European scientists, talking about religion is considered quite appropriate .I believe in a God who has a direct relationship with this world. Creation is not bound by time. The process of creation is still in action today. God takes care of it.

I love talking about religion with my colleagues without feeling uncomfortable. The gospel has become Good News to me, and I believe it."

Von Braun Werner

"Man's flight into space is the greatest discovery, but at the same time it is only a small window into the untold richness of interplanetary space. Our glimpse through this small keyhole into the great secrets of the universe only confirms our belief in the existence of a Creator."

Waldman Bernard,

"Most of our students are quite active in church affairs. Young scientists are much more interested in religious issues than in their personal affairs."

Worchester Willis

"Among the lay members and ministers of the church I attend, there are quite a few people from the scientific and technical world. We have many engineers who are members of church committees in various churches. We even have several active evangelists among us. Some of them have had special training as ministers of the church. I had to work with many scientists, and only some did not believe in God."
Chapter 2. Freedom to Believe

Of course, not all scientists are Christians, but even those who do not give importance to religion should be free to believe or not believe as their conscience dictates. Otherwise, it was a hindrance to a person being effective for society.

One of the basic rules of scientific research is that every scientist should be free from the restrictions of government control, as well as from social pressure to accept for himself the conclusions that his research leads to. The scientist must be able to seek the truth without any fear of being dominated by an opposing ideology.

Regardless of faith, there must be freedom to look at things as they are, there must be absolute freedom to believe or not believe.

Anderson Arthur

“I don’t know a single colleague among the scientists of my direction who would have had more than 25 years and thought about nothing except science, who in their thoughts would not test the conclusions of science and religion. In everything they want to achieve, in a sense, their own explanations."

Friedrich John

"I love talking with other scientists about God and religion in general."

Wolf-Heidegger Gerhard

“I believe it is the absolute duty of every independent scientist, regardless of his field of study, to analyze questions of religion, God, peace, etc. If he does not do this, his conclusions will only confirm his preconceived opinions.”

Mosquito Arthur

“If the phenomena that you are studying lead you in a certain direction and at the same time - the opposite of your intuition and philosophy, you, as a scientist, are obliged to go in this direction. A good scientist must have an open mind about all the phenomena of the world. Morals and the judgments of individual scientists must be guided by ethical principles. The scientist must think about the problem that occupies him, and not be just a cog in the wheel. Where religion comes into contact, the scientist must take it into account."

Gjöterud Ole Christopher

“It is very important to remember that God gave man freedom. If God intended science to force man to believe in Him, then man would no longer have freedom.”

Ehrenberger Friedrich

"If people do not talk openly about religion, perhaps this is due to the legacy of a totalitarian regime, where a person must reckon with ideas with which he does not agree. The reason why we have misunderstandings in religious matters is that many discuss religious issues without proper knowledge of the subject. They have partial knowledge that they were taught in childhood and they have settled on this level of thinking. Religion should be part of the curriculum at the university level. It should be part of the basic education of students. Christianity should be reflected in everyday life."

Outrum Haniochem

“Man needs incomparably more than what science gives him. Whether a person turns to religion or philosophy is his business. Science, in its attempts to find universal laws, meets its limits. This is the freedom of each individual, which does not contradict science. This is exactly where and religion begins."

Beadle George

"Religion is an essential part of human culture. Religion is necessary. It has an enduring value. I believe that for this reason all cultures have had and have religion. Religion contains something that science cannot give to man."

Bjerke Alf

"You need religion to face the problems of our times. If we look a little under our noses, we will see various kinds of conflicts. How can we resolve them without religion?"

Jung Carl

"Among my patients in the second half of life - say, over 35 years of age - there is not one whose problems can be solved by bypassing religion. One can definitely say that they all feel sick because they have lost the eternal values ​​​​that living religion can give to his followers. None of these patients can be completely healed unless they return to religious beliefs."

Worchester Willis

"I am very pleased to see a large number of students in church almost every Sunday. They have a real, healthy attitude towards religion. I believe that someday all students will be interested in religion."

“Our students bring up religious issues for discussion in class.”

Lombard Augustine

"Students are caught up in religious issues."

Alaya Hubert

"I have deep faith in young people. Our young people are in a much better position regarding the correct understanding of religion than we were in our time. They are active in church life and take more part in Christian service than we once did." .

Peel Magnus

"I have no interest in fighting the church. People should have the right to be missionaries of sorts among us, but no one has the right to force us or impose their faith on us. That would be a terrible act to the detriment of the church in general."

Waldman Bernard,

"I have discovered that religion is becoming more and more involved in the personal lives of students... an idea that has eternal significance."

Hynek Allen

“More and more students are turning to astronomers with questions of a religious nature, because they feel like astronomers explore the heavens a little more than other people.”

Shaw James

"I feel that God has brought me to Harvard University for significant service. There are many Christian professors here on campus, but not enough of them. Personally, I feel that I am a stronger Christian as a result of competing with philosophical teachings. It forced me to delve deeper into the Scriptures and led me to a deeper knowledge of Jesus Christ, made me more dependent on Him."

Vilfong Robert

"Raising children is not easy. We try to have family prayers and live Christian lives in front of our children."

Bube Richard

“Many psychoanalytic scholars believe that God is an unknown name, a crutch for the undiscovered, and that the more we understand the world, the less room there is for God. This is an outdated idea that man is the captain of his destiny... Atheists reject the spiritual healing... I believe that the devil is a person, that the heart of man is the battlefield between God and Satan. Spiritually sick people need the clear preaching of the intact gospel."

Piccard Jacques

“The purpose of religion is to show a person how to live, how to help him. The Bible is his constitution.”

Jelinek Ulrich

"I have never had a conversation with people without telling them about my faith in Jesus Christ. (Jelinek Ulrich often gave lectures at special seminars at universities and in meetings of professional scientists.) As a forgiven sinner, I have eternal fellowship with God "who created the universe. My desire is to tell others about the Good News at every opportunity."

Hansen Arthur

"The difference between humanism and Christianity (although both have to do with man) is quite definite: Christianity speaks of what fascinates me... The real joy of a Christian comes from happy duty. I know what I do... and why I do it. He, "Whoever acts by love acts in God and God in him. Humanism in this regard has no basis."

Jaken M.

"In our concept, we have several platforms for knowledge: science, philosophy, religion. Each branch has its own forms of thinking and a kind of achievement of certainty. In religion, you start by listening to revelations. After that you can say yes or no." This, of course, is more than knowledge. It is complete dedication."

Wallenfels Kurt

"Every person is religious in some sense. There is not a person on earth who does not have his own religion, unless he is absolutely stupid or mentally ill. If I do not see such a reaction in a person, I will be very careful with him, having such a person collaborator. He will not be firm in the truth. If he gives good results only in theory and not in experiments, if he changes the experimental data in order to get the best result ordered by the scientific society, then I would say that such a person is dangerous, and I wouldn't want to collaborate with him."
Chapter 3. Faith based on evidence

Scientists cannot scientifically confirm or scientifically prove the existence of God, but a huge number of scientists base their faith on the creation visible in the universe. We know that not all phenomena of the universe can be understood by us. For example, scientists still do not know what energy is, what an electron is, what attraction is. The essence of these phenomena has not been revealed... but we believe in all of this, based on the evidence we have discovered, although we do not fully understand these and many other phenomena.

In the same way, we cannot understand with our minds that there is a God, but many scientists believe in God because they have found more evidence of His existence than evidence of the existence of energy, gravity... love, memory, etc.

Faith must go beyond the capabilities of our mental analysis. At the same time, faith is logical; it does not blind us if we weigh all the ideas correctly. Faith goes in the direction where we have evidence, but it goes further - into the realm of the spirit.

The creation of the universe in itself speaks of the Creator. Just as a dictionary could not have been formed from an explosion in a printing house, so the universe could not have arisen on its own or from a random collision of molecules. Mathematically, according to the law of probability, this is absolutely impossible. This alone exceeds all evidence and leads us to faith in God, although we cannot fully understand His essence.

Many questions remain unanswered - and perhaps this will always be the case, because they are beyond our understanding. For example, where did God come from? God has always existed, but this “always” is beyond our understanding. However, if we reject the eternally existing God, we must ask ourselves: where did the universe come from? We must, then, say: the universe has always existed (which science denies) or we must say that there was a time when nothing existed, and suddenly, without any reason, out of nothing, the universe was formed. But science also rejects this version.

All these questions are above any science, but they give more reasons to believe in God than to believe in the formation of the universe from nothing.

When faith moves in the direction of causality and evidence, we enter the realm of personal experience where the presence of God, His peace, love and joy is manifested in the personal lives of people. You cannot find it illogical to feel joy at the beauty of a sunset, even though science cannot prove why the sunset is so beautiful.

Many scientists testify that they have opened their hearts to God's love and have personal communication with God through faith, and this is more satisfying than the experimental and statistical evidence of science.

Von Braun Werner

“Nothing is as well organized and structured as our earth. The Universe must have a Creator, a Master, a Creator. There can be no other conclusion here.”

Alberty Robert

“Many people, exploring the universe, find more and more beauty... and feel that there must be a God here. This point of view of science reveals to us the living God as well as the fact that He manifests Himself in the personal lives of those people who believe in Him. This, of course, is not a proof, it is an intuitive feeling that the universe and life in general must have a special meaning, otherwise there will be no beauty in it.

This physical manifestation of the universe is much more wonderful for scientists than for ordinary people, because a scientist sees details, he sees the interaction between molecules, he sees how a person created from molecules lives, thinks and feels and how this action is mutually determined. He sees how stars are born and die... The beauty and mystery of the universe makes the honest scientist think about God and believe in Him."

Alaya Hubert

"Science reinforces my religion. The more contact I have with the physical world, the more I believe in the existence of God."

Anderson Arthur

"As a scientist, I have come to the conclusion that this wonderful universe reveals to us a fantastic order and meaning. Here you have a choice: is this the work of God - or the work of the god of evolution? If the idea is effective, it will live, and the idea of ​​order and beauty that comes out from the hands of the Creator, is definitely vital."

Anderson Elving

“If you know the property of the DNA molecule (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) - the basic mechanism of life - you will soon discover a strange phenomenon that surpasses all imagination. It has the ability to copy itself and act as a source of information for the formation of proteins.

I believe that man is more than this... Man is created in the image and likeness of God."

Byron Ralph

"Look at the structure of your body. You have 30 trillion cells. Each cell has 10,000 chemical reactions operating at all times. It takes much more faith that this body happened by chance than that it was created by an intelligent God. Millions of monkeys may hit the keys of a million typewriters for a billion years, but they will never produce a single printed page of a book.

I am amazed at what God has done for me in Jesus Christ. He came to earth to be my Savior, to die for my sins. Then the day came when I hesitantly but definitely accepted Christ into my heart. The greatest thing in life is to know God through personal experience."

Davis Stefan

"Science has led us to the conclusion that we cannot find answers to all questions. Therefore, we must turn to the Unknown, have faith in Him and come to Him for the answer."

Ehrenberger Friedrich

"If we could mathematically explain what God is, it would be very simple. But we cannot do this. Faith goes further than knowledge. Many people recognize only what can be touched and seen. On the other hand, they are not against that the universe has its continuation beyond the Milky Way, even if they do not see it, but they believe in it. Where is the logic?

You cannot see God, but you can feel Him. You feel that a person is very, very small, and at the same time there is Something big. It all depends on whether a person wants to find God or not."

Engstrom Elmer

“I see a well thought out and developed plan according to which creation was accomplished. And today I see God's hand over His creation, I see how the prophetic utterances of Scripture are fulfilled. The Bible is the final authority for our lives. We must accept all this by faith and ask God admonition. Then we need Christ in our personal lives. In our time, the return of Christ is being proclaimed to such an extent as never before."

Forsman Werner

"The fact that scientific laws permeate the entire universe certainly shows that the material world has a common spiritual foundation. This foundation is the creation of the universe."

Hynek Allen

"I have a deep respect for the universe. It is a most interesting and complex creation. I do not look at the universe as the result of chance."

Inglis David

“There is something grandiose in the origin and nature of all things, in the elegance of the laws that we formulate but do not understand. This, of course, cannot be the basis for testing the existence of God. But you just feel that nothing could have happened on its own. yourself and be so beautiful."

Coop Evert

"I know that God never makes mistakes. God gave natural laws for the development of a child before his birth. But there are other laws that disrupt the order in the development of a child. It will not shake my faith when I see a person walking down the street ", falls and breaks his arm. I see no reason to blame God if sometimes a child is born with a birth defect, just as I would not blame God if there was a hole in the sidewalk where a person fell."

Waldman Bernard,

"The most interesting thing for a scientist is that he sees an amazing order in nature. This is more than a coincidence of circumstances and chance. With the development of science, we see more and more organization of order in nature. Therefore, the more you study nature, the more you you have reason to believe in the perfection of the Master’s plan, and not in a coincidence.”

Worchester Willis

"A large number of thoughtful scientists and engineers believe that everything can be verified by the scientific method and that in reality you and I need God to explain everything that exists. But there is always something important that is overlooked. We say that everything in the world acts on the basis of certain physical laws and forget that no law is possible without the Legislator, that Someone established these laws."

Vilfong Robert

"Amateur natural scientists can look up the Planner who founded the universe. But as soon as they begin to enter into deeper information, most of these scientists begin to believe in a Creator. Moreover, the conflicts between science and the Bible are smoothed out with a more careful study of Scripture. Scientific evidence for the existence of God, at least for me, are not fundamental. I can feel God through prayer. I know Him from personal experience."
Chapter 4. Is there a conflict?

Sometimes they say that science and religion are incompatible, that one contradicts the other, that there is a conflict between them. In the past, religious leaders had battles with scientists on this issue, but it was a conflict between people, not between science and religion. This conflict was driven by misunderstandings between science and religion.

Some scientific journals published in the USA write about the difficulties in recognizing God. There were such skeptics in the past, but with the development of scientific discoveries, their religious conviction deepened.

Here's what world-famous scientists say on this important topic:

Piccard Jacques

"In the 19th century, science and religion were in conflict for the reason that scientists argued that the future of science has its own predestination, that science will come to a final knowledge of the world. However, now scientists, studying the atom, have come to the conclusion that the future of science "is generally problematic. This recognition opens the door to faith in God. Today there cannot and should not be a conflict between science and religion."

Millican Robert

"The majority of leading scientists are close to religious organizations, which in itself indicates the absence of a conflict between science and religion."

Alberty Robert

"Faith enters into the ordinary life of every scientist. If he does not have faith that his experiment will be successful, that human reason can teach us rationalization, such a scientist has no business doing in the laboratory."

Bube Richard

"Science does not destroy the traditional value of the Christian religion. It rather destroys religious counterfeits, wooden and stone idols with which man has tried to replace the Truth."

Alaya Hubert

"Faith gives rise to so-called internal questions. The inner self-control that faith gives you can very well be transferred to science."

V. Anderson

"We genetic scientists are very interested in the control of life, but we are not trying to replace God. We have the right and responsibility to open up new possibilities, but at the same time we immediately think of Hitler and his "scientific" way of mass murder and reproduction "a 'perfect race'. Of course, we must not abuse the control that genetics gives us. There must be the right authority in this. We all want to look into the future... and use our God-given freedom to make fair choices."

Ault Wayne

"God has given us two revelations - spiritual, or supernatural, and revelation through knowledge of nature. I believe that the universe is the work of God and that everything that is supernatural, as Scripture reveals to us, is not contrary to nature, but above it."

Outrum Haniochem

"Science does not abolish religion. On the contrary, an accurate understanding of science gives freedom to religion. A person can be a good Christian and at the same time can be a good scientist. I have deep respect for the person of Jesus Christ. His simplicity and greatness are impeccable. The same can be speak about His teaching."

Burke Walter

"I did not find any instructions in the Bible that would prohibit the exploration of outer space. God gave man an advantage and superiority over creation, gave him creative abilities. If we use these abilities with recognition of God's greatness, then there is and cannot be anything wrong with flying The moon, Mars, and other planets. Christians with the right motives can have a great influence in glorifying God through the discoveries of outer space, as well as discoveries in other fields of science."

Born Max

"Science makes many moral and ethical demands on a scientist. If a scientist believes in God, it will ease his problem. A scientist must have great patience and humility, and religion can give him these qualities."

Brooks Harvey

"Science does not have an all-encompassing view of the world. In other words, it cannot force individual scientists to have the same point of view. We have increasing contacts with the Christian faith. These connections between science and religion may not be direct, but they are important. The Advantage of Christianity is that an increasing number of believers are taking part in the scientific revolution."

Dana James

"I know of no more accurate data about the origin of the world than those found in the Bible."

Duchesne Jules

"Science, like religion, originates from inspiration."

Ehrenberger Friedrich

"Today we meet many young people in Christian churches. It is a fairy tale that now people do not go to church. This is said by those who have only seen the church from the outside and sleep every Sunday morning."

Engstrom Elmer

“I don’t know why some people think that the Bible limits experiments in science and engineering. On the contrary, everything that a person does, that he discovers, he only copies the laws established by God. Man does not invent anything. He only discovers what has long been established God... In the world... it seems to me that everything moves according to God's plans, but not according to ours, not according to human ones. Yes, I believe that the power of God is perfect and Divine authority has the last word. God is not only our Creator, but also Redeemer...He rules His creation and the affairs of man through Jesus Christ.”

Friedrich John

“Many scientists believe that you cannot think scientifically and at the same time believe, for example, in the resurrection and eternal life. But I think that the resurrection and eternal life have nothing to do with science. Science is only a part of my being, like and religion."

Inglis David

"Christianity gives impetus to the scientific method in the sense of recognizing the value of the individual. It is not a mere coincidence that modern science has its origins in Western Europe, where Christianity has deep roots, and not in those countries where Confucianism and Buddhism are dominant. The main feature of Christianity in recognition of human individuality, which is the opposite of Eastern fatalism.

A sense of personal freedom gives rise to respect for personal ideas. It is against any form of coercion, against dogma. This gave rise to the Reformation, which in turn laid the foundation for the more effective development of science, which later spread throughout the world."

Jelinek Ulrich

"The Prophet Jeremiah says that it is impossible to count the stars of the universe. The scientist Ipparchus, who lived several centuries after Jeremiah, dogmatically reported that the universe has 1026 stars. Ptolemy, who lived several hundred years after the birth of Christ, made an amendment. He reported that the universe has 1056 stars. And only in 1610, Galileo, looking through a telescope, exclaimed: “There are many more stars!” Today, astronomers count approximately 100 billion stars in our galaxy, and there are millions of such galaxies! Thus, we must agree with the ancient prophet that the number of stars in the universe - innumerable."

Loncio Ole

"My experience tells me that you can be a Christian and a scientist, as well as a scientist and an atheist. In the first pages of the Bible, God told man to 'possess it (the earth)' - Genesis 1:28. This is exactly what science does today."

Van Iersel Yang

“The fact that a scientist is a Christian does not make him better or worse as a scientist. If the study of science destroys religious faith, then here we can safely make an amendment - it destroys false faith, and even more precisely, false religion.”

Wolf-Heidegger Gerhard

"A scientist who has religious beliefs can be as good a scientist as others. This belongs to the freedom of the spirit. Both the believer and the non-believer can see the limitations of science. One will explain it in one way, the other in another. The limitations in these explanations are the same." .

Ziegler Karl

“My scientific experience does not make me any more or less religious. If I had another profession, my service in the church would not change at all.”

Wallenfels Kurt

"Some say that when a swallow builds a certain type of nest for its chicks, it does so according to the instinct given to it by the Creator. I do not think that this truth is less than scientific assumptions about the past of our world. Other people say that the protein is according to the recipe of a certain the number of genes in a bird’s chromosomes produces certain signals to certain parts of the bird’s brain and that, depending on this, the bird chooses a direction in flight, builds nests, etc. I don’t think this explanation is better than the first (that instinct was given to the bird by the Creator) , because it also cannot be verified by experience, but must be taken on faith."

Worchester Willis

"I believe that, as a percentage, we have as many believers in science as in other professions. Many ministers of the gospel have worked in various fields of science in the past. I know many of them."

Vilfong Robert

“The purpose of science is to discover what God has given us, to understand God’s creation and thereby serve for the benefit of man. Personally, I do not see a conflict in my branch of science with what God has revealed to us through His Scripture. In the fact that I became a scientist, I see God's will."
Chapter 5. Results of scientific discoveries

At the beginning of this century there were many atheists who were captivated by the idea that the increasing discoveries of science would put an end to belief in God, that science would reveal all the secrets of the universe and nothing would be left to be explained through religion.

This conclusion was not justified.

Of course, we now know more than we knew, but the unknown and undiscovered continue to multiply faster than our knowledge. Each new discovery, instead of answering the last question, gives rise to many other questions to which science has no answer. This inability of science to provide complete answers to man's questions, instead of a departure from faith, gave rise to a departure from materialism among many scientists and aroused an interest in the spiritual.

Recently, membership in US churches has increased, although at the same time the level of education has increased and the number of scientific discoveries has increased. One of the reasons for this interesting phenomenon was noted in America by one of the popular magazines in an article by the authoritative scientist Lincoln Barnett. He said this: “The discovery of a mystery by science gives rise to an even greater mystery. All the evidence that science can collect indicates that the creation of the universe took place at a certain time.”

Below we present the opinions of scientists who precisely confirm this point of view.

Einstein Albert

“The more discoveries science makes in the physical world, the more we come to conclusions that can only be resolved by faith.”

Alberty Robert

"The more we learn about the universe, the more the unknown is revealed. We are faced with an increase in mystery regarding the nature of things. Every time a scientist makes this or that discovery, he is convinced that there are 10 things that he does not know. Science has the property of endlessly deepening knowledge.You cannot make a final decision, since several other possibilities will always be open.

Space exploration programs have created a whole new set of questions about the Moon and other planets, and even about the Earth itself, questions that people had never thought about before."

Duchesne Jules

“The state of science today is the same as Newton once said: “We are like little children playing on the beach before the endless ocean of Truth.” Science has become more humble in the face of modern discoveries.”

Outrum Haniochem

"In the last century, science has become more modest. It was once believed that science would discover everything that is infinite, that is unknown. Modern science began to think about this more modestly when it learned that man cannot give final and perfect conclusions. In knowledge, man himself is limited in itself. A scientist has much more reason to believe in God today than he did 50 years ago, because now science has seen its

1901 - Nobel Prize established

Nobel laureates in physics on faith

“Don’t be afraid to be independent thinkers! If you think strongly enough, then you will inevitably be led by science to faith in God, which is the basis of religion. You will see that science is not the enemy, but the helper of religion.”

Max Planck (1858-1947), German physicist.
Founder of quantum physics.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 "For the discovery of energy quanta"
The fundamental constant of the quantum of action is named after him.

“Wherever and however far we look, we find no contradiction between religion and natural science; on the contrary, it is in the fundamental points that the best combination is found. Religion and natural science are not mutually exclusive as some people believe or fear these days, the two fields are complementary and dependent on each other. The most immediate, compelling proof that religion and natural science are not hostile to each other is the historical fact that even during a thorough and practical discussion of this issue, it was precisely the greatest natural scientists of all times, men like Newton, Kepler, Leibniz, who were imbued with the spirit of this religions of Christianity"

Robert Millikan (1868-1953), American physicist.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 "For experiments on the determination of the elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect"

“I can’t imagine how a real atheist can be a scientist.”

James Jeans (1877-1946), English astrophysicist:
“Primitive cosmogonies pictured the Creator working in time, forging the Sun and Moon and stars from already existing raw material. Modern scientific theory makes us think of the Creator working outside of time and space, which are part of His creation, just as an artist is outside his canvas."

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - great German-Swiss-American physicist(changed citizenship 2 times)
The author of the special and general theories of relativity, introduced the concept of the photon, discovered the laws of the photoelectric effect, worked on problems of cosmology and unified field theory. According to many outstanding physicists (for example Lev Landau), Einstein is the most significant figure in the history of physics. Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 ""for services to theoretical physics, and especially for the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"

“The harmony of natural law reveals a Reason so superior to us that, in comparison with it, any systematic thinking and action of human beings turns out to be an extremely insignificant imitation.” “My religion consists of a feeling of humble admiration for the boundless intelligence that manifests itself in the smallest details of that picture of the world ", which we are only able to partially grasp and cognize with our minds. This deep emotional confidence in the highest logical order of the structure of the universe is my idea of ​​​​God"

“The real problem is the inner state of the soul and thinking of humanity. This is not a physical problem, but an ethical problem. What frightens us is not the explosive power of the atomic bomb, but the power of the bitterness of the human heart, the explosive power for bitterness.”

“In vain, in the face of the catastrophes of the 20th century, many complain: “How did God allow it?”... Yes. He allowed: He allowed our freedom, but did not leave us in the darkness of ignorance. Let the knowledge of good and evil be indicated. And the man himself had to pay for choosing the wrong paths.”

What deep confidence in the rational structure of the world and what a thirst for knowledge of even the smallest reflections of rationality manifested in this world must have been possessed by Kepler and Newton. People of this type draw strength from a cosmic religious feeling. One of our contemporaries said, and not without reason, that in our materialistic age only deeply religious people can be serious scientists."

“Every serious natural scientist must be in some way a religious person. Otherwise, he is not able to imagine that the incredibly subtle interdependencies that he observes were not invented by him. In the infinite universe the activity of an infinitely perfect Mind is revealed. The common idea of ​​me as an atheist is a big misconception. If this idea is drawn from my scientific works, I can say that my scientific works are not understood.”

Max Born (1882-1970), German physicist
One of the creators of quantum mechanics.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 "For fundamental research in quantum mechanics"

“Science has left the question of God completely open. Science has no right to judge this.” “Many scientists believe in God. Those who say that studying science makes a person an atheist are probably some funny people."

Arthur Compton (1892-1962), American physicist
Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the Compton effect" (increasing the wavelength of X-rays when scattered by weakly bound electrons)

"For me, Faith begins with the knowledge that the Supreme Mind created the Universe and man. It is not difficult for me to believe in this, because the fact of the existence of a plan and, therefore, Mind is irrefutable. The order in the Universe, which unfolds before our eyes, itself testifies to the truth the greatest and most sublime statement: “In the beginning is God”

Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958), Swiss physicist
One of the creators of quantum mechanics and relativistic quantum field theory
Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 "For the discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle"

“We must also admit that in all paths of knowledge and deliverance we depend on factors beyond our control and which in religious language bear the name of grace.”

Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) German theoretical physicist, one of the creators of quantum mechanics.
Nobel Prize in physics 1932 "For the creation of quantum mechanics." He put forward a hypothesis according to which atomic nuclei should consist of protons and neutrons held together by the forces of nuclear exchange interaction.

“The first sip from the vessel of natural science gives rise to atheism, but at the bottom of the vessel God awaits us.”

Paul Dirac (1902-1984) English physicist, one of the creators of quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and quantum statistics.
Nobel Prize in physics 1933 "For the development of new, promising forms of atomic theory"

"It is a fundamental feature of nature that the most basic physical laws are described by a mathematical theory, the apparatus of which is of extraordinary power and beauty. We must simply accept this as a given. The situation could probably be described by saying that God is a mathematician of a very high rank and that he used mathematics of the highest level in constructing the Universe"

Doctors, biologists about faith

Nikolai Pirogov (1810-1881), professor of medicine, great Russian surgeon

“I consider faith to be the mental ability of man, which more than any other distinguishes him from animals.”

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), French microbiologist and chemist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology

“The day will come when they will laugh at the stupidity of our modern materialistic philosophy. The more I study nature, the more I stand in awe at the works of the Creator. I pray while I work in the laboratory.”

Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936) great Russian scientist-physiologist, academician

“I study higher nervous activity and know that all human feelings: joy, grief, sadness, anger, hatred, human thoughts, the very ability to think and reason - are connected, each of them, with a special cell of the human brain and its nerves. And when the body ceases to live, then all these feelings and thoughts of a person, as if torn away from brain cells that have already died, by virtue of the general law that nothing - neither energy nor matter - disappears without a trace and constitutes that soul, the immortal soul that professes the Christian faith."

Alexander Spirin (b. 1931), Russian biologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, leading Russian specialist in the field of molecular biology:

Andrei Sakharov (1921 - 1989) - Russian physicist
Academician, three times Hero of Social Sciences. Labor (1953, 1956, 1962), laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes.
Maker of the Hydrogen Bomb (1953)

“I don’t know, deep down, what my position really is, I don’t believe in any dogmas, I don’t like official churches. At the same time, I can’t imagine the Universe and human life without some kind of meaningful beginning ", without a source of spiritual "warmth" lying outside matter and its laws. Probably, such a feeling can be called religious"

“My deep feeling. - the existence of some kind of internal meaning in nature. And this feeling, perhaps, is most nourished by the picture that opened up to people in the 20th century.”

Hugh Ross, modern American astronomer:

“In the late 80s and early 90s, several other characteristics of the Universe were successfully measured. Each of them pointed to the existence of an incredible harmony in the Universe that ensures the maintenance of life. Recently, twenty-six characteristics have been discovered that must take on strictly defined values ​​for life to be possible... The list of fine-tuning parameters continues to grow... The more accurately and in detail astronomers measure the Universe, the more finely tuned it turns out... In my opinion In my opinion, the Reality that gave life to the Universe must be a Personality, for only a Personality can create something with such a degree of accuracy. Consider also that this Person must be at least hundreds of trillions of times more “intelligent” than us human beings, even taking into account our potential capabilities.”

Evgeny Velikhov b. 1930
President of the Russian Scientific Center "Kurchatov Institute", academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Hero of socialist labor, laureate of the USSR State Prize, Lenin Prize and State Prize of the Russian Federation.

“It is absolutely clear to me that all human activity is not just mold on the surface of a small globe, that it is somehow determined from above. I have such an understanding and perception of God.”

And this is what Charles Darwin himself, the best friend of atheists of all times and peoples, said:

Charles Darwin (1809-1882), English naturalist. Author of the theory of the origin of species

“In the most extreme state of hesitation, I have never been an atheist in the sense that I denied the existence of God.”

“The idea that the eye arose as a result of evolution seems to me extremely absurd.”

“The impossibility of recognizing that the great and wondrous world with ourselves, as conscious beings, arose by chance, seems to me to be the main proof of the existence of God. The world rests on patterns and in its manifestations is presented as a product of the mind - this is an indication of its Creator.”

Let's also listen to the Nobel laureate, he is also the main atheist of Russia, a 90-year-old fighter for truth in the company of Voltaire, Freud, Marx and Lenin:

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (born 1916) Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 (for work done in the 1950s together with Lev Landau and Pitaevsky).
Received jointly with the Soviet-American physicist Alexei Abrikosov, who, when asked by a journalist about Ginzburg, answered: “A good popularizer.” The fixing idea of ​​the popularizer at the end of his life was to convince everyone that there is no God, and, accordingly, “hydrogen is a colorless and odorless gas, which, given enough time, can turn into a person” (someone’s quote, I don’t remember). We won’t cite the academician’s atheistic statements, anyway, until Count Tolstoy (who, sensing the end, took spare boots and tramped from Yasnaya Polyana to the Shamordino Monastery ) he is far away. But somehow, having lost his vigilance, the academician said in one interview:

“For example, I even envy believers. I understand that weak people need faith. But I’m also weak in my own way, maybe, but I can’t believe. It would be much easier for me. But I’m 90 years old, which means 89, which means that if I live to be 90, I will be 90. My wife is far from a young woman. And she feels very bad, I would gladly believe in God, meet somewhere in the next world, and so on. I can’t. It defies reason"

And elsewhere Vitaly Lazarevich states:

“I agree with Pope John Paul II, who in his last encyclical, published in 1998, wrote: “Faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth.” So science and religion are not at all opposed to each other "(V.L. Ginzburg "Remarks in connection with the encyclical of Pope John Paul II "Faith and Reason").

Let's finish with a quote from Viktor Trostnikov. He cannot be put on a par with those great people whose opinions we have just become acquainted with (although Trostnikov is a candidate and associate professor and the author of 20 works on mathematical logic). For the book “Thoughts Before Dawn,” which was published in Paris in 1980, Viktor Trostnikov was expelled from teaching and worked as a janitor.

“In our study of matter, we have already reached the point where the assumption of its substantiality (self-sufficiency) becomes a brake on further progress. To paraphrase Marx’s Manifesto, we can say that a ghost is haunting the entire field of scientific research - the ghost of the Creator. The latest material makes it increasingly obvious that there could be no “by itself”, that Someone at a certain moment created the universe out of nothing (the “big bang” of theoretical cosmogony and the “relict radiation” of observational astronomy), endowed it with certain properties that contributed to the achievement of certain goals (the "anthropic principle" of physics) and directed it towards this goal, imparting to it the corresponding impulses ("creationism" of biology).And you imagine that, running out onto the road along which a mass of scientists have gone, and spreading your arms, you will stop them and will you turn back to atheism?
Several years ago, my (Trostnikov’s) old friend, one of the greatest mathematicians of our time, asked me to take him to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Knowing about his materialistic upbringing, I expressed surprise. Lowering his voice, the academician told me: “I’m not stupid enough to be an atheist.”

All quotes given are given without references to sources and therefore cannot be considered at all convincing.
These quotes (and others), provided with links to the original source, are given in the book by Sergei Bantser

Great scientists of the past and contemporaries who believed in God

American scientist and
former attheist Francis
Collins is one of the
the first scientists ever
who revealed to the world the complex
structure of a DNA molecule. He
was so amazed
the most complex structure
code that I immediately changed
his attitude towards atheism and
acknowledged the existence
Gentlemen.
Francis Collins is
one of two scientists
who deciphered the code
DNA molecules and stated that 30
years ago he was
an atheist, but now he believes in
Gentlemen.

Stephen Hawking (English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, founder and director of the Center for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.)

It is difficult to discuss the origin of the universe without using the concept of God. My research into the origins of the universe straddles the border between science and religion, but I try to stay on the scientific side. It is quite possible that God acts in a way that is not described by scientific laws, but in this case a person can only rely on his own faith.
Even if there is only a single unified theory, it is simply a set of rules and equations. What is it that breathes fire into the equations and creates the universe for them to describe? The ordinary scientific approach to constructing a mathematical model does not answer the question of why the universe must exist to be described by this model. Why does the universe exist at all?
Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes,
(New York 1988) 174.

prof. John Polkinghorne (Polkinghorne is the author of five books on physics and 26 books on the relationship between science and religion, including such notable works as The Quantum World (1989), Quantum Physics and Theology: An Unexpected Relationship (2005), Exploring Reality: The Interweaving of Science and Religion (2007). He was knighted in 1997 and won the Templeton Prize in 2002.)

News
World famous atheist scientist: God exists
July 26, 2013
An absolute shock for the scientific world was the speech of the famous philosophy professor Anthony Flew: the scientist, who is now well over 80, has been one of the pillars of scientific atheism for many years. For decades, Flew published books and gave lectures based on the thesis that faith in the Almighty is unjustified, writes minval.az with reference to the Meta portal.

However, a series of recent scientific discoveries has forced the great defender of atheism to change his views. Flew publicly stated that he was wrong, and the Universe could not have arisen on its own - it was obviously created by someone more powerful than we can imagine.

According to Flew, previously he, like other atheists, was convinced that once upon a time, the first living matter simply appeared from dead matter. “Today it is impossible to imagine constructing an atheistic theory of the origin of life and the appearance of the first reproductive organism,” says Flew.

According to the scientist, modern data on the structure of the DNA molecule irrefutably indicate that it could not have arisen on its own, but was someone else’s design. The genetic code and the literally encyclopedic amounts of information that the molecule stores within it refutes the possibility of blind coincidence.

British physicist Martin John Rees, who won this year's Templeton Prize, believes that the Universe is a very complex thing. A scientist with more than 500 scientific papers to his credit received $1.4 million for proving the existence of a Creator. Although the physicist himself is an atheist, adds the Correspondent publication.

“According to the director of the International Institute of Theoretical and Applied Physics, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Anatoly Akimov, the existence of God has been proven by scientific methods,” INTERFAX reports.

“God exists, and we can observe manifestations of His will. This is the opinion of many scientists; they not only believe in the Creator, but rely on certain knowledge,” he said in an interview published on Friday by the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper.

At the same time, the scientist noted that in past centuries, many physicists believed in God. Moreover, until the time of Isaac Newton, there was no separation between science and religion; science was carried out by priests, since they were the most educated people. Newton himself had a theological education and often repeated: “I derive the laws of mechanics from the laws of God.”

When scientists invented a microscope and began to study what was happening inside the cell, the processes of duplication and division of chromosomes caused them a stunning reaction: “How can this happen if all this had not been foreseen by the Almighty?!”

“Indeed,” added A. Akimov, “if we talk about the fact that man appeared on Earth as a result of evolution, then, taking into account the frequency of mutations and the speed of biochemical processes, it would take much more time to create a man from primary cells than the age of the Universe itself.” .

“In addition,” he continued, “calculations were performed that showed that the number of quantum elements in the volume of the radio-observable Universe cannot be less than 10,155, and it cannot but possess superintelligence.”

“If this is all a single system, then, considering it as a computer, we ask: what is it that a computer system with so many elements cannot do? These are unlimited possibilities, greater than the most sophisticated and modern computer by an incommensurable number of times!” - the scientist emphasized.

In his opinion, what various philosophers called the Universal Mind, the Absolute, is a super-powerful system that we identify with the potential capabilities of the Almighty.

Dr. Henry Fritz Schaefer

Schaefer is a professor of chemistry at Georgia State University and director of the Quantum Chemistry Center. Schaefer, who was nominated for the Nobel Prize five times, is considered the third best chemist in the world in terms of recognition of his scientific achievements. Expressing the idea that the goal of scientific research is to know God, the scientist and religious man Schaefer says:
Anyone who has understood the meaning of science will also understand what pleasure it gives me. He will understand how I feel when I say: “This is God’s creation.”110

Isaac Bashevis Singer

The famous physicist of our day, Singer, is a scientist who denies evolution and believes in God. During one of his lectures, while criticizing Darwinism, he used the following interesting story:
“Scientists discovered a deserted island where no human had ever set foot before. The first to land on this island, they were very amazed by the local nature and life. They were amazed by the forests, full of animals and never seen by loggers. Having climbed the steep slope of the mountain, scientists looked around. There was no trace of civilization on the island. Returning to the ship, they suddenly discovered an elegant wristwatch of the latest model on the sand. The watch worked perfectly. The scientists were confused. Where did the watch come from here? They knew exactly what was on them no human has ever set foot on the island, but in this case there was only one option left: this watch with an expensive leather strap, with expensive glass, with hour and minute hands, with a battery and other details appeared on the island by itself, by chance, and how it was placed in the local sand. There was no alternative to this assumption! " At the end of the story, to clarify the misconception of evolutionists, Singer said: “Every watch has a watchmaker who made it.”111

Everything living and nonliving in the Universe contains some higher purpose. Therefore, none of the phenomena of the Universe can be attributed to chance. Everything in the world was created by the Great and Almighty Creator. Many of the modern scientists, like Singer, comprehending the perfection of the existing order in the Universe, point out to people that everything in the Universe was created by God.

Professor Malcolm Daneken Wintis

Malcolm Wintis, who is a professor of medicine at Huttin University as well as Northwestern University, believes that both the Universe and man were created by the Supreme Creator. He expresses this belief in these words:

"Based on physical methods, we can say that there is nothing more strange and senseless than the idea that heaven and earth with all their secrets, human life with all its forms, and, finally, the human being himself with all his highest faculties appeared on their own, as a result of chance. And if so, we must say that there is a genius who controls the Universe, that behind all this there is a Creator. And since man has a higher organization in comparison with all the creatures that surround him, he must strive to know the Creator."112

William Phillips

Before he was 50 years old, William Phillips won the Nobel Prize for his development of methods for trapping atoms with laser radiation. Today he is one of the most prominent physicists and at the same time a religious person. Speaking at a press conference after being awarded the Nobel Prize, he said:

“God gave us a beautiful world so that we could live in it and comprehend it.”113

Professor William Draper

Professor Draper, who received his doctorate from the University of Iowa, teaches soil science at the University of California and is also a member of the American Soil Science Institute.
He expressed the idea that the Universe could not have arisen by chance, but was created by God as follows:

“It is certain that both the heavens that are above us and the earth that are under our feet contain a plan and a purpose. To try to deny the power that embodied this plan and this purpose, that is, the Infinite Creator, is to not accept the norms of logic and reason And this contradiction is more flagrant than the one into which a person falls when he sees a field in the summer with yellowed, heavy ears of wheat, reminiscent of a sea of ​​wheat, but who at the same time denies that somewhere nearby there is a peasant who plowed and sowed this field ".114

William Dembski

The research of the modern mathematician Dembski covers a wide range of philosophical and theological problems. Dembski argues that science exists to understand the world, and scientists are only researchers of the creations of the Almighty. Here are examples of Dembski's statements that characterize his ideas:

“The world is the creation of God. Scientists, trying to understand it, repeat the thoughts of the Almighty. Scientists are not creators, but only discoverers of divine ideas
… What is created always testifies to its Creator."115

Professor Stephen Mayer

A professor of philosophy at Whiteworth University, Mayer is a scientist convinced of the truth of Creation. He is the author of many works on this topic. Below we present his statements on the issue that the Universe is the fruit of the embodiment of a conscious project.

“In nature you see excellent evidence of intelligent design.”116

“I assert that neither chance, nor prebiotic natural selection, nor physicochemical laws can explain the source of the emergence of information in the very first cell.”117

Professor Walter F. Bradley

Bradley, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Texas, is one of the authors of the book "The Mystery of the Origin of Life." Arguing that living organisms, inanimate objects and the entire Universe as a whole are the embodiment of a certain plan, he provides evidence of this, which is found at every step. Bradley speaks of his faith in the Creator this way:

“When I was at Cornell University in the spring of 1987, I gave a lecture on religion and science. At this lecture, I confirmed the existence of a Creator with scientific evidence.”118

Another Bradley quote:

“There is irrefutable and obvious evidence for the existence of an Intelligent Creator.”119

Professor Irrel Christer Rex

Rex is engaged in teaching, being a professor at the University of Washington and the University of Southern California, and at the same time is a fellow of the American Institute of Physics. Believing that the entire Universe was created by God and is controlled by Him, Professor Rex says:
“Modern theories that explain the origin of all things and determine the laws operating in the Universe quickly fall into dark and confusing dead ends if they contain ideas of denying God. Personally, I believe in the Creator and recognize that all things are in His Will.” 120

Dr Allan Sandage

One of the most famous astronomers today, who recognized the correctness of the religious concept of the Creation of the world by God. In a 1998 interview with Newsweek magazine, which featured the headline “Science Finds God,” Sandage explained his turn to religion this way:

“I was led to this by the incredible complexity of the world, one might say inaccessible to science. I can understand the mysteries of existence only with the help of faith.”121

Professor Cécile Hamar

Hamar, a professor of biology at Saint Louis University who also teaches biology at Haysberry University, is one of the deeply religious scientists of our time. Hamar says this about his beliefs:
“No matter what area of ​​science I had to pay attention to, I everywhere saw incomparable laws and patterns pointing to the existence of the Almighty Creator. I witnessed amazing examples of creation. Yes, I also believe in God and recognize that He gave life to everything that exists and that this world is under His protection. The power of God is sufficient for everything. And, moreover, I affirm that every particle of the creature called man is under His protection."122

Professor Paul Ernest

Paul Earnest, a professor at St. John's University and a member of the Society of American Surgeons, found faith in God after years of studying science. Professor Ernest puts it this way:

“I believe in God without any doubt. I was directed to this faith and strengthened in it by the field of science in which I am engaged...

And so I answer the question: “Yes, existence has a Creator.”123

Professor Lestergon Cimourdain

Professor Cimourdin, who completed his doctorate at the University of Bordeaux and teaches agronomy and mathematics at the University of Cochin, declares his faith in God in these words:

“There is no doubt that everything arose according to the Will of the Almighty God. He is the One who destined and showed the way for everything. As my research on soils and plants deepens, so does my faith in God...”124

Enrico Medi

Enrico Medi is a famous Italian scientist. Speaking at an international conference in Rome in 1971, he spoke about the miracles he encountered as a scientist. He summed up his reasoning as follows:
“Besides space and time, there is also a reason for everything that exists, because of which everything was created the way it is... This is God the Creator.”125

Professor Wayne Auld

Professor Auld completed his doctorate at Columbia University and worked as the head of the New York Geochemical Laboratory. Once, discussing the fact that scientific research strengthens faith in God, Professor Auld said:

“There is no doubt that advancement through the stages of knowledge, the desire to understand the causes and circumstances of the emergence of things is one of the greatest and most important qualities of the human mind. A scientist who recognizes the fact of the creation of the Universe and begins his research with faith, along the way, will certainly encounter evidence that will strengthen his faith"..126

Professor Michel P. Gerard

South Louisiana biology professor Michel Gerard is one of the scientists who argues that life could not have arisen by chance. He also says that the highly complex and perfect structures of cells and proteins are created by God

On July 5, 1998, Professor Gerard took part in the II International Conference organized by the Harun Yahya Foundation for Scientific Research entitled “The Collapse of the Theory of Evolution: The Truth of Creation.” At the conference, he made a presentation on the topic “Is life possible by chance?” Having stated his point of view and supported it with scientific evidence, he ended his speech with these words:

“The structure of living organisms is very different and much more complex than those obtained as a result of laboratory experiments. When we consider the laws of physics and chemistry and try to comment on this issue, the laws of physics and chemistry tell us: “There must be intelligent design, there must be there is a Creator, a Creator who has organized information. This explanation is the most scientific of all data to date. The laws of physics and chemistry also state otherwise: “The emergence of life from inanimate matter due to evolution is impossible.” And this is not only the end of my scientifically based speech, but at the same time the collapse of the theory of evolution."

Professor Edward Boudreau

Edward Boudreau, a professor of chemistry at New Orleans University, is convinced that chemical elements were ordered by God to create life. In 1998, this scientist took part in the second part of a conference organized in Istanbul on the topic “The Collapse of the Theory of Evolution: The Truth of Creation.”
In his report entitled "Project in Chemistry", he said, in part:

“The world in which we live and its laws were created by God in the form most favorable for human life.”

Professor Kenneth Cumming

An employee of the Institute for the Study of the Creation of the Earth in the USA, who is world famous in the field of biochemistry and paleontology, Professor Kenneth Cumming opposes the theory of evolution and believes in the existence of God. He says:

"I think that the overwhelming evidence on this subject has shown the worthlessness of this theory. The evidence presented in defense of evolution must be refuted and the fall of this idea made obvious. Everything we see around us is a small piece of creation with all its variations and everything as a whole was created by God, who possesses the Supreme and Absolute Knowledge"...127

Professor Karl Fliermans

One of the most famous US scientists today, Carl Fliermans, is a professor of microbiology at Indiana University. Professor Fliermans is leading US Department of Defense-supported research into the possibility of neutralizing chemical waste using bacteria.
In his speech at a conference in Istanbul on the topic “The Collapse of the Theory of Evolution: The Truth of Creation,” refuting Darwinism from a biochemical point of view, Professor Fliermans said:
“Modern biology has proven that living organisms did not arise as a result of evolution, but are themselves proof of the fact of Divine creation.”

Professor David Menton

Professor David Menton, who teaches anatomy at the University of Washington, expresses his faith in God in these words: "I have been studying anatomy for 30 years. In every study I have encountered the truth: everything exists because of God's perfect creation."

Professor John Morris

The famous geologist Professor John Morris is the director of the Institute for the Study of the Creation of the Earth in the USA - the most active scientific organization created by scientists defending the point of view of the Divine Creation of the Universe.

In one of his speeches, Professor Morris stated as follows his belief in God and that the theory of evolution has been refuted by science:
"We, doctors and professors, are religious people. We believe in God. We sincerely believe that God is the Creator. God the Creator is the One on whom our lives depend and to whom we must obey. Humanity owes its existence to Him and therefore We must live in such a way that He is pleased with us.

The truth of history is Creation, not evolution. All the data confirms this. Many scientists have seen that Darwinism is a completely scientifically disproved phenomenon. Now they are disseminating the results of their research. We, using this data, are able to convey a more correct approach, that is, a way of thinking that takes into account the truth of Creation. And you can also communicate data on this issue to people around you. We must trust science, and we must trust the kind of science that confirms the truth of Creation."128

Arthur Peacock

The famous biochemist and head of the Ian Ramsay Center Arthur Peacock speaks of his faith in the Almighty as follows:

“God creates and is present in every moment of the world He created. God is above the past, present and future. He is Eternal and Primordial, because His non-existence never was, is not and will not be in the future.”129

Professor Albert Macomp Winstis

After completing his doctorate at the University of Texas, Albert Winstis became a professor of biology at Paylor University and chairman of the Florida Academy of Science.
Saying that scientific work strengthened his faith in God, Professor Winstis said:
“I have worked in various fields of human knowledge and devoted many years to this activity. At the same time, I can sincerely say that I have never encountered anything in science that would shake my faith in God. On the contrary, research has only strengthened my conviction, that the Creator exists. Now my faith is much stronger and more stable.

Without a doubt, science helps a person to see more clearly the Power and Greatness of the Creator. When we discover something new in our area, our faith in God strengthens... The more our knowledge increases, the better we understand what God has created, the stronger our conviction that the Lord exists."130

Mahdi Gulshani

Professor of physics at the University of Tehran Mahdi Gulshani, in an interview given to Newsweek magazine, discussing faith and the unity of scientific research with religion, expressed himself as follows:

“Natural phenomena are traces of Allah in the Universe. Studying them is almost a religious duty. In the Koran, people are told: “Walk on the earth and see how We created everything.” Study is a religious act, because in its process the perfection of the Divine becomes even clearer Creations".131

Professor Edwin Faust

Professor Faust completed his doctorate at the University of Oklahoma. There he teaches physics. This scientist believes that the Universe and living organisms could not have arisen as a result of the fact that atoms, which are the building blocks of matter, came together in the right combinations on their own. He says:

“The Most High is the Creator who created all things. These words are simple, but contain great meaning, because they express the greatness and holiness of the true God.”132

Charles H. Townes

Townes, who discovered the laser, continues his research at the University of Berkeley. He talks about his faith in God:

“As a religious person, I deeply feel the existence of the Creator and his impact on the entire Universe.”133

John Polkinghorne

The renowned physicist Polkinghorne, working at the University of Cambridge, is an expert in particle physics. In an interview with Newsweek magazine, he said:
“When you realize how supernaturally finely tuned the laws of nature were to create the universe, you see that this world was created for a reason, and there is some purpose behind it.”134

“In my opinion, the fundamental element of belief in God is the recognition that there is an idea and a purpose in the universe.”135

Hugh Ross

The famous American astrophysicist, professor at the University of Toronto, Hugh Ross, is the chairman of the Foundation of Faith Society, which defends the truth of Creation. He is the author of many books dealing with issues of cosmology and creation. Among them are “The Creator and Space”, “Creation and Time”, “Beyond Space”. Here are some of Ross's statements on the creation of the Universe.
“If space and time came together in an explosion, then the cause that caused the Universe to come into being must be absolutely independent of time and space. This tells us that the Creator is beyond all dimensions of the Universe.”136

“The Most High Wise Creator created the Universe from nothing. The Most High Wise Creator designed the Universe and planet Earth. And again, the Most High Wise Creator created life.”..137

Professor Dr. Duane Gish

University of California biochemistry professor Duane Gish became known for his religiosity and determined fight against Darwinism. Gish is often talked about in the scientific world because he constantly participates in anti-evolutionist forums and discussions with followers of this theory.

In 1998, the Foundation for Scientific Research organized an international conference entitled "The Collapse of the Theory of Evolution: The Truth of Creation", which was held in three stages: April 4 and July 5 in Istanbul, July 12 in Ankara. World-famous scientists, who at the same time are deeply religious people, were invited and spoke at this conference.

Professor Gish spoke three times at the conference "The Collapse of Evolution: The Truth of Creation" held in Turkey in 1998. Here is one of Gish's sayings on this subject, expressing his firm belief in Creation:
"The theory of evolution is already in its death throes. The idea of ​​Creation is presented with clear evidence. Thousands of scientists find this concept more convincing. Their number is growing every day"138

Dr. Pierre Gunnar Jerlström

Professor of molecular biology at Griffith University, Jerlström has carried out a large amount of work in his field and has received various scientific awards for it. Jerlström regularly publishes in scientific journals. He is a supporter of the idea of ​​​​the Creation of the Universe.139

Dr. Stefan Grocott

Grocott, an industrial chemist at Western Australia University, has carried out extensive research in analytical and industrial chemistry. Grocott is the author of many scientific articles. He was originally an evolutionist, but when confronted with the evidence for Creation, he accepted this view and broke with Darwinism. Grocott was a participant in many scientific conferences on the creation of the Universe. 140

Dmitry Kuznetsov

The Russian scientist Kuznetsov, who claims that many scientists, having encountered the immutability of truth in the course of their research, begin to believe in God and turn to religion, is known for his scientific discussions with evolutionists.141

Dr. Emil Silvestru

Professor at the University of Babes-Bogliai, Dr. Silvestru is a recognized authority in the field of cave geology. By publishing his articles in international academic journals and being the head of the world's first speleological institute, Dr. Silvestru defends the position of the Creation of the Universe..142

Dr. Andre Eggen

A proponent of the idea of ​​Creation, Dr. Andre Eggen is the author of extensive research in the field of animal genetics. Currently he is working on a program of the French government. 143

Dr Ian MacReady

Dr. MacReady is the author of important works on molecular biology and microbiology. He has completed more than 60 studies while serving as Principal Investigator of the Biomolecular Research Institute of the Australian Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. This great scientist, who believes in the creation of the Universe, was awarded the highest prize of the Australian Microbiological Society.144

Professor Andro Sinovaivi

A world-famous physiologist, Sinovaivi was the head of the department of physiology and pharmacology at Northwestern University from 1925 to 1946. In 1946 - 1953, as a professor, he worked as dean of the medical faculty of the University of Genvy, and then became a professor of physiology at the University of Chicago. To the question “Does everything that exists have a Creator?” Sinovoivi replies: “Yes, I believe in His existence!” Moreover, Sinovaivi says:
“I believe in the existence of God, as in the existence of myself, as in the reality of a thing that I can touch with my hand. Undoubtedly, my faith in the Lord is the only and highest way to think about the created world and find meaning in it. Conviction in the existence of the Creator adds much more meaning to the creature called man than the idea that man is just a bundle of matter and energy. Faith in God is the source of the highest and most humane thoughts about love."145

Dr. Raymond Jones

Jones is a researcher who worked for many years at the Australian Government Research Organization. He became famous for solving the Leucaena problem and thereby earning millions of dollars for Australian agriculture. At the same time, he is a supporter of the idea of ​​Creation.146

Jules H. Poyrir

As an electronics design engineer, Poirir is involved in critical defense and space developments for the US government. Poirir's work at the University of California in the fields of physics, mathematics and electronic engineering has found wide application in American defense and space programs. Faced with examples of the manifestation of the power of the Almighty in living organisms, Poirir defends the point of view of their Creation by God. A scientist has written a book on the subject, featuring a stunning example of the design found in the monarch butterfly. The original title of this work is From Darkness to Light to Flight: Monarch - the Miracle Butterfly .147

Michael J. Behe

Another famous scientist in the world who adheres to the point of view of the existence of intelligent design in the Universe and in living organisms is Michael J. Behe. He is a professor of biology at Lehi University in Pennsylvania. Behe, who has published a number of articles in such reputable newspapers as the New York Times and the Boston Review, is also the author of the book Darwin's Black Box.

This work, which argues that evolutionary theory is unacceptable from the point of view of biology, was published in the 80s of the 20th century. several publications.

Behe proves the inconsistency of the theory of evolution using the concept of “irreducible complexity.” According to his idea, in the body of living beings there are simultaneously many parts and organs that work in complete harmony with each other. If one part fails, it will affect the entire body and as a result it will lose its vital functions. Therefore, their random or stepwise occurrence is impossible. In Darwin's Black Box, Michael Behe ​​writes:

"They were not formed by the laws of nature out of necessity or by chance. All this was planned in advance. The one who prepares the project knows best what the systems as a whole will ultimately be. Therefore, every step in the formation of the systems was thought out in advance. Life on Earth , from its simplest forms to the most complex - the result of a conscious design that contains the entire reality around us. In order to understand the conscious design of the biochemical systems of living organisms, it is not necessary to create new principles of logic or science. Research conducted in the field of biochemistry in recent years 40 years are enough to undeniably show all these truths that surround us in everyday life."148

Philip Johnson

Philip Johnson is a law professor at the University of Chicago and the author of many studies of the ideological side of the theory of evolution. He owns the books "Darwin on Trial", "Reason in the Balance", "Objection sustained", three books on criminal law and many articles. Johnson, known for his uncompromising fight against the theory of evolution, is at the same time a believer.
Here are some of his statements on this issue:

“As a religious person, I deeply believe in God and His Creation.”149

...I want to challenge materialistic evolution. Let's rally around the Creator!150

Charles Birch

A professor at the Australian University of Sydney, Birch is known for his commitment to the idea of ​​Creation. In 1990, for his scientific struggle against atheism, he was awarded the Templeton Prize for his contribution to the spread of religion. He expressed his faith in the Almighty in these words:

“God, who is the source of all values, is closer to man than his hands and breath. The existence of God is true.”151

God created the Earth and makes it alive.152

S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Professor of physics and head of the science department at the English Open University, Burnell was among the astronauts who discovered the star Atarca. Burnell, a believer in God, puts it this way:
…I believe in the Almighty, All-Knowing God, who is at the same time Merciful to us and protects us..153

...I am confident in the existence of One God.154

Professor Owen Gingerich

Professor of astronomy and historian of science, Gingerich is a scientist convinced of the existence of a Supreme Creator. He expresses his religious feelings as follows:

…I believe in God, Who possesses the Greatest and Excellent Knowledge. He planned and carried out the Creation of the Universe... I believe that the emergence of people was the basic principle for the creation of the Universe, and also that humanity, with its consciousness, conscience, morality, the ability to distinguish truth from falsehood, serves as evidence of the manifestation of God."155

Professor Karl Friedrich von Weizsäcker

A physics professor at the Max Planck University in Germany talks about his belief in God:

…One of the things I have complete confidence in is the existence of God. .156

Professor David Berlinsky

Berlinsky, a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, is convinced that living organisms have not undergone evolution, but, on the contrary, are the fruit of a conscious project. In many of his speeches, Berlinsky names God as the author of this project. Here are examples of Berlinsky's statements:

...Life has a complex structure, and this is created according to a precise design. Reason is needed even to make a thimble. Why then should other things in my life arise differently?157

…Molecular biology shows that all living things are created by God.158

Professor William Lane Craig

Craig, who is a professor of philosophy at the University of Birmingham and a professor of theology at the University of Munich, believes that God created the universe out of nothing for a purpose. Here's what he writes:

The existence of the Universe has a specific design. I believe that the cause of the Universe is One God the Creator. Otherwise, how could a temporary action result from an infinite action?.. Both science and philosophy come to the conclusion that the Universe had a beginning. Every existing thing has a reason for its appearance, which in itself does not need anything, it is infinite, unchangeable, timeless and immaterial and has an independent will.

In the end, I admit that it is logical to believe in God159

“In fact, according to the rule that “out of nothing only nothing can come,” the Big Bang must have had a supernatural cause. Since there was previously a unity that was the boundary of the concepts of time and space, the Big Bang could not have had a physical cause On the contrary, what led to the Big Bang must be unimaginably powerful, completely independent of the Universe, and completely beyond space and time. Moreover, this cause must be a conscious force with an independent will... Therefore, the root cause of the Universe is the Creator, Who created everything solely according to His desire at a certain moment in the past."160

Dr. Kurt Weiss

Kurt Weiss is a paleontologist in the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at Bayen College, known for his opposition to the theory of evolution and his strong religious beliefs. He says about this:
"Creation is not a theory. That God created the Universe is the truth itself..."161

Siegfried Hartwig Scherer

A professor of anthropology at the University of Zurich, Scherer is the author of a book entitled "Is Ramapithecus an Ancestor of Man?" Scherer, who argues in his works that the facts of paleontology refute the theory of evolution, and also that monkeys are not the ancestors of humans, is confident that living organisms were created by God.162

J.P. Morland

Moreland is a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and the author of The Creation Hypothesis. Morland is known as a scientist committed to belief in a Creator.163

Paul A. Nelson

University of Chicago biology professor Nelson is one of the proponents of the idea that living organisms are the product of a conscious design.164

Professor Jonathan Wells

Wells, a professor of theology at Yale University and a professor of molecular and cellular biology at the University of Berkeley, is the author of a book called Charles Hodge's Critique of Darwinism. Wells believes that the latest scientific evidence proves that living organisms are the fruit of Creation.165

Dr. Don Batten

Dr. Batten has carried out a large amount of research in plant physiology and has received many academic awards for his research.

In addition to plant physiology, Batten, being a religious man, published many books and articles on the evidence of Creation found on Earth. Batten regularly tours the world giving lectures on "Answering Creation Questions." In them, he talks about evidence of the Creation of the Universe and life by God, using language that is understandable to people not privy to scientific problems. The first such tour of an Australian scientist took place in England in 1995.166

Dr. John Baumgardner

Dr. Baumgardner works in geophysics and space physics, and also teaches at the University of California. Despite the fact that Baumgardner was raised in the spirit of evolutionary theory, his own research into the dead-end problems of this concept led to his abandonment of it and the transition to the point of view of the Creation of the Universe.167

Professor Dr. Donald Chittick

Donald Chittick is a professor of chemistry at Oregon State University who has received many awards for his work. Chittick, convinced of the truth of Creation, takes part in such seminars on this issue as “Evidence of Creation”, “Creation and the Primeval World”, etc.168

Dr. Wenner Gitt

Professor and Director of the German Federal Institute of Physics, Dr. Gitt is the author of many scientific articles in the fields of mathematics, computer science and control engineering. At the same time, Gitt, who believes in Creation, wrote several books on this topic: “Did God Use Evolution?”, “In the Beginning Was Knowledge,” “The Stars and Their Purpose: Heavenly Guides,” “If Animals Could Speak?” and others.169

Dr. Harry E. Parker

Early in his career, Parker, now a professor of biology, physiology and geology at Balla State University, was an evolutionist. Confronted with compelling evidence for the truth of creation, Parker accepted this view and rejected the theory of evolution. Parker is the author of many books on biology and the problems of Creation. In recent years, he often takes part in scientific seminars, where he defends his point of view.170

Dr. Margaret Helder

Alberta Yaratеleyu Bilimleri Derneрi "nin bayukanе olan, tsnemli bilim adamе, botanikзi Dr. Helder, yaratеleyua inanan kaden bilim adamlarе arasеnda belki de en aktif olanеdеr. Зevremizde gкрдьрьмьz yaratеleyu delillerini izer en pek zok makale yazmeyuter.171

Prof. Dr. Jonathan D. Sarfati

Chairman of the Alberta Creation Science Society, Dr. Helder is a leading botanist and perhaps the world's leading proponent of the truth of Creation. Dr. Helder is the author of many articles on the compelling evidence of the truth of Creation that is all around us.172

Professor Robert Matthews

Oxford University physics professor Robert Matthews, in a book he wrote in 1992, speaks of the miracle of Divine Creation in the following words:
“All these processes - from a cell to a living baby, then to a small child and, finally, to an adult - proceed in perfect harmony. Such phenomena, which are observed in all areas of biology, can only be explained by a miracle. How is it that such a perfect and a complex organism arises from such a simple and small cell? From a cell smaller than the small dot above the letter "i" Man grows. This is nothing less than a miracle! "173

Dr. Claude Tremontant

Dr. Claude Tremontant conducts his scientific activities at the University of Paris. He expressed his conviction that the world did not arise by chance, but was created, in the magazine “Realities” as follows:
“No theory of chance is capable of explaining the Creation of our world. To assert that living organisms were created by chance is meaningless.”174

Dr. Don Page

Don Page completed his PhD in physics and astronomy in 1976 at the University of California, working alongside some of the world's leading scientists. Page believes that understanding the laws of the Universe will help to comprehend the Wisdom and Power of the Creator, while believing that Divine Majesty and Knowledge is not limited to the Universe.175

Dr. Andrew Snelling

Professor of Geology, Dr Snelling is a member of scientific groups such as CSIRO and ANSTO, as well as the US-British-Swiss-Japanese scientific program. He published many articles based on the results of these studies.
Snelling, who has received many awards for his contributions to science, is the author of several articles on the evidence of Creation contained in living organisms.176

Dr. Karl Wieland

Dr. Wieland is a prominent promoter of evidence for the truth of Creation. He has published many articles on this issue in various international journals..177

Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

Galileo Galilei was the first person to see the sky through a telescope. Galileo was the first to claim that the Earth was round and suggested that the Moon had dark areas, mountains and craters. Having made a great contribution to science and rightfully occupying an honorable place in its history, this man believed that reason, the ability to feel and speak were given to us by God, and believed that these gifts should be used in the best possible way. He defended the evidence that everything in nature exists due to Divine design. Galileo said that “nature, without a doubt, is the Second Book of God, which we must not refuse, which we are obliged to read,” thus asserting that there can be no contradiction between the Holy Books and the Divine creations, because both others are created by God

Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727)

Newton, considered the greatest scientist of all time, was both a mathematician and a physicist. If we evaluate Newton's contribution to science, we should first of all point to his discovery of the law of universal gravitation. Newton connected force and acceleration through the concept of mass. He derived the principle of action and reaction and put forward the thesis that the speed of a body will not change if the resultant force on the body is zero.

For four centuries now, Newton's dynamic laws have been applied without change in all areas of human activity: from the simplest engineering calculations to the most complex technological projects.

In addition to the law of universal gravitation, Newton made important discoveries in such fundamental fields as mechanics and optics. By discovering the seven colors that make up light, Newton laid the foundation for optics as an entirely new branch of science.

Along with these achievements, which determined the further development of human thought for a long time, Newton wrote serious works refuting atheism and defending the hypothesis of creation. He formulated his point of view as follows: “Creation is the only scientific explanation.” Newton believed that the mechanical Universe, which is, as he put it, “a continuously working giant clock,” could only be the work of a Creator possessing Infinite Knowledge and Power.

At the heart of Newton's world-changing discoveries was his desire to get closer to God. Newton’s way of knowing God and getting closer to Him was to study God’s creations. Having this goal in mind, the scientist passionately devoted himself to research work. Here is what Newton says in his work Principia Mathematica ("Laws of Mathematics") about the reason that inspired his scientific research:

“Like weak slaves, we need God. To the best of our intelligence, we must comprehend the power and greatness of Divine Knowledge and surrender to Him.”18

"The Almighty is Infinite and Absolute. He is Omnipotent and Omniscient. His existence is associated with eternity. He knows about everything that was and everything that will be. He is Infinite and Limitless. He is Eternal. His existence is endless. He is present everywhere. Being at any time in any place, He creates time and its intervals

Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867)

Faraday, recognized as the greatest physicist of his time, played an important role in the study of the phenomena of electricity and magnetism. In addition to physics, Faraday made significant contributions to chemistry.

He was a scientist who believed in God and believed that science and religion should be in harmony. Faraday believed that “since the world was created by the One Creator, everything in nature represents particles of a single whole.” Based on this principle, Faraday came to the conclusion that electricity and magnetism are related to each other.

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)

One of the most significant scientists of our era, Albert Einstein, was at the same time a religious man. He argued that science cannot develop in isolation from religion. These words belong to him:

“I cannot imagine a real scientist who does not have deep faith. This can also be expressed this way: you cannot believe in godless science.”48

Einstein believed that the wonderful order present in the Universe could not have arisen by chance and that the surrounding world was created by a Creator possessing a Supreme Intelligence. For Einstein, who often wrote about his belief in God, the miraculous nature of the order of the universe was extremely important. Above we cited Einstein’s famous words that “godless science is lame,”49 in which he expressed how inextricable, in his opinion, the connection between science and religion is.

Einstein stated that “a certain religious reverence must be born in every student of nature.”50

He also said: “Everyone who is seriously involved in science is convinced that in the laws of nature there is a certain spirit, and this spirit is higher than man. For this reason, studying science leads a person to religion.”

Einstein's point of view on science is also revealed in his following words:

"When religious feeling disappears, science becomes mere experimentation without inspiration

P We present to your attention a list of scientists (scientists mean people involved in natural sciences and mathematics; we have deliberately narrowed this concept) whose worldview was religious. This list will not add anything new to the debate about science and faith, but it may prevent many people from accepting the false premises that so often interfere with unbiased discussion. If you believe that modern science was founded by humans atheistic, positivist, scientistic or materialistic looks, you will understand that this is not the case. Or if you are convinced that in the modern era a scientist cannot adhere to a religious worldview, you will also understand that this is far from true. Moreover, you will see that science as a method is very closely combined with faith in the Creator in the vast majority of the most significant scientists who carefully mine what we later call scientific knowledge.

Looking at historical works, we will see that much has been said about the harmony between science and faith that existed in the Middle Ages. During this era, a real synthesis took place between science and faith: the first universities were founded, Christian philosophy took shape, which developed into a coherent system, and the scientific method was formulated. The inseparability of these two areas, religious and scientific, faith and reason in the Middle Ages was obvious to almost all thinkers. We will not try here to formulate the approach of medieval thinkers to these problems; we only need to state a fact.

One of the reasons for the end of the worldview of the Middle Ages was the gap between science and faith; they were no longer understood as something interdependent, and apparent contradictions began to arise. Thus, already in the 17th century, people appeared in the scientific community who openly declared their atheistic worldview. We began our review precisely from this time, when a thinking person, one way or another, had to make a choice between a positivist, secular or religious worldview. That is, the religious worldview has ceased to be something taken for granted. It may be objected that at that time the influence of the Church was strong and scientists were forced to at least formally declare themselves believers in order not to be subject to sanctions and not to lose their positions. But already the British scientist Robert Boyle (1627–1691) established lectures designed to protect the Christian faith from "notorious infidels, viz. atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and Muslims". From this we conclude that at that time there were people known for their non-religious worldview, which means that any scientist had a choice. Or if we consider the society of Cardinal Richelieu, Blaise Pascal and Rene Descartes - France of the same 17th century, it is also known about this country that atheistic views were widespread among the nobility. It is known that Pascal tried to challenge these views by writing his famous “Thoughts on Religion and Other Subjects.”

We cannot help but note that almost all of the scientists we named actively defended a religious view of life, and if they were hidden atheists, then, while formally recognizing faith, they would not have taken any active actions. Moreover, atheistic views not only existed, they were recorded even in medieval manuscripts, including ancient Russian ones. And if these views existed and could be expressed under conditions of almost absolute authority of the Church, then it was all the easier to express and defend them when this authority weakened, in the era of secularization, which began approximately in the 16th–17th centuries.

We in no way claim that this list undeniable, and we are not ready to guarantee that each of the listed scientists had a religious worldview; on the contrary, due to a lack of sources, our list is vulnerable to criticism. But nevertheless, in almost every case we try to present arguments in favor of the fact that a particular person adhered (for us it is less important what religion he belonged to and whether he was a believer) of a religious worldview. Moreover, we deliberately did not include in the list people who converted to Christianity at the end of their lives; it was important for us that the person consistently adheres to a certain religious worldview. For example, we did not include John von Neumann, who converted to a Catholic priest before his death, which shocked his friends and which could be interpreted as his conversion, or Anthony Flew, who became a committed deist late in life under the influence of the fine-tuning argument. . To make the list more “reliable,” we tried our best to avoid including in it people whose worldview there is conflicting information: the names of Mendeleev, Pavlov, Einstein, Bohr and many other famous scientists who can be called both religious and non-religious, in our list was not included.

The only thing we would like to show with this list is that, despite modern assurances that positivism(or atheism) And the science go hand in hand, the vast majority of scientists rejected positivism as a worldview adequate to reality. Moreover, many of the scientists we presented were the founders of new fields of science; our list represents almost all time periods, including the modern era and almost all possible scientific disciplines. This begs the question: if people endowed with outstanding abilities to understand reality did not lose their faith, but, on the contrary, were affirmed in it and saw it inseparably from their studies in science, that is, understanding the structure of the universe did not deprive them of faith, then how can one even say that Does science somehow contradict faith?

Thus, although the medieval view of the world left the minds of leading philosophers and thinkers, it found true allies both in the founders of modern science and in the outstanding scientists of a science already established in its foundations. Many modern thinkers tell us that this is impossible. But what will the scientists themselves say, what is their position, and in general, how many are there among all scientists, what is their contribution to science? We tried to answer these questions with this list.

Let us explain its device. The more influential the scientist’s contribution to the development of science, the larger the size of the letters in which his name is written, ranging from 16 to 22 inclusive. This characteristic is quite subjective, but in any case it somehow helps to navigate the list. Next, in the right corner, the foreign language (if we are not talking about Russian or Soviet scientists) name of the scientist is written, after which his years of life are indicated in brackets, and for each discipline the list is sorted by year of birth. After italics the scientist’s faith and the rationale for both his belonging to this faith and his religious worldview as a whole are written. For isolated cases this justification is absent, but in these cases we are almost sure that it is undeniable. Following the justification there is a description of the scientist’s scientific achievements, a justification of his significance for science (no italics). The number of the book (in the list of used literature) to which the reference is being given is indicated in square brackets, and separated by a comma - the page of the publication indicated at the bottom of the page.

List of scientists with a religious worldview
scientists are people who study natural sciences and mathematics

Medicine

Worldview. Anglican. A deeply religious man, on the day of the discovery of the fact that malaria is transmitted to people through mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, Ross wrote the following verses in his diary:

Worldview. A Catholic, the scientist describes his worldview in his book Reflections on Life: “Jesus knows our world. Unlike the god Aristotle wrote about, He does not despise us. We can turn to Jesus and He answers us. He was a man like us, but at the same time He is God, surpassing all things.” Carrel was involved in research into the miracles and visions at Lourdes, going from disbelieving them to accepting the spiritual reasons for Mary Baillie's healing in 1902 because they could not be rationally explained (from an article in Scientific American) ).
Contribution to science. Biologist and surgeon, pioneer in transplantology, in 1912 received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs."

Worldview. Orthodox, archbishop (since 1946), canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the host of Russian martyrs and confessors. Voino-Yasenetsky’s worldview is known, among other things, from his letters to his son Mikhail: “in serving God all my joy, my whole life, for my faith is deep. However, I do not intend to leave both medical and scientific work.” or “if you only knew how stupid and limited atheism is, how alive and real communication is with God and those who love him.”
Contribution to science. A physician, he wrote the monograph “Essays on Purulent Surgery,” which became a reference book for doctors. The scientist also made a contribution to anesthesiology, with his monograph “Regional Anesthesia”; he was the first to describe anesthesia of the trigeminal nerve by introducing ethyl alcohol directly into the trunks of its branches, as well as into the gasserian node.

Worldview. A Catholic, in a 1996 interview with the National Catholic Register, Murray said this: “Is the Church hostile to science? As someone who is Catholic and a scientist, I don't notice this. One truth is the truth of revelation, the other is scientific. If one truly believes that creation is very good, there is no harm in studying science. The more we learn about creation and how it came into being, it only adds to the glory of the Lord. Personally, I have never seen any conflict here.”
Contribution to science. Plastic surgeon, co-founder of transplantology. In 1954, Murray became the first surgeon to perform a successful kidney transplant. Scientist awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 for his work on organ and cell transplantation. Murray's team is also known for discovering immune suppression drugs.

Worldview. Protestant. Since 2011, he has headed the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (the first Protestant to hold this position). Arber wrote that “faith in God helped me solve many questions that arose before me in the course of my life; she helps me find a way out of critical situations.” Arber did not separate his faith from scientific work and drew religious conclusions from his knowledge, for example, he wrote: “The simplest cells need at least several hundred different biological macromolecules for their work. It remains a big mystery to me how such very complex objects, already at that time, were brought together. The possibility of the existence of a Creator, God, seems to me a satisfactory solution to this problem.”
Contribution to science. Microbiologist and geneticist. Received Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for "the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application in molecular genetics."

Geology

Worldview. Anglican. In the dispute between the conservative wing of the High Church and the more liberal part of the Anglicans, Sedgwick was clearly on the side of the former, and he defended his position quite vociferously. He believed that diverse living organisms emerged through numerous acts of Divine creation over time. In one of his letters he called Darwin’s theory “simply false” and throughout his life he opposed it. Sedgwick believed that physical and moral, metaphysical truths are separate, and that forgetting this truth will lead to monstrous consequences.
Contribution to science. Geologist, one of the founders of this science in its modern understanding. Introduced the concepts of the Devonian and Cambrian periods. He was the first to distinguish between the processes of stratification, fusion and cleavage.

Worldview. Rational theism. Denomination (presumably) - Anglican Church. He was one of the first people to support Darwin's theory of evolution of species. However, it was difficult for him to reconcile her with his faith. In particular, he found it difficult to believe that natural selection was the main force promoting evolution.
Contribution to science. The founder of modern geology, the author of the ideas of actualism and uniformitarianism. “One of the most outstanding scientists of the 19th century” (Brockhaus and Efron). He developed the doctrine of slow and continuous changes in the earth's surface under the influence of constant geological factors.

Worldview. Christian (denomination unknown). Agassiz believed that the Divine Design could be found everywhere in nature, and could not convince himself of the validity of a theory that did not mention this Design. He defined species as "the thought of God" and wrote in his Essay on Classification: "Collected in space and time, all these ideas show not only thought, but also intentionality, power, wisdom, greatness, foresight, omniscience and providence. In a word, all these facts in their natural interconnection loudly proclaim the One God whom man can know, adore and love; and natural history must ultimately become a study of the thoughts of the Creator of the Universe.” Agassiz was a creationist and rejected Darwin's theory from the moment it appeared, drawing on Plato's idealistic philosophy and taking Platonic forms as the basis of biological concepts. Thus, Agassiz was also an idealist.
Contribution to science. One of the founders of glaciology. He was the first to propose a scientific hypothesis that the Earth went through an ice age in the past.

Worldview. Protestant. From the source: “Dan's religious beliefs are described as strong and orthodox. He believed that if God wanted to reveal to him the truth of sensory things, then he would reveal it through nature. Dana did not consider the Bible a technical reference book. The scientist’s views on the theory of evolution are interesting, he wrote: “The evolution of life occurred through the formation of some species through others, in accordance with natural ways that we cannot yet clearly understand, and with a small number of cases of supernatural intervention.” Dana defended the view that there were few Divine interventions in the visible world, but he accepted the theory of evolution. In his free time, Dana wrote hymns." In order to harmonize scientific research and the Bible, between 1856 and 1857 he wrote the book “Science and the Bible”.
Contribution to science. Geologist, mineralogist and zoologist. He was a foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1858). He published a chemical classification of minerals and proposed the terms “geosyncline” and “geoanticline”. His textbooks on geology and mineralogy were used throughout the 19th century and even into the next. Charles Darwin praised Dan's work, calling it "wonderfully agreeable" and praising it for its accuracy.

Astronomy

Worldview. Christian. Many of his letters were devoted to discussions of theological issues; Herschel believed that God's Universe was subject to order, a belief that led him to conclude that "an ungodly astronomer must be crazy."
Contribution to science. Astronomer, discovered the planet Uranus and its two main satellites, as well as two satellites of Saturn. He was the first to discover infrared radiation and coin the term “asteroid”. During his life he invented about four hundred telescopes.

Worldview. Catholic. The monk, a Jesuit, was the head of the Pontifical Gregorian University (Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana, Universitas Gregoriana Societatis Jesu) for 28 years.
Contribution to science. Among astronomers, Secchi received the unofficial title of “father of astrophysics.” He was a pioneer in the field of astronomical spectroscopy. Thus, Secchi invented the first heliospectograph, stellar spectrograph and telespectroscope. He was the first to experimentally prove that the Sun is a star. He proposed the first classification of stars. He discovered three comets, one of which is named after him. He also proved himself in other areas. In order to measure the transparency of water, he invented the so-called. Secchi disk. While studying the climate of Rome, he invented a “meteograph” to record some type of weather data.

Worldview. Anglican (presumably). in an interview published in The Observer, Jeans was asked: “Do you think life on Earth arose by chance, or do you think it is part of a much larger system?”, to which the scientist replied: “I am inclined to an idealistic theory, according to which the basis is consciousness, and the material Universe is a derivative of consciousness, and not vice versa.”
Contribution to science. Mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He refuted Laplace's theory about the birth of the solar system from a gas cloud. Together with Arthur Eddington, he founded British cosmology. Discovered the Rayleigh-Jeans radiation law for the equilibrium radiation density of an absolutely black body and for the emissivity of an absolutely black body.

Worldview. Quaker. Eddington adhered to the philosophy of idealism in his views on the world; in his book “The Nature of the Physical World,” the scientist claims that the world “the matter of the world is the matter-mind,” that is, “The matter-mind of the world, of course, is nothing more, than the individual conscious mind - the mind-stuff is not scattered in space and time; they are part of the cyclical plan extracted from it” (pp. 276-281). The scientist argued with Albert Einstein and other scientists who support determinism, trying to defend indeterminism: he said that “indeterminism asserts that physical objects have an ontologically indefinite component, and its reason does not lie in the epistemological limitation of the physicist’s understanding. Thus, the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics will be determined not by hidden parameters, but by the very indeterminism in nature.”
Contribution to science. An astrophysicist, during the observation of a solar eclipse in 1919, the scientist was one of the first to receive confirmation of the theory of relativity. Author of the Eddington limit in astronomy (the amount of power of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the interior of a star, at which it is in a state of equilibrium). He calculated the number of protons in the observable Universe, it is named after him, although recently it has been slightly adjusted.

Inventors

Worldview. Calvinist, priest.
Contribution to science. In 1816, the scientist invented the Stirling engine, trying to protect workers from burns, and at that time the theoretical basis for such an engine did not yet exist (it appeared only in 1825, in the works of S. Carnot). He also invented a number of optical instruments.

Worldview. A Christian, interested in the relationship between science and faith, donated funds to provide lectures on the “connection between the Bible and Science.” The first dispatch was sent by telegraph by the scientist himself, her words were: “Wonderful are Your works, Lord.”
Contribution to science. Invented the electromagnetic writing telegraph (the so-called “Morse apparatus”) and Morse code. In addition to these inventions, Morse also had other lesser known ones, such as a marble cutting machine that could carve three-dimensional sculptures from marble and stone.

Worldview. Deist; Although the scientist was often called an atheist, in one personal letter the scientist refuted these speculations. It was about an article in the New York Times magazine in which Edison stated that “nature, not the gods of religions, created us.” Edison wrote: “You have misunderstood this article because you have come to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. This denial does not exist; what you call God, I call Nature, the Supreme Mind that controls matter.”
Contribution to science. Inventor, author of 1093 patents, including: battery for an electric car, electric motor, ticker machine, cinema, mechanical voice recorder. His discoveries subsequently paved the way for mass and television communications.

Worldview. Orthodox. He was interested in the topic of the relationship between science and religion, and outlined his thoughts in the preface to the famous collection “Science & Religion: A Symposium,” which was rejected by both secularists and conservative Christians. He also wrote a book, New Reformation: From Physical to Spiritual Realities, 1928, from which it is quite clear that he is a Christian, and he himself writes about it (p. 267).
Contribution to science. Physicist, inventor. One of the founders of the National Aeronautics Advisory Committee, the predecessor of NASA (NASA). He came up with a way to increase the transmission range of telegraph and telephone messages via communication cables by artificially increasing their inductance, called “pupinization.”

Worldview. Catholic. Simeon Popov in his book “Why I Believe in God” quotes the scientist: “Every step taken by science brings us new surprises and achievements. And yet, science is like the dim light of a flickering lantern in a deep and dense forest through which humanity strives to find its way to God. Only faith can lead us to the light and serve as a bridge between man and the Absolute. I'm proud to be a Christian. I believe not only as a Christian, but also as a scientist. A wireless device can transmit a message across the wilderness. In prayer, the human spirit can send invisible waves into infinity, which will reach their goal before God.” The fact that Marconi is a practicing Catholic can also be concluded from his letters to his wife.
Contribution to science. Discovered Marconi's law and invented a long-distance radio transmitter. He is considered, along with Popov, to be the inventor of radio. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1909"for distinguished contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."

Worldview. Orthodox, he was a deeply religious person. Sikorsky wrote: “With regard to the Lord's Prayer, I am a fundamentalist, ready to take every word and sentence in its direct and full meaning. Historical evidence does not cast doubt on the identity of the Author of the Prayer (...).” Thanks to the works of Sikorsky, the St. Nicholas Church was founded in Stratford, whose parishioner Igor Ivanovich was until the end of his days.
Contribution to science. Inventor and aircraft designer. He invented the first in the world: a four-engine airplane, a passenger airplane, a transatlantic seaplane, and his most famous invention - a serial single-rotor helicopter. In the USA he was awarded the medal “For scientific and technical achievements in the field of fundamental sciences”.

Worldview. Lutheran. The scientist denied the evolutionary theory, you can find the following quote from von Braun: “To force yourself to believe only one conclusion, which states that everything in the Universe arose by chance, means thereby going against the objectivity of science itself.” Von Braun did not view his work as a glorification of human achievement, and he is credited with saying: “Human spaceflight is a great achievement, but it has opened only a small door for humanity through which we can look at the extraordinary richness of the cosmos. And the secrets of the Universe that we can observe through this viewing slit should only confirm faith in the Creator.”
Contribution to science. Led the team that developed the V-2 rocket. His discoveries led to the creation of the Saturn V rocket, which carried Americans to the Moon.

Worldview. Orthodox. He studied theology, reverse perspective, and wrote many works on science and faith. In one of the interviews, the scientist said: “But there is no such thing as a scientific worldview, this is nonsense and bullshit! Science and religion do not contradict each other; on the contrary, they complement each other. Science is the kingdom of logic, the religion of extra-logical understanding. A person receives information through two channels. Therefore, the scientific worldview is a bitten worldview, and we need not a scientific, but a holistic worldview. Chesterton said that religious feeling is akin to falling in love. And love cannot be defeated by any logic. There is another aspect. Let's take a decent, educated atheist. Without realizing it, he follows the institutions that arose in Europe in the last two thousand years, that is, the Christian rules.” Boris Viktorovich was not a materialist and criticized reductionism, the reduction of all objective reality to matter: “Trying to understand the Universe using analytical methods, some physicists felt the impossibility of explaining it only from the point of view of materialism. I also believe that materialism, which teaches that matter is primary and everything else is secondary, is nonsense. Academician Sakharov, whom I consider a man of exceptional honesty and courage, wrote that there is something outside of matter and its laws that warms the world; this feeling can be called religious. The gene, the carrier of hereditary information, is material. But it itself is inexplicable from a materialistic point of view. What is more important - information or its carrier? Consequently, what is immaterial objectively exists in the world.”
Contribution to science. Mechanical physicist, one of the founders of Russian cosmonautics. He carried out a unique job of photographing the far side of the moon. Under his leadership, systems for orientation and flight correction of interplanetary automatic stations “Mars”, “Venera”, “Zond”, communication satellites “Molniya”, automatic and manual control of spacecraft piloted by humans were created.

Worldview. Christian. He was a convinced creationist. According to many scientists, it was because of this that Damadian did not receive the Nobel Prize at one time, although his contribution to the invention of MRI is generally recognized by the scientific community. Many world-famous scientists came out in support of it.
Contribution to science. He is one of the inventors of magnetic resonance imaging. On July 3, 1977, he performed the first human scan using MRI. B Received the first patent in the field of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms. In 2001, he received the Lemelson-MIT Prize as the person “who invented MRI.”

Worldview. Lutheran. In his talk on the intersection of science and religion at Authors@Google, Knuth mentions the harsh reaction that followed after he wrote the book 3:16 Illuminated Biblical Texts (in this book one in sixteen The verse of the third chapter of each biblical book is accompanied by a calligraphic design), dedicated to the Bible, which he first presented to the public at a meeting of the Association of Christians in Mathematical Sciences, he also explained that throughout his life he was a religious person. When writing one of his books, he was advised to cut out the part where he argued that “computer science” is not everything, although the audience at MIT reacted adequately to this.
Contribution to science. The programmer, who wrote the famous multi-volume “The Art of Programming,” is considered the “father” of algorithm analysis. He is also known as the creator of the TeX and METAFONT publishing systems, used by scientists around the world.

Worldview. Protestant, New Life Church. He was engaged in Bible translation. Wall's Christianity also influenced the language he invented, Perl. So the name itself is taken from Matt. 13:46, the names of some functions are also taken from the Holy Scriptures. Wall has spoken openly about his faith at various conferences. So, he spoke directly about it at the Perl Conference in August 1997.
Contribution to science. Programmer, famous as the creator of the Perl programming language and the Usenet client for the patch program.

Chemistry

Worldview. An Anglican (presumably), an active missionary, he established the Boyle Lectures, the purpose of which was to defend the Christian faith against “notorious infidels, namely, atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and Muslims.” In 1680 - 1685 he personally financed the publication of the Bible, both the New and Old Testaments in Irish.
Contribution to science. One of the founders of modern chemistry, author of the Boyle-Mariotte law.

Worldview. Orthodox, in his "Appearance of Venus" the scientist shows the differences between the tasks of religion and the tasks of science; he also has the following thought: “The Creator gave the human race two books. The first is the visible world... The second book is Holy Scripture... Both generally confirm us not only in the existence of God, but also in His unspeakable benefits. It is a sin to sow tares and discord among them.” Lomonosov also wrote two poems: “Morning reflection on God’s majesty” and “Evening reflection on God’s majesty in the event of the great northern lights.”
Contribution to science. He came up with his own molecular-kinetic theory of heat, laid the foundations of physical chemistry, discovered the presence of an atmosphere on Venus, together with Brown was the first to obtain mercury in the solid state, and invented the first prototype of a helicopter (independently of L. Davinci).

Worldview. Catholic, defended the Christian faith from people who appealed to science in their attacks; biographer Edouard Grimaud reports of him: “He held firmly to his faith.” To Edward King, who sent him his discursive work, Lavoisier replied: “In defending revelation and Holy Scripture, you act nobly, and it is very surprising that you use the same weapons for defense that you once used for attack.”
Contribution to science. Biologist and chemist, considered the founder of modern chemistry. Antoine came up with names for oxygen, hydrogen and silicon. Helped create the metric system and helped reform chemical nomenclature by writing down the first list of chemical elements. One of his discoveries is that despite the fact that matter can change its shape, its mass remains constant (the law of conservation of mass). He studied the composition of water and air, which in his time were considered single elements, Lavoisier showed that water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, and air of nitrogen and oxygen. In biology, a scientist first used a calorimeter to measure the heating produced by a guinea pig's respiration.

Worldview. Quaker. He led a decent and modest life.
Contribution to science. Developed modern atomic theory, studied color blindness, a phenomenon named after the scientist. Formulated Dalton's law about the sum of partial pressures.

Worldview. Catholic. He was a believer throughout his life. He defended the Christian faith against the attacks of materialism, examples of this can be found in his numerous speeches: in an address to Berard, a memorable speech dedicated to Faraday, and in many other speeches.
Contribution to science. Chemist, founder of organic chemistry. Got a method for determining atomic and molecular mass. He developed a volumetric method (“Dumas method”) for determining the amount of nitrogen in organic compounds. He established that fats are esters, established the composition of acetone, laid down ideas about the class of alcohols, and put forward the first theory of types. He established the existence of the formic acid series (the first homologous series in organic chemistry) and determined the empirical formula of indigo.

Worldview. Christian. The German-language magazine “Cicero” contains an interview with the scientist on November 21, 2007, which contains the following words (literally): “Oh, yes, I believe in God (...) I am a Christian and I try to live like a Christian (...) I read the Bible very often and I try to understand it.”
Contribution to science. Works in the field of surface chemistry, in 2007 received Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research into chemical processes on solid surfaces. Gerhard was elected a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2011.

Worldview. Christian. Smalley converted to Christianity shortly before his death (several years), but unlike others, he began to adhere to the Christian worldview consistently. The scientist was an old-earth creationist, in one of his letters he writes: “I recently returned to the Church, focusing on understanding what makes Christianity so vital and influential in the lives of billions of people today, 2000 years have passed since the death and resurrection Christ's. Although I suspect I will never fully understand it, I am now inclined to believe that the answer is quite simple: it is true. God created the Universe 13.7 billion years ago and since then necessity has involved Him in the affairs of His creations. Only God knows for sure the purpose of the Universe, but unusually quickly, modern science is beginning to understand that the Universe was incredibly finely tuned for the emergence of life. Somehow, we are urgently involved in His plan. Our job, to the best of our ability, is to comprehend this plan, love each other, and help Him finish everything”; the scientist wrote: “Evolution has just received a fatal blow. After reading The Origin of Life with my background in chemistry and physics, the impossibility of evolution is completely clear. The new book “Who is Adam?” is the silver bullet that will kill the evolutionary model.” In a speech at Tuskegee University, he referred to the struggle between creationism and evolutionism and stated: "The burden of proof lies with those who do not believe that 'Genesis' is right, and there was a creation, and the Creator is still involved."
Contribution to science. Chemist and physicist, received Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 for "the discovery of a new form of carbon, fullerenes." He is sometimes called the “father of modern nanotechnology” (as he is called in one of the resolutions of the US Senate).

Worldview. Catholic. The magazine “The Catholic Spirit” (October 24, 2012) contains an interview with the scientist. He says, “The entire time I lived in Little Falls, I attended Mass at St. Mary's. Mary and Monsignor Keaveney was our priest.” It also says that Kobilka now goes to church with his wife in Stanford, Calif.
Contribution to science. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012"for his studies of G protein-coupled receptors."

Biology

Worldview. Anglican, priest. Ray was a devout Christian and expressed his faith in “natural theology.” Its main position was that the wisdom and power of God can be understood through the study of his creation, the sensory world. In 1660, the scientist wrote: “There is no more valuable and delightful occupation for a free person than to contemplate the beauty of nature and honor the infinite wisdom and goodness of God.” Ray's ideas had a great influence on the Christian philosopher and theologian William Paley, whose works were fascinated by Charles Darwin.
Contribution to science. Naturalist, botanist, zoologist. Ray is sometimes called the "father of English natural history". The classification of plants proposed by him in his work “Historia Plantarum” was a serious step towards modern taxonomy. The first gave a definition to the biological concept of “species”.

Worldview. Lutheran. was the first to classify man as a biological species, while the scientist wrote that he believed in the existence of a soul in animals and argued that the difference between man and animal is nobility.
Contribution to science. He defined the concept of a biological species, founded modern taxonomy, and helped biology become a full-fledged science. He raised the question of the origin of man into the natural sciences.

Worldview. Anglican (presumably). The scientist’s main work is “Monographia Apum Angliae”, the purpose of writing this book was both scientific and religious; in one of his letters in 1800, Kirby writes: “The Author of Scripture is also the author of Nature: and the visible world, with its types and symbols, proclaims the same the truth that the Bible says. This makes the natural scientist a religious man, directing his attention to the glory of the Lord, to which he can testify in his works, and in his studies of living beings see the mercy of the Lord; let this be to some extent the fruit of my labors"
Contribution to science. Founder of entomology.

Worldview. Lutheran. He was a believer throughout his life and attended church services. He played an important role in the opening of the Paris Bible Society in 1818, he was vice-president. From 1822 until his death in 1832, Cuvier was Grand Master of the Protestant Faculty of Theology at the French University.
Contribution to science. A naturalist and zoologist, he was a major figure among natural scientists of the early 19th century, sometimes called the founder of paleontology and comparative anatomy. Compare modern animals with fossils. He is known as the man who established the fact of extinction, as the most influential proponent of the theory of catastrophism in the 19th century.

Worldview. An Orthodox Presbyterian, he professed the Nicene Creed. He corresponded with Darwin and was his friend, popularized his ideas in the United States, but considered his works as confirmation of his commitment to natural theology (“Natural theology”). When Charles Darwin wrote: “It seems to me absurd to doubt that a man can be both a zealous theist and an evolutionist,” he had Gray in mind first of all.
Contribution to science. Florist, botanist. He was a foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Developed statistical methods for comparing floras. Unified the taxonomy of North American plants.

Worldview. Catholic, Augustinian monk.
Contribution to science. Founded genetics by showing that the heredity of certain characteristics of peas (Georg grew about 29,000 pea plants for this purpose in the monastery of St. Thomas in Brno) forms a certain structure, which is now known as Mendel's laws. Additionally, as a scientist, Mendel explored astronomy and meteorology, founding the Austrian Meteorological Society in 1865. After working with peas, Mendel began to study animals, bees, but was unable to describe their heredity. He also described a new plant species, which was later named after him.

Worldview. A deist, spiritualist, was a member of the Theosophical Society. He argued with Darwin and interpreted evolution as a directed process. Wallace believed that natural selection could not be the source of musical, artistic or musical talent, nor of metafictional ideas and wit. He claimed that something in the "invisible Universe of Spirit" had manifested itself at least three times in history. The first time - during the creation of life from inorganic matter, the second time - during the creation of consciousness in higher animals, and the third time during the creation of higher rational abilities in man. He also believed that the raison d'être of the universe was "the perfection of the human spirit." The following passage also testifies to Wallace's views: “Feelings of abstract justice or love of one’s neighbor,” he wrote, “could never be acquired in this way (that is, by selection), for these feelings are incompatible with the law of survival of the fittest,” according to Wallace “ The Supreme Intelligent Being gave a certain direction to the development of man, directed him towards a special goal, just as man guides the development of many animal and plant forms.”
Contribution to science. An evolutionary biologist, he developed his theory in parallel with Charles Darwin, who admired his ideas. Founder of zoogeography. The first criticized the ideas of Lamarckism and coined the term “Darwinism.” According to anthropologist Gregory Bateson, Wallace "proclaimed the most powerful idea that can be found in the 19th century."

Worldview. Jew, Zionist. He wrote a “Call to Orthodoxy,” in which he convinced Jews of the need to keep the commandments, criticized “enlightened” Jews for their disregard for Jewish religious law; bequeathed his fortune to help yeshivas.
Contribution to science. Immunologist and bacteriologist. Creator of the first vaccines against plague and cholera.

Worldview. Anglican. Although his views were not dogmatic, he was a deeply religious man. H. Allen Orr writes that Fisher was: "a very devout Anglican who, in addition to founding modern statistics and population genetics, wrote for church publications."
Contribution to science. Evolutionary biologist, geneticist and statistician. Almost single-handedly he laid the foundations of modern statistics, where the so-called “Fisher’s exact test” he developed is still used. In mathematics he derived the Kolmogorov-Fisher equation. In biology, he formulated “Fisher’s fundamental theorem of natural selection.”

Worldview. Orthodox. But his personal beliefs remain a mystery; he was undoubtedly a believer, but, for example, his student Francisco Ayala claims that the scientist “did not believe in a personal God and life after death.” However, the famous biologist Ernst Mayer said exactly the opposite, in the magazine “Sceptic” he is quoted as saying: “On the other hand, many evolutionists, such as Dobrozhansky, believed in a personal God.” The scientist himself believed that God created through evolution, a position that can be characterized as theistic evolutionism. In 1972, Dobrozhansky received an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from St. Vladimir's Seminary in Crestwood.
Contribution to science. Ethnologist, one of the founders of the synthetic theory of evolution. His work “Genetics and the Origin of Species” is rightfully considered one of the most significant works on the synthetic theory of evolution.

Worldview. Catholic. In written by A.G. Karzmar’s biography of the scientist contains the following lines: “Although Eccles was not always a church-going Catholic, he was a theist and a spiritual person, the scientist believed that “there is a Divine Providence above us, and it is higher than the materialistic events of biological evolution.” In his book “Understanding the Brain,” the scientist proposed the following solution to the brain-mind problem; he, like Karl Popper, left monism and divided the world into three: in the first world there are physical objects and states (biology), in the second there are states of consciousness ( experience: perception, thinking, emotions, intentions, memory, dreams, creative imagination), in the third world of knowledge in the objective sense (philosophy, theology, science, history, literature, technology); Eccles is also credited with saying: “I am forced to think that there is something like a supernatural principle of my unique, self-conscious spirit and my unique soul. The idea of ​​supernatural creation helps me avoid the obviously ridiculous conclusion about the genetic origin of my unique self.
Contribution to science. Neurophysiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine for 1963. For discoveries concerning ionic mechanisms of excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central regions of nerve cells.

Worldview. Orthodox Jew. I doubted Darwin's theory of evolution. Thus, Clark in his work “The Life of Ernst Chain: Penicillin and Beyond” quotes the scientist: “Over the years I have often said that speculation about the origin of life serves no useful purpose, because even the most primitive living system is too difficult to understand in the monstrously primitive terms that scientists use in their attempts to explain inexplicable events that happened billions of years ago." , dedicated to a subject that has been frequently addressed; he and Crick are the main representatives of the positivist-materialist philosophy, according to which all aspects of life can be described in relatively simple psycho-chemical categories. It has always seemed to me that this approach shows a huge ignorance of the biology of people who put forward such primitive ideas." He raised his children in the Jewish faith. In 1965 he gave a speech “Why I am a Jew.”
Contribution to science. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 for “the discovery of penicillin and its healing effects in various infectious diseases”, he is considered one of the founders of the antibiotic revolution.

Worldview. Orthodox Christian (debatable). In June 1970, he converted to Christianity due to his religious experience and began to study the New Testament, publishing an essay entitled “The Twelve Days of Easter.” Price believed that there were too many coincidences in his life. At the very end of his life, he moved away from the scientific gaze of the Bible and began to help vagabonds in North London.
Contribution to science. Population geneticist, made significant contributions to the mathematical theory of population genetics. Together with J.M. Smith introduced the concept of “stable evolutionary strategy” into biology, the most important concept in game theory; formalized Fisher's theorem of natural selection; supplemented the work of U.D. Hamilton on kin selection by the new Peirce equation.

Worldview. Jew. He studied in a yeshiva and attended Talmudic school until the end of his life.
Contribution to science. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine 1976 for the discovery of the Hepatitis B Vaccine, which reduced the incidence of the disease in children in China from fifteen to one percent within ten years. Jonathan Chernow said of him that "Blumberg has prevented more cancer deaths than any living person on the planet."

Worldview. Catholic. He actively opposed abortion and was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. The Catholic Church awarded him the title "Servant of God." One atheist scientist (name unknown) wrote about Lejeune in the article “Materialism about the Beginning of Life”: “Professor Lejeune was a Catholic and he drew idealistic conclusions from scientific facts. For example, he argued that the moment of conception is not only the connection of information with the aim of creating a new life, but also the emergence of a new, immortal soul, given by God himself.”
Contribution to science. The doctor, a geneticist, gave an explanation for Down syndrome, linking it with a chromosomal abnormality, and also described the cat cry syndrome, which is sometimes called “Lejeune syndrome.” The scientist also expanded the concept of karyotype and explained the underdevelopment of the fetal neural tube. For the first time he described clonal evolution in a child with Down syndrome and leukemia.

Worldview. Christian of the Evangelical faith. He calls himself a “serious Christian” and adheres to theistic evolution on the question of the origin of life.
Contribution to science. Head of the project to decipher the human genome.

Physics

Worldview. Catholic. He asserted that “Holy Scripture cannot in any case affirm a lie or be mistaken; his sayings are absolute and undeniably true.”
Contribution to science. Refuted Aristotelian physics. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. He laid the foundations of classical mechanics, basing it on the experimental method, for which he is often called the “father of modern physics.”

Worldview. Catholic Jansenist. A religious philosopher, Pascal defended the Christian faith, argued with Descartes, argued with the atheists of his time, condemned the casuistry of the Jesuits, who justified the vices of high society (in “Letters to a Provincial”), and the author of numerous reflections on philosophical and religious topics. He wrote the work “Thoughts on Religion and Other Subjects,” a collection of ideas in defense of Christianity against criticism from atheists, which includes the famous “Pascal’s Wager.”
Contribution to science. He created a calculating machine-arphmometer. He experimentally refuted the prevailing axiom at that time, taken from Aristotle, that nature is “afraid of the void,” and at the same time formulated the basic law of hydrostatics. In correspondence with Fermat, he laid the foundations of probability theory. He is also at the origins of projective geometry and mathematical analysis.

Worldview. Catholic, philosopher. Voltaire wrote many satires against him, for example, “Doctor Acacius, Papal Physician.” Before his death, the scientist admitted that Christianity “leads man to the greatest good through the greatest possible means.”
Contribution to science. He introduced the concept of the principle of least action into mechanics, and immediately pointed out its universal nature. He was a pioneer in genetics, in particular, some find that his views contributed to the development of the theory of evolution and natural selection.

Worldview. Catholic. He studied theology, wanted to connect his life with the Church, but chose the path of science. His biographer, Professor Venturoli, speaks about Galvani’s deep religiosity. In 1801, another of his biographers, Alibert, writes about the scientist: “it can be added that in his public demonstrations, he never completed his lectures without calling on his listeners to renew their faith, always drawing their attention to the idea of ​​​​an eternal Providence that develops, preserves and makes life flow among many other kinds of things.”
Contribution to science. He was one of the first to study electrophysiology and “animal electricity”. The phenomenon “galvanism” was named after him.

Worldview. Catholic. The dogmas, social life and rituals of the Roman Church formed a large part of Volta's life (culture). His best friends were the clergy. Volta remained close to his brothers, the canon and archdeacon, and was a churched man (practicing, in Catholic terminology). Examples of his religiosity include a flirtation with Jansenism in the 1790s and an 1815 confession of faith written to defend religion against scientism.
Contribution to science. Physicist, invented the chemical battery in 1800. Discovered methane. Found ways to measure charge (Q) and potential (V). Created the world's first chemical current source.

Worldview. Catholic. The scientist is credited with the following statement: “Study, explore earthly things - this is the duty of a man of science. Explore nature with one hand, and with the other, like a father’s robe, hold on to the hem of God’s robe.” At the age of 18, the scientist believed that there were three culminating moments in his life: “First Communion, reading Antoine Thomas’s eulogy to Descartes, and the storming of the Bastille.” When his wife died, Ampere wrote out two verses from the Psalms and the prayer “O Lord, Merciful God, unite me in Heaven with those whom you allowed me to love on Earth,” at that time he was overwhelmed by strong doubts, and in his free time the scientist read The Bible and the Fathers of the Church.
Contribution to science. Physicist and mathematician. In electrodynamics: he established a rule for determining the direction of action of a magnetic field on a magnetic needle (“Ampere’s rule”), discovered the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field on moving conductors with current, discovered the interaction between electric currents, and formulated the law of this phenomenon (“Ampere’s law”). Contributed to the development of the theory of magnetism: he discovered the magnetic effect of the solenoid. Ampere was also an inventor - it was he who invented the commutator and the electromagnetic telegraph. Ampere also contributed to chemistry through his joint work with Avogadro

Worldview. Lutheran (presumably). In his 1814 speech entitled “The Development of Science, Understood as the Task of Religion” (the scientist included this speech in his book The Soul in Nature), in it he writes that this speech includes many ideas that are more developed in other parts of the book, but here they are presented as a whole), Oersted states the following: “we will try to establish our conviction of the existing harmony between science and religion, by showing how a man of science should look at his studies, if he understands them correctly, viz. as the task of religion." What follows is a long discussion that can be found in the book.
Contribution to science. Physicist and chemist. Discovered that electric current creates a magnetic field. The first modern thinker to describe and name a thought experiment in detail. Oersted's work was an important step towards a unified concept of energy.

Worldview. Protestant, Church of Scotland. After his marriage, he served as a deacon and churchwarden in one of the meetinghouses of his youth, and researchers note that “a strong sense of harmony between God and nature permeated his entire life and work.”
Contribution to science. Contributed to electromagnetism and electrochemistry. Considered the best experimenter and one of the most influential scientists in the history of science. Discovered benzene. He noticed a phenomenon he called diamagnetism. Discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction. His invention of electromagnetic rotators served as the basis for the electric motor. Thanks also to his efforts, electricity began to be used in technology.

Worldview. Anglican (presumably). Joule wrote: “A phenomenon of nature, be it mechanical, chemical, life, almost completely transforms into itself over a long period of time. Thus, order is maintained and nothing is out of order, nothing is lost forever, but the whole mechanism, such as it is, works smoothly and harmoniously, all controlled by God's will. He was one of the scientists who signed the "Declaration of Students of Natural and Physical Sciences", written in response to the wave of Darwinism that came to England.
Contribution to science. Formulated the first law of thermodynamics, discovered Joule's Law of heat power when an electric current flows. He was the first to calculate the speed of gas molecules. Calculated the mechanical equivalent of heat.

Worldview. Anglican (presumably). In 1886, he became president of the Victoria Institute, whose goal was to respond to the evolutionary movement of the 60s; in 1891, Stokes gave a lecture at this institute; he was also president of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and was actively involved in missionary issues. Stokes said: “I know of no sound conclusions of science that would contradict the Christian religion.”
Contribution to science. Physicist and mathematician, author of the Stokes theorem, made significant contributions to the development of hydrodynamics, optics and mathematical physics.

Worldview. Presbyterian. Throughout his life he was a devout person, attending church every day. As can be seen from the scientist's speech at the Christian Evidence Society (an organization created to combat atheism in Victorian society), Thompson believed that his faith helped him understand reality, informed him. In the broad sense of the word, the scientist was a creationist, but he was by no means a “flood geologist”; he could be said to support the view known as theistic evolution. He often openly disagreed with Charles Darwin's followers and entered into disputes with them.
Contribution to science. Mathematical physicist and engineer. Formulated the first and second laws of thermodynamics and helped unify the emerging disciplines in physics. He guessed that there was a lower temperature limit, absolute zero. He is also known as an inventor, author of about 70 patents.

Worldview. Christian of evangelical faith. At the end of his life he became a churchwarden in the Church of Scotland. As a child, he attended services in both the Church of Scotland (his father's denomination) and the Episcopal Church (his mother's denomination); in April 1853, the scientist converted to the evangelical faith, which is why he began to adhere to anti-positivist views.
Contribution to science. Physicist whose main achievement was the formulation of the classical theory of electromagnetism. Thus, he united previously disparate observations, experiments and equations in electricity, magnetism and optics into a single theory. Maxwell's equations show that electricity, magnetism and light are one and the same phenomenon. These achievements of his were called “the second greatest unification in physics” (after the work of Isaac Newton). The scientist also helped develop the Boltzmann-Maxwell distribution, which is a statistical means of describing certain aspects in the kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell is also known as the man who created the first durable color photograph in 1861.

Worldview. Congregationalist. Fleming was a creationist and rejected Darwin's ideas as atheistic (from Fleming's book Evolution or Creation?). In 1932, he helped found the Evolution Protest Movement. Fleming once preached "what is in the fields" at St. Martin's Church in London, and his sermon was dedicated to the evidence of the Resurrection. The scientist bequeathed most of his inheritance to Christian charitable organizations that helped the poor.
Contribution to science. Physicist and engineer. Considered the father of modern electrical engineering. Formulated two rules known to physics: left and right hands. Invented the so-called Fleming valve

Worldview. Anglican. Raymond Seager in his book J. J. Thomson, Anglican states the following: “As a professor, Thompson attended the Sunday evening service of the university chapel, and as head of the university, the morning service. Moreover, he took an interest in the Trinity Mission in Camberwell. Respectful of his personal religious life, Thompson consistently prayed every day and read the Bible before bed. He really was a believing Christian!”
Contribution to science. Physicist, discovered the electron and isotope. Winner of the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the discovery of the electron and services in the field of theoretical and experimental studies of the conductivity of electricity in gases." The scientist also invented the mass spectrometer, discovered the natural radioactivity of potassium, and showed that hydrogen has only one electron per atom, while previous theories allowed hydrogen to have many electrons.

Worldview. Catholic (converted six months before his death), previously a deeply religious deist. In his work “Religion and Natural Science,” the scientist wrote (the quote is given with context, from the beginning of the paragraph: “With such a coincidence, one should, however, pay attention to one fundamental difference. God is given to a religious person directly and primarily. From Him, His omnipotent will comes all life and all phenomena of both the corporeal and spiritual world. Although He is unknowable by reason, He nevertheless directly manifests Himself through the medium of religious symbols, putting His holy message into the souls of those who, by faith, trust in Him. In contrast to this for the natural scientist, only the content of his perceptions and the measurements derived from them is primary. Hence, through inductive ascent, he tries to get as close as possible to God and His world order as the highest, eternally unattainable goal. Consequently, both religion and natural science need faith in God, with In this regard, for religion God stands at the beginning of all thinking, and for natural science - at the end.”
Contribution to science. The founder of quantum physics, which is why he became winner of the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics. Formulated Planck's postulate (dark body radiation), an expression for the spectral power density of black body radiation.

Worldview. Anglican (possibly Anglo-Catholic). Bragg’s daughter wrote about the scientist’s faith: “For W. Bragg, religious faith was the willingness to bet everything on the hypothesis that Jesus Christ was right, and to test this by the experiment of performing a lifelong work of mercy. Reading the Bible was mandatory. Bragg often said that "if I have any style of writing at all, it is due to the fact that I was brought up on the Authorized Version [of the Bible]." He knew the Bible and could usually rattle off “chapter or verse.” Young Professor W. Bragg became churchwarden at St. John's in Adelaide. He also received permission to preach."
Contribution to science. Physicist, Nobel Prize laureate 1915 for "services to the study of crystals by X-rays." Bragg also created the first instrument for recording diffraction patterns. Together with his son, he developed the basics of a method for determining the structure of crystals from the diffraction pattern of X-rays.

Worldview. Presbyterian. Raymond Seeger, in his article “Compton, Christian Humanist,” published in The Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation, writes the following: “As Arthur Compton grew older, so did his horizons, but it was always a clear Christian view of the world. (...) Throughout his life, the scientist was active in church affairs, from teaching Sunday school and serving as a church warden to positions on the Presbyterian Board of Education (...) Compton believed that the fundamental problem of humanity, inspiring the meaning of life, lies outside of science. According to a 1936 Times magazine report, the scientist was briefly a deacon in the Baptist Church.
Contribution to science. The physicist was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for his discovery of the Compton effect. Invented a method for demonstrating the rotation of the Earth.

Worldview. Catholic priest (since 1923). He graduated from the Jesuit College and the Catholic University of Louvain, where he was educated in classical Thomist philosophy. Since 1936, he has been a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, of which he became president in 1960. Lemaitre believed that faith can be an advantage for a scientist: “As science passes through the simple stage of description, it becomes true science. She also becomes more religious. Mathematicians, astronomers and physicists, for example, are very religious people, with few exceptions. The deeper they penetrate into the mystery of the Universe, the deeper becomes their conviction that the force behind the stars, electrons and atoms is law and goodness.”
Contribution to science. A cosmologist, the author of the theory of the expanding Universe, Lemaitre was the first to formulate the relationship between the distance and speed of galaxies and proposed in 1927 the first estimate of the coefficient of this relationship, now known as the Hubble constant. Lemaître's theory of the evolution of the world from the "primordial atom" was ironically called the "Big Bang" by Fred Hoyle in 1949. This name, "Big Bang", has historically been fixed in cosmology.

Worldview. A Lutheran, although towards the end of his life he was considered a mystic, since his views on religion were not orthodox. The author of the saying: “The first sip from the glass of natural science is taken by an atheist, but God awaits at the bottom of the glass.”
Contribution to science. Nobel Prize Laureate 1932 for the creation of quantum mechanics. In 1927, the scientist published his uncertainty principle, which brought him worldwide fame.

Worldview. Christian. Here is the scientist’s statement: “I believe in a God who can answer prayers, in whom we can trust, and without whom life on Earth would be meaningless (a fairy tale told by a madman). I believe that God has revealed Himself to us in many ways, through many men and women, and for us in the West the clearest revelation is through Jesus Christ and those who followed him.”
Contribution to science. In 1977 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for "fundamental theoretical studies of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems."

Worldview. Orthodox. A.N. Bogolyubov writes about him: “The entire body of his knowledge was a single whole, and the basis of his philosophy was his deep religiosity (he said that non-religious physicists can be counted on one hand). He was a son of the Orthodox Church and whenever time and health allowed him, he went to vespers and mass at the nearest church.”
Contribution to science. He proved the theorem “about the sharpness of the wedge”, created it together with N.M. Krylov theory of nonlinear oscillations. Created a consistent theory of superconductivity. In the theory of superfluidity he derived kinetic equations. He proposed a new synthesis of Bohr's theory of quasiperiodic functions.

Worldview. Methodist. Henry Margeno cites the following statement of the scientist: “And I see the need for God both in the Universe and in my life.” When the scientist was asked if he was a religious person, he replied: “Yes, I was raised Protestant and I was in several denominations (...) I go to church, a very good Methodist church.” The scientist also stated that he is an orthodox Protestant.
Contribution to science. Physicist, received Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 for "contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy." In addition to optics, Shavlov also explored such areas of physics as superconductivity and nuclear magnetic resonance.

Worldview. A Muslim from the Ahmadi community. In his Nobel speech, the scientist quotes the Koran. When the Pakistani government passed a constitutional amendment declaring members of the Ahmadiyya community non-Muslims, the scientist left the country in protest.
Contribution to science. In 1979 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory of unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions. Some of his main achievements were also: the Pati-Salam model, magnetic photon, vector mesons, work on supersymmetry.

Worldview. Protestant (United Church of Christ). In a 2005 interview with The Guardian, the scientist said he was "raised Christian, and while my ideas have changed, I've always felt like a religious person." In the same interview, Townes stated: "What is the science? Science is an attempt to understand how the Universe works, including the human race. What is religion? It is an attempt to understand the purpose and meaning of the Universe, including the human race. If there is this purpose and meaning, then it must be interconnected with the structure of the Universe and how it works (...) Therefore, faith must teach us something about science and vice versa.”
Contribution to science. One of the creators of quantum electronics, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 for "fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle." In 1969, together with other scientists, he discovered the so-called. “maser effect” (radiation of cosmic water molecules at a wavelength of 1.35 cm), together with a colleague, he was the first to calculate the mass of the black hole in the center of our galaxy. The scientist also made contributions to nonlinear optics: he discovered Mandelstam-Brillouin stimulated scattering, introduced the concept of the critical power of a light beam and the phenomenon of self-focusing, and experimentally observed the effect of autocollimation of light.

Worldview. A non-denominational Christian, although Dyson's views can be described as agnostic (in one of his books he wrote that he does not consider himself a practicing Christian, but only a practicing one, and stated that he does not see the point in a theology that claims to know the answers to fundamental questions) . The scientist vigorously disagrees with reductionism, so, in his Tempelton lecture, Dyson said: “Science and religion are two windows through which people look, trying to understand the Universe, to understand why they are here. These two windows offer different views, but they look at the same Universe. Neither of them is complete, they are both one-sided. Both exclude significant parts of the real world."
Contribution to science. Theoretical physicist and mathematician, known for his work in quantum electrodynamics, astronomy and nuclear engineering.

Worldview. Jew, in the book of Jerry Bergman the following quote is given from the scientist: “The best data we have is what I would be able to predict if I had only the Pentateuch of Moses, the book of Psalms and the entire Bible in front of me.” In his speeches, the scientist often said that he saw meaning in the Universe, and pointed out the reluctance of the scientific community to accept the Big Bang Theory, since it points to the creation of the world.
Contribution to science. Physicist, for the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976. Using a maser, I solved the problem of increasing the accuracy of antenna tuning.

Worldview. Quaker. The scientist’s worldview is known from the book by István Hargitay, when asked “Could you tell us about your attitude towards religion?” The scientist responded as follows: “My family and I are active members of the religious community of Friends, that is, the Quaker community. Religion is an important part of our lives (especially for my wife and I; for our children to a lesser extent). My wife and I often spend time with other believers in our community; it helps us become more aware of our attitude towards life, reminds us of why we are on Earth and what we can do for others. Quakers are a group of Christians who believe in the possibility of direct communication between man and the Spirit, whom we call God. Reflection and self-contemplation helps to communicate with this Spirit and learn a lot about yourself and how to live on Earth. Quakers believe that wars cannot resolve differences and that lasting results are achieved through peaceful resolution of problems. We have always refused and refuse to participate in war, but we are ready to serve our country in other ways. We believe that there is something Divine in every person, therefore human life is sacred. You need to look for the depth of spiritual presence in people, even in those with whom you disagree.”
Contribution to science. Physicist, awarded Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 for “the discovery of a new type of pulsar, which has provided new opportunities in the study of gravity.”

Worldview. Methodist. One of the founders of the International Society for Science and Religion. Known for his frequent participation in the dialogue between "faith and science". In his autobiography on the Nobel Prize website, Phillips writes: “In 1979, after Jane (the scientist’s wife) and I moved to Gasersburg, we joined the United Methodist Church (...) Our children were our inexhaustible a source of blessing, adventure and challenge. At the time, Jane and I were trying to find new jobs, and having children required a delicate balance between work, home, and church life. But somehow, our faith and our youthful energy carried us through these times.”
Contribution to science. Physicist, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the development of methods for cooling and trapping atoms with a laser beam."

Mathematics

Worldview. Catholic.
Contribution to science. Mathematician, creator of number theory, author of Fermat's Last Theorem. The scientist formulated the general law of differentiation of fractional powers. He founded analytical geometry (along with Descartes) and applied it to space. He stood at the origins of probability theory.

Worldview. Protestant of the Reformed Church. When the French monarchy stopped tolerating Protestantism in 1881 (revocation of the Edict of Nantes), Huygens left the country, although they wanted to make an exception for him, which testifies to his religious beliefs.
Contribution to science. The first president of the Farntsuz Academy of Sciences, he served for 15 years. Discovered the theory of evolutes and involutes. He invented a pendulum clock and published a classic work on mechanics, “Pendulum Clock.” He derived the laws of uniformly accelerated freely falling bodies and formulated thirteen theorems on centrifugal force. Together with Fermat and Pascal, he laid the foundations of probability theory. He discovered Saturn's moon Titan, described the rings of Saturn, and discovered an ice cap at the South Pole of Mars. He invented a special eyepiece, consisting of two flat-convex lenses, named after him. The first called for choosing a universal natural measure of length. Simultaneously with Wallis and Rehn, he solved the problem of the collision of elastic bodies.

Worldview. The Christian is presumably a Protestant. He spoke out against theological orthodoxy, and against materialism and atheism. He created his own philosophical doctrine, the so-called. Leibniz's monadology, which was close to deism and pantheism.
Contribution to science. Predetermined mathematical analysis and combinatorics. Laid the foundations of mathematical logic and combinatorics. He took a very important step towards the creation of a computer; he was the first to describe the binary number system. He was the only person who worked freely with both continuous and discrete ones. For the first time he formulated the law of conservation of energy. Created a mechanical calculator (together with H. Huygens).

Worldview. Christian. He believed in the inspiration of Scripture, argued with Denny Diderot about the existence of God, and wrote an apologetic treatise “Defense of Divine Revelation from the Objections of Freethinkers.”
Contribution to science. It is often said that from the point of view of mathematics, the 18th century is the century of Euler. Many call him the greatest mathematician of all time. Euler was the first to link analysis, algebra, trigonometry, number theory and other branches of mathematics into a single system; listing all his discoveries by name is impossible due to the format of this section.

Worldview. Lutheran. Although Gauss did not believe in a personal God and was considered a deist, it can be argued that he had a religious worldview, for example, he believed in the immortality of the soul and life after death. According to Dunnington, Gauss believed in an immortal, righteous, omniscient and omnipotent God. With all his love for mathematics, Karl Friedrich never absolutized it, he said: “There are problems to the solution of which I would attribute infinitely greater importance compared to mathematical problems, for example, problems related to ethics, or our relationship to God, or concerning our destiny and our future; but their solution lies entirely beyond our limits and absolutely beyond the scope of science.”
Contribution to science. The scientist is often called the King of Mathematics (lat. Princeps mathematicalorum), this reflects his invaluable and vast contribution to the “queen of sciences”. Thus, in algebra, Gauss came up with a rigorous proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra, discovered the ring of complex integers, and created the classical theory of comparisons. In geometry, the scientist contributed to differential geometry, for the first time dealt with the internal geometry of surfaces: he discovered the characteristic of a surface (named in his honor), proved the fundamental theorem of surfaces, Gauss also created a separate science - higher geodesy. Dunnington claimed that Gauss was the first to study non-Euclidean geometry, but was afraid to publish his results, considering them meaningless. In mathematical analysis, Gauss created the theory of potential and studied elliptic functions. The scientist was also interested in astronomy, where he studied the orbits of small planets and found a way to determine orbital elements from three complete observations. Many of his students later became great mathematicians. The scientist also studied physics, where he developed the theory of capillarity and the theory of lens systems, and also laid the foundations for the theory of electromagnetism, and designed (together with Weber) the first primitive electric telegraph.

Worldview. Catholic priest. In addition to his scientific research, Bolzano also dealt with theological and philosophical issues.
Contribution to science. Bolzano's work contributed to the formation of strict definitions of analysis using "epsilon" and "delta". In many areas of mathematics, the scientist was a pioneer, ahead of his time: even before Cantor, Bolzano studied infinite sets; using geometric considerations, the scientist obtained examples of continuous, but nowhere differentiable functions. The scientist put forward the idea of ​​the arithmetic theory of the real number, in 1817 he proved the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem (independent of the latter, who discovered it half a century later), the Bolzano-Cauchy theorem.

Worldview. Anglican (presumably). Convincedly defended the authenticity of biblical miracles in an era when people were increasingly moving away from the Christian worldview.
Contribution to science. He is the first author of the idea of ​​​​creating a computing machine, which today is called a computer, and developed its project.

Worldview. Calvinist. Gene Chase writes about Hamilton's theology: “In Hamilton's Calvinist theology, which was also professed by his friend J. Maxwell, God is the creator of both the Universe and the laws that govern it. This means that the various relationships between material objects, called laws, are as real as the objects themselves. As a Christian, Hamilton was confident that God's mark was present in every part of nature." This “metaphysical fervor,” in the words of his best 20th-century biographer, Thomas Hopkins, “propelled him to the task of generalizing complex numbers to quaternions.” De Morgan writes in his obituary for the scientist that “he was offered to become a priest, but decided to devote all his time to science: two bishops offered him ordination.”
Contribution to science. The mathematician is primarily known for discovering quaternions, creating the foundations of vector analysis and indicating the possibility of obtaining differential equations of motion based on a new principle called “Hamilton’s principle.” Theoretically substantiated some properties of birefringent crystals with two optical axes, which was confirmed experimentally.

Worldview. Catholic. He returned to faith in 1856 under the influence of O. Cauchy.
Contribution to science. He studied the class of orthogonal polynomials, discovered special bilinear forms, which were named after him, and proved the transcendence of the number e.

Worldview. Christian (denomination unknown). Together with the physicist Balfour Stewart, he wrote the book “The Unseen Universe” (1875) in order to “refute materialism on purely scientific grounds.” Due to the fact that the book was of interest to the public, Tait wrote a sequel - the book “Paradoxical Philosophy” (“Paradoxical Philosophy”, 1878).
Contribution to science. A mathematical physicist and topologist, he laid the foundation for topology with his early work on knot theory. In graph theory, his name is known from a proposal by Tait. He is also the author of works on the theory of quaternions: he translated the results of G. Helmholtz into quaternion language, applied quaternion analysis to the problem of the motion of an ideal fluid; published (1867) “Elementary treatise on quaternions.” In mathematical physics he is known for his (1867) “treatise on natural philosophy.”

Worldview. Church of England priest (ordained 1859). In 1883, due to disagreements with orthodox Protestantism, he left the priesthood, finding that he could not follow the thirty-nine laws of the Church of England. However, Venn's son, John Archibald Venn, wrote that his father later changed his mind and, if faced with the same choice a second time, would have remained a priest. Which is not surprising, because according to the mathematician’s son, his father was a man with sincere religious beliefs throughout his entire life.
Contribution to science. Logician, expanded Boole's logic, introduced a schematic way of representing sets (the so-called Venn diagram). In his work "The Logic of Chance" (1866), which Charles Peirce called "a book that every thinking man should read", he first used such mathematical terms as "rule of inheritance" and "significance", and also introduced frequency theory of probability.

Worldview. He belonged to the Episcopal Church. Peirce, in addition to being a scientist, was a philosopher, and his views are known from his philosophical works. He recognized the reality of God, but not the existence, and he interpreted the words “reality” and “existence” in a special way. By "existence" he meant (J. Buncher, "Philosophical Writings of Peirce") "the ability to react with others, like things in the environment", given this interpretation, it can be argued that Peirce believed in God, his views are more fully stated in his work "The Forgotten Argument for the Reality of God." As a philosopher, Peirce also made the case for free will and immortality. Peirce has sometimes been called the "Kant of American philosophy."
Contribution to science. Mathematician (logician and statistician). In 1886, the scientist was one of the first to realize that electrical switch circuits could perform logical operations. In his works, Peirce anticipated many of the discoveries of Georg Cantor. In 1880-81 he showed how Boolean algebra could be worked using only one logical binary operator (Peirce's arrow), beating Schaeffer by 33 years. In 1881, a little before Dedekind, the scientist constructed the axiomatics of natural numbers.

Worldview. A Lutheran scientist believed that his transfinite numbers could be an argument against both materialism and determinism, and was surprised to learn that he was the only person in Halle who did not adhere to a deterministic philosophy. Cantor identified Absolute Infinity with God, and believed that his work on transfinite numbers was directly revealed to him by God himself, who chose him to tell the world about it. Cantor corresponded with many Christian theologians and philosophers about his mathematical work, which was widely discussed, it went beyond the scope of pure mathematics and became the object of philosophical consideration.
Contribution to science. Mathematician, primarily known as the inventor of set theory. He proved that real numbers cannot be counted and established the importance of one-to-one mapping from one set to another.

Worldview. Platonist (religious affiliation unknown). Before World War I, the scientist was an agnostic, then he returned to faith without joining any Christian denomination. In his book Process and Reality he defends a theistic worldview. Whitehead rejected the dualism between body and mind, which brings him closer to Eastern teachings such as Buddhism and Taoism.
Contribution to science. Together with Bertrand Russell, he was the author of a fundamental work "Principia Mathematica".

Worldview. Jew. The only professor of mathematics in Göttingen who attended the city synagogue.
Contribution to science. Came up with a simple proof for the prime number distribution theorem. Introduced the first systematic approach to analytical number theory. Also made important contributions to complex analysis. G. Hardy wrote that no one was as passionately devoted to mathematics as Landau.

Worldview. Orthodox. He was persecuted for his religious beliefs in the USSR, and evaded the leadership of the Moscow Mathematical Society.
Contribution to science. Creator of the descriptive theory of sets and functions. Founded the Moscow mathematical school.

Worldview. Orthodox Jew. He was a convinced Zionist. Despite this, Frenkel did not immediately accept the invitation to teach at the newly created Hebrew University of Jerusalem, since it was too secular. In his biography, the mathematician wrote that he sought advice from his deeply respected Rabbi Abraham Kook; he was worried that the University could become a platform for the development of heretical “scientific” interpretations of the TaNaKh (Old Testament) and Jewish sacred texts. Rabbi Kook answered Frenkel that he should participate in the work of the University, and thereby raise its spiritual level.
Contribution to science. Mathematician, logician. He laid the foundations of modern set theory by developing the Zernelo axiomatics and thereby formulated the ZFC axiomatics, which later became classical. He also wrote several works on general algebra and foundations of mathematics.

Worldview. Lutheran. Discussed with Albert Einstein, who adhered to pantheism, trying to convince the scientist of the existence of a personal God, Gödel argued the following: “Spinoza’s God is less than a person; my God is more than a person; since God can play the role of a person. There may be spirits that do not have a body, but can communicate with us and influence the world." Gödel's faith was testified by his wife, Adele, who said two days after his death that Gödel, although "he did not attend church, was religious and read the Bible in bed every Sunday morning." According to a biography of the scientist written by Hoa Vang, who knew Gödel directly, it is impossible to separate Gödel's scientific impulse from his scientific questions, and Gödel himself described his philosophy as "rationalistic, idealistic, optimistic and theological." Gödel tried to take a new approach to the ontological argument for the proof of the existence of God, formulated by Anselm of Canterbury. To reconstruct this argument, the scientist used modal logic.
Contribution to science. Logician, formulated and proved the theorem on incompleteness and completeness, which had broad consequences for both mathematics and philosophy, thereby revolutionizing logic. In the field of cosmological theory, Gödel proposed a model of a rotating universe.

Worldview. Orthodox. In one of the interviews, to the question: “(...) Are you an Orthodox person, but is this just from family tradition, or did you have some kind of conscious choice?” Igor Rostislavovich replied: “No, there was no tradition in our family, there was a tradition, but it was very strange, interrupted. He was baptized in the Orthodox Church - that’s all about tradition. This gap has affected an entire generation." And also answering the next question, Shafarevich says: “It seems to me that we need to try to take a position that would be consistent. It’s not that with one side of my being I do something, follow certain views, and the other side does something that is completely inconsistent with it. I have a feeling that, being Russian, believing in God, I cannot realize this state of mine otherwise than by being Orthodox. (...)".
Contribution to science. The greatest Soviet and Russian scientist, published more than 138 scientific articles, wrote several textbooks. Shafarevich defended his doctoral dissertation at the age of 23, at the age of 35 he was elected corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and on December 7, 1991 he was elected academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. At one time he was president of the Moscow Mathematical Society. He found the most general law of reciprocity of power residues in algebraic number fields, which was to a certain extent the final stage of the 150-year history of arithmetic reciprocity laws, dating back to Euler and Gauss. In 1954 he gave a solution to the inverse problem of Galois theory for solvable groups. Together with his student Golod in 1964, he proved the existence of infinite periodic groups with a finite number of generators.

Worldview. Orthodox Jew (religious Zionist). In his opinion, the first generation of Zionists failed to pass on their ideas to their predecessors because they were built on secular principles. In his view, in order for Zionism to survive, it must be built on a religious basis.
Contribution to science. Laureate Nobel Prize in Economics 2005 for his work on game theory.
Write to the author

Recognizing the imperfections of our list, we would be extremely grateful for any of your notes, corrections, or any criticism. This list is open to us, and we will still make many changes and amendments to it before it takes its final form, which may be published as a brochure. Sources that we will eventually add to the list are also welcome.

Scientists who probably had a religious worldview, but we did not find sources that would report this:

Sh. Pendant(1736-1806, Catholic), G. Ohm (1789-1854, Catholic), Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912), A. Becquerel, NOT. Zhukovsky, R. Milliken, E. Schrödinger, V. Pauli (1900-1958, deist; often criticized modern evolutionary biology.), A. Kastler, P. Jordan, E. Conklin, I.G. Petrovsky, M. Shal, G. Hertz, W. Ramsay, A. Kastler, A. Fleming, V. Zvorykin, W. Harvey, J. Parkinson, B. Smith, J. von Mahler, A. Popov, J-L. Leclerc, A. Cayley, A. Sandage; Emmanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), Albrecht von Haller (1708-77), Robert Brown (1773-1858), Jens Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848), Charles Lyell (1797-1875), Justus Liebig (1803-1873), Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804-1881), James Young Simpson (1811-1870), Camille Flammarion (1842-1925), Paul Sabatier (1854-1941), Pierre Marie Termier (1859-1939), Edwin Grant Conklin (1863-1952) ).

Application

The list lists Nobel laureates by year: 1902, 1906, 1909, 1912, 1915, 1918, 1927, 1932, 1945, 1963, 1964, 1974, 1976 (2: medicine and physics), 1977, 1978, 1979, 198 1, 1990 , 1993, 1996, 1997, 2005, 2007, 2012.

References