All about mandatory and preventive vaccinations for children. What vaccinations are given to children and adolescents What vaccination at 11 months

Although grafting at the level of an idea was born in China back in the ΙΙΙ c. AD, it is considered the main medical breakthrough of the 19th century. Indeed, at first, immunization against the then scourge of humanity, smallpox, was approached quite barbarously - they simply transferred smallpox pus through an incision to a healthy person. And only the French chemist Louis Pasteur proposed a new, at the same time more gentle and more progressive method, which was brilliantly proven in 1885. Then Pasteur vaccinated against rabies the shepherd Joseph Meister, who was bitten by a rabid dog - and he remained alive. Since then, new vaccines against the most dangerous diseases began to appear regularly: 1913 - the debut of vaccination against diphtheria, 1921 - against tuberculosis, 1936 - against tetanus, 1939 - against tick-borne encephalitis, etc. Today, medicine is already firmly in control of infections, practicing vaccines even against cervical cancer, and considering how to deal with its current enemies, say, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, with the same proven approach.

Immunization calendar in Belarus

Today it is fixed by law and includes vaccination against 9 infections: hepatitis B, tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps and rubella. In most regions, since 2008, routine immunization against viral hepatitis A has been underway. In Minsk, vaccinations have also been made against Hib (hemophilic) infection, and since this year, against chicken pox. In addition to the calendar, there is a list of preventive vaccinations - it contains 19 items. They are carried out according to epidemic indications. It must be said that our country is not at all a leader in terms of reasons for vaccination. The national calendars of some states also include vaccinations against pneumococcal and meningococcal infections.

What vaccinations to do?

Doctors insist: everything from the national calendar! If, of course, there are no contraindications and medical challenges. After all, each country forms its own calendar for a reason, but taking into account infections that can massively spread in it and proceed especially hard, up to death. The fact is that a fully vaccinated mother passes specific antibodies to her baby through the placenta, which will provide protection only in the first months of life. But already from three to five months, those that protect against diphtheria, tetanus begin to fade, by the year - against measles ... Therefore, it is so important to help the still tender body take up all-round defense.

As for adults, in addition to scheduled revaccinations (say, diphtheria and tetanus are vaccinated once every 10 years), you should definitely think about vaccination against ...

• Yellow fever if you are heading to regions of Africa and Latin America, which are 20 degrees above and below the equator. Let's say Brazil and Kenya. Everyone who travels there must have an international medical certificate of appropriate vaccination, which is valid for 10 years. In Belarus, it can be done at the 19th Minsk polyclinic, and at least 10 days before the trip. Vaccines have also been invented for other quarantine infections - plague and cholera, but they are extremely rare.
• Hepatitis A. This is if your plans include Egypt, Turkey, Crimea, Bulgaria, Israel or Algeria, where the chance of getting "jaundice" is much higher. Such a vaccination is done 7 - 14 days before the trip, then it gives protection for 1 - 1.5 years. If after 6 - 12 months the vaccination is repeated, then immunity will be developed for 10 - 20 years in advance.
• Hepatitis B - if you travel for more than a month to Thailand, China and other countries in Southeast Asia, where there is a high probability of becoming infected in medical institutions. There is a “quick” vaccine that will form immunity in a month.
• Tick-borne encephalitis. Such vaccination is highly desirable for lovers of extreme rafting on the rivers of the Far East and is not always necessary if you are just planning to go on a tour of urban Europe. As a rule, they are grafted in autumn, in two stages, with an interval of 5-7 months. There is a more “quick” vaccination, when you can go on a trip in a month. And finally, the "emergency option" - the introduction of immunoglobulin 3 - 4 days before the trip. But if the vaccine provides protection for a year, then immunoglobulin - only for a month.

In addition, employees of forest management organizations are vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis in the territories of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park, the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve and other places potentially dangerous in terms of the spread of infection. From rabies - workers for catching and keeping neglected animals, as well as slaughterhouses, veterinarians, hunters, foresters, taxidermists, etc.

Vaccinations for children in Belarus

Preventive vaccination schedules may vary slightly across the country, so we present the one that operates in Minsk. It includes vaccinations for both children under one year old and those who are older.

Newborns in the first 12 hours of life- VGV-1

Newborns on 3-5 days of life - BCG (BCG-M)

1 month- VGV-2

3 months - DTP-1 (AaDTP), IPV-1, Hib-1

4 months - DTP-2 (AaDTP), IPV-2, Hib-2

5 months - DTP-3 (AaDTP), IPV-3, VGV-3, Hib-3

12 months - trivaccine (or ZhIV, ZhPV, rubella vaccine)

18 months- DTP-4 (AaDTP), OPV-4, VGA-1, Hib-4

2 years- OPV-5, VGA-2

6 years - ADS, trivaccine (or ZhKV, ZhPV, rubella vaccine)

Before entering school- VGA 1-2*

7 years- OPV-6, BCG

11 years- AD-M

13 years old- VGV 1-3*

14 years- BCG**

16 years and every 10 years up to and including 66 years- ADS-M, (AD-M, AS)

* not previously vaccinated against this infection.

** persons from risk groups.

HBV- Hepatitis B vaccine.

CAA- Hepatitis A vaccine.

BCG- Tuberculosis vaccine.

BCG-M- vaccine against tuberculosis with a reduced content of antigen.

DTP- adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

AaDPC- acellular adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

ADS- adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid.

AD-M- adsorbed diphtheria toxoid with a reduced content of antigens.

ADS-M- adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus toxoid with a reduced content of antigens.

AU- tetanus toxoid.

OPV- oral live polio vaccine.

IPV- inactivated polio vaccine.

ZhKV- live measles vaccine.

YHV- live mumps vaccine.

Trivaccine- a complex vaccine against measles, rubella, mumps.

Hib- Vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae (Hib infection).

Vaccination at 3 months

There are three of them - a three-in-one vaccine, simultaneously against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, against poliomyelitis and against Haemophilus influenzae. If compared with the general schedule, it turns out that the vaccine at 3 months is not at all a “super-shock”, as many young parents believe, but it is certainly necessary in order to consistently form the immunity that the child needs. However, the opinion that vaccination is “too early” is just as unfounded. For example, hepatitis B vaccination is given within the first 12 hours of birth, and this is not our know-how, but the experience of the USA and Europe.

Chickenpox and DTP vaccine

Vaccination against chickenpox began this year, free of charge and in all children's clinics. In just three months, more than 3,000 children were vaccinated, which significantly reduced the risk of spreading the infection, the rise of which was noted last year. In general, this virus is easily transmitted by airborne droplets and is extremely contagious: out of 100 people in contact with a patient with chickenpox, 85-99 will get sick. Moreover, in 5-6 percent of cases, complications arise, up to pneumonia, acute otitis media, and even sometimes meningoencephalitis. Babies under one year are especially at risk, but even over the age of 15, chickenpox is often difficult to tolerate. The figure speaks for itself: every month, an average of 10 people are hospitalized in Minsk due to chickenpox. The peak season is from December to May.

As for the actual vaccination against chickenpox, it has been used in the world for more than 30 years. Somewhere - in risk groups, somewhere (in Canada, Germany, Australia, etc.) it is included in the national calendar. Until recently, two vaccines against chickenpox, Belgian and Japanese, were registered in Belarus. Children from one to 13 years of age are immunized once, over 13 - twice with an interval of 6-10 weeks. The duration of protection is at least 20 years, the guarantee that you will not get sick is up to 94 percent.

The DTP vaccine has two variants - whole cell and acellular. The second one is being practiced in Minsk. The name itself is an abbreviation of the initial letters of the diseases against which protection is given: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus. Do not think that these are the threats of bygone days. In the 1990s, there was a spike in diphtheria in the country, precisely because too many refused to be immunized. And the lethal consequences of tetanus are recorded by physicians almost every year. No one is immune from this, because the pathogen lives in the soil.

Influenza vaccination in Minsk

The campaign has already ended. In total, doctors set themselves the goal of vaccinating 35 percent of Minsk residents (673,000 people). A year ago, there were 505 thousand of them, and at some enterprises over 40 percent of the staff were vaccinated against influenza. By the way, it was also analyzed there how effective and economically feasible it is. It turned out that, for example, an increase in influenza vaccinations at the National Film Studio Belarusfilm to 35 percent resulted in a 10-plus percent decrease in the incidence. Experts have even calculated the total figures: for every dollar invested in the vaccination campaign - 11.2 dollars of effect. Last year, more than 49,000 cases of influenza and more than 60,000 acute respiratory infections were prevented in Minsk in this way.

Chinese or French flu vaccine?

Natalya Gribkova, head of the laboratory of influenza and influenza-like diseases of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, does not consider this issue of principle: “They are of the same level, they do not differ at all in quality. Chinese - yes, somewhat cheaper, but if the production does not meet the requirements of WHO, the country will simply be deprived of the right to produce a vaccine. Another question is that WHO experts have changed the composition of the vaccine for Belarusians. Usually we have three influenza viruses circulating: two viruses of group A and one of group B, and last year microbiologists identified another group B. So there are already 4 components in the current vaccine. For free vaccination, the Fluvaxin vaccine (China) is used, for paid vaccination, Vaxigrip (France), Grippol Plus (Russia), Influvak (Netherlands). The cost of the procedure is from 70 to 127 thousand rubles, depending on the type.

Flu shots for children

Kindergarten pupils and schoolchildren are included in the so-called risk group, so their flu vaccination is highly desirable. After all, the children's team, where millions of microbes revolve, is fertile ground for an epidemic. Everyone is vaccinated for free, on the spot. However, with the consent of the parents (written or oral - this is at the discretion of the administration of the educational institution). Children under three years of age are given half the dose, older children are given the full dose. If a five-year-old child is brought in who has not previously had the flu and has not been vaccinated, he is given two full vaccinations with an interval of a month.

Vaccinations: pros and cons

Galina Chervonskaya, with her bestseller Merciless Immunization, which denounces vaccinations as almost the worst enemies of civilization, of course, has a group of supporters. At one time there were so many of them that in Moscow they recognized: we are losing the fight against opponents of vaccinations! Then they began to understand, fact by fact. As a result, our doctors came to the conclusion that Chervonskaya's monograph does not contain scientific information, only chaotically pulled facts and the negative that exists in any case. Yes, the facts that opponents of vaccination rely on once took place, but now there are other vaccines, other approaches. And it's almost an axiom: vaccinology is the most life-saving science. No other medical discipline owes humanity the saving of so many lives, millions upon millions. For example, over the past 50 years, more than 2 million cases of measles have been prevented in Belarus with the help of a single tool - vaccination. Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of people around the world are still dying from measles. The experience of countries that tried to refuse vaccination is sad. As soon as Japan canceled the whooping cough vaccine, there was a surge, it came to deaths. It was the same with mumps vaccination - serous meningitis began.

The fact that a whole generation has grown up that does not know what a serious infectious disease, say, polio, is fueling the panic of opponents of vaccinations. Medicine has become partly hostage to its own successes. Add here the denseness of the Internet and the psychology of modern parents who are ready to argue with the doctor to the point of hoarseness and do not want to be responsible for their decisions later. Here is an explanation for why there are still disputes between “amateurs” and “professionals”. In fairness, it should be noted that the number of refusals to vaccinate in Minsk is declining, several vaccination centers have already opened, where specialists have taken over the work with the most doubtful parents and their children.

Should I get a flu shot?

In developed countries, this question has not been raised for a long time. Of course do! Incidentally, this is indirectly confirmed by the story of the "swine" flu. Our doctors specifically analyzed the situation after the fact: so, of those who died in that epidemic, not a single one was vaccinated ... According to the most conservative estimates, influenza and respiratory diseases in total give from 10 to 53 percent of complications. After all, then a person is overtaken by bronchitis, pneumonia and even strokes with heart attacks. In America, up to 30,000 people a year used to die from the flu. What does "flu" mean? from its consequences.

There is no doubt, there are isolated cases when they get sick even after vaccination, it still does not provide 100% protection. But then the disease proceeds much easier. And yet the fact is that flu vaccination alone will not solve the problem of influenza. Half of the people who often get sick with it and acute respiratory diseases have some kind of abnormality in the immune system. Therefore, they additionally need vitamins, immunostimulating drugs, such as, for example, Eleutherococcus extract or Aralia tincture.

First of all, a flu shot is needed:

• people over 65;
• patients with chronic diseases of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, endocrine systems, kidneys;
• employees of education, trade services and catering, transport and medicine;
• children over 6 months old.

Should the child be vaccinated?

To figure this out, you need to clearly understand a few key points.

1. There are constant contraindications to all vaccines. It:

• complication of the introduction of the previous dose of the drug (anaphylactic shock that developed within 24 hours after vaccination, immediate allergic reactions, encephalitis or encephalopathy, afebrile convulsions);
• primary immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, malignant neoplasms.

2. You have every right to refuse. It used to be that everyone was vaccinated in a row, now the following procedure applies: parents must give their consent for vaccination, and the child must be carefully examined by a doctor (not a paramedic!) And give a conclusion about the absence of contraindications. By the way, in kindergarten, subject to availability, they are required to accept children without vaccinations. Another thing is if the parents are going to send their child to kindergarten at the moment when the group is quarantined, for example, for rubella. If a child is not vaccinated against it, they will not be accepted immediately - primarily because it is he who risks getting sick.

Refusal of prophylactic vaccination is documented in the patient's medical records and signed by him or his legal representative, as well as by a medical worker. If you do not sign, this fact will be certified by the health worker in your card.

3. Any vaccine can give some kind of reaction. The general reaction looks at the temperature: up to 38 ° - this is a weak reaction, from 38 ° to 39.5 ° - moderate, above 39.5 ° - already severe. According to local reactions, seals: up to 5 cm in diameter - a weak reaction, from 5 to 8 cm - medium and more than 8 cm - severe. Most often gives reactions to DTP: rise in temperature, seals, the child may become too restless. But a moderate and severe reaction is more of a casuistry for us.

4. It is necessary to prepare for vaccination.

• Many doctors advise, for example, before the first vaccination with the DTP vaccine, to do a general blood and urine test, and also to obtain permission from a neurologist for vaccination. And if the child has allergic disorders (atopic dermatitis, etc.), discuss the exacerbation prevention scheme with the doctor in advance. Usually this is taking antihistamines for 2 days before vaccination and 2 days after.
• On the day of vaccination, you should not introduce new complementary foods or new types of food. If the child is old enough - never, even as a joke, scare him with vaccination. Ask - tell me honestly: yes, there may be discomfort, but it's only for a few seconds!
• Check with the doctor that the child does not have a fever at the time of the vaccination. At the time of the injection, do not worry - your anxiety is transferred to the child. You can distract him with some game, a song.
• Do not rush to leave the clinic or medical center. Sit for 20-30 minutes near the office. Firstly, it will help to calm down, and secondly, it will allow you to quickly provide assistance in case of an unforeseen reaction to the vaccine.
• Follow the situation, after consulting with your doctor about what to do in this or that case. But never use aspirin. It is contraindicated for children under 16! And do not panic: if there was any reaction, but the vaccination was not made with a live vaccine, then the vaccination with a 99 percent probability has nothing to do with it.

Consequences of the flu shot

When using a good vaccine out of 100 vaccinated children, only 4–8 may develop local reactions in the form of redness, induration or soreness at the injection site, and 1–8 may develop general reactions such as a short-term increase in temperature (up to 37.5 ° C), malaise . However, this situation is temporary.

Temperature after vaccination

Fever does appear after vaccination in 15-20 percent of children. If this temperature is up to 38.5, then it does not need to be knocked down at all. 39-40? Paracetamol, for example. It is not worth giving it in advance, because it reduces the immune response. Of course, with a high temperature, you need to see a doctor. After all, most often a feverish condition is associated with pneumonia or with some other disease. This must be ruled out by doing a blood test, urine test, etc. Previously, doctors hospitalized children with pathology after vaccination - and in 6 cases out of 10 it turned out that vaccination was not to blame. The reference point, as a rule, is when the temperature rose. After DTP, the thermometer may rise in the first two days. Later means it's not because of the DTP. Conversely, if after the measles vaccination the fever breaks out on the first, second, third, fourth day, then do not blame the vaccination. It can be suspected only if the temperature soared on the fifth or sixth day.

Larisa Krymova.

Vaccinations for children are a reliable, effective means for creating active specific immunity. Vaccination prevents the development of dangerous diseases that threaten life and health.

Compliance with the vaccination schedule is a prerequisite for protecting the child from dangerous infections. Without specific antibodies, babies, older children and even adults are easily attacked by dangerous viruses and bacteria. Find out more information: why it is important to vaccinate your baby on time, what threatens to refuse the timely introduction of the vaccine and violate the timing of revaccination.

Why vaccination is necessary

A newborn after birth is faced with bacteria and viruses. After a sterile environment, a tiny organism has to adapt to the neighborhood with various microorganisms. The almost complete absence of immunity at an early stage of life makes the baby easily vulnerable to microbes, among which there are many pathogens. Vaccination is the main method that creates protection for the child.

Do children need vaccinations? Pediatricians insist: Vaccinations are required for children! Epidemics of smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, which raged several decades ago, have practically disappeared. A positive result was given by mass vaccination.

Why children need vaccinations:

• after the introduction of a live or inactivated form of the vaccine, the body fights the pathogen, lymphocytes actively protect the body from viruses and bacteria. The result is the production of protective proteins-antibodies;
• for a year, three, five or more years, the body “remembers” about the vaccination. The next time you come into contact with a harmful bacterium or a dangerous virus, the risk of disease is reduced to almost zero or the disease proceeds in a mild form;
• revaccination (re-introduction of the vaccine after a certain interval) enhances protection against a specific pathogen, long-term, stable immunity is developed. Even after close contact with a sick person, antibodies easily recognize the “familiar” pathogen, quickly neutralize it, and the disease does not develop.

Information for parents! Specific immunity to the causative agent of rubella, whooping cough, tetanus, viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, and other dangerous diseases occurs only after the introduction of an inactivated or live vaccine. Other therapies are not able to completely get rid of the disease, the risk of re-infection persists throughout life.

Causes of complications

Today it is fashionable to refuse vaccination, to look for reasons not to vaccinate children. Internet forums are filled with stories about complications from vaccinations. But, if you carefully study each case, it turns out that most of the negative reactions have objective reasons. With proper preparation for vaccination, taking into account certain factors, complications could have been avoided.

Most often, negative reactions occur in the following cases:

• vaccination during illness of the child;
• ignoring by doctors and parents of contraindications (both temporary and absolute);
• inattention to the condition of the baby on the day of vaccination;
• improper preparation for the introduction of the vaccine;
• inopportune moment: the baby has just suffered a serious illness, the family has returned from a trip to the sea, the child has suffered severe stress;
• the use of potent drugs, blood transfusion shortly before the time of vaccination;
• refusal to take antihistamines that prevent allergic reactions if the child has an increased sensitization of the body.

Sometimes the cause of complications is a poor-quality vaccine. Fortunately, such cases are rare. With frequent complaints from parents about active adverse reactions in children, doctors are required to collect data on a certain type of vaccine and transfer it to the authorities involved in quality control of drugs. With a large number of negative reviews, a certain series is temporarily discontinued for re-checking the quality.

Vaccination table for children by age

Pay attention to the vaccination calendar for children. What vaccinations are given to children? For medical reasons, the doctor may create an individual vaccination schedule or prescribe an additional vaccine.

Often ill children are often prescribed a vaccine to prevent hemophilic infection. A dangerous pathogen provokes purulent meningitis, osteomyelitis, epiglotitis, pneumonia, otitis media.

Many pediatricians from the age of 6 months recommend vaccinating a child against influenza. Vaccines are updated annually, taking into account the most active strains of the virus for the current period. The risk group for which the flu vaccine will help prevent dangerous complications: children suffering from chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchi, heart, kidney pathologies.

Calendar and schedule of vaccinations for children by age:

Parents must fulfill a few simple conditions. Preparation will not take much time and effort. The more closely the recommendations are followed, the lower the risk of complications. Pay attention to the health of the child, do not rely only on the doctor.

Helpful Hints:

• before going to the clinic, measure the temperature: the indicators should be at the level of 36.6–36.7 degrees. In children up to a year, many doctors consider a normal, non-dangerous for vaccinations temperature of 37.1 degrees with accelerated heat transfer;
• before vaccination, tell the doctor about the state of health of your son or daughter, the presence/absence of allergies, and recent diseases. The task of parents is to give detailed information about the health of children, to talk about known contraindications;
• do not refuse vaccination under far-fetched reasons: “he is still too small”, “he is so painful”, “they say that part of the vaccinations have been canceled”;
• with a tendency to allergies, doctors often give antihistamines before vaccination. If there is no predisposition, taking allergy pills is optional.

Possible reactions of the body

Experience shows that parents need to be aware of the side effects that can occur with a particular type of vaccine. The doctor is obliged to warn about reactions so that the mother does not panic if, after vaccination, the baby has a slight increase in temperature or a slight induration occurs in the injection zone, redness appears.

It is important to know what reactions are the norm, and when to sound the alarm, immediately seek help.

The doctor should advise:

• how the body might react to a vaccine;
• how to act in case of complications, pronounced negative symptoms;
• when the side effects of the vaccine should go away.

The task of parents:

• monitor the child's condition, monitor the reaction to the vaccine;
• if age permits, explain to the children how to handle the vaccination zone (do not rub, do not wet, do not scratch, and so on);
• protect the injection site from moisture (according to indications);
• protect a son or daughter from contact with sick people;
• observe the daily routine and nutrition;
• do not give high physical exertion in the first days after the administration of the vaccine;
• timely seek advice in case of deviations from the norm.

Main types of side effects:

• local. Redness, soreness, induration at the injection site. Some children have enlarged nearby lymph nodes. Some mixtures are supposed to provoke local reactions in order to enhance the immune response. Examples: formulations against hepatitis A, B, DTP vaccines, DTP vaccination. Adjuvants (substances that cause local reactions) contain inactivated vaccines;
• general. Problems with sleep and appetite, rashes, restlessness, uncharacteristic crying. Marked headache, fever, cyanosis, lowering the temperature of the hands and feet;
• post-vaccination complications. Sufficiently severe, undesirable response of the body during the formation of specific immunity. Among them: immediate allergy to the vaccine, anaphylactic shock, neurological disorders, seizures. Such manifestations threaten health, require immediate resuscitation. Post-vaccination complications are rare: 1 case per 1–10 million vaccinations.

What are the risks of not vaccinating?

Consequences of a different nature:

• the child is defenseless against dangerous infections;
• any contact with a virus and bacteria carrier causes a milder or more severe form of the disease;
• with many infections, re-infection is possible even after an illness;
• without a medical card with vaccination marks, the child temporarily does not receive admission to a kindergarten, school, health camp;
• in the absence of the necessary vaccinations, travel to a country where preventive vaccination is mandatory is prohibited.

Many infectious diseases in adults are more severe than in childhood. In the absence of vaccination, the risk of infection by contact with a sick person increases, and severe complications often develop.

Now you know how mandatory vaccination protects a child from bacterial and viral infections that various methods of treatment, traditional prevention measures, cannot cope with. Responsibly approach vaccination, study the vaccination calendar, look at the vaccination table by age.

Never refrain from getting vaccinated for ill-conceived reasons. Subject to the rules, taking into account contraindications, the interaction of the doctor and parents, the risk of complications is minimal.

More useful and interesting information about vaccinations for children in the following video:

Literally from the first minutes of life, the child finds himself in a rather hostile environment for him: microbes, viruses, infections. With some of them, the baby can cope thanks to innate passive immunity, which he acquires from his mother in the womb. Breastfeeding further strengthens the immune system, thanks to the antibodies found in breast milk. Proper nutrition, hardening - everything strengthens the "protective" forces of the crumbs. But, unfortunately, these measures can not protect against all diseases, so doctors advise vaccinating babies, strictly following the preventive vaccination calendar.

Vaccination is the main measure to prevent the occurrence of dangerous diseases. Each country has its own vaccination calendar, which has been observed for more than a dozen years. Belarus is no exception. Today, the National Immunization Schedule includes 9 vaccinations: hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, mumps (mumps), rubella, poliomyelitis. Sometimes the list is supplemented by vaccination against hemophilic and pneumococcal infections, which are vaccinated in children from the relevant risk groups.

Immunization calendar

medportal.org

1 day (24)- Vaccination against viral hepatitis B (HBV-1);

3-4 day- Vaccination against tuberculosis (BCG), (BCG - M);

1 month- Vaccination against viral hepatitis B (HBV-2);

3 months- V1 vaccine Pentaxim (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Hib - infection);

4 months- V2 vaccine Pentaxim (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Hib - infection);

5 months- V3 vaccine Pentaxim (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, Hib - infection, poliomyelitis), V3 viral hepatitis B (HBV-3);

12 months (1 year)- Vaccination of MMR (measles, rubella, mumps);

18 months- 1st revaccination with Pentaxim vaccine (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Hib - infection), vaccination against viral hepatitis A (VHA);

2 years (24 months)- 2nd polio revaccination (R2 OPV), revaccination against viral hepatitis A;

6 years- MMR revaccination (measles, rubella, parotitis); 2nd revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus (R2 ADS);

7 years- Mantoux test. With a negative Mantoux test, revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG), 3rd revaccination against polio;

11 years- 3rd revaccination against diphtheria (ADM);

16 years- 4th revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (R4 ADS - M);

26 - 66 years old(every 10 years) - Revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (ADS-M).

Before vaccination. Precautionary measures

invitro.ru

For effective and painless vaccination, some precautions must be observed:

1. Pass a medical examination: be sure to visit a pediatrician and a neurologist, if there is a need or any doubts, you can sign up for an additional consultation with other doctors. It is especially important if the child has diathesis or allergies, there was a birth injury, a bad reaction to the previous vaccination.

2. Get your child a complete blood and urine test. Tests will show whether the baby can now be vaccinated.

3. For 7-10 days, do not introduce new foods into your diet if the child is breastfed, or into the child's diet, especially when he is prone to allergies.

4. Familiarize yourself with the contraindications to the vaccine in advance. If there are any doubts or questions, it is best to discuss them with your doctor.

After vaccination

Immediately after the administration of the drug, do not leave the clinic for 30 minutes: during this time, the body will adapt, and in case of an unforeseen reaction, parents will be able to seek help from a doctor.

Also, for several days, monitor the temperature of the child and try to limit contact with strangers. If the child has a fever or there are violations in the general condition, it is recommended to consult a pediatrician.

Pediatricians also advise to reduce the amount of food consumed, especially if the child does not have an appetite, but to vary the drink.

The injection site cannot be wetted for a day, and sometimes longer, so it is better to carry out hygiene procedures in advance.

Walks in the fresh air are not canceled if the child feels well.

Medical practice shows that the occurrence of complications after vaccinations is rare, but if you have any doubts, do not hesitate to ask your doctor.

* Reprinting materials from the site is possible only with the written permission of the editors.

In each country, at the state level, a calendar is set according to which children are vaccinated. Let's look at the vaccination calendar in Russia, especially since it has changed a little since 2014.

Calculate the vaccination calendar

Contraindications

Before learning about the timing of vaccination, parents need to familiarize themselves with the factors that are the reasons for not vaccinating a baby at all or for some period.

• An obstacle to the introduction of any vaccine is an adverse reaction to the introduction of this drug in the past (there was a strong adverse reaction or complications appeared).
• Also, no vaccines can be administered with immunodeficiencies, malignant tumors and a decrease in the function of the immune system under the influence of drugs.
• A contraindication for the introduction of BCG is the low birth weight of the child (less than 2 kg).
• DTP vaccination is not given for progressive diseases of the nervous system and the presence of a convulsive syndrome in the past.
• Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines should not be given if you are allergic to aminoglycosides.
• If a child is allergic to egg white, he should not be given drugs against rubella, measles, influenza, mumps.
• You cannot vaccinate against hepatitis B if you are allergic to baker's yeast.

Table

Additionally, children are vaccinated against rubella at the age of 13 and measles at the age of 15-17, if the children have not been previously vaccinated against these infections, have not been ill with them, or have received only the first vaccination.

Types of vaccination

The vaccine can be administered to a child in the following ways:

1. Intramuscularly. This is one of the most common methods, providing a fairly rapid resorption of the drug. Immunity after such an injection is formed quickly, and the risk of allergies is less, because the muscles are well supplied with blood and removed from the skin. For children under two years of age, intramuscular vaccination is carried out in the thigh. The injection is carried out in the anterolateral region, directing the needle perpendicular to the skin. For babies older than two years, the vaccine is injected into the deltoid muscle. Introduction into the gluteal muscle is not practiced due to the small length of the needle (the injection is obtained subcutaneously).
2. Subcutaneously. In this way, a large number of drugs are administered, for example, the vaccine against rubella, mumps and measles. Its differences are a more accurate dosage than with the oral and intradermal method, as well as a lower rate of absorption and the formation of immunity, which is valuable in the presence of problems with blood clotting. At the same time, rabies and hepatitis B vaccines cannot be injected under the skin. Injection sites for subcutaneous vaccination are the area of ​​the shoulder, the front of the thigh, or the area under the shoulder blade.
3. Intradermal. An example of the use of this method of vaccination is the introduction of BCG. For injection, a syringe is used, which has a thin needle. The injection is performed in the shoulder area. At the same time, for the prevention of complications, it is important not to inject the drug under the skin.
4. Through the mouth. This method of administering the drug is also called oral. An example of vaccination by this method is polio vaccination in the form of an oral preparation. The technique is very simple - the right amount of the drug is dripped into the child's mouth.
5. Into the nose. Vaccines presented in the form of an aqueous solution, cream or ointment (for example, against rubella or influenza) are administered by this method. The disadvantage of the method is the complexity of the dosage, since part of the drug enters the gastrointestinal tract.

Revaccination

Revaccination is called manipulation, ensuring the maintenance of immunity to diseases for which the child was previously vaccinated. The baby is once again injected with the drug so that the repeated production of antibodies increases protection against a specific disease.

Depending on the vaccination, revaccinations can be carried out 1-7 times, and sometimes they are not carried out. For example, revaccinations against hepatitis B are not performed, and against tuberculosis are carried out only with negative Mantoux results. Against diseases such as rubella, whooping cough, mumps, pneumococcal infection and measles, revaccination is carried out only 1 time, but maintaining immunity against tetanus and diphtheria requires regular revaccination until the end of life.

Vaccination calendar by age

Up to 1 year

The very first vaccine that a newborn baby encounters while still in the hospital is the hepatitis B vaccine. It is performed on the first day of the postpartum period. From the third to the seventh day of life, the baby is given BCG. The injection is performed in the maternity hospital intradermally into the baby's shoulder. Hepatitis B vaccination is repeated every month.

A three-month-old baby expects several vaccines at once. At this age, they are vaccinated against polio, pneumococcal infection, whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. If the infant is at risk, he also receives the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. The same list of vaccinations is typical for the age of 4.5 and 6 months, except for the pneumococcal vaccine, which is vaccinated only twice (at 3 months and at 4.5 months). In addition, at the age of 6 months, the third time is vaccinated against hepatitis B.

Up to 3 years

A one-year-old baby is sent for vaccination against mumps, rubella, and measles. The vaccine that protects against these infections is complex, so there will be only one injection. Also, at the age of 1 year, children who are at risk for this disease are vaccinated against hepatitis B.

At 15 months, the child is waiting for revaccination against pneumococcal infection. At 1.5 years old, revaccination against tetanus, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and whooping cough begins. Another revaccination against polio is given at the age of twenty months.

Up to 7 years

At the age of 6, the child is waiting for revaccination against mumps, measles and rubella. A seven-year-old child is again vaccinated with BCG, if there is an indication for this. Also at this age, the child receives the ADS vaccine, which supports his immunity against tetanus and diphtheria.

Up to 14 years old

At the age of 13, children are vaccinated selectively - if the child has not been vaccinated before or there is no information about previous vaccinations. Girls are additionally given the rubella vaccine.

Under 18

At the age of 14, it is time for another revaccination against infectious diseases such as tetanus, polio, tuberculosis and diphtheria. Also at this time, you can be vaccinated against measles and hepatitis B, if you have not previously been vaccinated against these viral infections.

Preparation for vaccination

Before vaccinating a child, you need to determine the state of his health. An examination by specialists will help with this (it is often necessary to show the baby to a neurologist or an allergist), as well as urine and blood tests. Before vaccination, it is important not to change the baby's diet and not to include new products in it.

Parents are also advised to purchase antipyretic drugs in advance, since many children have a temperature reaction to vaccination. If there is a risk of an allergic reaction, give the child an antihistamine a few days before the vaccination and a few days after the injection. When vaccinating children under one year old, it is worth taking a clean diaper with you, as well as a toy.

Vaccination is actively promoted and recommended by WHO and doctors, but parental consent is also required for vaccination. There have always been parents who refused to administer vaccines to their children for certain reasons. Frequent refusal has led to an increase in the incidence of infections such as whooping cough and diphtheria. In addition, due to the refusal of vaccinations, there is a high risk of outbreaks of polio and other dangerous infections. Of course, vaccinations cannot be attributed to completely safe procedures, but the safety of vaccination is much higher than the disease that the vaccine prevents.

Parents are advised not to interrupt the vaccination schedule. This is especially important for vaccination against diphtheria. You can refuse or skip only revaccination. If you are in doubt about whether vaccinations will harm your child, contact an immunologist who, in the event of temporary contraindications (for example, diathesis), will develop an individual plan for receiving vaccinations for the baby.

Before vaccination, it is important to make sure not only that the child is healthy, but also that the contraindications have expired. If the baby had an acute infection, the vaccine can be given only at least 2 weeks after recovery.

Vaccination is a mass prevention of infectious diseases. A person receives the first vaccinations immediately after birth, and the main ones at the age of 13-18, being a teenager.

How the vaccine works

When a vaccine enters the body, the immune system remembers it and begins to produce substances to destroy it. There are vaccines that create immunity the first time, others require repeated administration. Today, special vaccination schedules have been developed that allow you to protect a person from dangerous and serious infections.

What are vaccinations

• viral - from measles, rubella, hepatitis B, polio;
• bacterial - from diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus.

Types of Vaccines

• live vaccines- consist of a weakened living organism. These are vaccines against polio, mumps, measles, rubella, tuberculosis;
• inactivated vaccines- consist of a killed whole microorganism (vaccinations against rabies, whooping cough and viral hepatitis A) or from a component of the cell wall of the pathogen (vaccinations against meningococcal infection);
• toxoids- consist of an inactivated toxin (i.e. poison) produced by bacteria (diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations);
• biosynthetic vaccines- obtained as a result of genetic engineering (vaccination against viral hepatitis B).

How vaccinations are made:

• traditionally - intramuscularly;
• intradermally;
• skin;
• subcutaneously.

The route of administration of the vaccine depends on the drug and its purpose.

Vaccination in teenagers

Vaccinations against meningococcus- serous or purulent inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. The vaccine makes a teenager immune to the meningococcal virus. Who should be vaccinated against meningococcus:

• teenagers at 11-12 years old;
• adolescents aged 13-18;
• students who live in a hostel and have not previously been vaccinated against meningococcal infection.

Vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough

Whooping cough- acute infectious disease. The causative agent is the bacterium Bordetella, which is transmitted by airborne droplets.

Diphtheria- caused by a diphtheria bacillus (Leffler's wand), transmitted by airborne droplets. There is diphtheria of the oropharynx and diphtheria of the respiratory tract, but it is less common.

Tetanus- acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a large anaerobic bacillus. It enters the human body through a cut or wound, being in favorable conditions, it releases toxins that affect the nervous system and muscles of a person. Vaccination is given to adolescents repeatedly and then the body develops a stable immunity against these infections. Who is vaccinated against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus:

• Re-vaccination is done to all adolescents at 11-12 years of age.

Hepatitis B vaccinations Hepatitis B(inflammation of the liver) is an acute chronic disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. Vaccination makes a teenager immune to hepatitis B. Who should be vaccinated against hepatitis B:

• adolescents at 18 years of age who were not vaccinated before 1 year of age. Vaccination takes place in three stages with an interval of 6 months.

Vaccinations against measles, mumps, rubella Measles- an infectious disease that causes inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Mumps- an acute infectious disease that affects the glandular organs - the pancreas, the salivary gland. Rubella- an epidemic viral disease, mainly children get sick. Who should be vaccinated against measles, mumps, rubella

• adolescents at 11-12 years of age if they have not previously been vaccinated or received one dose of the vaccine instead of three.

Chickenpox vaccinations Chicken pox- an acute viral disease that is transmitted by airborne droplets. In adults, the disease is much more complicated and severe than in children. The vaccine provides immunity against chickenpox. Who should be vaccinated against chickenpox

• adolescents at 13 who have not had chickenpox and are not immune.