Second syllable. The meaning of the word syllable in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Syllable

Features of syllable formation

In Russian, syllables are usually built according to the principle of ascending sonority, and the syllable division in non-final syllables most often occurs after the most sonorous sound. Types of syllables in Russian: open (-ta-) and closed (-at-), covered (-ta-) and uncovered (-ata-).

In Russian, a vowel is a syllabic sound, so there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it: aria(3 syllables), lighthouse(2 syllables), flight(1 syllable).

Syllables are either open (ending in a vowel) or closed (ending in a consonant). For example, in the word ko-ro-na all syllables are open, and in the word ar-buz both syllables are closed.

All languages have open syllables, but some, such as Hawaiian, do not have closed syllables.

Syllables can be covered (begin with a consonant) or open (begin with a vowel). For example, in the word watermelon the first syllable is uncovered, and the second is covered.

In order to determine how many syllables are in a word, a simple technique is used, first shown by elementary school teachers to children. To do this, the back of the hand is brought close to the chin and the right word is clearly pronounced, counting how many times the chin touches the hand. This number will be the number of syllables.

Syllable it can be a significant sound unit (for example, in Vietnamese) and a phonetic unit, a formal concept.

Essen wrote that the syllable has no meaning and does not have any special acoustic characteristics.

Syllables exist because:

The syllable is an important and clearly distinguishable unit in speech intuition.
The syllable is the basic unit in versification.

Theories about the nature of the syllable

Linguists have put forward several theories regarding the nature of the syllable: expiratory, sonorous (acoustic), tense (articulatory), dynamic.

expiratory theory of the syllable

By expiratory (expiratory) theory the syllable is formed as a result of muscular tension of the vocal cords, when the exhaled air stream forms peculiar syllable shocks. The theory has been known since ancient times. An experimental test can be the simplest experiment with pronouncing a word in front of a candle flame: how many times the flame sways in the process of pronunciation - so many syllables are contained in the word. However, this theory is recognized as incorrect, since there are words in which the number of syllables does not match the number of exhalations. For example, in the word "ay" - two syllables, but one exhalation, in the word "alloy" - on the contrary: one syllable, but two exhalations.

Sonorant theory of the syllable

By sonor theory, which is also called acoustic theory or loudness / sonority theory, a syllable is a combination of sounds with a greater or lesser degree of loudness. The syllabic vowel, like a loud sound, attaches non-syllabic consonants to itself. Each syllable has two loudness minima, which are its limits. The acoustic theory was proposed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. For the Russian language, it was developed by the Soviet linguist Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov (1902-1982). According to this theory, the highest level (fourth level in the sonority level scale) belongs to vowels in sonority ([a], [e], [o] and others). Between the third and fourth levels is the sound [th], which has a weakened sonority in comparison with vowels. At the third level are sonorant consonants ([l], [m]). The second level is occupied by noisy voiced ones ([b], [e] and others). Noisy deaf people ([n], [t] and others) are placed on the first level. At zero level, the sound is completely absent, this is a pause. The sonority level scale is built from the bottom up, like a musical ruler. For example, the word “ay” on the sonority level scale will graphically look like a graph with two sharp peaks resting on the top line of the ruler, with a hollow between them, descending downward to the line indicating the zero level (pause). If the word is conditionally depicted in numbers representing this acoustic pattern, then the word "ay" ( a-y) can be represented as a sequence of numbers of sonority levels: 0-4-0-4-0. According to this scheme, the acoustic graph of the word "alloy" ( splaf) will look like a broken line with a sequence according to the numbers of sonority levels: 0-1-1-3-4-1-0. Since in the latter case there is only one vertex, it is believed that the word "alloy" has one syllable. Thus, how many vertices there are on the scale of the level of sonority of a word, so many syllables will be in it. However, according to this theory, the number of syllables does not always coincide with the number of vowels, since sonorous consonants sometimes occur, forming "tops". For example, in the word "meaning" ( meaning) the scheme will be as follows: 0-1-3-4-1-3-0. Here the word with one vowel has two syllables with the syllabic sounds "ы" and "л". At the same time, this word has a pronunciation in one syllable: at the same time, the sonorant “l” is deafened by a noisy deaf “s” according to the scheme: 0-1-3-4-1-1-0. This feature of some words to have several variants of pronunciation by syllables is used in versification. So, the word "December" in Boris Pasternak's poem can be pronounced in two or three syllables, if necessary, to maintain the overall rhythm of the verse:

It was winter in Ostankino
December ( December), number thirtieth (...)
It was winter in Ostankino, December ( December), thirty-first.

However, the theory of sonority in some cases fails. So, for the interjection “ks-ks-ks”, which in Russia is called to a pet cat, the sonority scheme will look like a graph with a long platform without vertices (0-1-1-1-1-1-1-0) , despite the fact that even by ear this interjection has a certain breakdown by sonority levels.

tension theory

By tension theories or the articulatory theory put forward by the Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, the syllable is formed due to articulatory muscle tension, which grows towards the top of the syllable (that is, the vowel and sonorant sound), and then subsides.

Dynamic syllable theory

By dynamic theory, the syllable is considered as a complex phenomenon, which is determined by the action of a number of factors: acoustic, articulatory, prosodic and phonological. According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is a wave of intensity, force. The loudest, strongest sounds in a word are syllabic, the less strong are non-syllabic.

Literature

Actual problems of culture of speech. - M., 1970.
Verbitskaya L. A. Russian orthoepy. - L., 1976.
Zinder L. R. General phonetics. - M., 1979.
Kochergina V. A. Introduction to linguistics. - L., 1991.
Maslov Yu.S. Introduction to linguistics. - M., 1987.
Trubetskoy N.S. Fundamentals of phonology. - M., 1960.

Links

Maria Kalenchuk"Syllable and stress" // Encyclopedia for children. T. 10. Linguistics. Russian language (3rd edition) / Editor-in-chief M. D. Aksyonova. - M.: Avanta +, 2004. - S. 88-89, 92. ISBN 5-8483-0051-8

Phonetics and phonology

Basic concepts

Phonetics	Speech sound Speech flow Segmentation Articulatory apparatus Phonation Articulation Place of formation of consonants Formant Vowels Consonants Stress Tone Intonation Syllable Mora IPA RLA Phonetic transcription Universal phonetic classifications
Phonology	Phoneme Opposition Position Neutralization Differential sign Minimal pair Phonologisation Allophone Phoneme variant Phoneme variation Archiphoneme Hyperphoneme Alternation Phonemic transcription

Personalities

I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay N. S. Trubetskoy L. V. Shcherba L. R. Zinder M. I. Matusevich L. V. Bondarko V. B. Kasevich R. I. Avanesov V. N. Sidorov A. A Reformatsky M. V. Panov R. O. Jacobson N. Chomsky M. Halle G. Fant

Phonological concepts

Kazan Linguistic School Phonological concept of N. S. Trubetskoy Petersburg Phonological School Moscow Phonological School Phonological concept of R. I. Avanesov Phonological concept of M. V. Panov Generative phonology

Sections and disciplines

Articulatory phonetics Acoustic phonetics Perceptual phonetics Prosody Accentology Orthoepy Extranormal phonetics

Morphology Morphology Syntax Portal:Linguistics

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

hellish vampire
Internet cafe

See what "Syllable" is in other dictionaries:

syllable- syllable, a, pl. h. and, ov ... Russian spelling dictionary

Syllable- one of the simplest, but scientifically the most difficult to determine phonetic concepts. Strange as it may seem at first glance, but there is no doubt that the conscious selection of S. preceded in the history of mankind the conscious selection of a separate sound. ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

syllable- 1. syllable, a; pl. syllables, ov; m. A sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one push of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. The stress is on the last syllable. Closed with. (ending in a consonant). Open with. (ending in… … encyclopedic Dictionary

syllable- See speech, style, language, brisk syllable, caustic syllable, sharp syllable ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. syllable manner, language, style; speech; ikt, warehouse, syllabema, pen, euphuism Dictionary ... ... Synonym dictionary

SYLLABLE- syllable, syllable, pl. syllables, syllables, husband. 1. A sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced in one breath (ling.). Open syllable (ending in a vowel). Closed syllable (ending in a consonant). Divide words into syllables. 2 units only Style,… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Syllable- A syllable is a phonetic phonological unit that occupies an intermediate position between sound and speech tact (see Sounds of speech, Articulation). There are several signs of a syllable as a phonetic unit. From the point of view of motor speech control, the syllable ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

syllable- syllable, a, pl. and, oh, husband. A sound or combination of sounds uttered by a single push of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. Read in syllables. Percussion with. Open with. (ending in a vowel). Closed with. (ending in a consonant). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

SYLLABLE- the minimum pronunciation unit of speech, consisting of one or more sounds that form a close phonetic unity. An open syllable ends with a vowel, closed with a consonant ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

syllable 1- syllable 1, a, pl. and, ov, m. a sound or a combination of sounds pronounced by one push of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. Read in syllables. Percussion with. Open with. (ending in a vowel). Closed with. (ending in a consonant). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

syllable 2- syllable 2, a, m. The same as style 1 (in 3 meanings). Write in good style. High s. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

It would seem that for any person who has learned to read, there is nothing easier than dividing words into syllables. In practice, it turns out that this is not such an easy task, moreover, in order to correctly complete this task, you need to know some of the nuances. If you think about it, not everyone can even give a clear answer to a simple question: “What is a syllable?”

So what is a syllable?

As you know, every word consists of syllables, which, in turn, consist of letters. However, for a combination of letters to be a syllable, it must necessarily contain one vowel, which in itself can constitute a syllable. It is generally accepted that a syllable is the smallest spoken unit of speech or, more simply, a sound / sound combination pronounced in one breath. For example, the word "I-blo-ko". To pronounce it, you need to exhale three times, which means that this word consists of three syllables.

In our language, one syllable cannot contain more than one vowel. Therefore, how many vowels in a word - so many syllables. Vowels are syllabic sounds (create a syllable), while consonants are non-syllabic (cannot form a syllable).

Theories of the syllable

There are as many as four theories trying to explain what a syllable is.

exhalation theory. One of the most ancient. According to her, the number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of exhalations made during its pronunciation.
acoustic theory. It implies that a syllable is a combination of sounds with high and low volume. The vowel is louder, so it is able to both independently form a syllable and attract consonants to itself, like less loud sounds.
articulatory theory. In this theory, the syllable is presented as the result of muscle tension, which increases towards the vowel and falls towards the consonant.
Dynamic theory. Explains the syllable as a complex phenomenon influenced by a number of factors listed in previous theories.

It is worth noting that each of the above theories has its drawbacks, however, as well as advantages, and none of them has been able to fully characterize the nature of the concept of "syllable".

Types of syllables

A word can consist of a different number of syllables - from one or more. It all depends on the vowels, for example: “sleep” is one syllable, “sno-vi-de-ni-e” is five. In this category, they are divided into monosyllabic and polysyllabic.

If there is more than one syllable in the composition of the word, then one of them is stressed, and it is called stressed (when pronounced, it is distinguished by the length and strength of the sound), and all the others are unstressed.

Depending on what sound the syllable ends with, they are open (vowel) and closed (consonant). For example, the word "for-water". In this case, the first syllable is open, as it ends in the vowel "a", while the second is closed because it ends in the consonant "d".

How to separate words into syllables?

First of all, it is worth clarifying that the division of words into phonetic syllables does not always coincide with the division for transfer. So, according to the rules of transfer, one letter cannot be separated, even if it is a vowel and is a syllable. However, if the word is divided into syllables, according to the rules of division, then a vowel not surrounded by consonants will make up one full-fledged syllable. For example: in the word “yu-la” there are phonetically two syllables, but this word will not be separated during transfer.

As stated above, there are exactly as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. One vowel sound can act as a syllable, but if it has more than one sound, then such a syllable will necessarily begin with a consonant. The above example - the word "yu-la" - is divided in this way, and not "yul-a". This example demonstrates how the second vowel "a" attracts "l" to itself.

If there are several consonants in a row in the middle of a word, they belong to the next syllable. This rule applies to cases with the same consonants, and to cases with different non-syllabic sounds. The word "o-tcha-i-n" illustrates both options. The letter "a" in the second syllable attracted a combination of different consonants - "tch", and "s" - double "nn". There is one exception to this rule - for unpaired non-syllable sounds. If the voiced consonant (y, l, l, m, m, n, n, p, p) is the first in the letter combination, then it is separated along with the previous vowel. In the word "flask" the letter "n" refers to the first syllable, as it is an unpaired voiced consonant. And in the previous example - “o-tcha-ya-ny” - “n” went to the beginning of the next syllable, according to the general rule, since it was a paired sonorant.

Sometimes letter combinations of consonants in a letter mean several letters, but sound like one sound. In such cases, the division of the word into syllables and the division for hyphenation will be different. Since the combination means one sound, then these letters should not be separated when divided into syllables. However, when transferring such letter combinations are separated. For example, the word “i-zjo-ga” has three syllables, but when transferred, this word will be divided as “izzho-ga”. In addition to the letter combination “zzh”, pronounced as one long sound [zh:], this rule also applies to combinations “ts” / “ts”, in which “ts” / “ts” sound like [ts]. For example, it is correct to divide “u-chi-tsya” without breaking “ts”, but when transferring, it will be “learn-sya”.

As noted in the previous section, the syllable is open and closed. There are much fewer closed syllables in Russian. As a rule, they are only at the end of the word: "hacker". In rare cases, closed syllables may be in the middle of a word, provided that the syllable ends in an unpaired sonorant: “bag”, but “bu-dka”.

How to separate words for hyphenation

Having dealt with the question of what a syllable is, what types of them are, and how to divide them into them, it is worth paying attention to the rules of word hyphenation. After all, with external similarity, these two processes do not always lead to the same result.

When dividing a word for transfer, the same principles are used as in the usual division into syllables, but it is worth paying attention to a number of nuances.

It is strictly forbidden to tear off one letter from a word, even if it is a syllable-forming vowel. This prohibition also applies to the transfer of a group of consonants without a vowel, with a soft sign or y. For example, “a-ni-me” is divided into syllables like this, but it can only be transferred in this way: “ani-me”. As a result, when transferring, two syllables come out, although in reality there are three.

If two or more consonants are nearby, they can be divided at your discretion: “te-kstu-ra” or “tek-stu-ra”.

With paired consonants between vowels, they are separated, except when these letters are part of the root at the junction with a suffix or prefix: “classes”, but “classy”. The same principle applies to the consonant at the end of the word root before the suffix - of course, it is possible to tear off letters from the root during transfer, but it is undesirable: "Kyiv-sky". Similarly, with regard to the prefix: the last consonant included in its composition cannot be torn off: “under-creep”. If the root begins with a vowel, you can either still separate the prefix itself, or transfer two syllables of the root together with it: “accident-free”, “accident-free”.

Abbreviations cannot be transferred, but compound words can, but only in terms of components.

ABC by syllables

The syllable is of great practical importance in teaching children to read. From the very beginning, students learn letters and syllables, which of them can be combined. And later, from syllables, children learn to gradually build words. At first, children are taught to read words from simple open syllables - “ma”, “mo”, “mu” and the like, and soon the task is complicated. Most primers and manuals devoted to this issue are built according to this technique.

Moreover, especially for the development of the ability to read in syllables, some children's books are published with texts divided into syllables. This facilitates the process of reading and contributes to bringing the ability to recognize syllables to automatism.

In itself, the concept of "syllable" is not yet fully studied subject of linguistics. However, its practical importance is difficult to overestimate. After all, this small part of the word helps not only to learn reading and writing rules, but also helps to understand many grammatical rules. We should also not forget that, thanks to the syllable, there is poetry. After all, the main systems for creating rhymes are based precisely on the properties of this tiny phonetic-phonological unit. And although there are a lot of theories and studies devoted to it, the question of what a syllable is remains open.

- a phonetic-phonological unit that occupies an intermediate position between sound and speech tact (see Sounds of speech, Articulation). Several stands out. S.'s signs as phonetic. units. With t. sp. speech motor control S. there is a minimum. a chain of sounds, within which the rules of coarticulation apply (for example, in Russian, the imposition of the articulation of the subsequent sound on the articulation of the previous one) and the distribution of durations. It is assumed that S. is realized not as a sequence of its constituent sounds, but as an integral articulation complex, that is, it is set by a single block of ieirophysiological. commands to the muscles (L. A. Chistovich). With t. sp. speech aerodynamics S. is min. a sound segment, on which there is an increase and decrease in the magnitude of the air flow (“respiratory impulse”). In an acoustical signal, the “respiratory impulse” corresponds to an ascending-descending arc of sound pressure (“sonority wave”). A trace appears in the languages of the world. signs of S. as phonological. units: a) the limited class of allowable schemes of S. (for example, in Arabic only syllables of the form “consonant + vowel” and “consonant + vowel + consonant” are allowed); b) a simple structure of intra-syllable consonant combinations, corresponding to the principle of “sonority waves” (for example, in Danish at the end of a syllable, only combinations “sonor 4-noisy” are allowed); c) the presence of distributive restrictions, which are described in terms of syllable positions (for example, in German, voiced noisy ones are impossible at the end of a syllable); d) compensatory relations in duration between a vowel and a final syllable consonant (for example, in Swedish, a short vowel is followed by a long consonant, and a long vowel is followed by a short consonant); e) the dependence of the place of stress on the quantity, structure of the letter (for example, in Latin the stress falls on the penultimate syllable if it contains a long vowel or ends in a consonant, and on the 2nd syllable from the end in other cases); f) the presence of syllabic prosody - tonal or timbre (for example, syllabic vowel harmony - in terms of softness / hardness in the Proto-Slavic language); g) a tendency to correlate syllabic divisions and grammatical divisions. boundaries (its extreme manifestation is the coincidence of a morpheme and a syllable, or monosyllabism), such morphological-phonological. units are called enllabemam and. Most languages discover phoiological. signs of syllableness; in such languages, sound chains are formed by the juxtaposition of syllabic "quanta" that have a clearly expressed ext. structure, syllable division is unambiguous here. Among the languages in which phonological there are no signs of a syllable, modern Russian belongs. Rus. sound chains are based on the alternation of vocals. "vertices" and consonantal "slopes", syllabic divisions in intervocalic consonant complexes are indefinite due to the lack of expression of distributive schemes of S. (o-sharp/sharp-try/sharp-ry). There is also a point of view, according to a swarm of syllable divisions in Russian language. always pass after vowels (L. V. Bondarko). When describing the component structure of a syllable, the consonant beginning (u and ts and a l) is usually opposed to the subsequent part (rhyme e), which is further divided into a core (top) and a consonant end (final). The core of S. can be expressed as a vowel or a sonant (eg, Czech vr-ba). C, which has an initial consonant, is called pri-covered, and not having it is called uncovered. C, having a final consonant, is called closed, and not having it - open. In terms of quantity, characteristics, S. are distinguished strong, or “heavy” (rhyme consists of a long vowel or short vowel 4-consonant), and weak or “light” (rhyme consists of a short vowel). O Lekomtseva M. I., Typology of syllable structures in Slavs, languages, M., 1968; Bondarko L.V., The sound system of modern. Russian language, M., 1977; 3 and n der L. R., General phonetics, 2nd ed., M., 1979; Kodz a-sov S. V., Muravyova I. A., Syllable and rhythmic words in the Alyutor language, in: Publications of the Department of Structural and Applied Linguistics of Moscow State University. Philol. faculty, a. 9, M., 1980; K a s e v i ch V. B., Phonological. problems of general and east. yazzna-tion, M., 1983. S. V. Kodzasov.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

Theories of the syllable

There are 4 syllable theories.

1) expiratory theory: a syllable is created by one moment of exhalation, by a push of exhaled air. How many syllables are in a word, so many times the candle flame will flicker when pronouncing the word. But often the flame behaves contrary to the laws of this theory (for example, with a two-syllable "ay" it flickers once). Thus, a syllable is one expiratory push (Thompson, young Vasily Alekseevich Bogoroditsky).

2) Dynamic theory: syllabic sound - the strongest, most intense. This is the theory of muscular tension (Grammont, France; L.V. Shcherba, Russia). A syllable is an impulse of muscular tension. The rules of syllable division are associated with the place of stress: PRAZ - DNIK.

3) Sonor theory: in a syllable, the most sonorous sound is syllabic. Therefore, in order of decreasing sonority, syllabic sounds are most often vowels, sonorous voiced consonants, noisy voiced consonants, and sometimes voiceless consonants (shh). Thus, a syllable is a combination of a more sonorous element with a less sonorous one (Otto Espersen, Denmark). He developed a sonority scale of 10 steps. The well-known linguist R.I. Avanesov (MFS) created a scale of 3 steps:

1. least sonorous (noisy)
2. more sonorous (sonorous)
3. maximally sonorous vowels.

The syllable is built on the principle of a wave of ascending sonority.

4) open syllable theory(L.V. Bondarko, PFSh) – the connection in the “consonant + vowel” group is closer than in the “vowel + consonant” group. G/SSG. All syllables are open; must end in vowels. Exceptions are final syllables - the syllable can be closed with J.

In Soviet times, Shcherba's dynamical theory dominated. In modern Russian linguistics, the most recognized is the sonoristic theory of the syllable, based on acoustic criteria. As applied to the Russian language, it was developed by R.I. Avanesov.

Syllabic formation according to Avanesov's sonor theory

Speech sounds are characterized by varying degrees of sonority (sonority). The most sonorant in any language are vowels, then on the descending scale are actually sonorant consonants, followed by noisy voiced and, finally, noisy deaf. A syllable, according to this understanding, is a combination of a more sonorous element with a less sonorous one. In the most typical case, this is a combination of a vowel that forms the top (the core of a syllable), with consonants adjacent to it on the periphery, for example, head-lo-va, verse-chi, country, art-tist, o-ze-ro, ra - evil.

Based on this, a syllable is defined as a combination of sounds with varying degrees of sonority.

Sonority is the audibility of sounds at a distance. A syllable has one most sonorous sound. It is syllabic or syllabic. Less sonorous, non-syllabic, or non-syllabic ones are grouped around the syllabic sound.

The most sonorous in Russian are vowels, they are syllable-forming. Syllabics can also be sonorants, but in Russian speech this is rare and only in fluent speech: [ru–bl"], [zhy–zn"], [r"i–tm], [ka-zn"]. This is because for the formation of a syllable, it is not the absolute sonority of the syllabic form that is important, but only its sonority in relation to other nearby sounds.

Sonority can be conditionally indicated by numbers: vowels - 4, sonorants - 3, noisy voiced -2, noisy deaf - 1.

[l "and e sa] ́, [^ d" in]
3 4 14 4 2 43

Types of syllables in Russian

According to their structure, syllables are:
1) open if they end in vowels;
2) closed if they end in consonants;
3) covered if they begin with consonants;
4) undisguised if they start with vowels.

Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them.

open a syllable ending in a syllable-forming sound is called: va-ta.
Closed a syllable ending in a non-syllable sound is called: there, barking.
naked called a syllable that begins with a vowel sound: a-orta.
Covered a syllable that begins with a consonant sound is called: ba-tone.
A syllable can consist of one vowel, being naked and open (o-ze-ro, o-rel, o-ho-ta, u-li-tka).

Studying the problem of the syllable in the languages of the phonemic system, which includes the Russian language, presents particular difficulties due to the fact that the syllable does not correspond here with any significant units, it is revealed only on the basis of phonetic characteristics (cf. the mismatch of syllabic and morphological boundaries in examples like no-ga and legs-a, yellow and yellow, come-du and come-y).

Basic rules of the syllable division

Syllable- the minimum unit of pronunciation of speech sounds into which you can divide your speech with pauses. The word in speech is divided not into sounds, but into syllables. In speech, it is syllables that are recognized and pronounced.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with neighboring ones - the previous and subsequent ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable.

syllable section- the boundary between syllables following one after another in the speech chain.

The existing definitions of the syllable give different grounds for determining the place of the syllable boundary. The most common are the two theories of the syllable division. Both of them are based on the fact that the Russian language is characterized by an inclination towards an open syllable, and the differences between them are due to an understanding of the factors that govern the syllable division.

The first theory is Avanesov's theory is based on the understanding of the syllable as a wave of sonority and can be formulated as a series of rules: with the sequence SGSGSG (C - consonant, G - vowel), the syllable division passes between the vowel and the next consonant (mo-lo-ko, mo-gu, etc.). d.).

When there is a combination of two or more consonants between vowels - SGSSG, SGSSSG, etc., then with the general tendency to form an open syllable, the law of ascending sonority should be taken into account, according to which in Russian. in a language in any non-initial syllable of a word, sonority (sonority) necessarily increases from the beginning of the syllable to its top - the vowel.

By its own sonority, Avanesov distinguishes three large groups - vowels, sonants and noisy consonants, so that in the non-initial syllable the sequences “sonant + noisy consonant” are forbidden: division into syllables su + mka is impossible (in the second syllable, the law of ascending sonority is violated, because m is more sonorant than k), you need to divide the bag, but the ko-shka (both consonants are noisy and do not differ in sonority, so their combination in one syllable does not prevent the tendency to form open syllables).

The rules of R.I. Avanesov are simple, but some initial provisions are controversial: firstly, the opposition of initial syllables to non-initial ones is not very justified, because It is traditionally believed that combinations that are possible at the beginning of a word are also possible at the beginning of a syllable within a word. In the initial syllables, combinations of sonants with noisy ones are found - ice floe, rusty, mercury, etc. The very division of sounds into three groups by sonority does not take into account real sonority - in the “allowed syllable” -shka (ko-shka) is actually a consonant [ w] is more sonorous than [k], so here the law of ascending sonority is also violated.

The second theory of syllable division, formulated by L. V. Shcherba, takes into account the influence of stress on syllable division. Understanding the syllable as a unit characterized by a single impulse of muscular tension, Shcherba believes that the syllable division takes place at the place of the least muscular tension, and in the SGSSG sequence it depends on the place of the stressed vowel: if the first vowel is stressed, then the consonant following it is strongly initial and adjoins this vowel, forming a closed syllable (cap, cat); if the second vowel is stressed, then both consonants go to it due to the action of the tendency to form open syllables (ka-pkan, ko-shmar). Sonants, however, adjoin the preceding vowel, even if it is unstressed (and this also brings together the theories of Avanesov and Shcher6a).

However, to date, there are no sufficiently clear definitions of the phonetic essence of the "impulse of muscular tension", which underlies Shcherbov's theory of syllable division.

The law of ascending sonority

The division into syllables as a whole obeys the law of ascending sonority common to the modern Russian language, or the law of an open syllable, according to which sounds in a syllable are arranged from less sonorous to more sonorous. Therefore, the boundary between syllables most often passes after the vowel before the consonant.

The law of ascending sonority is always observed in non-initial words. In this regard, the following patterns are observed in the distribution of consonants between vowels:

1. A consonant between vowels is always included in the next syllable: [p^-k "e-́tъ], [хъ-р^-sho]́, [tsv"ie–you]́, [с^-ro-́къ].

2. Combinations of noisy consonants between vowels refer to the next syllable: [b "i-tv", [sv" and e -zda] ́, [r "e-ch" kъ].

3. Combinations of noisy consonants with sonorants also go to the next syllable: [r "i-fm], [tra-vm], [brave-brea], [wa-fl" and], [greedy].

4. Combinations of sonorant consonants between vowels refer to the subsequent syllable: [v ^-lna] ́, [po-mn "y], [k ^-rman]. In this case, syllable division options are possible: one sonorant consonant can go to the previous syllable : [in ^ l - on] ́, [pom-n "y].

5. When combining sonorous consonants with noisy between vowels, sonorous
departs to the previous syllable: [^r-ba] ́, [floor-kj], [n" iel "-z" a] ́, [k ^ n-tsy] ́.

6. Two homogeneous consonants between vowels go to the next syllable: [va-n̅], [ka-sj̅], [dro-zh٬̅i].

7. When [ĵ] is combined with subsequent noisy and sonorous consonants, [ĵ] goes to the previous syllable: [h "aį́-kъ], [v ^į-on] ́,.

Thus, it can be seen from the examples that the final syllable in Russian turns out to be open in most cases; it is closed when it ends in sonorant.

The law of ascending sonority can be illustrated in the words below, if the sonority is conventionally denoted by numbers: 3 - vowels, 2 - sonorous consonants, 1 - noisy consonants.

Water:
1-3/1-3;
boat:
2-3/1-1-3;
oil:
2-3/1-2-3;
wave:
1-3-2/2-3.

In the examples given, the basic law of the syllable section is realized at the beginning of a non-initial syllable.

The initial and final syllables in Russian are built according to the same principle of increasing sonority. For example: le-to: 2-3/1-3; glass: 1-3/1-2-3.

The syllable section when combining significant words is usually preserved in the form that is characteristic of each word included in the phrase: us Turkey - us-Tur-tsi-i; nasturtiums (flowers) - on-stur-qi-i.

A particular pattern of the syllable division at the junction of morphemes is the impossibility of pronouncing, firstly, more than two identical consonants between vowels and, secondly, identical consonants before the third (other) consonant within one syllable. This is more often observed at the junction of a root and a suffix and less often at the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition and a word. For example: Odessa [o/de/sit]; art [and/beauty/stvo]; part [ra / become / sya]; from the wall [ste / ny], therefore more often - [with / ste / ny].

A syllable usually has a top (core) and a periphery. As a core, i.e. the syllabic sound, as a rule, is a vowel, and the periphery consists of a non-syllabic (non-syllabic) sound or several such sounds, which are usually represented by consonants. Peripheral vowels are non-syllable. But syllables may not have a vowel, for example, in the patronymic Ivanovna or in the interjections “ks-ks”, “tsss”.

Consonants can be syllable-forming if they are sonants or if they are between two consonants. Such syllables are very common in Czech: prst "finger" (cf. Old Russian finger), trh "market" (cf. Russian bargaining).

Rules for syllable division in Russian

1) the combination of noisy consonants goes to the next syllable:
W + W O - OCTOBER

2) The combination of noisy and sonorous also goes to a non-initial syllable:
W + S RI - FMA

3) The combination of sonorants goes to the non-initial syllable:
C + C ON - LNY

4) The combination of sonorous and noisy is divided in half:
SH // WITH SHORE

5) The combination of J followed by a sonorant is divided in half:
J // FROM WOW TO

Word hyphenation rules

The question arises: does the division into syllables always coincide with the rule of word hyphenation in Russian?

It turns out not. The word hyphenation rules are as follows:

1. Words are transferred by syllables: city, then-va-risch, joy (impossible: joy).

2. It is impossible to leave on the line and transfer to another one letter: clear (impossible: i-clear), lightning (impossible: lightning-i).

3. With a confluence of consonants, the division into syllables is free: ve-sleep, weight-on; sister-stra, sister-tra, sister-ra.

4. The letters b, b, y cannot be separated from the previous letters: fighters, big, entrance.

5. When transferring words with prefixes, you cannot transfer the consonant at the end of the prefix, if the consonant follows: approach (it is impossible: to approach), untie (it is impossible: untie).

6. If after the prefix there is a letter Y on the consonant, you can’t transfer the part of the word starting with Y: search (you can’t: search).

7. You should not leave at the end of the line the initial part of the root, which does not make up a syllable: send (not: send), remove (not: remove), five-gram (not: five-gram).

8. You can’t leave at the end of the line or transfer to another two identical consonants standing between vowels: buzz-reap (not allowed: buzz-burn), mass-sa (impossible: ma-ss), horse-ny (not allowed: to-ny ).

* This rule does not apply to double consonants - initial roots: burnt, quarrel, new-introduction.

If the word can be transferred in different ways, one should prefer such a transfer in which significant parts of the word are not broken: cool is preferable to cool, crazy is preferable to crazy.

9. When transferring words with a monosyllabic prefix to a consonant before a vowel (except for s), it is advisable not to break the prefix with a transfer; however, transference is also possible, in accordance with the rule just given, insane and insane; irresponsible and unresponsible; disenchanted and disappointed; failsafe and 6e failsafe.

Note. If the prefix is followed by the letter s, then it is not allowed to transfer the part of the word beginning with s.

Syllable- this is the minimum phonetic-phonological unit, characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulatory fusion of its components, that is, the sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relations. This is a purely pronunciation unit. In a syllable, sounds of varying degrees of sonority are grouped, the most sonorous are syllable-forming, the rest are non-syllabic. In Russian, syllables are usually built according to the principle of ascending sonority, and the syllable division in non-final syllables most often occurs after the most sonorous sound. Types of syllables in Russian: open (-ta-) and closed (-at-), covered (-ta-) and uncovered (-ata-).

In Russian, a vowel is a syllable-forming sound, so there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it: a-ri-ya (3 syllables), ma-yak (2 syllables), flight (1 syllable).

Syllables are either open (ending in a vowel) or closed (ending in a consonant). For example, in the word ko-ro-na all syllables are open, and in the word ar-buz both syllables are closed.

All languages have open syllables, but some, such as Hawaiian, do not have closed syllables.

Syllables can be covered (begin with a consonant) or open (begin with a vowel). For example, in the word ar-buz, the first syllable is uncovered, and the second is covered.

Syllable it can be a significant sound unit (for example, in Vietnamese) and a phonetic unit, a formal concept.

Essen wrote that the syllable has no meaning and does not have any special acoustic characteristics.

Syllables exist because:

The syllable is an important and clearly distinguishable unit in speech intuition.
The syllable is the basic unit in versification.

"Syllabic" (right hemispheric) children reflect the syllabic structure of the language. For example word milk they associate with a combination of syllables ta-ta-ta .

This article is still far from perfect, and to improve it, at least you need:

Now you are on a dictionary page that explains the meaning of some

Second syllable. The meaning of the word syllable in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Features of syllable formation

Theories about the nature of the syllable

expiratory theory of the syllable

Sonorant theory of the syllable

tension theory

Dynamic syllable theory

Literature

Links

See what "Syllable" is in other dictionaries:

So what is a syllable?

Theories of the syllable

Types of syllables

How to separate words into syllables?

How to separate words for hyphenation

ABC by syllables

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is a syllable in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Theories of the syllable

Syllabic formation according to Avanesov's sonor theory

Types of syllables in Russian

Basic rules of the syllable division

The law of ascending sonority

Rules for syllable division in Russian

Word hyphenation rules