Anuria: what it is, causes, signs, symptoms and treatment. Lack of urine (anuria): what it is and why it develops There are three forms of anuria

The daily urine output quantitatively has its own norms. Deviations indicate pathological changes if they persist and are not associated with physiological factors. For an adult, with a normal drinking regimen, it is typical to excrete an average of 1.5 liters of urine.

An increase in this volume is called polyuria, and a decrease is divided into oliguria (with diuresis from 50 to 500 ml) and anuria (less than 50 ml). Often the last two signs are so related and transient that they are called by the same term “oliguria-anuria”.

To establish the fact that urine output has stopped, the residual volume is determined by installing a catheter in the bladder or by ultrasound (no more than 30 ml is detected).

Symptoms of anuria must be distinguished from another condition - acute urinary retention (ischuria), when:

the bladder is tense and full;
you can palpate it above the pubis;
the patient suffers from pain and a constant desire to urinate.

To solve the question of what kind of disease this is and why it occurs, we must understand the numerous causes of oligo-anuria.

How does ICD-10 treat anuria?

The international classification, accepted throughout the world, does not consider anuria a separate disease. She classifies it as a sign indicating a deviation from the norm, which is confirmed by clinical symptoms and laboratory methods.

Code R34 is included in the combined block, among the symptoms of pathology of the urinary system. Separately, cases of anuria in women complicating abortion and pregnancy or occurring in the postpartum period are taken into account.

What causes anuria?

The causes of anuria lie in kidney damage with impaired filtration function or are associated with extrarenal factors. There are types of anuria depending on the relationship to the kidneys.

Prerenal anuria (extrarenal)

Anuria develops in intact kidneys due to impaired blood flow into the glomerular apparatus of the nephrons and general water and electrolyte changes. This mechanism is typical for:

shock from blood loss and other reasons;
arterial hypotension;
thrombosis or mechanical compression of the renal vessels;
severe state of dehydration (fluid loss with vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating);
heart failure of various etiologies with increasing edema;
liver damage in alcoholic cirrhosis;
neuroendocrine disorders.

Renal anuria

Renal anuria occurs with pathological changes in kidney tissue. It's possible:

in case of poisoning with nephrotoxic poisons and drugs (ethylene glycol, chlorinated carbohydrates, heavy metal salts, aminoglycoside and tetracycline antibiotics);
blockage of the renal tubules by crystals from drugs derived from sulfonamides and uric acid;
tubular necrosis caused by ischemia of the renal parenchyma;
acute and chronic nephritis, complicated by renal failure;
urolithiasis;
polycystic kidney disease;
bilateral nephrosclerosis;
systemic vasculitis.

Impaired filtration function is called secretory anuria.

Renal anuria complicates the severity of:

sepsis;
burn disease;
injuries and surgical operations;
transfusion of blood group or rhesus incompatible.

The use of radioisotope diagnostic methods is also accompanied by radiation exposure to the kidneys

The use of radiation exposure methods in the treatment of various diseases has necessitated the study of the negative effects of radiation exposure on the kidneys. The term “radiation nephritis” appeared. It is characterized by the development of symptoms of acute renal failure with anuria.

If signs are detected within 3 months to a year after irradiation, then radiation nephritis is considered acute. When symptoms appear after one and a half years, they speak of a chronic form. The scientist S. Kapoor made a great contribution to the study of the disease. His work with co-authors proved the role of the reaction of the tubules and blood vessels of the glomeruli to irradiation. A biopsy reveals capillary thrombosis.

Postrenal anuria

The causes are related to the urinary structures lying below the kidneys and responsible for the normal outflow of urine, or neighboring organs. Possible:

when the ureters or bladder are compressed by a tumor of the bladder, retroperitoneal space, large prostatic hyperplasia in men, inflammatory infiltrate;
blocking of exit holes with blood clots due to gross hematuria (trauma, collapsing tumor);
stone stuck in the lumen of the ureter or cervical part of the bladder.

Anuria is called excretory if it is provoked by a mechanical obstruction to the outflow of urine

Some scientists identify an arenal form of anuria, in which the kidneys are not at all involved in stopping urination. These include conditions:

with congenital absence of a kidney;
forced removal of an organ (nephrectomy);
fusion of the urethral outlet;
spasm of the internal sphincter of the bladder neck;
reflex blocking of the influence of the brain on the regulation of urination (occurs with severe pain during an attack of renal colic, immersion of a person in cold water).

It seems to us that this addition introduces confusion into the classification of causes. The conditions are completely explainable by classical mechanisms.

Symptoms

Depending on the cause, the development of anuria gradually passes through a latent stage, then oliguria (for example, with chronic nephritis) or has a rapid course and progresses rapidly (with shock, sepsis).

Anuria is a symptom of renal failure, so it develops in accordance with the phase of renal dysfunction and the compensatory capabilities of another organ. Any of the above reasons ultimately disrupts the filtration of urine and the reabsorption of biologically active substances important for the body.

How long a person does not feel signs of pathology depends on the characteristics of each individual, age, damage to one or both kidneys. Loss of balance in the production and release of waste waste contributes to the growth of the clinic of endogenous poisoning of the body.

With a gradual progression, the symptoms develop:

from loss of appetite;
the appearance of a feeling of thirst;
nausea;
vomiting;
constipation or diarrhea;
dry mouth.

It is important that with anuria there is no urge to urinate, unless it is associated with an inflammatory process in the bladder.

The further course of the process is supplemented by symptoms of damage to the nervous system:

headaches and muscle pain;
changing states of excitement and drowsiness;
delusional.

The development of nephrotic syndrome manifests itself:

persistent increase in blood pressure, crises;
increasing swelling on the face, legs, hands.

The use of oxygen inhalation allows you to compensate for its lack in tissues

Decompensation of heart failure adds to the clinical picture:

shortness of breath;
pain in the heart area;
tachycardia and arrhythmia;
increases peripheral edema.

Diagnostics

If a patient has chronic kidney disease, then the task of diagnosis is to identify the activity of the process and the degree of damage to the renal apparatus. This is important for prescribing medications and choosing a treatment method.

If there is no information about a previous illness, the patient must be fully examined. Cases of seeking medical help in the anuric stage present a difficult task for the doctor. Not all diagnostic methods can be used. Urgent hospitalization to a urological or nephrological department is required.

To determine the diagnosis, the following is carried out:

urine tests based on a small amount withdrawn by a catheter from the bladder with mandatory microscopy of the sediment, Nechiporenko’s test, tank. sowing;
biochemical studies of blood plasma for creatinine, residual nitrogen, protein fractions, electrolytes, alkaline phosphatase;
indicators of the blood coagulation system;
cystoscopy with visual examination of the mucous membrane of the bladder, ureteric orifices, urethra;
Ultrasound of the kidneys and abdominal cavity;
contrast types of diagnostics of the kidneys, urinary tract, blood vessels;
if possible, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, kidney biopsy.

Catheterization of the bladder allows you to eliminate acute urinary retention, remove accumulated fluid and relieve symptoms of the disease.

The next step for the patient will be to find out the cause of the acute delay and decide on conservative or surgical treatment. This is important because frequent attacks of ischuria lead to inflammation, block the passage of urine from the overlying tract and can become a risk factor for true anuria.

When does anuria occur in women during pregnancy and abortion?

Pregnancy comes with additional stress on the kidneys. It is explained by the need to process and remove from the body not only unnecessary substances of the expectant mother, but also waste products of the fetus entering through the placenta.

But the hormone progesterone reduces the tone of the bladder. This in the third trimester leads to the risk of infection and spread of inflammation to the kidney tissue. In addition, pressure from the uterus increases, which means conditions for stagnation of urine are created. In this way, a woman may develop pyelonephritis with hypertension.

If treatment is not carried out in a timely manner, then renal and extrarenal causes for the occurrence of anuria are formed.

Unfortunately, when deciding to have an abortion, a woman does not take into account the risk of complications. We will not discuss the desire or reluctance to have children, we will only dwell on the connection between the consequences of abortion and anuria.

Any abortion is accompanied by the risk of inflammation of the genital organs spreading to the entire body (sepsis), peritonitis. Obstetricians-gynecologists provide statistical data on the development of endometritis in 5% of women, purulent inflammation of the appendages in 3%. Surgical abortion is considered the most traumatic, while vacuum aspiration and medical abortion are considered the least traumatic.

Sepsis and internal bleeding are two factors that reinforce each other in their negative impact on the kidneys. At the same time, blood flow decreases, blood vessels in the glomeruli narrow, and inflammatory tissue edema appears. Infectious agents enter the blood, and therefore the kidneys.

In conditions of weakening of the body, they can quickly cause acute nephritis with kidney failure. The gradual cessation of urination progresses against the background of deterioration of the patient’s general condition. Complete anuria indicates kidney failure. Even in case of successful treatment, the woman remains at high risk of residual infection and chronicity of the lesions, which is unknown how it will behave subsequently.

During pregnancy, women with kidney pathology may develop hydronephrosis, its pathogenesis is shown in the picture

Treatment

First aid for anuria is out of the question. The best thing a loved one can do is to find out how long the patient has not urinated and quickly take the patient to the urology department or call an ambulance. Without medical education, it is impossible to identify such a complex symptom.

If a renal form of anuria is detected and there is no need for observation and surgical intervention, the patient may be transferred to therapy or a specialized nephrology department. Treatment of anuria depends on the cause that caused it.

In case of shock, all necessary anti-shock measures are taken:

transfusion of Reopoliglucin, if necessary, plasma and red blood cells;
corticosteroids are used in large doses;
administration of symptomatic stimulants;
maintaining acid-base balance.

Poisoning with nephrotoxic poisons requires:

gastric lavage;
detoxification;
introduction of alkaline solutions;
according to indications - hemodialysis.

Acute renal failure with anuria is well treated with hemodialysis sessions.

Treatment of chronic renal failure is carried out depending on the concentration of creatinine in the blood and glomerular filtration rate:

a protein-free diet is prescribed;
Mannitol is administered intravenously to restore filtration;
anabolic steroids can reduce the concentration of nitrogenous waste;
alkalinization of the blood is achieved by introducing sodium bicarbonate;
Antibiotics are prescribed carefully to prevent infection.

In the absence of results from conservative treatment methods, hemodialysis is used. In cases of anuria of extrarenal origin, the main method is to treat the main chronic pathology. Postrenal anuria usually requires surgical intervention.

In some cases, surgery may be necessary

It is important that in the absence of the necessary treatment for the disease that caused anuria, the patient develops symptoms of complications in the form of:

increasing signs of circulatory failure;
arrhythmias caused by abnormal composition of blood electrolytes;
persistent hypertension;
pericarditis;
neurological disorders (drowsiness, paralysis, convulsions);
intestinal obstruction.

Anuria cannot be treated with folk remedies. Refusal of professional help will lead to the patient's death from uremic coma. In order to prevent anuria and other urinary disorders, it is necessary to adhere to a healthy diet, limit spicy and salty foods, and check a urine test. Any symptoms indicating low urine output should bring the patient to the doctor immediately.

Anuria is a condition caused by pathological changes in the body, in which urine completely stops flowing into and excreting, or its amount does not exceed 50 ml per day, a person does not feel it.

According to the international classification, anuria is not a separate disease, but a symptom that has its own clinical symptoms and research methods. Such a deviation from the norm may indicate renal failure and other life-threatening pathologies.

What causes the pathological condition?

When the bladder does not fill with urine, the causes of anuria most often lie in organs located slightly higher - the kidneys or ureters. There are diseases that can cause pathology:

The pathological condition can develop in patients who have had or have congenital kidney anomalies.

Types of pathology

In medicine, anuria is classified depending on the provoking factors and causes of development. It comes in 5 types:

Arenal form. The arenal form of anuria is rarely diagnosed. It develops in babies who were born without kidneys. And also in adults with accidental or intentional removal of both kidneys, or the only functioning one. If after 24 hours a newborn child does not have urination, then this is a reason for a detailed examination of the condition of the kidneys.
Prerenal form. Prerenal anuria occurs against the background of a sharp decrease in blood circulation in the kidneys. This may be due to general disturbances in blood flow and a drop in blood pressure to 40-50 mm. This condition is caused by heavy blood loss, a severe form of cardiovascular failure. Blood clots in the renal vessels, arteries and veins, or compression of them, can obstruct the flow of blood to the kidneys. Anuria usually occurs with bilateral thrombosis. Rarely, it can also develop with unilateral damage, in which case the cessation of the functions of the second kidney is of a reflex nature.
Renal form. Renal anuria is preceded by damage to the renal parenchyma, and urine ceases to be excreted. This condition develops with severe chronic kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, bilateral tuberculosis). The cause of the pathological condition can be severe poisoning with toxins or medications, burns, transfusion of the wrong blood type, artificial termination of pregnancy and childbirth with developed sepsis.
Postrenal form. This form of pathology is caused by the presence of an obstruction to the outflow of urine from the ureter. This may be compression of the ureter by a tumor, inflammatory compaction, or scars. An obstacle to the outflow of urine becomes stones in the upper urinary tract, blocking two ureters. In rare cases, the postrenal form occurs when the ureter is accidentally sutured during surgical treatment.
Reflex form. The reflex form occurs due to the inhibited influence of the central nervous system on the process of urination under the influence of certain factors (a sharp decrease in body temperature, rough instrumental interventions in the form,). When one urinary canal is blocked by a stone, the second kidney at the reflex level can also stop functioning.

By what signs can the disease be recognized?

Symptoms of anuria are clearly visible, they rapidly increase as the disease progresses. The onset of the disease is characterized by a sharp decrease in the amount of urine excreted or its complete absence. After 2-5 days, signs of renal failure and general intoxication appear, namely:

Later, symptoms of central nervous system damage appear: drowsiness, agitation, delirium, muscle twitching, convulsions.

Uremia is a complication of the disease

Since in anuria the functioning of the kidneys is impaired, they are not able to remove protein metabolic products, the amount of which increases in the blood. This leads to the development of another urological condition - (intoxication of the body with products of protein metabolism).

If uremia does not respond to treatment, then the patient experiences damage to the nervous structures of the brain, which manifests itself in a number of neurological symptoms. In extremely severe cases, uremic coma develops against this background. Patients who manage to get out of it experience neurological disorders throughout their lives.

It should be remembered that the critical period for anuria is 7-9 days, so it is important to seek medical help as early as possible. Lack of qualified treatment often leads to the death of the patient due to renal failure or general intoxication of the body.

Diagnosis of the patient's condition

At the slightest suspicion of anuria, the patient should be hospitalized in a urological hospital. Initially, he carefully collects anamnesis - asks the patient about possible situations that could provoke anuria, and whether there is a urge to urinate.

To effectively eliminate a pathological condition, you need to establish its cause. For this, the following diagnostic measures are prescribed:

Among the laboratory diagnostic methods, a biological blood test is performed, which makes it possible to determine the pathology that caused anuria.

Anuria treatment methods

Treatment of anuria is carried out in a hospital, under the strict supervision of medical specialists. The main task is to eliminate the cause that caused the pathological condition.

Before the results of all examinations are available, the patient is prescribed symptomatic treatment. Initially, you need to remove toxins and accumulated fluid from the body and support the cardiovascular system. Experts resort to the following methods:

(if the cause of anuria is vascular disorders);
to relieve the load on the kidney;
in severe cases, it may be necessary to connect an artificial kidney;
reception of sorbents.

Next, treatment is carried out aimed at eliminating the cause of anuria. If it is caused by stones or tumors, then surgical treatment is resorted to. In chronic cases of glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, antibacterial therapy and glucocorticosteroids are indicated.

In case of poisoning, detoxification therapy is carried out. Also, depending on the patient’s condition, blood purification or transfusion, anti-shock therapy, or.

Anuria is a pathological condition in which the amount of urine excreted per day does not exceed 50 ml and which is characterized by a lack of fluid in the bladder. A distinction should be made between anuria and urinary retention. In the latter case, urine accumulates in the bladder.

What causes anuria

The pathology is caused by impaired functioning of the renal system. Depending on the specific causes of anuria, several types are distinguished.

Arenal- occurs in the absence of kidneys (congenital pathology or a consequence of organ removal).
Prerenal- develops as a result of shock, blockage of renal vessels, hemolysis.
Renal- observed in diseases and damage to the kidneys: glomerulo- and pyelonephritis, blood transfusion shock, sepsis, DCS (long-term compression syndrome).
Postrenal- occurs when the outflow of urine from the kidneys is impaired due to stones, tumors, scars, or uric acid crisis.

Risk factors

A high risk of developing anuria occurs with renal failure, collapse, ingestion of nephrotoxic substances, surgical interventions on the genitourinary system, and systemic autoimmune diseases.

Symptoms and clinical picture of anuria

The symptoms of anuria largely depend on the cause of the condition. With a-, pre- and renal anuria, the patient’s general condition is slightly disturbed due to the compensatory function. From the 3rd day, uremic signs of anuria appear: acidosis, thirst, nausea, and possible vomiting. From the 6th day, the clinic of central nervous system damage begins: increased drowsiness, delirium, coma. Due to increased potassium levels in the blood, cardiac disorders occur.

Postrenal uremia is quite rare and at the same time one of the most severe pathologies. In the vast majority of cases, surgery is required.

Which doctor treats anuria

If you have the first symptoms of anuria (absence or slight urine output during the day), you should call an ambulance or a doctor to hospitalize the patient in a urological hospital, since anuria is treated by a urologist.

Diagnosis of anuria

First of all, you should find out what specific condition is observed in the patient - urinary retention or anuria, since emergency care and treatment differ significantly.

During the interview, it is necessary to clarify whether the patient wants to urinate, whether there is a feeling of fullness in the bladder. To make a diagnosis, excretory urography is required. During the study, urine is contrasted in the renal cavity or is not visualized at all, which confirms the presence of anuria.

Diagnostic methods

Additional methods for diagnosing anuria:

Ultrasound of the urinary system;
Abdominal CT scan;
general blood analysis;
blood chemistry;
cystoscopy.

Urine tests for anuria are not performed due to the lack of material for research.

Treatment regimen for anuria

For successful treatment of anuria, it is necessary to ensure the outflow of urine from the body and carry out intoxication measures.

Basic treatment methods and contraindications

The main method of treating pathology is bilateral drainage of the upper urinary tract. To do this, catheterize the ureters or install a nephrostomy. If urine is present in the drains, we are talking about postrenal anuria.

In extreme cases, when choosing how to treat anuria, uretero- or pyelotomy and hemodialysis are used.

Possible complications

Since urine, which is not excreted from the body during anuria, contains products of protein metabolism, they accumulate in the blood. This complication of anuria is called uremia and is fatal to humans.

If timely treatment is not started, neurological symptoms develop and, as a result, uremic coma develops. It is noteworthy that even after recovery from a coma, some neurological impairment may persist.

Chronic anuria. Causes, symptoms, treatment

Chronic anuria as a symptom complex is absent due to the short duration of this condition. During the first week, symptoms of intoxication appear. Already on the 8-9th day, a critical period of anuria and complications begins.

Prevention measures

Timely treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system and regular medical examinations are the optimal prevention of anuria. If you have the slightest doubt about the condition of the kidneys and urinary organs, you should consult a nephrologist and urologist.

A pathological condition, which is characterized by a complete cessation of urine flow into the bladder, as well as the absence of the urge to empty, is called anuria. This disease can easily be confused with another illness - acute urinary retention. These pathologies have significant differences.

And a qualified specialist will be able to differentiate them. With a disease such as urinary retention, urine enters the bladder. Polyuria (a significant increase in daily diuresis) is considered the complete opposite of the disease. Moreover, the patient suffers from a constant urge to urinate. The problem in this case lies not in the filling of the bladder, but in the removal of urine from it. In the case of anuria, the bladder, due to the presence of obstacles or pathologies, as well as their progression, does not fill with urine at all.

Both women and men, of any age category, can experience this disease. Treatment of the disease must be timely and must be prescribed by a qualified specialist. This is the only way to prevent the development of more serious pathologies and conditions.

What anuria is, you can check with your doctor when making a diagnosis. Next, we’ll talk about the causes of pathology, its varieties and manifestations. Many articles have been written about the disease anuria - what it is, but it is worth understanding the reasons that cause it. Often the leading cause of the disease is malfunction of the kidneys and ureters.

In addition, the development of the disease may be due to:

alcohol abuse;
alcohol poisoning;
the presence of acute glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis;
the presence of stones in the kidneys;
benign and malignant neoplasms;
cardiovascular failure;
chronic kidney pathologies;
leptospirosis;
surgical interventions;
injuries;
cholera;
labor activity;
blood transfusion.

This pathology is very dangerous. Ignoring symptoms is fraught with the development of more dangerous pathologies. You know what anuria is and what are the reasons for its development, now let’s talk about the types of the disease. There are two main forms of pathology: secretory and excretory. Each of these forms is divided into types.

So, secretory happens:

arenal;
prerenal;
renal;
reflex.

Arenal anuria can occur in any person, regardless of gender and age. This type is often diagnosed in infants. In this case, the occurrence of the disease is caused by abnormalities in the structure of the kidneys, fusion of organs, closure of the ureteral opening, or the absence of a kidney. In adults, the onset of the disease is often provoked by surgical intervention, acute spasm of the entrance sphincter, as well as injuries (for example, separation of a single kidney from its stem).

As for prerenal, this type of anuria develops, as a rule, due to insufficient blood supply to the kidneys. This can be caused by blood clots, neoplasms, a critical decrease in blood pressure, persistent diarrhea or vomiting. Among representatives of the weaker half of society, pathology often appears against the background of labor.

The development of the renal form of the disease is caused by impaired renal function, often due to inflammatory processes. The main causes of anuria include: injuries, systemic diseases, intoxication. Regarding reflex, this type of disease develops due to a slowdown in the nervous reactions that regulate the flow of urine into the bladder.

In addition, the occurrence of pathology can be caused by surgical interventions, sudden placement in cold water. Excretory or subrenal forms of anuria develop due to the presence of obstructions to the outflow of urine through the urethra. The acute form is a pathological condition that can occur with any type of disease. The main reason is the influence of a pathogenic factor.

Adults are more susceptible to developing the acute form. The occurrence of pathology is provoked, as a rule, by acute heart failure, trauma, in particular birth trauma, and a sharp and significant decrease in blood pressure. The leading manifestation of the disease is a prolonged absence of urine output and the urge to urinate. In addition, anuria is complicated by the clinical picture, that is, the symptoms of the underlying disease.

In pregnant women, the disease develops in the case of a severe form of preeclampsia, accompanied by an increase in blood pressure and the appearance of protein in the urine. In children, anuria, the occurrence of which is caused by pyelonephritis or renal colic, is characterized by the appearance of intense pain in the lower back and malaise.

In general, with this pathology there are complaints about the appearance of:

seizures;
apathy;
migraine;
drowsiness;
asthenia;
the appearance of cracks, ulcers, plaque on the tongue;
loss of appetite;
on the tongue of varnish coating;
hiccups;
swelling;
shortness of breath;
extreme thirst;
unpleasant odor from the mouth;
nausea;
vomiting;
diarrhea;
chronic fatigue.

Anuria, what it is and how the disease manifests itself, is often told on television. It is worth noting that the disease has 4 stages.

Stage 1. At this stage, complaints are received about the lack of urge to urinate.

Stage 2. It is characterized by the appearance of intoxication with accompanying symptoms: persistent diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. At this stage, the symptoms are complicated by an unpleasant odor from the mouth.

Stage 3. Accompanied by damage to the central nervous system, in particular drowsiness, weakness, delirium, loss of control over movements.

Stage 4. Characterized by the development of complications, in particular edema. This is due to uremia, cardiac and pulmonary failure.

If the above symptoms appear, immediately seek qualified medical help. Treatment measures must be taken in a timely manner. Otherwise, you risk developing complications. It is very important to find the cause of the pathology in a timely manner in order to eliminate it and, importantly, to prevent the occurrence of complications.

Often the following is prescribed:

blood sampling for biochemical analysis;
ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity and bladder;
computed tomography;
magnetic resonance imaging;
excretory urography;
radioisotope renoangiography.

In order to exclude reflex anuria, a perinephric block according to Vishnevsky is performed. A solution of novocaine is injected into the renal area on both sides. If the pathology is caused by impaired reflexes, it goes away after this manipulation.

Therapy for pathology must be carried out and prescribed exclusively by a qualified doctor. Inappropriate use of medications can lead to a deterioration in overall health and condition. In addition, it is important to provide emergency assistance in a timely manner.

Anuria: symptoms and treatment using medications and folk remedies

If symptoms characteristic of the disease anuria appear, treatment should be appropriate and prescribed exclusively by a doctor.

Otherwise, there is a high risk of complications. The main complication of the pathology is uremia. This disease is characterized by an increase in the concentration of protein in one of the parts of the urinary system.

In extreme cases, this condition is fraught with transformation into uremic coma. Incorrect treatment tactics and first aid can cause death. A person who was in a coma and came out of this state will subsequently have neurological problems. Therefore, if an adult has not had a single urge to urinate in a day, sound the alarm and start taking action.

For people suffering from the prerenal form of pathology, first aid is aimed at maintaining the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Treatment of anuria and symptoms is a rather lengthy and labor-intensive process. In case of manifestation of pathologies such as collapse or vascular insufficiency, two milliliters of a 10% caffeine solution are injected subcutaneously, 20 ml of a 40% glucose solution is injected intravenously and a heating pad is placed on the lower extremities.

In case of shock, it is important to normalize blood pressure as soon as possible. In case of significant blood loss, it is immediately compensated and drugs are used to help normalize vascular tone. For this purpose, polyglucin is administered intravenously - 400-800 milliliters, hemodez - 300-500 ml. Patients in shock are hospitalized. Therapy for the obstructive form of the pathology is surgical.

Therefore, a patient with this disease is urgently hospitalized in the urology department. There is urgent help there. People with renal anuria caused by intoxication due to poisoning are hospitalized in a hospital where there is an artificial kidney apparatus or a peritoneal dialysis apparatus.

Patients with anuria that has developed against the background of chronic pathology of the urinary system or heart failure are transported to the therapeutic department. If symptoms indicate anuria, treatment depends on the cause. To alleviate the condition before diagnosis, symptomatic therapy is recommended.

As a rule, it is prescribed:

administration of diuretics;
nephrostomy placement;
use of sorbents;
connection of the artificial kidney device.

In addition, it is possible to use hemodialysis, anti-shock therapy, plasma or blood transfusion, plasmapheresis, and detoxification therapy. Antibacterial drugs and glucocorticosteroids are often prescribed.

If the cause of anuria is stones, laser or ultrasound treatment is performed (stones are removed). Herbal remedies will be an excellent addition to the treatment of pathology. They will help eliminate unpleasant symptoms and speed up recovery. However, it is not recommended to use them without the knowledge of the attending physician.

In addition, you should strictly adhere to the dosages and proportions indicated in the recipes:

To eliminate spasms, place a cushion made from a wet sheet under your back. The duration of the procedure is half an hour. After this, apply the sheet to the lower abdomen. The procedure is recommended to be carried out twice a day.
Steam fresh blackcurrant berries in just boiled water - two hundred milliliters. Leave for half an hour. Use the drug throughout the day.
Remove the pits from the rose hips. Fill the jar with berries. Fill the raw material with alcohol. Place the hermetically sealed container in a cool place for a week and a half. Take five drops of the strained drug twice a day: in the morning and in the evening.
It is recommended to chew juniper fruits throughout the day.
Brew dried finely chopped cinquefoil herb in the amount of twenty grams with boiling water - 300 ml. Let the composition sit. Take 100 ml of the drink twice a day.
Pour 15 grams of aconite with alcohol - 300 ml. Refrigerate the tightly closed container for two weeks. Take a drop of the drug once a day. On the second day there should be two drops. Every day the number of droplets should increase by one. The maximum number of droplets is five. Then the dosage is reduced every day. The course of therapy is one and a half weeks.

Treatment of anuria and symptoms is quite complex and time-consuming. In order to prevent the development of this disease, it is recommended to treat pathologies of the urinary system in a timely manner, drink enough fluid per day - at least two liters, regularly visit a urologist and lead an active and healthy lifestyle.

Most diseases of the kidneys and genitourinary system, without proper medical care, enter the chronic stage, causing severe complications throughout the body. One of these pathological syndromes is anuria. Every person should know what etiological factors can lead to this pathology. Since the best treatment for pathology is carrying out the necessary procedures to prevent its development or timely detection of the disease, and, consequently, the provision of therapeutic measures.

What is anuria and how does it happen?

Anuria is a pathological condition in which urine (urine) does not enter the bladder and, therefore, is not excreted. This condition is characterized by a decrease in the daily dose of urine to 50 ml. Anuria is defined not only by the absence of urine, but also by the absence of the urge to urinate. The pathology is not gender-biased. It occurs in both women and men.

The development of a pathological condition can be acute and gradual, which completely depends on etiological factors. Gradual anuria develops at a slow rate. In this case, the patient may not complain about any symptoms, since with the help of the compensatory function, the body suppresses the pathology and independently copes with its manifestations. If the disease is provoked by a septic condition, then it progresses to an acute course.

Radiation methods are used in the treatment of many diseases, which has created an urgent need to study the effect of radiation exposure on the kidneys. Thanks to this, the term “radiation nephritis” appeared, which is characterized by the appearance of signs of acute renal failure with anuria. The scientist S. Kapoor made a great contribution to the study of this disease. The co-authors of the work and S. Kapoor proved the role of the reaction of the tubules and vessels of the glomeruli to irradiation.

And also the etiological factor determines the types of anuria:

Excretory anuria. The disease is provoked by mechanical obstacles or the development of extrarenal disorders (tumor neoplasms, stones in urolithiasis, infiltrate, etc.). Because of this, this anuria received another name - extrarenal.
Prerenal anuria. The etiology of this type includes pathologies and damage to the cardiovascular system, due to which renal blood flow is impaired, which is often observed in renal failure. These include occlusion of the renal arteries, tumors in the retroperitoneal space, and shock.
Renal anuria is provoked by various types of renal inflammation, which disrupt the process of fluid filtration by the kidneys. These etiological conditions that provoke the development of renal anuria include: chronic pyelonephritis, polycystic disease, vasculitis, sepsis, burn injuries, poisoning, and transfusion of an incompatible blood group.

The postrenal type of anuria is provoked by blockage and spasms of the urinary tract. These obstructions prevent the kidneys from producing optimal urine flow. Causal pathologies include urolithiasis, inflammatory infiltrates and heterogeneous lesions of the ureters.
Arenal anuria is a consequence of kidney removal or congenital aplasia disease. This type is characterized by fusion of the external lobe of the urethra, spasm of the bladder sphincter, and congenital urethral valves.
Reflex anuria occurs when there is no signal from the nervous system about the outflow of urine. The list of causes of this condition includes surgical interventions, immersion in very cold water and pain due to renal colic.

Having determined the etiology of anuria, we can conclude that the pathological conditions of the overlying parts of the urinary system, namely the kidneys and ureters, obstruct the outflow of urine. The causes of anuria of non-pathological origin include alcohol abuse, heavy metal intoxication, drug addiction, etc.

Anuria Clinic

The first and main sign of anuria is a long-term absence of urine and the urge to urinate. At the initial stage of the diagnosis of anuria, the symptoms that accompany the course of the disease are signs of a causal etiology. As the disease progresses, typical symptoms appear.

From the central nervous system:

constantly increasing fatigue;
increased drowsiness;
lethargy;
a feeling of apathy, with a tendency to depression;
irritability;
psychoemotional disorders;
asthenia;
convulsions.

From the gastrointestinal tract:

lack of appetite;
hiccups;
vomit;
nausea;
diarrhea;
dyspeptic symptoms.

The tongue of patients becomes covered with cracks, varnish coating, and ulcers. Patients also experience an increased feeling of thirst, swelling and shortness of breath.

These symptoms do not appear immediately. Each symptom that appears indicates the severity of the disease. Due to this, there are four stages of anuria:

Lack of urine and urge to urinate. The stage lasts about a day.
On the second day, intoxication occurs with general signs of poisoning (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). And there is also an unpleasant odor from the mouth.
The central nervous system is affected, and typical symptoms of the nervous system occur.
Complicated conditions of anuria develop. Edema appears due to pulmonary and heart failure, uremia.

If the above symptoms are identified, you should immediately contact a specialized physician. Timely medical care will help prevent the development of complications of this pathological condition.

Diagnosis and treatment of anuria

To accurately diagnose the pathology, you should contact a urologist or nephrologist. After an initial examination and medical history, the doctor will prescribe a number of laboratory and instrumental tests, including blood and urine tests, biochemical blood tests, ultrasound, cystoscopy, excretory urography and radioisotope renoangiography. These studies allow not only to establish the diagnosis of anuria, but also to identify the cause of its occurrence.

Drug therapy completely depends on the etiological factor. Having eliminated the cause of the disease, anuria goes away. But nevertheless, the doctor prescribes symptomatic treatment, which includes:

diuretics (diuretics);
sorbents;
application of a nephrostomy to unload the kidney;
connecting an “artificial kidney” (for particularly severe cases).

After establishing the root cause, etiotropic therapy is carried out. For anuria, treatment depends entirely on the etiological factor.

In case of collapse or heart failure, the patient is injected subcutaneously with 2 ml of a 10% caffeine solution, intravenously a 40% glucose solution in a volume of 20 ml, and a heating pad is placed on the lower extremities.

If shock occurs, it is important to return blood pressure to normal as quickly as possible. Patients in shock are strictly hospitalized and provided with prompt care. In case of significant blood loss, replacement therapy is carried out and agents are used that have a restorative effect on vascular tone. To do this, Polyglucin 400–800 ml and Hemodez 300–500 ml are administered.

People with renal anuria, which was provoked by intoxication due to poisoning with poisons or toxic substances, are subject to complete hospitalization and connection to an “artificial kidney” apparatus. And also for renal anuria, a peritoneal dialysis machine is used.

For anuric syndrome you may need:

blood or plasma transfusion;
plasmapheresis (blood purification);
use of antibiotics for pyelonephritis;
taking glucocorticosteroids for glomerulonephritis;
carrying out hemodialysis.

In case of anuria due to stones or other dense formations, laser or ultrasound treatment is performed. This method removes stones.

Traditional medicine in the fight against anuria

Traditional medicine is an excellent addition to basic therapy. Recipes for decoctions and tinctures from medicinal plants will help relieve the unpleasant symptoms of anuria.

Steam blackcurrant berries with boiling water. Leave for half an hour. Drink throughout the day.
Brew 20 g of cinquefoil with 300 ml of boiling water. Leave until completely cool. Drink 100 ml of infusion 2 times a day.
Remove the seeds from the rosehip, place it in a jar and fill it with alcohol. Leave in a cold place for a week and a half. After the expiration date, strain the infusion and apply 5 drops in the morning and evening.

To relieve spasms, the patient will need to place a wet, rolled sheet under his back for half an hour. Then the roller should be applied to the lower abdomen. It is recommended to carry out the procedure twice a day.

Any methods of traditional medicine should be discussed with your doctor and used only after his approval.

Treatment of anuria is a very complex and time-consuming process. To prevent the development of pathology, diseases of the urinary system should be treated in a timely manner. Knowing what it is and how anuria manifests itself, you can provide timely medical assistance and prevent the development of complications, among which the most dangerous is the occurrence of uremic coma.