An adverb as a part of speech is the main characteristic. Studying parts of speech: what questions does an adverb answer in Russian and what does it mean?

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an action, a characteristic of an object, or a characteristic of another characteristic. Answers the question how? Which? which? which? in what degree? to what extent?
Examples of word parts of speech adverb: firmly, up, in Russian, step, too.

Morphological characteristics

Adverbs denote the following characteristics:

  • Sign of action- adverbs are attached to a verb or gerund and answer the question how? Examples: live (how?) together, walk (how?) quickly.
  • Item attribute- join nouns and answer the question which? which? which? Examples: walk (what?) on foot, read (what?) out loud, coffee (what?) strong.
  • Sign of another sign- join an adjective, participle or other adverb and answer questions to what extent? to what extent? How? Examples: a very controversial issue, a very tall tree, quite good news, I (to what extent?) am a little sad, walking (how?) on foot.
  • Indicate a sign of action(but do not name the sign of action) - used to connect sentences. Examples: there, here, from there, somewhere, etc.

According to their meaning, adverbs are divided into groups:

  • Adverbs of manner - answer the questions how? how? (quickly, well, in a friendly way, suddenly, etc.);
  • Adverbs of time - answer the questions when? since when? How long? how long? (today, now, a long time ago, in winter, then, in the evening, etc.);
  • Adverbs of place - answer the questions where? Where? where? (far, everywhere, near, above, home, etc.);
  • Adverbs of reason - answer the question why? (rashly, blindly, involuntarily);
  • Adverbs of purpose - answer the question why? (on purpose, out of spite);
  • Adverbs of measure and degree - answer the questions how many? at what time? in what degree? to what extent? (very, in two, in half, very, two, completely, etc.).

Adverbs indicating a sign of action are divided into groups:

  • Demonstratives - here, there, there, then;
  • Indefinite - somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somehow;
  • Interrogatives - where, where, when, why, how, why;
  • Negative - nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never.

The adverb part of speech does not change: it is not inflected or conjugated.

Degrees of comparison

Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives and ending in -о or -е have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Comparative degree - denotes the attribute of an object in comparison with the attribute of another object. The comparative degree has a simple and a compound form. The simple form is formed using the suffixes -ee/-ee/-e/-she (high - higher, strongly - stronger, early - earlier). The compound form is formed by combining an adverb with the words more and less (in more detail, in less detail). Superlative degree - usually has a compound form, formed in conjunction with the adverb and pronoun of all (fastest of all, best of all).

Examples of adverbs

By value

It’s good to wander through the grass alone in this moonlit autumn (adverb of action).
Now the sky looked like a troubled sea (adverb of time).
To the left and right of the boat, some buildings rose out of the black water (adverb of place).
I came across a windbreak (adverb of reason) blindly.

By degree of comparison

We decided to meet less often (simple comparative form).
I was asked to do the job more carefully (compound comparative form).
My friend runs the fastest at school (superlative).

Syntactic role

In a sentence, adverbs act as adverbs, less often - as definitions and predicates.
A song could be heard from afar. Adverb from afar - an adverb with the question from where?
Night solemnly descends to the earth. Adverb solemnly - adverb with the question how?
The ships arrive before dark. Adverb before dawn - adverb with the question when?
Soft-boiled egg . Adverb soft-boiled - definition with the question what?
It is cold outside . The adverb cool is a predicate with the question what?
I'm cold . The adverb coldly is a predicate with the question how?

Adverb- This independent part Russian speeches, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of an object or a sign of another sign: gradually, competently, childishly, joyfully. The question that an adverb answers depends on what meaning it has. Most often, adverbs answer the questions: How? Where? Where? to what extent? where? When? For what? Why?

Adverb- This unchangeable part of speech. It cannot be declined, conjugated or in any way coordinated with other words. Based on this, the adverb does not and cannot have an ending.

Differences between adverbs and conjunctions, prepositions and particles.

Adverbs from unions differ in that the former more often refer to the predicate in a sentence, less often to an adjective, adverb, numeral or noun. The conjunction serves as a connecting component between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence or entire sentences:

A little his chest rose, indicating that he was alive (adverb).

We began to get ready to go, a little It's starting to get light outside (union).

From prepositions adverbs differ in that they do not introduce a case form of the name:

The puppy took a few steps hesitantly towards (adverb).

Towards the owner of the house came out to me (pretext).

Unlike particles, adverbs cannot syntactically connect a noun with a preposition and stand in front of it:

I was walking directly, without turning and without looking back (adverb).

Sakura petals slowly fell to the ground, falling directly on the heads of people walking in the park (particle).

Differences between adverbs and words of the state category.

State category words denote the state of a living being or nature. Most of them have the suffix -O. These words can often act as a predicate in an impersonal sentence:

Together funny walk through the open spaces (adverb).

Despite this situation, I felt funny (state category word).

Difference between adverbs and other parts of speech.

Adverb- This independent and complete part of speech, which has its own separate syntactic role in the sentence. Most often, an adverb does not have modifiers and dependent words. An adverb is also often associated with a predicate verb as an adverbial adverb.

In almost 100% of cases, an adverb can be replaced with a synonym word: then - then, first - first, at the same time - together, in vain - in vain.

An adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, characteristic, state, or rarely an object.

Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in –о/–е) and are adjacent to the verb: run fast; adjective: very fast; another adverb: very fast. In a sentence, an adverb usually occurs circumstance.

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw style coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as inconsistent definition.

Adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a gerund: look into the distance, come back in the evening.

Adverb means attribute of an object, if attached to a noun: soft-boiled egg, Warsaw style coffee.

Adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle and other adverb: very good, too cold.

The classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.

Classification of adverbs by function

According to function, there are two categories of pronouns - significant and pronominal.

Significant adverbs name signs of actions or other signs, pronominal adverbs indicate them, cf.: on the right - where, on the left - where, foolishly - why, out of spite - then, yesterday - then.

Pronominal adverbs can be divided into classes according to the classification of pronouns, for example:

there, there, then- index fingers;

where, where, why- interrogative-relative;

everywhere, everywhere- definitions, etc.

Classification of adverbs by meaning

There are two categories of adverbs based on meaning - attributive and adverbial.

Definitive adverbs characterize the action itself, the attribute itself - its quality, quantity, method of execution:

very, beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot

and are divided into the following categories:

Qualitative, or mode of action ( How? How?): quickly, like that, together;
- quantitative, or measures and degrees ( To what extent? How much?): very, not at all, three times.

Adverbial adverbs name circumstances external to the action and are divided into the following categories:

Places ( Where? Where? Where?): on the right, up there;
- time ( When? How long?): yesterday, then, in the spring, when;
- reasons (Why?): rashly, why, because;
- goals (Why? For what?): out of spite, why, then.

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs with –о/–е

Degrees of comparison of adverbs, like degrees of comparison of adjectives, indicate greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of manifestation of a characteristic. The structure of degrees of comparison of an adverb and an adjective is similar.

comparative adverbs denote a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic:

One action of a subject compared to another action of the same subject: “ Petya runs better than he jumps» .
- the action of one subject compared to the same action of another subject: “ Petya runs faster than Vasya» .
- the action of a subject compared to the same action of this subject at another time: “ Petya runs faster than before» .
- the action of one subject compared to another action of another subject: “ A child runs slower than an adult walks» .

Like an adjective, the comparative degree of an adverb can be simple or compound.

Simple comparative degree adverbs are formed as follows:
base of positive degree without –o (and without segments k/ok) \(+\) formative suffixes – her(s), –e, –she/–same:warm-ee, louder, early-more, deeper.

The simple comparative degree of an adverb differs from the simple comparative degree of an adjective in its syntactic function: an adverb is an adverb in a sentence: “ He jumped higher than his father» -

or the predicate of an impersonal sentence: “ It's getting warmer»;

and the adjective acts as the predicate of a two-part sentence: “ He is taller than his father» -

or as a definition: “ Give me a smaller plate» .

Compound comparative degree adverbs have the following structure:
elements more/less \(+\) positive degree:

"He jumped higher than his father".

Superlative indicates the highest/lowest degree of manifestation of the trait.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative comparison. The remainders of the simple comparative degree are presented only in phraseological units: I humbly thank you, I bow to you most humbly.

A compound superlative adverb is formed in two ways:


1) most/least \(+\) positive degree: « He jumped the highest."
2) simple comparative degree \(+\) of all/all: « He jumped the highest"; The difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is in the syntactic function of adverbial adverbial, not a predicate two-part sentence.

Classes of adverbs by education

The correlation of adverbs with other parts of speech indicates their origin and method of formation.

Adverbs are correlative with names, pronouns and verbs. Replenishing themselves with other parts of speech, adverbs do not lose their semantic connection with them. For example, adverbs formed from nouns are associated with an objective meaning ( to the ground, on the side, Houses); adverbs formed from numerals - with the meaning of number ( twice, doubled, together); adverbs formed from adjectives - with the meaning of quality ( warm, Beautiful, kindly, gloomily); adverbs formed from verbs - with the meaning of action ( lying down, reluctantly, jokingly, immediately).

The process of formation of adverbs is long, and therefore the time of formation of adverbs does not coincide.

Adverbs formed from the names of nouns that have disappeared from the language are also early in formation, and the morphological correlation with the names of these adverbs is not lost (for example: to the ground, in a hurry, quietly, down the drain, smashing, with kondachka, with a panty), as well as from old forms of currently existing names (for example: serves it right, on right, left).

Adverb (part of speech)

Adverb- this is an independent part of speech that is not inflected or conjugated. Indicates a sign of action (driving fast, rotating slowly), a sign of a condition (very painful), a sign of another sign (extremely cold), and rarely a sign of an object (soft-boiled eggs). In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb and answers the questions how? how? in what degree? to what extent? Where? Where? where? When? Why? For what? or agreed upon definition. Adverbs are organized into phrases according to the type of connection - adjacency. When characterizing adverbs from the point of view of morphology, it is necessary to indicate the absence of a paradigm of conjugation and declension. But it would be inconsistent to talk about the complete immutability of adverbs: adverbs formed from adjectives, in many cases, retain the ability to form forms of comparison and forms of subjective assessment of quality. So adverbs can have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Comparative and superlative are formed either synthetically or analytically.

In russian language

Classification by lexical meaning

  • Circumstantial: characterize spatial, temporal, causal and target relationships.
    • time- indicate the time of action ( yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, evening, night, spring, sometimes, now, later, later)
    • places- indicate the place where the action takes place ( far, nearby, in the distance, near, here, there, to the right, to the left, back, from a distance, towards, from the side)
    • causes- indicate the reason for the action ( blindly, rashly, foolishly, drunk, involuntarily, not without reason)
    • goals- indicate the purpose of the action ( on purpose, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally, unintentionally, accidentally)
  • Definitive:
    • quality- express a characteristic or assessment of an action or attribute ( cold, brutal, sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, correct.)
    • quantitative- determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or sign ( a lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, twice, thrice, two, three, six, very, very, completely, absolutely)

1) measures and degrees; 2) a certain amount; 3) indefinite quantity.

    • method and mode of action- indicate the method of performing an action ( running, galloping, walking, swimming, shuffling, idling, supine, for sure)
    • comparisons and likenings - (womanly, bearish, old, our way, friendly, still, nose hooked, upright, squiggle, on end, hedgehog, pillar)
    • totality or compatibility - (two, three, publicly, together)

Qualitative adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison

  • comparative degree is expressed:
    • synthetically: using the suffixes -ee(s), -she, -e - more interesting, longer, stronger, louder. Some adverbs form the comparative degree suppletively, that is, changing the basis - good - better, much - more, little - less
    • analytically: using the auxiliary word more in combination with the original form of the adverb - more strongly, more interesting, more sad, etc.* superlative
  • The superlative degree is expressed:
    • synthetically (Greek) sophos - sophotata): wisely - wisest of all; using the suffixes -eysh-, -aysh- - ( I humbly ask, I bow to you most humbly). Very rarely used in modern Russian.
    • analytically: by combining the word most with the original form of the adverb - ( most interesting, most vivid, most offensive, etc.) It has a bookish connotation and is used mostly in the scientific style of speech and journalism.
    • complex form: combination of words everyone, everything with the synthetic form of the comparative degree - best of all, best of all, most of all

There are adverbs significant, if they are formed from significant words, that is, if adverbs name some attribute directly ( quiet, loud, evening).

There are also adverbs pronominal, that is, if the adverb does not name a characteristic, but only points to it, that is, to a manner of action ( So), location ( there, here, here, there), time of action ( then, then), reason ( because, therefore), target ( then).

In the Russian language, significant adverbs predominate.

Classification by method of education

  1. suffixal: fast - quickly, creative - creatively;
  2. prefix-suffixal: dry - dry, inside out - inside out;
  3. prefix: good - bad, where - nowhere;
  4. addition of different types:
    1. addition of words: barely, barely - barely;
    2. addition with the first element semi-: semi-lying;
    3. addition with the addition of a suffix or prefix and suffix: to walk by - in passing; gender, strength - half strength.

Exceptions and misconceptions

  1. SUBSEQUENTLY - Later, after some time, after, when. Then.

Subsequently is an exception and, contrary to popular misconception, is written only together, unlike similar adverbs with prepositions (during, in consequence/and, in mind, etc.)

Adverbs in other languages

Literature

  • "Modern Russian Language", ed. D. E. Rosenthal

Lectures by Inga Anatolyevna Slavkina

Media:Example.ogg


Wikimedia Foundation.

See what “Adverb (part of speech)” is in other dictionaries:

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    This term has other meanings, see Part of speech (meanings). This article needs to be completely rewritten. There may be explanations on the talk page... Wikipedia

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Books

  • Practical grammar in Russian lessons In 4 parts. Part 3, Zikeev A.G.. The four editions of the manual include exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students’ speech.…

Grammatical relationships are built using inflected forms of words. The verb changes in persons and numbers, the noun has three declensions and three genders, and is in close connection with the adjective. Adjacent to these rules is also. Only behaves peculiarly. What is its peculiarity?

In contact with

A peculiar adverb

Linguists divide the huge verbal arsenal into categories such as parts of speech, each of which has its own role. Nouns perform nominative-subject function, that is, they name the object. describe an action, and adjectives give a characteristic.

The peculiarity of adverbs is that, without being in a dependent connection with any of the names or verbs, they influence its meaning: emphasize a characteristic, modify it, highlight some quality. Without them, speech would not be so rich and emotionally charged.

The adverb in the Russian language has a distinctive property, this is the designation of characteristics:

  • actions;
  • subject;
  • another sign.

Attention! If verbs and nouns interact with a noun, taking into account its gender and number, then adverbs refer to completely independent linguistic formations. They remain unchanged in all respects.

Adverb categories - diagram.

Distinctive features and questions about them

Signs indicating actions

In a sentence, adverbs are usually are “in tandem” with the verb or such a verbal form that exists in the Russian language as the gerund. To better understand which words are classified as adverbs of manner, let's look at examples of their use in the text. They make it clear what it is, with linguistic point of view, sign of action :

  • The passerby walked slowly. The word “slowly” characterizes the verb of movement “to walk.”
  • That night the moon shone brightly. Characteristics of the degree of illumination.
  • Thunder roared loudly. Characteristics of noise created by a natural phenomenon.
  • The master worked quickly and energetically. Characteristics of actions.
  • A school of cranes flew low. Flight characteristics.
  • He was silent, glancing furtively at the visitors. Characteristics of behavior.

Important! To consolidate the concept, you need to understand which part of speech answers the question: how? (how?) and refers to a verb or gerund.

Item attribute

An adverb indicating a characteristic of an object answers questions Which? which? which? It is used in a sentence together with a noun. Examples:

  • walking, untucked blouse;
  • care in English, step forward;
  • moving backwards, reading aloud.

When the same words are used together with verbs, they characterize actions: walking, leaving in English, reading aloud, etc.

Feature sign

When combined with adjectives, adverbs more clearly reveal and “outline” in detail sign of another sign. For example:

  • very branchy tree;
  • too high fence;
  • rather boring activity;
  • task too difficult;
  • extremely simple environment.

The part of speech we are considering plays a role enhancing the degree of characteristics of an item, wherein its shape will remain unchanged.

Such forms are often used in works of art.

Four groups of adverbs and questions

Time

Having carefully considered what questions the adverb answers, it is classified into different groups. It is easy to determine that an adverb that answers a question: how long? When? since when/until when?– refers to a group indicating time or time period:

  • Traditions in the village have been preserved for a long time.
  • At harvest time, the peasants worked in the fields until dark.
  • Doing something new is always difficult.
  • He never returned to this city again.

Place

When asked where, where, from where they give answer data parts of speech indicating the place where the specified action occurs:

  • turn right;
  • be located in the middle;
  • a river appeared ahead;
  • the noise came from afar.

Goals

An adverb characterizing the goal answers questions For what? For what?:

  • He did it stupidly.
  • The tourists arrived early on purpose.
  • He realized that there was no need to explain the purpose of the visit.

These adverbs are most often used in colloquial speech.

Causes

These parts of speech, indicating reasons, answer the question: for what reason? Why?:

  • Blindly, he could not make out the small handwriting.
  • Realizing that there was no point in continuing the argument, Peter fell silent so as not to say too much in the heat of the moment.

Attention! To find out what questions it answers and what category this part of speech belongs to in Russian, you need to look at the context. That is, carefully read the phrase or expression and ask the right question.

Semantic groups of adverbs.

Controversial issues

Soon and suddenly

The word “suddenly” is often doubtful - it is an adverb indicating a specific course of action or not? The unchangeable word suddenly is an adverb that means suddenness, unforeseenness of the commission of any action or phenomenon. For example: “Suddenly he noticed a girl’s figure by the canal. Suddenly the sky darkened and the first rumbles of thunder were heard. Doubts did not come suddenly; before that, he had been thinking about this strange proposal for a long time.”

Soon and soon - what parts of speech are they related to and what are their distinctive features? Soon is a part of speech, which, like the word soon, answers the question how? and does not change. Both adverbs mean a sign of action with a temporary connotation. However, soon is used to express the future, and soon - the past action. Compare: He appeared soon./ He will appear soon.

How to distinguish

When asking which part of speech in Russian answers the question where, where, from, students often cannot decide: these are parts of speech or parts of a sentence. If the first option is meant, then this is an adverb. And if the question where is answered by circumstance, then they can be either an adverb or a noun together with a preposition.

Compare: At the very bottom of the staircase a silhouette of a man appeared (preposition together with a noun). A slight noise was heard below. (adverb).

Adverbs of manner are often confused with adjectives. . To avoid this, it is enough to remember which words answer the question how? and are related to the adverb, and which ones - to the question which? and are adjectives. For example, in the phrase: “A good incentive makes you work well.” – good is an adjective, and good is an adverb, which was formed from the name of the adjective.

Spelling: Writing adverbs

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Conclusion

Adverb - absolutely independent part of speech with its structural and linguistic features and a special emotional and semantic role in oral colloquial speech and literary text. With it you can create proposal with any emotional connotation, expressing your attitude towards a person, phenomenon or event.