What do bees do useful for the environment? Ecology project "about a bee"

Studying the impact of heavy metals on the environment and biological objects requires detailed research. Inventory of heavy metals and the concentration of their content in natural objects is one of the most important environmental problems, which is not easy to solve even with precise methods. Most of the pollutants are deposited at a distance of 10...50 km from the source of pollution in accordance with the wind rose; some enter the upper layers of the atmosphere and can be transported over many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers (Berinya, 1990). The solution to this problem is complicated by the diversity of climatic and soil-geochemical conditions of individual territories, as well as the level of industrial development of the study area.

Biological methods may be promising for monitoring the degree of pollution of ecosystems with toxicants: heavy metals, radionuclides, oil and gas industry waste, pesticides, herbicides and other pollutants. However, at present there is no domestic system of unified objects and biomonitoring indicators. Many scientists believe that representatives of the group of bee insects, as one of the most vulnerable and sensitive to environmental pollution, could become such objects. By changing the density of the bee population, their biodiversity, the presence of pollutants in bee products and the body of the bee, the ecological situation can be characterized (apimonitoring).

The life of a bee colony is closely connected with the external environment. Thus, the annual supply of pollen to the hive is 25-30 kg, nectar - up to 200 kg, water - about 50 kg, air - 4 thousand m3 (Makarov, 1995). In the process of collecting nectar and pollen, bees come into contact with a huge number of entomophilous plants. Each family serves about 3-5 thousand hectares of area daily. The unique structure of a biological object - the honey bee, its connection with the environment, and physiological characteristics make it possible to determine not only the momentary effects of pollutants, but also to trace the process over time, analyze the reaction to the effects of pollutants and their connection with the pollution of soils, plants, water, and air. Monitoring the environment in the same area over a number of years will make it possible to trace dynamic changes in the content of technogenic pollutants in biocenoses and individual biological objects.

Bees and their products can be used to map clean and polluted areas; to identify the pollution environment; to monitor the distribution of gaseous chemicals, as well as compounds of arsenic, copper, lead, mercury and other toxicants.

Currently, in many foreign countries and some regions of Russia, honey bees are used to control environmental pollution with various chemicals (fluorine, arsenic, sulfur, heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides) (Gasanov, Kadyev, 1997). Environmental characteristics were given using apimonitoring of individual territories in the Smolensk, Perm regions and Udmurtia.

A large amount of information about technogenic pollution can be provided by beekeeping products (honey, bee pollen, propolis), which are averaged samples characterizing the level of pollution in an area within a radius of 3-4 km. With the help of apimonitoring, it is possible to trace the migration of elements (man-made pollutants, including radionuclides) in ecosystems (soil, water, air-plant nectar, pollen-bee - bee larva-bee products). Honey bees are convenient biological objects in the sense that clear and fixed experiments are possible with them without causing damage to the population.

At the Perm Pedagogical University, Petukhov A.V., Suvereva V.K., Shamsudinova N., the first work on the study of nitrates in honey was carried out in 1994 jointly by zoology and chemistry. The determination of heavy metals in honeys of the Perm region has been carried out since 1995 using the photocolorimetric method, and since 1997 such studies have been carried out jointly with the Research Institute of Children's Ecopathology using the atomic absorption method. In 1999, the territory of the Yusvinsky district of the Perm region was surveyed. The study area is located in the northern taiga natural zone of the Komi-Permyak National District, located in the north-west of the Perm region. Most of the territory is located along the Kama Reservoir. This is a weak agricultural area, but with a developed forestry industry. Since there are no large industrial enterprises here, it could be considered an ecologically clean area. Most of the region's territory is occupied by forests - 60-70%. Geographically, the region is located 60-140 km from the large industrial center of Berezniki and 140-200 km from Perm. The average annual air temperature is +0.5°C; the prevailing winds in the spring-summer period are north-west winds, i.e. from the side of the city of Berezniki.

For the first time in the Perm region, a study of environmental pollution with heavy metals was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotography based on apimonitoring. In the Yusvinsky district, 6 test sites with apiaries located on them were established. Four of them were located in populated areas, two were located in a 2-3-kilometer zone from human settlements. In August 1999, samples of soil, plants, bees, honey, beebread, and propolis were taken at designated areas. Sampling points were located at a distance of no closer than 300 m from roads. The soil sample was one mixed sample from three individual points located from each other at a distance of 500-1000 m. A sample of beekeeping products from each recording site was taken from three bee families (100 g of honey, 20-30 g of bee bread and 5 g propolis). One mixed sample was analyzed. As a sample of plants, first of all, the vegetative part of honey plants was selected from three points of the site, located at a distance of 500-1000 m from each other, and then dried at a temperature of up to 40 °. Samples of honey, bees, and soil were placed in polystyrene containers up to 400 cm3, plants - in polyethylene bags of 3000 cm3. In two parallel series of studies, samples of honey, bees, soil, plants, beebread and propolis were burned by wet ashing in an autoclave in nitric acid. Then the following elements were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry: magnesium, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium.

Research results using products

The first studies showed that with the help of beekeeping products it is possible to obtain an objective characteristic of the state of the environment. The obtained results of the distribution of heavy metals on the territory of the Yusvinsky district for 1999 are reflected in table. 1-5. In table Figure 1 shows the distribution of magnesium at 6 sites in the Yusvinsky district. The highest magnesium content in the soil was found at the survey site with. Yusva, and the smallest - the village of Pozhva. The content of this element in the plants of the study sites is quite high, but significantly lower than in the soil. Only a small part of this metal passes into honey. Thus, the migration of magnesium can be traced along the chain soil => plant => bee bread => bee -=> honey with a decrease in its content by 100-400 times.

Table 1. Distribution of magnesium content in the soil chain =>

In table Figure 2 shows the nickel content at the study sites and its migration along the chain soil => plant => beebread => bee => honey. The table shows that, just as in the first case, there is a decrease in the metal content in honey bee products, but in smaller values. It should be noted that the nickel content in bee bread is higher than in the body of a bee.

Table 2. Distribution of nickel content in the soil => honey chain at sample sites in the Yusvinsky district, µg/g

Lead at recording sites in samples of the same type varies within insignificant limits. Lead migration along the chain is reduced by 10-80 times.

Table. 3. Distribution of lead content in the chain soil => honey at sample sites in the Yusvinsky district, µg/g

The manganese content at the survey sites in the study area significantly exceeds the background content. It is likely that its excess is associated with emissions of substances that include manganese. Enterprises in the city of Berezniki reduce the manganese content along the chain in most cases proportionally. The increased content of manganese in the soil at the survey sites caused a sharp increase in it in plants and bee bread, which led to an increase in both the bee’s body and honey.

Table 4. Distribution of manganese content in the soil => honey chain at sample sites in the Yusvinsky district, µg/g

Chromium is the only heavy metal under study that does not have significant differences in its content in plants, bee bread, the body of a bee and honey: from 2.8 to 0.47 μg/g.

Table 5. Distribution of chromium content in the soil => honey chain at sample sites in the Yusvinsky district, µg/g

The results obtained made it possible to determine the level of the studied heavy metals in soils, plants, bees and beekeeping products. As studies have shown, the degree of accumulation of heavy metals in the components of the studied chain is not the same. The highest content is in soil, plants, bee bread, and the body of a bee; honey - magnesium, and least of all - chromium and lead. The main sources of pollution in the study area during the accounting period include manganese, the content of which exceeds the MPC standards. The content of heavy metals in biological samples of the plant-bee-bee bread-honey chain is mostly reduced hundreds of times. During the processing of nectar, honey is purified by bees to a greater extent than beebread, and cannot serve as a clear indicator of the environment.

In general, the territory of the study area is not contaminated with heavy metals, with the exception of manganese at recording sites close to the city of Berezniki, where emissions of this element were recorded in 1999.

A.V. Petukhov, T.S. Ulanova, I.S. Zavgorodnyaya
Perm Pedagogical University, Research Institute of Children's Ecopathology.

A beehive is simply a storehouse of useful substances. Wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly - all these products bring us only benefits and are used both in medicine and in cosmetology. Even simple ingestion - but only in limited quantities - is very beneficial and can relieve many diseases.

Zabrus

Bees seal the honeycombs with hexagonal caps, which beekeepers cut off before pumping out honey. This is the bar. It is even healthier than honey itself, since it also contains bee saliva, honey, and a little bee venom, which bees use to seal honeycombs. Zabrus contains a high concentration of vitamins A, B, C, E, there are almost all the microelements necessary for humans and a very rare type of fat secreted by bee glands.

Zabrus is a very healthy cocktail of honey, pollen and wax, and in addition, it contains bee venom. It is thanks to the lining that honey can be stored in combs for a very long time, for decades, without becoming sugared and retaining its beneficial properties.

Zabrus is very useful for respiratory diseases, runny nose, sinusitis, bronchitis. It cures colds and flus as it has antiviral and antimicrobial effects. The zabrus is simply chewed like chewing gum, the longer the better.

Contraindications.

Propolis

Bees obtain it by processing resinous substances of plant origin. Propolis is bee glue. It is used for home improvement, sealing cracks, and construction.

Propolis is the strongest natural antibiotic. It destroys harmful microbes, but does not harm beneficial bacteria, so it has no side effects, unlike tablets. Propolis is used as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, antitumor and antioxidant agent. Propolis also regulates blood clotting, strengthens blood vessels, and improves digestion.

Contraindications. Individual intolerance and allergy to bee products.

Pollen

Bees, when collecting nectar, do not forget about pollen. They preserve most of the collected pollen in honey, and it turns out beebread. In addition, they carry pollen on their legs and abdomens. Beekeepers install special pollen traps to collect some of the pollen from bee legs, because it is so useful.

Flower pollen contains all the necessary amino acids that a person must receive from food, since the body itself cannot synthesize them. It contains a lot of potassium, which we need to maintain the heart muscle, as well as 26 more important microelements and very necessary vitamins: carotene, provitamin A, B vitamins, vitamins C, E, D, P, K. Rutin present in pollen, of which it contains a record amount, practically fulfills the program for the prevention of heart disease: it strengthens the walls of capillaries, thereby improving cardiac activity.

Contraindications.

Perga

This is pollen that bees have processed with their saliva and preserved in honey. One of the most valuable beekeeping products. Beebread is what bees feed their larvae. Moreover, when producing this product, they preserve pollen wisely, making a cocktail of different types of pollen.

Bee bread contains a lot of potassium, which is extremely necessary for our body, but it is difficult to get the required amount with regular food or vitamins - it is poorly absorbed. And in bee bread, potassium has actually already been processed by bees, so it is absorbed well. This microelement is responsible for the functioning of the heart muscle, good metabolism, and the removal of toxins from the body.

Contraindications. Allergy to pollen and honey, diabetes. Pollen and bee bread should be eaten in very small portions - no more than 1 tsp. in a day. Overdose is harmful.

Royal jelly

It is produced by bees that do not fly out of the hive. The family needs royal jelly to feed the larvae of bees and drones, as well as to feed the queen bee - the queen.

In appearance and taste, royal jelly resembles sour cream. If you take it a little every day on an empty stomach, then after a while you will notice that the tone of the muscles and nervous system has increased, memory and vision have improved, and the skin has become smooth and elastic. Royal jelly reduces cholesterol levels in the blood, normalizes blood pressure, increases mental and physical performance, and prevents the aging process.

Contraindications. Allergies and individual intolerances, acute infectious diseases, tumors, diseases of the adrenal cortex. This product should not be used if you have high blood pressure or increased blood clotting. The maximum daily dose (if there are no contraindications) is up to 100 mg per day (the maximum single dose is 30 mg). You cannot use royal jelly in the evening, otherwise insomnia is guaranteed.

Bee venom

In villages and apiaries, bees were used as a medicine against radiculitis: 2-3 bees were placed on the lower back and slightly pressed down. The bees bit, and their venom cured the disease and dispersed the blood.

Scientists have proven that bee venom is a very useful substance. It increases the amount of hemoglobin, reduces blood viscosity and coagulability, reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood, dilates blood vessels, increases blood flow to the diseased organ, relieves pain, increases overall tone, performance, improves sleep and appetite. So, in small quantities, bee venom is useful.

Contraindications. Treatment with bee venom should only be done under the supervision of a doctor, since only a specialist will select the right dosage. Keep in mind that some people are allergic to bee venom. And then the bite of even one bee can be fatal.

Introduction

Bee products - honey, propolis, pollen, royal jelly - occupy a special position among food products. They are widely used not only as food products, but also as medicines in folk and official medicine. Of course, the quality and environmental safety of products used for medicinal purposes must meet the highest requirements.

The quality of beekeeping products largely depends on the state of the environment. Unfortunately, practicing beekeepers usually do not pay attention to the significance of this problem. Apiaries are often located in populated areas, near industrial enterprises and highways. This negatively affects the environmental parameters of bee products. Largely “thanks to” this, bee products from Russia currently do not meet modern requirements and are practically not imported to other countries. On the contrary, more beekeeping products are imported to us, and often these products are not of high quality. This further complicates the situation in domestic beekeeping.

To revive one of the most important branches of agriculture, it is necessary in the near future to make a shift towards the production of environmentally friendly beekeeping products. This will make domestic bee products more popular among the population, increase their rating in other countries and increase the profitability of the industry. Obtaining environmentally friendly beekeeping products is a step into the future. Already now, in many countries, including Russia, the priority quality when assessing food products is their environmental quality. Over time, the relevance of environmentally friendly beekeeping products will only increase.

Ecological importance of beekeeping

By visiting 80% of cross-pollinated plants, both wild and agricultural, bees thereby contribute to the seeding of forest, shrub, field, garden and meadow entomophilous vegetation, which, with intensive pollination, steadily renews itself, serves as a shelter and source of food for many insects and birds and animals, strengthens the soil and so on.

Bee families are closely related to the environment in which they are located. Showing complete independence in maintaining the necessary conditions of existence throughout the entire annual cycle, bees constantly depend on the flora and fauna, clean air and weather factors. Their changes primarily affect the viability of bees. At the same time, the state of bee colonies, their survival rate, the quantity and quality of honey and pollen collected by bees can be used to judge the ecological situation in which they are located.

Bees contribute to the seed production of the most important perennial forage crops - red clover and alfalfa, the cultivation of which not only creates a good food supply for livestock, but also, just as important, improves soil fertility, reduces the qualitative and quantitative level of weeds, and supports the vital activity of local fauna. All this significantly preserves or stabilizes the farming ecology both in this area and in the area as a whole.

Beekeeping carries a culture of work, an aesthetic and moral perception of living nature, has an educational effect, and brings satisfaction and pleasure. Working with bees helps stabilize the human psyche, relieves stress, and improves the functioning of all body systems. It is not for nothing that beekeepers are distinguished by longevity, physical and sexual health.

Since ancient times, beekeeping has been considered an indicator of hard work and high farming culture. It is no coincidence that beekeeping has reached a high level of development in the USA, Canada, Australia, France, Finland, Japan and other countries with well-organized and productive agriculture.

Bees also have a certain importance in scientific research in the field of biology, genetics and other sciences. Among living objects, bees were among the first to travel to space in American exploration. Distinguished by the perfect structure of the social way of life, which was formed over about 50 million years, the bee family is a symbol for many religious and philosophical movements that are trying to create a human society modeled after the bee community.

The impact of urbanization on the environment. bee protection

The huge scale of urban and road construction, industrial processing of natural resources and chemicalization of agriculture have led to significant disturbances in the ecology of flora and fauna. According to N. Stoilov (Union of Beekeepers of Bulgaria, 1997), 98% of substances obtained in nature eventually turn into waste. Almost all of this mass pollutes the soil, water and air. In agriculture, about 5 billion tons of mineral fertilizers and 3 million tons of toxic substances, including pesticides, are used annually. All this does not pass without a trace for the bees. Moreover, it has been established that of all representatives of the animal world they are the most sensitive to environmental pollution. As a result of these reasons, in a number of once prosperous areas of beekeeping, this industry has fallen into decline.

Poisoning of bees on a large scale can occur due to industrial waste released into the atmosphere, spreading over 30 kilometers or more. It has been established that during the active period of life of bees, their death is most often observed during a decrease in atmospheric pressure and drizzling rains. Under such conditions, industrial waste, when distributed over long distances, intensively falls on plants.

Great damage to beekeeping is caused by waste from chemical, oil refineries, aluminum, phosphate, bauxite and brick factories. Magnesium dust is especially toxic to bees, exposure to which in certain regions leads to a complete cessation of beekeeping. Industrial wastes containing arsenic and carbon oxides, fluorine, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus and chlorine compounds, lead, zinc, titanium and other elements are harmful and to a certain extent toxic to bees.

The harmful effects of industrial waste can manifest themselves in different ways. For example, arsenic oxide can accumulate in honey and bee bread, and bees poisoned by it die in late winter and early spring. The proximity of oil refineries leads to outbreaks of ascospherosis and increased death of queens.

The use of pesticides causes great harm to beekeeping. More than 350 chemicals are approved for use in agriculture. Let us recall that pesticides are divided into insecticides that act on harmful insects, herbicides that act on weeds, and fungicides that destroy pathogenic fungi. Of course, the use of these means, along with positive effects, also causes negative consequences. The use of pesticides leads to large losses of bee colonies, especially in those areas where notification of such actions is not established and penalties are not applied to violators.

author Kurkin Boris Mikhailovich

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26.05.2016

Do people often think about the benefits bees bring?

Many people associate them with honey and other bee products, which are used for various purposes: in the treatment of diseases, cooking, cosmetics, simply as food or as a dietary supplement.

Of all the insects living on the planet, the bee is one of the most useful for humans. The worker bee not only provides healing products that are unique in their composition, but also pollinates plants, contributing to the continuation of life on Earth.

All bee products are natural antibiotics. They, unlike pharmaceuticals that destroy pathogenic and beneficial microflora with equal force, act selectively, preventing the growth and development of harmful microorganisms. In the process of life, a bee produces the following substances: honey, bee bread, royal jelly, propolis, wax, bee venom. Even a dead bee has a number of healing properties. Medicinal tinctures are made from bee pestilence. Thus, bees benefit humans by producing all these healing products.

But not every person knows about another value of honey-bearing insects in nature.

On planet Earth, the lives of bees and flower plants are closely interconnected. Flowers provide nectar and pollen to bees, and in return they pollinate them. It is estimated that the benefits from bee pollination of entomophilous plants are many times greater than the cost of all the honey collected throughout the world.

More than 200 thousand species of our flora require pollination. First of all, these are those that cannot bear fruit and produce seeds without insects.

Products of entomophilous crops are the main source of vitamins and minerals. They provide 98% of people's vitamin C needs; more than 70% is in lipids, as well as most of the needs for vitamins E, K, A and B.

These products also satisfy our calcium needs - by 58%; fluorine – by 62%; iron - 29%, and many other elements.

It must be said that these crops provide people with 35% of all world agricultural products. Thanks to the pollinating work of honey bees, the yield of many crops increases: buckwheat and sunflower – by 50%; watermelons, melons and pumpkins – 100%; and fruit trees and shrubs - 10 times. And this is not a complete list of the benefits bees bring.

This means that people get thousands of tons of vegetables, fruits and seeds thanks to bees.

Pollination by bees also improves the quality of seeds and increases the size, juiciness and taste of fruits. The benefits that bees bring when pollinating crops are 10-15 times greater than the direct income from beekeeping.

Scientists estimate that bees' contribution to the global economy as plant pollinators is worth about $160 billion annually. In the European Union it was estimated at 15 billion. All this is tens of times higher than the cost of honey and all beekeeping products combined.

But the trouble is that people easily calculate the cost of honey and all beekeeping products on the world market. And the benefits that bees bring from pollinating plants are not visible at first glance. We buy vegetables, fruits and other agricultural products, eat them, and easily forget that only thanks to bees they got to our table.

Thanks to the bee, man developed agricultural activities. Even the most modern technology cannot replace them and do the job so delicately.

The benefits of bees are obvious. Man cannot survive without these hardworking insects. The bee works every day, dying in flight.

Unfortunately, according to official statistics, more than half of the bee species have disappeared over the past 100 years. And today there is a threat of extinction of honey insects all over the world. In many countries, the number of bee colonies is declining. The reasons for this phenomenon: uncontrolled use of pesticides, pesticides, breeding work to create self-pollinating and genetically modified plants and crops.

Despite the fact that in our time in many countries, in particular in Germany and the USA, there are programs to support beekeeping as one of the most effective ways to increase plant productivity, we are increasingly hearing about the collapse of bee colonies. Bees are dying en masse. And now Chinese farmers have already experienced for themselves that pollinating plants without bees is almost a feat.

Although the problem exists throughout the world, it has become particularly acute in the mountainous Maoxian County of China's Sichuan Province, where all wild bees have died out and farmers are forced to pollinate apple orchards by hand.

Pollination of apple trees in Maoxian must be completed within five days, otherwise the trees will not bear fruit. Now every year thousands of residents come to the gardens to do this hard work.

Using homemade pollinators made from chicken feathers or cigarette filters dipped into plastic bottles filled with pollen, one person can pollinate 5-10 trees a day. Children also participate in the process. They climb trees to reach higher branches.

The challenges facing farmers in Maoxian provide a glimpse of what could happen on a global scale.

Continued loss of honey insects will lead to worsening global food security throughout the world. More than 20 thousand species of flowering plants will disappear from the Earth, which will undermine the foundations of the Earth's ecosystems. And 4 years after the complete disappearance of this beneficial insect, according to scientists, humanity will die from hunger and lack of oxygen.

Therefore, let's take care of bees, whose benefits for humans are invaluable.