Public speaking: basic requirements for public speaking. Basic requirements for public speaking

  1. Self-test questions
    demands are made to written speeches lawyer? How do they appear in the text of procedural documents? 7. What is causing the confusion? speeches? 8. What is included in the concept of oral culture public
  2. Sample plan for a practical lesson Theoretical part.
    public
  3. SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
    speeches? 2. Describe the conditions for the implementation of conversational speech. 3. What are the stylistic features of colloquial speeches? How are they manifested in linguistic means? 4. In what procedural acts and why are elements of colloquial language observed? speeches? 5. How to explain the appearance of conversational features speeches in monologue speeches? 6. How do you see the difference between oral speeches from writing? TASKS Task 1.
  4. Practical tasks
    General requirements assignments cannot be changed
  5. Final control Questions
    requirements to the relationship between a lawyer and his client. 28. Ethical requirements to the relationship between lawyers of the same college. 29. Ethical requirements to the relationship between the lawyer and other participants in the process. 30. Procedural principles of disciplinary proceedings. 31. General requirements to the judicial speech. 32. Part of the judicial speeches, which is devoted to evidence, and its order
  6. Chapter 4. Fundamentals of lawyer's eloquence
    requirements To public speech. Requirements for the personality of the speaker. Oratorical tact. Outer side speech. Judicial speech. All lawyers know the famous saying that the law is mute, and the lawyer is its language. Indeed, only with the help of language can a lawyer convey to all interested parties the provisions of a particular legal norm, explain how to behave in a particular
  7. Requirements for the personality of the speaker 1.
    public When speaking, use non-business attire. There should be some conservatism in clothing (a suit jacket or a three-piece suit, a skirt and a jacket, etc.). Otherwise, the speaker's appearance may alienate his listeners, or the listeners will be busy looking at and discussing his appearance instead of listening to his speech. 2. The speaker must have notes
  8. 21.1. Leader's communicative behavior
    requirements, compliance with which is the basis for effective communicative behavior of a leader. Ineffective communication is one of the main causes of poor leadership. The sphere of a leader's communicative behavior is divided into several main types: parallel communications accompanying the performance of other functions and tasks; conversations and negotiations; organization and conduct
  9. SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
    public lecture? What are its goals? 14. What is the purpose of a lecture on a legal topic? 43 15. How is logic demonstrated in the lecture? 16. What is the role of the introduction? What should it be like? 17. What is semantic gradation? How is it achieved? 18. How is clarity achieved? 19. What means of speech influence do you know? What function do they perform in the lecture text? 20. What is the role in
  10. LITERATURE
    speeches// Rus. speech. 1968. No. 1. 2. Kozhina M. N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M, 1993. 3. Trech N. Readings about the Russian language. St. Petersburg, 1840. 4. Manaev Yu. V. Repkin L. M. Drawing up procedural acts of the preliminary investigation. Volgograd, 1981. 5. Podgolin E. E. Culture of investigative actions: Textbook. allowance. Volgograd, 1978. 6. Collection of samples of criminal procedural documents: Publishing house
  11. LITERATURE
    speeches// Scientist zap. VNII Sov. legislation, 1972. Issue. 26. 4. Podgolin E. E. Culture of investigative actions: Textbook. allowance. Volgograd, 1978. 5. Pitertsev S.K. Drawing up an indictment: Textbook. allowance. L., 1981. 6. Mikhailov A.I. Podgolin E.E. Written speech in the production of investigative actions. For administrative use. M., 1980. 7. Investigator’s Handbook / Under
  12. Topic 3. General rules for the application of state coercive measures to the debtor
    requirements to executive documents. Special requirements to certain types of executive documents. Deadlines for submitting writs of execution for execution. Rules for calculating the deadlines for presenting writs of execution for execution: start, end, omission, restoration, break of the deadline. The procedure for issuing duplicates of executive documents.
  13. § 2. VARIETIES OF SPEECH IN COMMUNICATION BY A LAWYER
    speeches A lawyer's communication is formal and business style. This style serves the needs of a person throughout his life, from birth to his last day. A person is born and the first document is issued for him - a birth certificate. Next - a passport, a certificate of education, various certificates, etc. Even the most solemn moment - entering into a legal marriage - is formalized
  14. 6.3. Advocate's eloquence
    speech. The Russian language dictionary (in 4 volumes) defines red speech, firstly, as an ability, the ability to speak beautifully, convincingly, oratorical talent; secondly, as oratory. Krasno speech- this is the ability to speak not only beautifully, but also convincingly. This means that this is a combination of the speaker’s talent and certain knowledge and skills acquired in the process of study. Krasno speech is effective

  15. general requirements for to any court decision and characterizing its essence, which are established by Ch. 16 Civil Procedure Code. The default judgment must comply requirements to a court decision (legal, justified, definite, unconditional, complete), must be taken in the manner prescribed by law and comply requirements civil procedural form. Correspondence
  16. Review questions for Chapter 39:
    are common principles of functioning of the EU single insurance space? 2. Give examples of the relationship between national regulation of insurance operations and common EU rules. 3. What are the features of the classification of insurance services for insurance other than life insurance in the EU? 4. Name the main ones requirements EU, presented to the activities of insurance organizations when

  17. requirements. However, in cases provided for by federal law, the court may go beyond the stated limits. requirements(Article 196 of the Code of Civil Procedure). When considering and resolving cases arising from public legal relations, the court is not bound by the grounds and arguments stated requirements, which is caused by the need to ensure proper judicial control over the legality of the actions of government entities. At the same time the court

  18. requirements: 1) presented in defense of the interests of the Russian Federation; 2) presented in defense of a subject of the Russian Federation; 3) presented in defense of the municipality; 4) on the collection of alimony; 5) for compensation for damage caused by injury, other damage to health or as a result of the death of the breadwinner. This list is exhaustive and is not subject to broad interpretation. The court is searching for the defendant
  19. § 5. CONVERSATIONAL SPEECH
    speeches and the specific nature of thinking. Conversational speech has the function of communication and therefore manifests itself most often in oral form, with the direct participation of the speakers, i.e. in a dialogue that is not designed for premeditation. This means that this is unprepared speech. In any other sphere of communication, the choice of language means is limited by the norms of style. Conversational speech helps
  20. CONVERSATIONAL STRUCTURES IN THE SPEECH OF A LAWYER
    are common with colloquial speech. Thus, the speaker, having begun to formulate an utterance, in the process speeches cannot realize all the subordinate connections and is looking for a new form of expression of thought, losing control of the already spoken part of the phrase. As a result, interruptions and a shift in the syntactic perspective of the utterance occur. A shift in perspective can manifest itself in a refusal to continue a started construction (person

When preparing to speak as a speaker, be it a lecture, report or an entertainment show, there are a number of requirements that must be taken into account in order to look as professional as possible in front of the public.

The first thing you should work on is speech; it occupies one of the most important roles in the list of basic requirements for public speaking. Do not forget that sometimes a speaker has to go on stage in a variety of conditions. If you prepare and practice various genres, namely informational, entertaining and persuasive, problems will not arise under any circumstances.

List of basic requirements for public speaking

The list of basic requirements for public speaking includes the following:

  1. Beginning of the speech (decisive and arousing interest).
  2. Colloquialism.
  3. Dramatic component.
  4. Brevity and pithyness at the same time.
  5. Dialogue.
  6. A clear main idea for listeners.
  7. Emotionality (moderate).
  8. Maintaining contact with the audience.
  9. End of the speech.

The first phrase with which a speech begins lays the foundation for everything said after it. It definitely needs to be taught well. If you stumble from the very first words, the audience will consider the speaker to be unprofessional, so you can’t count on trust, interest and understanding in this case. Here it is important to work on clarity for the assembled people, intonation, and clarity of pronunciation.

The technology and requirements for public speaking require such a component as dramaturgy, in other words, this is the most emotionally intense part of a prepared speech. To create such a situation, the speaker must pit two different opinions on the same topic against each other. For this purpose, stories about various significant incidents or tragic events are also used.

Moderate emotionality is one of the most significant points in the requirements for public speaking. If this point is not taken into account, the audience will not trust the speaker. He should show excitement and concern about the topic he is talking about. This element also makes the performance less monotonous. If everything is done correctly, the audience will definitely not get bored.

But here it is very important not to overdo it; emotions should be moderate and under the control of the speaker, and not vice versa. According to research, an overly emotional speaker makes people feel awkward. It is much more correct to provoke increased interest and concern in the viewer, this will indicate a job well done.

The speech should not be one-sided, so that the listener does not lose himself in it; the speaker should not reduce the degree of interest, constantly contacting the audience. This may include questions to the audience, answers to questions from those who came, and reactions to the general behavior of the audience and each individual. Questions often help move the conversation in a direction that is right and convenient for the speaker.

General requirements for public speaking include such a factor as the clarity of the topic being presented for the audience. Here it is advisable to avoid complex formulations, occasionally remind the audience of the main idea and summarize after what has been said.

Brevity is a mandatory requirement for public speaking. If the speaker does not drag out the speech pointlessly, but constantly emphasizes the underlying factors, it will be considered more professional and easier for the audience to understand. Such skills come in very handy when speaking time may be limited.

To establish contact with the audience, the speaker needs to constantly monitor people's behavior, direct their thoughts in the right direction and, at the same time, communicate with them more often and adjust his speech, if necessary as a result of a particular reaction. Also, do not forget about maintaining dialogue, showing friendliness and affability.

As for the speaking style, it is best to use a conversational one, people should not feel tense, everything should look like a casual conversation. According to research, in this way the speaker will have a much greater chance of gaining trust in his speech, and therefore in himself.

Whatever the requirements for a monologue public speech, it cannot do without a well-founded, logical and pre-prepared conclusion. The closing speech must be rehearsed no less carefully than the opening speech. You can't stammer or show signs here. The audience should understand that the speaker wants to summarize with this. Also, do not forget about emotions, in order to inspire more trust, it is better to give them free rein, but not too much.


Before, you need to remember not only about clear language for the audience and fulfilling all requirements. Here it is also worth considering the genre of the future speech. If it is humorous, brevity is more valued; if it is persuasive, it is worth working on clarity for every listener. As for informational speeches, emotions are not as important as in protocol and etiquette speeches.

  • It is advisable to talk only about what is well known to oneself. If you do not fully understand the topic or are not interested in it, you may not only not earn the trust of the audience, but also receive difficult questions during the presentation;
  • the speaker should never put himself above others, especially those who came to speak. Those speakers who think they are smarter than others are doomed to failure;
  • The use of sayings and popular expressions is encouraged; they make speech more expressive and bring the speaker closer to the audience;
  • Under no circumstances should you raise your tone. If a conflict situation arises, it is better to convince the interlocutor with irrefutable facts, rather than emotions;
  • the public must be influenced not only through reasonable statements, but also by evoking heartfelt emotions;
  • It is very important to ensure clarity and correct pronunciation. If there is a possibility that a word will be said with incorrect stress or errors, it is better to replace it with a synonym;
  • in all your statements it is recommended to adhere to simplicity, otherwise the thought may be misunderstood or not understood at all;
  • You shouldn’t try to talk about everything in the world at once. It is necessary to strictly observe conciseness, which will allow you to be as convincing and logical as possible;
  • Before a speech, you need to clearly think through its structure. Each topic will become as clear as possible for any listener if it has the correct sequence. The audience should be led to the main idea gradually, emphasizing those things that may be incomprehensible or heard for the first time.

How to properly prepare for a report with a presentation

If public speaking involves preparing a presentation, there are a few special rules to consider. It is always worth remembering that the slides are prepared after the work on the text has been done and completed, since they are an accompanying part of the report. Other tips include the following:

  1. The number of slides always depends on the amount of information.
  2. All materials should have a clear purpose and complement the text.
  3. It is advisable to supplement the information with pictures and graphs.
  4. If there is text on a slide, it should be as clear and easy to understand as possible.
  5. To ensure that what is shown is well remembered by the audience, it is advisable not to move on to another image until 4-5 minutes have passed.
  6. It is better to highlight the text in the pictures in bold, and separate the main ideas into paragraphs.

Conclusion

It doesn’t just lie in the speaker’s charisma. Most successful people have worked on themselves for years to gain the trust of their audience and reach a professional level.

Only compliance with all requirements and work on oneself will bring success to a novice speaker.

Public or, otherwise, oratorical speech is a special form of speech activity in conditions of direct communication, speech addressed to a specific audience. It is pronounced with the aim of informing listeners and exerting the desired impact on them (persuasion, suggestion, inspiration, call to action, etc.).

D.). By its nature, it is a monologue speech, that is, designed for passive perception, not implying a verbal response.

Public speeches can be included in other forms of business communication, such as business meetings, conferences, discussions, presentations, or can have independent significance. Speech in a business environment is aimed at achieving pragmatic goals, for example, a lawyer’s speech is aimed at the effectiveness of protecting a client, a manager’s speech at a meeting is aimed at stimulating the high productivity of its participants, at informing, a speech at a rally is at persuading participants, calling them to action and etc.

Speech as a component of business communication should not only be convincing, but also eloquent, demonstrative, logical, and thoughtful.

1. The speech should be excitingly interesting and useful from beginning to end. A French proverb says: “A good speaker must have a head and not just a throat.” Listeners definitely feel whether there is a rational grain in the speech.

2. Any speech must have a carefully thought out internal structure. The composition of a public speech should include an introduction, main part and conclusion.

3. The speech should be listener-oriented, depending on whether it is intended for an individual interview or for speaking to a large audience. It can be addressed to a diverse audience.

The five commandments of the art of speech, which have not lost their relevance to this day, were proposed by the British diplomat Sir Hamilton back in the 18th century:

Understand what to say;

Organize: what is for business and what is for fun;

Put it into words and decorate it with a syllable;

Capture in memory;

It’s nice and worthy to put it out there.

These commandments are reflected in the book by Paul L. Soper “Fundamentals of the Art of Speech. A book about the science of persuasion." The author of the book gives the following advice to novice speakers:

1. Choose a topic that matches your knowledge and interests.

Choose a range of topics in which your training can give you more knowledge than your potential audience, or a topic in an area in which you have at least as much experience as the audience. The speaker must have public interests and a broad outlook.

2. Choose an appropriate topic. The choice of topic depends on the place, time and mood of the public, on the relevance of a particular moment. An official occasion should sometimes be used as a starting point for the development of your chosen topic, which, in turn, can become more interesting and important.

3. Choose a topic that suits your audience. The topic should be interesting, important and understandable to the listener. This depends mainly on the following factors: a) the main interests of the audience; b) group interests; c) topical interests; d) specific interests; e) novelty of the topic; e) polar opinions inherent in the topic.

You can also find the information you are interested in in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

More on the topic Requirements for public speech:

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Manual

"Preparing for a Public Speaking"

· Methods for reducing emotional stress during public speaking.

· General requirements for public speaking. Preparing for the performance.

· Speech composition.

· Interaction between the speaker and the audience.

· Methods of preparing for public speaking.

Methods for reducing emotional stress during public speaking.

We are all afraid of public speaking, be it presenting a project, acting in a play, defending a thesis, or anything else. Here are a few tips on how to look confident and relaxed:

1. Find familiar faces in the audience. Look at them all the time - they are your support.
2. Focus on a fixed point. If you haven't found anyone you know or you can't look at anyone at all, choose points above the audience's heads and focus on them.

3. Do It deep breath before the beginning. Make sure your breath comes from deep within your diaphragm.

4. Calm down. In most stressful situations, a “clamp” occurs in the body. Use visualization techniques or counting down to calm yourself. Examples: Try saying the alphabet backwards in your head - it requires so much concentration and effort that you'll forget you're nervous.
5. Stay focused on the information, on the meaning of what you are saying, on what you would like to convey to experts and listeners.

General requirements for public speaking

In rhetoric, there are general rules that can be applied when preparing a speech of any genre. We list the main ones:

1. Decisive beginning (the first phrase should be clear, it should be pronounced confidently and expressively; you must always know well where you will start; if this is a prepared speech, the first phrase should be carefully thought out and learned).

2. Restrained emotionality (listeners should understand that the topic of the speech is not indifferent to you; the speech should not be monotonous, but emotionality should not be excessive, otherwise it will make the listeners feel awkward).

3. Brevity (short speeches are perceived as more intelligent and informative).

4. Dialogue (the best impression is made by speeches aimed at dialogue with listeners);

5. Conversational (speeches constructed in the form of a casual conversation are better perceived; simplicity and accessibility of presentation are also a manifestation of colloquialism),

6. Clarity of the main idea (the main idea must be expressed in words, and during the speech it is better to repeat it at least two or three times).

8. A clear conclusion (like the beginning, it must be well thought out and rehearsed; the final phrase must be pronounced so that the audience understands that this is the ending).

There are four ways to prepare for a public speaking:

1) impromptu - speaking without preparation (suitable for a confident speaker with extensive experience);

2) relying on an outline plan - a pre-prepared detailed plan for the speech, where each point is accompanied by a list of main ideas that must be presented;

3) reliance on the text - verbatim reproduction (reading) of the written text;

4) reproduction by heart - memorization and reproduction without relying on recordings.

Which of these methods is the best? It depends, first of all, on you. To select from all the collected material what is useful for an effective presentation of your project, you can do the following:

Write down a list of the key components of the project on a piece of paper (this should be just a list, without a system, but it should include everything that you know or could find on this topic, even what is indirectly related to the topic);

Select the main points, write down the main points on a sheet of paper, leaving space between them (here you will write down secondary facts that confirm the main points of the speech);

Arrange the main facts in a logical sequence, marking them with numbers.

You have a detailed plan that needs to be divided into introduction, main part and conclusion. You will immediately see what you are missing and what you need to work on.

M. Zhvanetsky said: “Why do listeners fall asleep, but the lecturer never? Apparently they have a more difficult job.” Understanding speech by ear is indeed a rather difficult task, and it should be made as simple as possible for listeners. There are a number of techniques for turning written text into spoken text.

Firstly, all rarely used book words and expressions should be replaced with neutral ones.

Foreign words should be replaced with Russian equivalents whenever possible. So, instead of pressing better to say strong pressure, and instead confrontation - confrontation.

Secondly, it is necessary to use simpler syntactic structures. It is advisable to avoid verbosity, long complex sentences, participial phrases - all these constructions are difficult to perceive by ear. It is better to construct the text using simple, short sentences.

Thirdly, it is important to pay attention to the numbers given in the text. There should be few numbers; If possible, they should be replaced by comparison. It is better to round the numbers used in the presentation.

Fourthly, the vocabulary in the speech should be as specific as possible. In addition, in oral presentation it is quite appropriate to resort to expressive language means and figures of speech.

Any speech includes three parts: introduction, main part and conclusion.

Introduction. The success of the speech largely depends on how the speaker begins to speak. A bad start reduces interest and distracts attention. The introduction emphasizes the relevance of the topic (Project), its significance for a given audience, formulates the purpose of the speech, and can briefly outline the history of the issue. The task that the introduction solves is to prepare listeners to perceive the text.

Main part speech in general is structured according to the following scheme: 1) general description of your Project; 2) description of its goals and objectives; 3) the uniqueness of your Project (advantageous difference, highlights).

The optimal number of arguments given in an oral presentation is three; the audience ceases to perceive more as a certain system.

The main part of the speech must strictly meet all cultural and speech criteria and requirements for public speaking. All material should work towards the main idea of ​​the speech. This is facilitated not only by correctly constructed arguments, but also by competent interaction with the audience.

Conclusion. The main idea of ​​the speech should be outlined again in the conclusion. This is an important stage of the speech; it is not without reason that they say: “The end is the crown of the matter.” The final part should logically follow from the main one. It is better when special phrases are not required to move to the conclusion, such as “Now I move on to the final part...”. It is desirable that the ending be obvious to the listeners.

It is not recommended to end your speech with an apology (“I see that I have tired you a little...”). Under no circumstances should you remember anything additional after formulating the conclusion. It's always better to end on an optimistic note.

A few words should also be said about compliance with the speech regulations. In our final events, no more than 15 minutes are allocated for the presentation of one project!(7-8 minutes – presentation itself, 7-8 minutes – questions and answers). Compliance with the regulations is therefore a prerequisite for your successful performance. It is better to finish the speech two or three minutes before the scheduled time - both listeners and experts like this. Experience shows that such a simple technique helps to get a higher assessment of the performance as a whole.

Interaction between speaker and audience

In order to present your speech more advantageously, you need to know the characteristics of the specific audience in front of which you will speak. Our audience is members of the Expert Council who are already familiar with your projects and evaluated them at the first stage of the Regional level and participants in events who, like you, came to defend their projects. Thus, our audience is homogeneous(consisting of people of approximately the same level of education, life position, creative, creative, passionate about event tourism). Our audience is friendly. But we must take into account that any audience, even the most well-intentioned one, gets tired after a long speech and its attention becomes dull. Psychologists say that there are unique periods of attention, they are equal to 10 - 15 minutes (see our regulations)

Methods of preparing for public speaking.

It is very important to see and hear yourself from the outside. A tape recording of a speech during a rehearsal, and even more so a video recording, can help the speaker with this. The shortcomings are especially clearly visible if the audition takes place several days after the rehearsal.

The written text is well understood, read several times (including out loud), and the main points are recorded in memory.

The text of the speech itself is marked (for example, with colored markers): key phrases and words, surnames, titles, the most important digital data, and quotes are highlighted.

This text is easy to use during a speech. It is enough to look down at the page for a moment to restore your train of thought and find the necessary material. A speech based on the text creates the impression of fluency in the material and allows the speaker to remain confident.

It is very important that each finalist creatively approaches the preparation and delivery of his speech, makes fuller and wider use of his natural gifts and individual capabilities, and skillfully applies the acquired rhetorical skills and abilities.

Basics of effective presentation.

A presentation is a set of activities aimed at presenting your Project. It’s just important not to rely on improvisation during the “play” - you’ll ruin the whole event.

An entertaining purpose is needed so that the presentation does not look bland, and the perception of the main idea of ​​the Project is clear and captivates the audience.

To present the Project, it is better to hire a self-confident person, competent in the subject of the event, with good diction, since he will not only promote the idea, but also represent the region or territory in his own person.

All modern presentations are carried out using various technical assistants - a video projector and a laptop or screen with a prepared electronic version of the material, which must be presented correctly:

    The text of the presentation should be short. No long or difficult to understand sentences. More visual examples. If there is a list, formulate each phrase succinctly, to the point and without water. The optimal time for changing slides is 1-2 minutes, but you can linger longer on key pages. Use appropriate programs for preparing presentations - MS PowerPoint, at worst MS Word. If you communicate with a respectable audience, do not use cheap animation and other unnecessary decorations.

Conclusion

Very often people pay too little attention to the stage of preparing oral speech. They say: “the performance is the main thing, this is where I will give it my all.” Scientists have long proven that there is a direct connection between our psyche and the speech apparatus. Dear participants of the regional stage, if the thoughts, feelings and emotions that you are going to voice in your public speech are unclear, inaccurate, unclear and timid, so will your speech. Unclear diction, monotonous and uncertain speech, intermittent breathing, insincere intonation, constrained gestures, excessive excitement - this is what you get as a result.

A truly brilliant performance requires brilliant preparation.

Avoid template presentations made for show.

All finalists at the regional level will compete in Vladivostok for the title of diploma winners; their projects, by decision of the Expert Council, may be awarded the Grand Prix, 1st, 2nd or 3rd Place. The corresponding Diplomas and prizes will be awarded at the Award Ceremony on September 20, 2015 in Vladivostok.

And those projects that receive the “Grand Prix” and “1st Place” are automatically included in the shortlist at the federal level, which will be held in Kazan in October.

We hope that our small “Manual” and our hospitality will help each finalist become a winner!

Organizing Committee of the Regional Stage of the National Award in the Field of Event Tourism.

Plan: I. Public speaking. Content of public speech. Means of public speech. Speech preparation technique. Structure of speech. a) Invention (invention of ideas). b) Disposition (arrangement of ideas, rhetorical argument). c) Elocution (verbal expression). II. Norms of modern Russian literary language. The concept of language norms. Signs and properties of the norm. Types and types of norms. Normalization and codification. III. Verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Ancient rhetorical canon Invention (invention of thoughts) Disposition (arrangement of information, composition of speech) Elocution (stage of verbal formulation and editing of speech) Memoria (memorization, technical stage of speech preparation) Action (pronunciation, communication with the audience).

The material can be: books and articles from a certain field of knowledge, examples from fiction, photographs and illustrations, speeches by scientists, exact facts, personal experience of the speaker and his friends, cases from life, opinions of competent people

1. EMPIRICAL, -aya, -oe. 1. to Empiricism (1 digit); being empiricism. E-th philosophy. 2. Book. Empirically based (1 digit), relying only on experience and facts. Uh-oh observation. E. conclusion. Uh research.

EMPIRIA, -i; and. [from Greek empeiria - experience] Book. 1. Human experience, perception of the external world through the senses. Without empirics there is no science. Be based on empirics. 2. Observation in natural conditions, as opposed to experiment.

2. Encyclopedic material. the source cannot be based on quotations (as a message only auxiliary, sympathetic, or on given and critical) material.

* 3. Comparative material: 1. brings the empirical into line with the encyclopedic; 2. shows the organic nature of the author’s views of the existing tradition / determine the level of conflict in the speaker’s position in relation to the existing one; 3. determines the level of harmony of the text.

1. INVENTION (Latin inventio, “find”, “invention”) - search, selection of material and development of problems related to the subject area of ​​​​speech. According to the definition of ancient rhetoric, invention is the path from thought to word.

A) Topic of speech: The topic can be arbitrarily chosen by the author or “imposed” on him by life circumstances. In the first case, they talk about a natural, and in the second, about an artificial situation (French situation - position, environment, set of circumstances). Natural situations are generated by life itself - the need to speak in parliament, propose to the girl you love, etc. Artificial situations are associated with special activities, for example, scientific (a report on a given topic at a conference).

D. Carnegie notes that the most winning topics for any audience are sex, property, religion, since they correspond to the triad: we create life - we support it - we hope to continue it in the future world. A person is primarily interested in information that is directly related to him.

The topic should be: controversial, of a conflicting nature; characterized by novelty; can be wide/narrow; formulation (short, goal-directed speech, relevant, specific, interesting and provocative).

B) The author's position The author's position is not developed immediately, but gradually, since it is necessary: ​​to acquire knowledge on the essence of the problem, to study different points of view (primarily competent people), to analyze and compare these positions, to develop your own opinion.

Ancient Greek wisdom says: “For a ship that does not know which harbor it is going to, no wind will be favorable.”

2. DISPOSITION (Latin dispositio “arrangement”) – compositional organization of speech in accordance with the principle of expediency. PURPOSE - the correspondence of a phenomenon or process to a certain (relatively completed) state, the material or ideal model of which is presented as a goal.

The speaker inevitably faces a number of questions: what words to start the speech with? how to end the speech? how to continue the conversation? How to win the attention of listeners and keep it until the end?

composition The arrangement of accumulated and selected material, the construction of a speech is called composition (Latin compositio - compilation, composition) of speech. When building a composition, it is necessary to understand the relationship of individual parts of speech and the relationship of each part to the entire speech as a whole.

plan The basis of the composition is the plan - the relative arrangement of the parts, a brief program of any presentation. Having a plan allows you not to miss the “current of thought” (A. Koni), not to deviate from the topic, and to meet the time allotted for speech. Working on a plan is a movement from the general to the specific, from the abstract to the concrete and involves the following steps.

The main thing in the work plan is to highlight the main issues (“semantic nodes”) and their connection with the goal.

Drawing up a plan is necessary for working on any speech or text. The plan organizes the movement of the speaker’s thoughts and helps to reduce the volume of speech without compromising its semantic integrity in the event of a change in the speech regulations.

The composition can be divided into five parts: the beginning of the speech, the introduction, the main part (content), the conclusion, and the ending of the speech.

beginning - the beginning of speech. most often it contains etiquette formulas, but not only. the features of the opening can be determined both by the topic of the speech and by the audience; an interesting opening attracts the attention of the audience; may indicate in what key the speech will be delivered.

For example, A.F. Koni, in his speech about Caligula, uses the tale of the cannibal as such a “hooking hook”: “As a child, I loved to read fairy tales. But of all the fairy tales, one (pause) was especially influential on me, the tale of the cannibal who eats children. I, little one, felt extremely sorry for those children whom the cannibal giant cut up like piglets with a huge knife and threw into a large smoking cauldron. I was afraid of this cannibal and, when it got dark in the room, I thought about how not to get caught with him for dinner. When I grew up and learned something, then...” This is followed by transitional words (very important) to Caligula and then the speech on the merits: “They will say: what does the cannibal have to do with it? And despite the fact that the cannibal in the fairy tale and Caligula in life are brothers in cruelty.”

The introduction contains several aspects: psychological - consolidating contact, attention and interest that were caused by the beginning, creating the necessary mood; substantive - description of the target setting of the speech, message of the topic, listing and brief description of the problems discussed in the main part (annotation); conceptual - indicating the specifics of the topic, determining its relevance and social significance.

Main (main) part The introduction helps to move on to the main part, which presents the main material. The speaker uses here: facts, logical evidence, argumentation, various theoretical positions, basic logical forms of argumentation, analyzes examples, argues with alleged opponents, etc.

Content requirements: Informative (a lot of new and interesting material). Conclusiveness of speech (the speaker’s reasoning is convincing). Theory is organically connected with life. Logical harmony in the arrangement of material.

Conclusion 1. sum up everything that has been said, summarize, generalize those thoughts that were expressed in the main part of the speech; 2. briefly repeat the main points of the speech or link together its individual parts, once again emphasizing the main idea of ​​the speech and the importance of the topic discussed for listeners; 3. ways of developing the ideas expressed by the speaker can be outlined; 4. based on the entire speech, any tasks can be set for the audience; 5. consolidate and strengthen the impressions made by the content of the speech.

The ending may contain: etiquette formulas, calling formulas, wishes, a message about something not directly related to the content of the speech, etc.

3. Elocution (lat. elocution expression) - a section of rhetoric that examines the means and techniques / methods of verbally expressing an idea.

The inductive method is a presentation of material from the particular to the general. The speaker begins his speech with a particular case, and then leads the audience to generalizations and conclusions. This method is often used in propaganda speeches.

The deductive method is a presentation of material from the general to the specific. At the beginning of the speech, the speaker puts forward some provisions, and then explains their meaning using specific examples and facts. This method became widespread in propaganda speeches.

The analogy method is a comparison of various phenomena, events, facts. Usually the parallel is drawn with what is well known to the listeners. This contributes to a better understanding of the material presented, helps the perception of main ideas, and enhances the emotional impact on the audience.

The concentric method is the arrangement of material around the main problem raised by the speaker. The speaker moves from a general consideration of the central issue to a more specific and in-depth analysis of it.

The stepwise method is a sequential presentation of one issue after another. Having considered any problem, the speaker never returns to it.

Historical method – presentation of material in chronological order; description and analysis of changes that have occurred in a particular person or object over time.

Please note: Using different methods of presenting material in the same speech allows you to make the structure of the main part of the speech more original and non-standard.

II. STANDARDS OF MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE. 1. The concept of language norms. 2. Signs, properties, sources, functions of the norm.

Give synonyms for the word “norm”. Pay attention, in what areas is this word, term, concept stable?

Enrollee. 1. Outdated A student graduating from a secondary educational institution; graduate. 2. Anyone who enters a higher or secondary educational institution. Lists of applicants. Consultations for applicants. “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, edited by D. N. Ushakov, 1936,

1) Norm - the generally accepted use of various linguistic means, regularly repeated in the speech of speakers (reproduced by speakers), 2) Norm - prescriptions, rules, instructions for use, recorded in textbooks, dictionaries, reference books.

A norm (Latin norma - rule, pattern) is a historically established and socially conscious codified correct version of the use of a language unit, contrasted with varying degrees of categoricality to another - incorrect or less preferable option.

Codification (Latin codex - book) - consolidation of norms in dictionaries and grammars. The first normative grammar of the Russian language is “Russian Grammar” by M. V. Lomonosov (1757). The first normative dictionary is the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” in 6 volumes (1789 -1794).

In the early stages of the development of literary languages ​​(in the pre-national period), before the advent of normative dictionaries and grammars, the so-called hidden codification operates, i.e., the orientation of writers towards exemplary, authoritative texts (most often sacred).

* A norm is a relatively stable way of expression, historically accepted in a linguistic community based on the choice of one of the options for use as mandatory for the educated part of society.

Signs of a norm are relative stability, prevalence, common usage, universal obligatory nature, compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

The main functions of the norm Reflect the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language. 2) Supported by language practice. 1)

The main sources of the language norm: works of classics and modern writers; analysis of media language; sociological research; surveys, questionnaires; scientific research by linguists.

The importance of the language norm is the preservation of the integrity and general intelligibility of the language, protection from the unjustified penetration of dialectal, colloquial and slang elements, communicative expediency (the appropriateness of the choice of linguistic means depending on the communication situation).

Variation of norms Variation is two different ways of implementing one linguistic unit or a combination of units. The coexistence of old and new is not only not harmful, but also expedient. Options are presented at all language levels.

Level Options Phonetic So that - so, fern fern, empower authorize - - Word-formative Comprehension - comprehension, plumbing - plumbing, heroically - heroically, reading room - reading room, she-wolf - she-wolf Morphological This roofing felt - this roofing felt, the coffee has cooled - the coffee has cooled down, towels - towels, in the workshop - in the workshop, go - go, the most important - the most important - the most important, a hundred meters away - a hundred meters away - a hundred meters away

Level Options Syntactic Wait for the train - wait for the train, buy bread - buy bread, ride the train - ride the train - ride the train, recommend as a trainer, recommend as a trainer, recommend as a trainer Phraseological Language stuck (stuck to the larynx, the tongue will not turn) does not turns to say, tongue flutter / scratch / chat / grind, as if / as if / as if a cow had licked its tongue

In the linguistic literature of recent years, two types of norms are distinguished: imperative, dispositive.

Imperative / strictly obligatory (Latin imperativus - not allowing choice) - a norm that establishes only one option of use as the only correct one. P.: calling (not calling), quart (not qua l rotal), my callus (not my callus), washing your hair with shampoo (not shampoo).

Dispositive / variable (lat. dispositivus - allowing choice) - a norm that provides for the possibility of free choice of options, two of which are recognized as acceptable in the Russian language. P.: croutons - gre (colloquial), nki thinking - we wandering (obsolete), whirl - whirl (add.),

The main types of literary language norms: accentological; orthoepic; lexical; grammatical (morphological and syntactic); spelling and punctuation; stylistic.

Language system Units of language Levels of language Sections of linguistics that study them Sounds, phonemes Morphemes Phonetic Morphemic Phonetics Morphemics Words Lexical Lexicology Phraseological units Phraseological Phraseology Forms and classes Morphological words Sentence, Syntactic phrase Morphology Syntax

Orthoepic norms regulate the pronunciation of words (pronunciation norms) and the place of stress (accentological norms). Examples: a) pronunciation norms: kone[shn]o, [sht]o, etc.; b) accentological norms: creativity. Oh, portfolio. Spruce, quart. Al, at the same time. Namely, the oil pipeline. Od, etc.;

Spelling norms regulate the spelling of words and their parts: houses, elephants, tooth, book, pale pink, pale-faced, etc.; Punctuation norms regulate the placement of punctuation marks: Execute, cannot be pardoned; It is impossible to execute, but to pardon;

Grammatical norms regulate the use of grammatical forms of words (morphological norms) and syntactic constructions (syntactic norms).

Examples: a) morphological norms: (+) without socks, in a coat, strong coffee, stronger, put on a coat; (-) without socks, in a coat, strong coffee, stronger, wear a coat, etc.; b) syntactic norms: (+) the majority decided, two large rooms; (-) the majority decided, two large rooms.

Word formation norms - norms for the formation of words: (+) Baltic, Petersburg (-) Baltic (obsolete), Petersburg, Petersburg.

Lexical norms - norms for the use of words in accordance with their meaning and lexical compatibility; P.: The premature death of Harry Libman (follows - untimely; premature - “coming before the due date,” eg, premature birth);

Stylistic norms are the norms for the use of linguistic units in accordance with their stylistic coloring: P.: face (neutral) face (high), muzzle, muzzle (colloquial).

Means of communication verbal non-verbal intonation and acoustic characteristics of the voice language gestures postures and body movements facial expressions Non-verbal signs (images, symbols, paintings, photographs, sounds, etc.)

Modern manuals on oratory indicate the same personality traits of the speaker as ancient sources: 1. charm; 2. artistry; 3. confidence; 4. friendliness; 5. sincerity; 6. objectivity; 7. interest, passion.

The beginning of a public speech should always be delivered in a moderate and moderate tone of voice. 2. Do not overuse gestures and facial expressions: be an artist on the podium, not a clown. 3. “The hand moves - only. . . in passionate, hot and living places” (M. Speransky). 1.

4. Careless and hasty speech devalues ​​and dulls words and phrases. 5. Excessive facial virtuosity only irritates the listener. 6. Mastering your voice, gestures and facial expressions means commanding the attention of your listeners from the beginning to the end of your speech. 7. When speaking in public, look for your tone, your style, your personality.

Rhythmic gestures. They emphasize logical stress, slowing and accelerating speech, and the place of pauses. For example, slow movement to the right when saying the phrase “He says he’s drinking water.” Emotional ones convey shades of feelings (a clenched fist, an oval movement of the hand, a hand “cutting off” a phrase).

Demonstratives are recommended to be used in very rare cases when there is an object or a visual aid that you can point to. Figurative ones visually represent an object, show it (for example, a spiral staircase).

Symbolic gestures (carry certain information): a gesture of categoricalness (a saber swing with the right hand), a gesture of opposition (the hand performs a “here and here” movement in the air), a gesture of separation (palms open in different directions), a gesture of generalization (an oval movement with two hands at the same time), a joining gesture (fingers or palms of the hands are joined).