Atopic contact dermatitis in dogs. How is atopic dermatitis in dogs treated?

One of the most important problems of practical veterinary medicine is allergic skin diseases. About 25% of sick animals who seek advice from veterinarians suffer from diseases that occur with skin manifestations, among which atopic dermatitis predominates.

Atopic dermatitis- a skin disease associated with a hereditary predisposition to atonic diseases. It is characterized by a recurrent course, polymorphism of rashes, constant itching. Atopic dermatitis requires immediate treatment to prevent further relapses of the disease. In atopic dermatitis, it is important not only to interrupt the exposure to allergens, but also to remove circulating immune complexes from the body through appropriate detoxification measures.

The aim of our work is the complex treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. The complex therapy included the following areas: elimination of causally significant allergens, systemic pharmacotherapy, external pharmacotherapy.

Systemic pharmacotherapy includes the use of antihistamines, glucocorticosteroids, antibacterial, immunotropic drugs, as well as drugs that affect other organs in violation of their function.

In severe cases of atopic dermatitis, extracorporeal detoxification is carried out in the form of plasmapheresis (S.M. Fedorov, M.N. Sheklakova, I.Ya. Pinson). However, this method is technically complicated, and in our work we used the simplest and at the same time the most effective method of detoxification - enterosorption. Of the enterosorbents, we used the following: enterosgel, polyphepan, carbolen, antralen, which not only has a sorption effect, but also affects the immune system - increases the level of T - lymphocytes, lowers the level of circulating immune complexes (G.N. Drannik, 2003).

In sick animals with a pronounced exacerbation of the skin process, occurring with symptoms of eczematization, hyperthermia, symptoms of general intoxication, detoxification therapy was performed by parenteral administration (intravenous drip) of saline, rheopolyglucin with injections of sodium thiosulfate (intravenous bolus).

In the treatment regimen for atopic dermatitis, we included enzyme preparations: festal, mezim, pancreatin, which improve the breakdown of allergenic food substances and correct functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

In our opinion, in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, it is justified to use antioxidants and vitamins that have life-supporting qualities, as well as pronounced immunotropic activity (E, A, P, B vitamins), detoxification properties (ascorbic acid). In addition, vitamins E and C are free radical scavenging antioxidants.

In atopic dermatitis complicated by pyoderma, in the presence of foci of chronic infection, we had to resort to the use of systemic antibiotics.

In order to reduce hypersensitivity, both first and second generation antihistamines were prescribed. From the drugs of the first generation: diphenhydramine, suprastin, tavegil, peritol, pipolfen. However, first-generation drugs that block H1 receptors are not always effective, because. stop itching and inflammation by only 30%, while providing powerful sedation. Therefore, with the ineffectiveness of the first generation drugs, antihistamines of the second (new) generation were used: Claritin, Kestin, Erius, Zyrtec, which are highly effective (according to our observations, they relieve itching and inflammation by 90%) and are easy to use (1 time per day) .

As is known, atopic dermatitis is based on immunological mechanisms that determine the imbalance of Th- and Th2-cells and hyperproduction of IgE (GN Drannik, 2003). This fact justifies the need for immunomodulatory therapy. The reason for the use of immunomodulators in sick animals with atopic dermatitis is often recurrent pyoderma and the presence of foci of chronic infection, torpid to traditional therapy.

We have used with great success an immunomodulatory drug - polyoxidonium. It affects all links of the body's defense against foreign agents of an antigenic nature, increasing low and lowering high levels of immunity, i.e. is a true immunomodulator; increases the ability of phagocytes to kill bacteria, enhances antibody formation. In addition, polyoxidonium has detoxifying, antioxidant, membrane-stabilizing effects (B.V. Pinegin, A.V. Nekrasov, R.M. Khaitov, 2005). When polyoxidonium is included in the treatment regimen for atopic dermatitis in dogs, we observe a stable clinical remission of pyoderma and other foci of chronic infection.

External therapy is an important link in the complex treatment of atopic dermatitis. In order to succeed in external therapy, it is necessary to follow the sequence of application of local preparations: in acute weeping inflammation - lotions, aerosols; in acute inflammation without weeping - aerosols, powders, creams; with chronic inflammation - ointments; with severe infiltration in the foci - ointments, creams with keratolytic properties; in the stage of regression of the skin - ointments, creams with vitamins (E.S. Fedenko, 2004).

In our practice, we used levomekol, antibiotic emulsions (erythromycin, gentamicin, synthomycin), solcoseryl, skin-cap cream containing activated zinc pyrithionate, leading to rapid regression of rashes and having a persistent anti-relapse effect. The inefficiency of these agents is an indication for the appointment of external glucocorticosteroids. We prescribed steroids very rarely, only in case of a long-term pronounced exacerbation and for a short time. From glucocorticosteroids, akriderm, akriderm SK, akriderm GK, triderm were used. The most effective and safe are modern non-fluorinated topical steroids of the latest generation: advantam, elokom, lokopid.

Thus, in atopic dermatitis, it is necessary to influence not only the symptoms of the disease, but also organs with impaired functions. The key to successful treatment of canine atopic dermatitis is knowledge of the principles of therapy, as well as an integrated approach to therapy.

Allergic dermatitis is an inflammatory chronic skin disease associated with allergies that can cause a lot of discomfort to your pet. Usually, signs of the disease appear in dogs between the ages of 3 months and 6 years. Proceed to step 1 to learn how to treat allergic dermatitis in dogs.

Steps

Part 1

Dog allergy testing

Schedule your pet for a blood test. Standard blood tests are divided into two types: RAST (radioallergosorbent test) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). They are very similar, but many clinicians believe that ELISA is more accurate than RAST.

Talk to your veterinarian about giving your dog a skin test. In this test, a small amount of antigen is injected into the animal's skin and the area around the injection site is examined after a short period of time to determine if the animal is allergic to the substance.

You must understand that despite the high cost, allergy tests can improve your pet's life. Dogs, like their owners, can have a variety of allergies. Allergens in food and the environment cause over 30% of dog skin irritations. Allergy tests can be expensive and require some dedication from the owner. However, by doing these tests, you can greatly improve your pet's life and well-being by identifying and treating allergies.

If you can, remove allergens from your home. If you know what your dog is allergic to, the best way to control it is to avoid allergens. Even if you're giving your dog allergy shots to desensitise, it's best to avoid allergens in addition to treatment.

Part 2

Treatment of allergic dermatitis with medicines

Wash your dog's coat with medicated shampoos. Many of them contain ingredients designed to soothe damaged skin and reduce inflammation. In addition, frequent bathing (every week or two) can flush allergens out of the coat, which can reduce allergy flare-ups.
- Veterinarians recommend using shampoos that contain antimicrobial and antifungal agents and ingredients that allow you to bathe your dog more often without drying out his skin. Rinsing the shampoo out well with water will also help prevent your dog's skin and coat from drying out.
Give your pet antihistamines. They are safe for dogs and have various effects. In some cases, antihistamines are excellent at controlling the symptoms of allergic skin diseases, and sometimes they have little effect. Therefore, you should try at least three different types of antihistamines before abandoning this type of treatment. Commonly used for dogs are:
- Hydroxyzine 2.2 mg/kg orally given 8 hours apart.
- Diphenhydramine 2.0 mg/kg orally 8 hours apart.
- Clemastine 0.05-0.1 mg/kg orally at intervals of 12 hours.
- Chlorpheniramine 0.4-0.8 mg/kg orally every 8 hours (maximum dose 8 mg).
- Prednisolone and methyl prednisolone can be used for severe skin lesions 0.5 mg/kg once or twice a day until complete recovery.
- In most cases, antihistamines are worth a try, as they have few side effects and are usually inexpensive.
Talk to your veterinarian about giving your dog systemic antimicrobials. Secondary staph infections are common in allergic dogs. Oral drugs such as cephalexin, cefpodoxime, amoxicillin, clavulanate, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfadimethoxine are often effective as primary treatments.

For long-term treatment of a dog, you can use immunotherapy. Allergy shots are very safe and often give excellent results, but they work very slowly. You can notice improvement after 6-12 months.

Part 3

How to treat allergic dermatitis with diet

Dogs can become allergic to certain foods over time, even if they have been eating them for years. Many owners are unaware that a food allergy may be the cause of a dog's itching, as it has been fed the same food all its life and symptoms have only recently begun to appear. However, dogs can develop allergies to certain substances over time, so food allergies could very well be the cause of itching.

Give your dog new types of protein. Allergies develop as a result of exposure to allergens, so most hypoallergenic diets include proteins and carbohydrates that your dog has never eaten. As stated before, the fastest and best way to determine what food a dog might be allergic to is to do allergen tests.

Try giving your dog hydrated protein. In such diets, the protein source is synthetically reduced to small particles. The idea behind the hydrated protein diet is that the dog should be given protein in such small amounts that the allergic animal's immune system does not recognize the protein particles and react to it as an allergy.

You can cook dog food at home. Most pets respond well when their regular food is changed to a hypoallergenic one, but sometimes the only way out is to feed a pet with food prepared by oneself. In this case, it is necessary that the veterinarian help you choose a diet for the dog.

Part 4

How to control fleas during treatment

Vacuum your home to remove flea eggs. Vacuum thoroughly, especially under curtains, furniture, and where the dog sleeps. It has been estimated that if vacuumed regularly, up to 50% of flea eggs can be eliminated. In places where there is a lot of movement, vacuum every day, in other places - every week. Place the disposable trash bag in the slider bag each time, seal it, and throw it away immediately. Do not put mothballs or flea collars into the vacuum cleaner, otherwise poisonous gases may be generated.

In order to get rid of the remaining flea eggs, use an anti-adult flea and anti-egg and larval product. You will need a product that contains both an insecticide that kills adult insects and an insect development regulator (PPH), such as pyriproxyfen or methoprene. These agents may be in the form of carpet powders, foggers or sprays.

Wash your dog's blanket every week with a product that contains an insecticide against adult insects and a pest growth regulator.

Clean all the places where your dog spends time. Don't forget to clean your car seats, pet basket, garage, basement, and other places your dog spends time.

Prevent your dog from getting infected outdoors. To do this, it is usually necessary to keep the dog away from where there is the greatest likelihood of fleas. They like to be where it's humid, warm, shaded and organic. Also, fleas are usually found where pets spend most of their time when walking outside. So be sure to pay attention to places like patio, porch, dog house, etc.

Remove fleas from your dog's coat as soon as you have removed them from their habitat. Now that you've taken care of the hot spots in your home and outdoors, it's time to get rid of fleas on your pet.

sources

Marsella R, Nicklin C, Lopez J. Studies on the role of routes of allergen exposure in high IgE-producing beagle dogs sensitized to house dust mites. Vet Dermatol (R. Marcella, C. Nicklin, J. Lopez. Studying the role of allergenic stimulation pathways in large immunoglobin E-producing beagle dogs that are susceptible to house dust mites. Veterinary Dermatology) 2006;17:306-312.
Swinnen C, Vroom M. The clinical effect of environmental control of house dust mites in 60 house dust mite-sensitive dogs. Vet Dermatol (K. Svinnen, M. Vroom. Clinical effect of house dust mite control in 60 house dust mite sensitive dogs. Veterinary Dermatology) 2004;15:31-36.
Watson T. Diet and skin disease in dogs and cats. J Nutrition (T. Watson. Diet and skin diseases in dogs and cats) 1998;128:2783S-2789S.
Veterinary & Aquatic Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith (Department of Veterinary and Aquatic Plant and Animal Care, Dr. Foster & Smith)
Carlotti, D. N., & Jacobs, D. E. (2000). Therapy, control and prevention of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs and cats. Veterinary Dermatology (D. N. Carlotti, D. E. Jacobs (2000). Therapy, control and prevention of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs and cats), 11(2), 83-98.
Griffin, C. E., & Hillier, A. (2001). The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXIV): allergen-specific immunotherapy. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology (K. E. Griffin, A. Hillier (2001). American College of Veterinary Dermatology Task Force (XXIV): Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology), 81(3), 363-383.
Olivry, T., DeBoer, D. J., Favrot, C., Jackson, H. A., Mueller, R. S., Nuttall, T., & *Prélaud, P. (2010). Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2010 clinical practice guidelines from the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Veterinary dermatology (T.Olivry, D.J.DeBoer, K.Favrot, H.A.Jackson, R.S.Muller, R.S.Nutol, P.Prelod (2010). Treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs: 2010 practical International Working Group Guidelines for Canine Atopic Dermatitis Veterinary Dermatology, 21(3), 233-248.
Olivry, T., Steffan, J., Fisch, R. D., Prélaud, P., Guaguère, E., Fontaine, J., & Carlotti, D. N. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (T. Olivry, J. Steffan, R. D. Fish, P. Prelod, E. Gager, J. Fontaine, D. N. Carlotti (2002). Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs with cyclosporine, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 221(3), 370-377.
Plumb, D. C. (2005). Plumb's veterinary drug handbook (pp. 187-189). PharmaVet (D.K. Plumb (2005). Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, pp. 187-189. PharmaVet).

Periodically recurring itching and scratching on the skin of a dog is one of the most common reasons for a pet owner to visit a veterinary clinic. It is quite difficult for a doctor to determine the cause of itching due to the polyetiology of this clinical symptom. Itching is pathognomonic for many diseases and conditions (for example, with urolithiasis, nephro- and hepatopathy, dermatitis of mixed etiology, against the background of immune or endocrine diseases). In this article, the author dwelled on the problem of diagnosing and treating one of the most difficult allergic conditions in the diagnosis and treatment - atopic dermatitis (hereinafter referred to as AD) in dogs.

Allergy- this is an inadequate response of the immune system of the macroorganism to the introduction of a foreign substance (foreign protein). In most dogs, this insertion does not cause clinical symptoms, and in susceptible animals it leads to the development of an allergic reaction. Upon contact with the allergen, the immune system of the macroorganism begins to produce antibodies - immunoglobulins E (IgE), which attach to the receptors of mast cells (mast cells). The latter are found predominantly in the skin of dogs, so animals of this species usually suffer from itching, unlike humans, in which mast cells are mainly localized in the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and eyes. Therefore, a person is more likely to suffer from allergic rhinitis / rhinosunuitis and conjunctivitis.

The difference between AD and allergy is that the latter develops when environmental substances (allergens) that are usually safe for the body attach to immunoglobulin E, to mast cells and stimulate the release of active substances. If dogs have these allergic reactions, it is called atopic dermatitis.

The following allergic skin diseases are distinguished:

Allergic dermatitis to flea bites

Fig.1 Allergic flea dermatitis

Urticaria (Quincke's edema)

This form of an immediate allergic reaction, accompanied by local swelling and itching, usually occurs due to the bites of poisonous insects or snakes, after eating or medicines. Edema begins suddenly in the area of the muzzle, nasopharynx, and genital organs; the auricles swell symmetrically (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2 Urticaria (Quincke's edema)

Occurs at the site of contact with the allergen (for example, when reacting to cut grass, lesions appear on the abdomen and groin; when applying an irritating shampoo, edema and hyperemia are observed throughout the body) (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3 Allergic contact dermatitis

Food intolerance (food allergy)

Almost any component of an animal's diet can be a potential allergen. The manifestations of intolerance are very diverse, for example, urticaria on the skin. Foods that can cause hypersensitivity reactions include: beef, milk protein, wheat, chicken, pork, yeast, corn, chicken eggs. Therefore, the use of elimination diets for 10-13 weeks will eliminate the symptoms of an adverse reaction to food, if this is the only problem. Of course, there is no perfect diet. Some dogs are born with a predisposition to food allergies (Figure 4).

Rice. 4 Food allergies

Atopic dermatitis

Currently, it represents a serious problem in the practice of a veterinarian. Indiscriminate selection has increased the susceptibility to atopy in some dog breeds. Changes in the habitat of the dog as a species have further increased the animals' reactivity when exposed to potential allergens. These allergens are:
pollen of plants, grasses (meadow, wormwood, ragweed), trees (birch, oak, spruce) (Fig. 5);
house dust mites (Fig. 6);
mold fungi (Fig. 7);
human epidermis;
flea excrement.
Breed predisposition (in descending order):
shar-pei (Fig. 8):
american bulldog;
English bulldog;
French Bulldog;
Dogue de Bordeaux;
boxer;
dalmatian;
Golden retriever;
Labrador;
cocker spaniel;
pug;
German Shepherd;
dachshund;
chow-chow.

Rice. 5 plant pollen (x600 zoom)

Rice. 6 House dust mites

Rice. 7 Mold spores

Rice. 8 Atopy complicated by mixed infection

In dogs predisposed to developing atopy, the reactivity of the skin and mucous membranes changes. This is due to immune or non-immune, congenital or acquired mechanisms.

The following factors play an important role in the development of AD:

Ambient temperature, which contributes to a longer stay in the air of allergens;
geographical factor and seasonality (temperature, humidity, vegetation affect the severity and duration of the clinical picture);
microclimate parameters (for example, with an allergy to house dust components, a year-round hypersensitivity reaction is observed);
the presence of concomitant diseases, such as hypothyroidism, urolithiasis, food allergies, giardiasis, biliary dyskinesia, dysbiosis.

Heredity

The first signs of atopy are observed at the age of 6 months (perhaps this is due to changes in the hormonal status of the body during puberty) and up to 6 years. The course of the disease is divided into acute, subacute, partial remission, remission. The clinical manifestation is usually polymorphic.

In dogs, multiple lesions are observed:

Rice. 9 Alopecia

Rice. 10 Pachydermia (dermatitis) of the skin of the elbow joint

Rice. 11 Dermatitis complicated by secondary mixed infection

Rice. 12 Bacterial-yeast otitis media

Rice. 13 Black acanthosis of the armpit

Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis presents great difficulties due to the poor diagnostic base of most veterinary clinics. For example, the determination of immunoglobulin E and the intradermal test are currently not possible.

1. Medical history:
identification of the age at which the first clinical signs appeared;
detection of the presence of the same pathology in littermates or other relatives of the puppy;
determination of the seasonality of the manifestation of the disease;
the presence of recurrent otitis, dermatitis, pododermatitis and systemic disorders (digestion, urination, hormonal disorders);
understanding whether the signs of AD disappear when the animal's place of residence changes;
determining the type of dog feeding;
the appearance/disappearance of clinical signs during the transition to feeding with hypoallergenic industrial rations;

2. Clinical examination of the animal;
3. Laboratory diagnostics to determine the secondary infection and concomitant disease:
scraping microscopy
from the skin;
bacteriological culture and determination of sensitivity to antibiotics from the affected areas;
mycological culture;
clinical (eosinophil count) and biochemical blood tests;
determination of the concentration of the main hormones in the blood serum;
clinical analysis of feces;
clinical analysis of urine.

Prescribing an elimination diet for the diagnosis of food allergy

The owner of the animal needs to explain the exceptional importance of the ongoing diet, the minimum duration of which is six, and preferably 10-12 weeks. During this period, the addition of any foreign food components (pieces of cheese, cookies, etc.) is strictly prohibited!

Currently, there are a variety of veterinary diets designed for animals with hypersensitivity to food components.

Treatment of AD is long, complex and often lifelong.

Immunotherapy (hyposensitization) is carried out taking into account allergy testing. To do this, the animal is injected in small doses of the allergen until hyposensitization is achieved. The course of treatment is 3-6 months and eliminates itching up to 80% of cases. Unfortunately, this method of treatment is not yet available in St. Petersburg.

The use of antihistamines for pruritus control remains controversial. only 15-30% of atopic patients respond more or less positively to treatment with these agents.

To prevent recurrence of bacterial and/or yeast otitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, after determining the species composition of the microbiota, systemic antibacterial/antifungal therapy is carried out. It should be noted that in dermatology, a course of antibiotic treatment is prescribed after determining the sensitivity of the isolated culture and for 2-4-6 weeks (at least 7 days after the disappearance of signs of inflammation).

It is important to remember that it is impossible to achieve complete eradication of opportunistic microbiota (in particular, Staphylococcus or Malassezia)! In addition, skin colonization reappears shortly after completion of the course of antibiotics (after 1-2-4 weeks).

In dogs with manifestation of AD, a mixed infection is more often recorded - bacterial-yeast otitis media and / or dermatitis. For local treatment, the author suggests using the drugs indicated in the table:

titledrug	multiplicityintroductions, once/ day	route of administration
pimafucort (ointment/cream)
triderm (ointment/cream)
travocort (ointment/cream)
nystaform (ointment/cream)
aurizon (ear drops)		externally (in the ear canal)
candibiotic (ear drops)		externally (in the ear canal)

To cleanse and moisturize the skin, the author uses shampoos that have antibacterial and antifungal effects, which also allows you to regulate the population of opportunistic microbiota on the skin - Mycohex shampoo (with chlorhexidine), Sulfoden shampoo and lotion (with triclosan).

In order to stop the recurrence of the infection, it is first necessary to prescribe an immunostimulating therapy that affects the T-link of immunity.

1. For sanitation of the gastrointestinal tract in case of dysbacteriosis, the author of the article prescribes the probiotic complex "Eubicor" (1.5-3 g, 3 times a day), in order to restore the lacto- and bifidobacteria flora - the synbiotic "Multibacterin veterinary "Omega-10" .

2. For sanitation of the gastrointestinal tract in case of dysbacteriosis, the author of the article prescribes the probiotic complex "Eubicor" (1.5-3 g, 3 times a day), in order to restore the lacto- and bifidobacteria flora - the synbiotic "Multibacterin veterinary" Omega- ten".

Polyunsaturated and essential fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects, and in combination with fat-soluble vitamins A and D, they contribute to the restoration of the skin and coat. The author of the article recommends using the Caniglo multivitamin supplement in the complex treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) for at least 70 days.

3. In case of relapses of AD, the use of immunotherapy is indicated. The author of the article in his own practice used the drug "Atopex-50 for dogs" on 30 animals (Fig. 15).
The active substance of the drug is cyclosporine-A, which acts specifically and reversibly on T-lymphocytes, blocks the synthesis of certain cytokines and allows controlling itching in 75% of cases. Atopex-50 was administered at the dosage indicated in the table:

The drug was used to relieve itching 1 or 2 times a day (depending on the degree of itching) 2 hours before feeding or 2 hours after it. Subsequently, atopex-50 was given once every 2 days. In case of partial remission (if itching and hyperemia remained slightly pronounced), the animal was prescribed the drug at the recommended dose once every 3-4 days.

The average course of treatment was 4-6 weeks. During the administration of atopex-50 in dogs with atopy, an improvement was observed: itching significantly decreased or completely disappeared, skin hyperemia subsided already during the first week of taking the drug.

findings

A.V. SHKARENKO, veterinary dermatologist, "Clinic on Zhenya Egorova St.", St. Petersburg

Atopy, atopic dermatitis in dogs and cats

Atopy, atopic dermatitis at cats and dogs refers to an allergic skin reaction, it is a form of hypersensitivity to substances (allergens) that can cause allergic reactions. Usually, atopic defeat at cats and dogs is a seasonal illness.

Cats and dogs, which live in temperature conditions with a long allergic season, are prone to the risk of atopy. atopy often seen in dogs (“Canine Atopic Dermatitis”) and cats (“Feline Atopic Dermatitis”).

atopy according to some reports, it takes from 8 to 30% of all skin problems, and can affect 10-15% of dogs from the general population. The prevalence in the cat population is much less.

Local geographic factors that may affect the allergenic season (temperature, flora, humidity) may affect the duration and severity of the disease.

Breed Predisposition in Dogs: Beagle, Boston Terrier, Chinese Shar Pei, English Bulldog, English Setter, Golden Retriever, Lhasa Apso, Miniature Schnauzer, Scottish Terrier, West Highland White Terrier and Wheaten Fox Terrier. This group of breeds is most predisposed to the development of atopy.

There are no data on breed predisposition in cats.

The median age at first onset of signs of atopy is 1–2 years in dogs, with a range of 3 months to 3 months. up to 7 years old. The symptoms usually worsen with age and the seasonality of the manifestation can become year-round.

Females are most commonly affected in dogs, although both sexes are predisposed to atopy.

Symptoms and signs

Notes: Itching may be the only sign in dogs. Most of the lesions that are found in affected animals are secondary to scratching. Itching in cats is most often limited to the head area only.

What the owner observes before going to the doctor

Itching that begins seasonally. Interdigital licking, scratching, injuries, redness, bites appear, this can also be observed in the groin and armpits.
There is a good effect of corticosteroid therapy if they were administered earlier.
Some animals have sneezing.
Recurrent pyodemic and otitis externa.

Clinical Study Findings

The most commonly affected areas include interdigital spaces, carpal and tarsal regions, facial region of the head, periocular region (eye region), axillary regions, and groin region.
Skin lesions affecting these areas may be in the form of erythema (redness), partial or complete alopecia, bites, crusts, hyperpigmentation and lichenesia.
Follicular papules, pustules, round crusts are usually signs of secondary pyoderma, usually caused by Staphylococcus intermedius.
Otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis.
Parallel signs of the presence of fleas or allergic dermatitis to flea bites are present in many patients.
Excessively oily hair and hyperhidrosis are rare findings.
Chronically ill animals with bites, crusts, lichenification and secondary pyoderma may also show signs of seborrhea.
Conjunctivitis may be in addition to skin symptoms.

Clinical signs and symptoms often accompanying atopy (general list)

Causes of atopy

Air allergens: grass, trees, flowers.

Mushroom spores: both external (street) and domestic (internal) species.

Household allergens: scales from the skin of animals, natural fibers, house dust mites.

Pathophysiology

Sensitive pets can be exposed to many dust allergens (grass, flowers, trees), mold spores, house dust mites, human epithelial allergens, and others.

animals. Allergen-specific IgE binds to mast cells in the skin, which, with prolonged exposure, can degranulate, releasing certain molecular substances, including histamine.

Skin/endocrine - due to self-harm caused by itching.

Ears - a predisposition to otitis externa from chronic inflammation of the skin.

Reproductive, gastrointestinal and in some cases eyes.

Diagnosis of atopy

Other diseases similar to atopy and requiring a diagnostic study when making the main diagnosis:

Food hypersensitivity can cause similar lesions, but the main difference is the lack of seasonality. They can also appear in parallel with atopy.
Flea allergy dermatitis is the most common cause of seasonal pruritus in many geographic regions, but can also coexist with atopy.
Differentiation is based on the detection of fleas, analysis of the time of their presence on the skin, response to treatment for flea dermatitis and the result of an intradermal test.
- Intradermal tests:
- Allerderm test
- Artuvetrin test set

Sarcoptic mange is common in young or recently roaming dogs and often causes intense itching on the ventral chest, sides of the elbows, and hocks. Skin scrapings are needed to rule out sarcoptic mange.
Contact dermatitis affects the feet and areas that are bare or covered with fine hairs (abdomen). A history of exposure to potential irritants and reaction to environmental changes can be used to rule out contact dermatitis, although this type of dermatitis is considered rare in dogs and cats.
Malassezia dermatitis, primary and secondary problems with the manifestation of seborrhea can lead to intense itching of the paws, around the mouth, ventral neck and axillary areas. Identification of a large number of yeasts during cytological examination and obtaining a favorable response to antifungal therapy is the basis for the diagnosis of fungal dermatitis.

Eosinophilia may rarely be present in dogs with concomitant flea infestation, but is most commonly seen in cats.

Serum testing for allergy markers

Serum testing for allergy markers such as allergen-specific IgE (immunoglobulins E) is currently available, as are intradermal tests (IDTs). The disadvantages include the frequent manifestation of false-positive results, the limitation on the number of determined allergens, the variability of the results due to the peculiarities of the technique of conducting by certain laboratories. The advantages compared to VKT include relatively greater accessibility for wide practice.

Intradermal tests, in which a small amount of the allergen to be tested is injected intradermally. The degree of allergic blistering is assessed in combination with serological testing, which is the most accurate method for identifying culprit allergens for subsequent inclusion or exclusion in the treatment regimen. VKT and immunotherapy are indicated when it is desirable to stop or reduce the amount of corticosteroids needed to control atopy when itching lasts more than 4-6 months. per year or when non-steroidal treatments fail.

Results are sometimes very difficult to interpret in cats due to the relatively small size of the blisters.

A skin biopsy is valuable in narrowing down the list of suspected pathologies, but the findings are not pathognomonic (clearly pointing to a specific disease).

Treatment of atopy, atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs

Reducing the time spent by the animal in places of accumulation of potential allergens is very important for the rapid treatment of atopy (removal of the crisis) and prevention. Owners need to understand that it is not possible to carry out the treatment once and for all. And some forms of atopy require lifelong treatment.

It is very useful in the treatment of atopy apart from the use of a hypoallergenic diet and the inclusion of essential fatty acids in the diets.

Immunotherapy, other than drugs, (hyposensitization), in which allergens are included in the treatment regimen based on the results of the VCT, the patient's history and knowledge of the local flora. Allergens are injected subcutaneously in gradually increasing amounts. Immunotherapy successfully reduces itching in 60-70% of patients. The response is formed slowly, often 3-6 months.

A suspension of prednisolone (SC or IM) may be used for short periods to relieve symptoms or reduce itching to none.

Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine commonly used to treat atopy in dogs. Efficiency as monotherapy is in the range of 10-20%.

Chlorpheniramine is the most commonly used antihistamine in cats. Efficiency assessment varies from 20-50%.

Alternative drugs in treatment

As alternative drugs in the treatment of atopy can be used:

Corticosteroids should be used at the lowest dose that adequately controls pruritus: prednisone or methylperdnisone.

Antihistamines are less effective than corticosteroids but may work favorably when used with essential fatty acids. Corticosteroid therapy may be avoided altogether or used even more abbreviated in combination therapy. The most indicated antihistamines for dogs are hydroxyzine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and clemastine. Chlorpheniramine is most indicated for cats.

Tricyclic antidepressants may be given to block H1 activity: doxepin or amitriptyline.

Long-acting corticosteroids should be avoided in dogs. Itching in atopic cats can be reduced by the use of methylprednisolone acetate.

Disease control

Follow-up examinations for disease control should be scheduled every 8 weeks when a new course of therapy is started. Itching, signs of self-injury and scratching, signs of pyoderma, and adverse drug reactions should be checked.

As soon as an acceptable level of condition of the animal is reached, subsequent studies are repeated every 3-12 months.

Complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, and urinalysis are recommended every 6–12 months for patients on chronic corticosteroid therapy.

Possible Complications

Mild pyoderma and associated flea allergy dermatitis are the most common possible complications of atopy.

Cautions

Antihistamines are used with caution in patients with cardiac arrhythmias.

If culprit allergens have been identified through testing, owners should take all steps to reduce exposure to those allergens in animals where possible.

Minimizing other sources of itching such as fleas, food allergens, and inadequate grooming of the animal's coat can reduce itching to a threshold level that is well tolerated by the animal.

Corticosteroids should be used judiciously in dogs to prevent iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism and its associated problems, secondary pyoderma, and demodicosis.

The prognosis is not life-threatening; in severe intractable cases, euthanasia is resorted to.

Without treatment, the course of the disease and the intensity of the signs worsen every year, the degree of itching increases with the severity of the symptoms with each new year of the animal's life.

Only in rare cases passes spontaneously.

Dermatitis in dogs

Dermatitis in dogs- this is an inflammation of the dermis, which is not characterized by the appearance of a rash on the body of the animal. This disease is a special type of allergy in which the dog's immune system reacts inadequately to the penetration of a foreign body into the skin or body. However, this does not always cause clinical consequences for the body, although dogs are prone to dermatitis to a much greater extent than humans.

As is the case with the vast majority of diseases in dogs, there is also a special system of breed predisposition for dermatitis.

Dermatitis is most likely to occur in Shar Pei, American, English and French Bulldogs, Boxers, Great Danes, Dalmatians and Golden Retrievers. Labrador Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Pugs, German Shepherds and Chow Chows are much less susceptible to dermatitis.

The main symptom of dermatitis is constant itching, and as a result, the appearance of scratching on the skin. However, itching as a symptom does not make the task of the dog owner or veterinarian easier, as it is a direct sign of so many diseases.

The main symptoms of dermatitis in dogs

Regardless of the causes of dermatitis in dogs, there is a certain list of symptoms that make it easy to determine that you are dealing with this particular disease. Common symptoms of dermatitis are:

high temperature at the site of dermatitis;
redness of the skin of the animal in certain places;
hair loss, dog baldness, bald spots;
capillary bleeding and, as a result, the appearance of blood crusts;
pain in the affected area of the skin;
the appearance of traumatic edema;
the transition of traumatic edema to inflammatory;
the appearance of ulcers on the skin.

Depending on what factor caused the allergy, the following types of dermatitis are distinguished:

Treatment of this disease must begin in a timely manner, with the appearance of at least a few of the above symptoms. If you do not start the mechanism of recovery, the consequences can be extremely severe. Ignoring dermatitis in dogs can lead to swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, peeling and thickening of the skin, and eventually to hair loss and the appearance of ulcers and wounds on the affected area of the dermis.

Treatment of dermatitis

Since dermatitis is a skin disease, antiseptic agents are used to treat it. When the disease takes a serious turn, veterinarians cut the hair from the affected area of the animal's body, after which the dermis is treated with potent antiseptics. Then, as a rule, dead skin areas are removed and antiseptic powders are applied. Along with powders, ointments with similar antiseptic properties are also used.

If doctors managed to determine atopic dermatitis in an animal, the first priority will be to determine the allergen, that is, the cause of the disease. Further, it is necessary to completely exclude the contact of the dog with an irritating substance or material. If the allergen is identified correctly, the dog will not need further treatment.

Drugs for the treatment of dermatitis on our website:

Dermatitis in dogs

Dermatitis in dogs is common. Animals are susceptible to it, regardless of the degree of care and place of residence. Dermatitis is most often observed in some breeds of dogs - Shar-Pei, Dalmatians, Bulldogs, Rottweilers. The disease leads to a deterioration in the appearance of the animal, anxiety, exhaustion, severe damage not only to the epidermis, but also to the dermis.

Types of dermatitis in dogs

Dermatitis is an inflammatory disease of the surface and deep layers of the skin. Depending on the causes of the disease, dermatitis is divided into:

Mechanical or traumatic dermatitis, which is considered the easiest to treat, occurs at the site of injuries, scratches, cuts. Pulling the bands too tight or clipping them short can lead to traumatic dermatitis, especially in poodles. Penetration through the injured surface of the skin of pathogens causes inflammation, swelling and redness of the skin.

Contact the appearance appears with constant traumatic contact of the animal's skin with a physical or chemical irritant. It can be caused, for example, by a rubbing collar, the dog's habit of leaning against heating appliances, contact with aggressive chemicals.

In dogs living in city apartments, it can be caused by detergents, cosmetics, disinfectants, etc. Such types of exposure cause the appearance of vesicles, edema, redness of the skin, drying out and ulceration of the epidermis.

medical dermatitis occurs in response to the action of drugs - iodine, ointments, antiseptics. With prolonged exposure to dressings with liniment, for example, it can lead to irritation and then to dermatosis.

The effects of drugs on dogs can be very serious. Pathology can be accompanied by allergic reactions and lead to allergic dermatitis, vesicles and papules, weeping sores, areas of hyperemic and edematous skin appear. Itching is rare, but sometimes it can be quite pronounced.

Photo of dermatitis in a dog

Thermal dermatosis occurs in response to heat or radiation exposure. Burns caused by high temperature (fire), X-ray, microwave or ultraviolet radiation cause inflammatory reactions, the appearance of wounds. The same consequences are observed due to exposure to low temperatures - frostbite.

Allergic dermatitis is caused by allergenic substances - pollen, dyes, preservatives in poor-quality feed, detergents, etc. This species also includes the most difficult to treat atopic dermatitis in dogs, which has an autoimmune nature and is genetically determined. Allergic dermatitis is difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms are similar to a number of diseases.

Infectious the type of dermatitis is caused by various pathogens - fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc. The most common type of infectious dermatitis is staphylococcal dermatitis (pyoderma). Reduced barrier functions of the skin in dogs provoke infection with mycobacteria, streptococci, actinomycetes. Mild forms of superficial skin damage cause itching, exudation, and shallow erosions.

Near-wound dermatitis - a reaction to prolonged exposure to purulent discharge from the wound. As a result of maceration of the skin, areas with fallen hair, erosion, swelling in the upper layers and subcutaneous tissue appear on it. As a result, the skin becomes rough, folds and peeling of the epidermis form on it.

The listed types of dermatitis in dogs have many variations - food dermatitis, endocrine, neurogenic, etc. Each type has its own characteristic symptoms, but there are a number of common manifestations that indicate the presence of dermatosis.

Symptoms of dermatosis in dogs

Common symptoms include symptoms such as:

local increase in temperature in the lesion;
hyperemia of the skin area;
violation of the hairline (total or local baldness);
bleeding from small vessels, resulting in crusts of clotted blood;
soreness in the affected area;
sweating of exudate into the injured tissue and the formation of edema;
accession of the inflammatory process in the tissues of the skin;
ulceration of the skin surface and the transition of pathology into the dermis.

As a result of the progression of the pathology, the dog becomes restless, the body is depleted, there is a lack of appetite, sleep disturbance. Timely initiated and correctly selected treatment gives a positive result and has a favorable prognosis for the outcome of the disease.

To clarify the diagnosis and prescribe effective treatment, it is necessary to consult a veterinarian at the first symptoms of the disease. Do not self-medicate, so as not to aggravate the situation with an allergic reaction to medications.

Methods for diagnosing dermatitis

The success of treatment and outcome depend on the correct diagnosis of the disease. Since many types of diseases in dogs have similar symptoms, only careful, comprehensive research can give an objective picture of the causes of the disease. To make an accurate diagnosis, prescribe:

laboratory studies of the type of associated infection and concomitant diseases;
bacteriological culture and microscopic examination of skin scrapings;
determination of the sensitivity of an infectious agent to antibiotics;
examination of a blood sample for eosinophils and leukocytes;
blood and urine analysis;
coprogram.

After an accurate diagnosis is established, an individual scheme is developed, including a complex effect.

Treatment of dermatitis in dogs

The treatment regimen for dermatitis depends on the type and cause of the pathology. Therefore, only an experienced veterinarian can determine the true cause of dermatitis. For treatment is prescribed:

At the beginning of treatment, the hair on the affected area is cut off to facilitate access to the affected area. With the help of an antiseptic solution, necrotic tissues, exudate, and blood crusts are removed. The place is powdered with antiseptic powder. Topically, dressings with medicinal ointments are used to accelerate tissue regeneration, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, etc. Paraffin, ozokerite applications are used. To relieve pain, novocaine blockades are prescribed.

Physiotherapy in the treatment of dermatitis in dogs uses irradiation of the wound surface with ultraviolet lamps, for example, Sollux or infrared radiation lamps. Irradiation accelerates tissue regeneration, has an antibacterial effect, helps to reduce purulent and serous discharge, and activates the phagocytic functions of cells. The use of physiotherapy should be prescribed by a veterinarian, as the method has contraindications.

With timely and adequate treatment, the prognosis for dermatitis in dogs is positive in 90% of cases.

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Allergic flea dermatitis in dogs

Allergic dermatitis can be caused by medication, allergies to food or any substance found in everyday life. Also, dermatitis can cause insect bites, fungi, plant pollen, and so on.

Symptoms of the disease

Symptoms of allergic dermatitis in dogs:

redness on the skin, itching;
elevated temperature;
the appearance of ulcers on the skin;
the dog impatiently scratches the affected areas;
the dog becomes irritable and nervous.

Treatment of allergic dermatitis

Treatment should be started as early as possible, otherwise the disease will become chronic, and then it will not be completely cured. Therefore, having noticed symptoms of allergic dermatitis in your pet, you should immediately contact your veterinarian. He will prescribe a blood test for analysis and an intradermal test - a study in which antigens are injected under the skin of an animal, and then after a certain time they look to see if there is a reaction to them. But keep in mind that these tests are expensive. After the doctor identifies the allergens that caused the dermatitis, he prescribes medication. These can be antihistamines, Clemastin, Chlorpheniramine, Prednisolone. Your doctor may also prescribe antimicrobials to help prevent a secondary infection. It will not be superfluous to do immunotherapy.

Diet- an important part in the treatment of dermatitis. If during the intradermal test food allergens were detected, it is urgent to get rid of them. Completely revise the dog's menu, start giving new foods. Most often, dogs are sensitive to vegetables - watch, maybe they provoked dermatitis.

Bathe your pet with special medicated shampoos. After bathing, treat it with special anti-itch ointments. Provide the animal with reliable protection against fleas and other insects - put special collars on it, spray it with sprays, smear it with ointments - anything, as long as there are no insects - their bites are also one of the causes of dermatitis. Keep the room clean - dust and mold can often be the cause of allergies.

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Atopic dermatitis in dogs October 26, 2011 | Categories: Directory of diseases

Atopic dermatitis in dogs is based on a genetically determined hypersensitivity of the body to allergens. Atopic dermatitis is usually accompanied by other diseases - pyoderma, otitis media and others. Often the main symptom of the disease is itching, forcing the dog to scratch the skin strongly. However, it is quite difficult to identify the cause of itching, since itching can be a symptom of many diseases.

What is atopic dermatitis?

The veterinary handbook contains the following definition: atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disease with relapses, characterized by skin rashes, dryness and itching of the skin. It is usually diagnosed between the ages of 6 months and 3 years, with the exception of Shar-Pei, in whom atopic dermatitis can be diagnosed at three months of age. After a dog reaches 6 years of age, the likelihood of developing AD is greatly reduced.

If a dog has been diagnosed with AD, then the owner should be prepared for the development of other manifestations of allergies: allergic otitis media, bronchial asthma, pododermatitis, etc.

Clinical manifestations of AD negatively affect the quality of life of the dog and its owner. Constant itching exhausts the animal, and the need for long-term expensive treatment requires significant material costs from the owner and special care for the pet.

We have to note with regret that the diagnosis of AD is still a challenge for many veterinary specialists, primarily because of the underdeveloped diagnostic base of veterinary clinics. Often, veterinarians are not able to conduct the entire range of laboratory tests and are forced to make a diagnosis "by eye".

Meanwhile, domestic veterinarians and their foreign colleagues conducted serious studies that convincingly testify to the multifactorial nature of atopic dermatitis. The development of the disease is affected hereditary factors and the habitat of the animal.

Statistics show an increase in the incidence of atopic dermatitis in recent years, and it is safe to say that this growth will not stop. The fact is that dogs with AD are often allowed to be bred, which increases the number of allergic animals and contributes to the spread of genes that predispose to allergies in the population.

Unfortunately, not all cases of AD can be completely cured. Most often it is only about reducing the likelihood of recurrence of the disease. To prescribe an effective treatment regimen, close interaction between the veterinarian and the dog owner is necessary, a careful comparison of the pros and cons of various treatment methods to select the most appropriate therapy.

What is an allergy?

Areas most commonly affected by atopic dermatitis

Allergy, the predisposition to which is inherited, is called atopic dermatitis.

Allergic skin diseases in dogs

Urticaria (Quincke's edema)- itching and severe swelling, one of the forms of an immediate type of allergy.

Allergic contact dermatitis appears directly in the area of contact with the substance that causes an allergic reaction.

food allergy(intolerance to certain food components) can be caused by almost any food product. The allergen enters the blood through the walls of blood vessels. Often manifested by rashes and itching of the skin.

Atopic dermatitis in dogs- one of the serious problems of modern dog breeding. The predisposition to allergic reactions in dogs is the result of ill-conceived, unsystematic and irresponsible animal breeding. The deterioration of the ecology and the change in the natural habitat has led to a further increase in the predisposition of dogs to allergies. Some breeds are particularly susceptible to atopic dermatitis. According to statistics, AD is most common in American Bulldogs, Sharpeis, German Shepherds, Retrievers, Dogue de Bordeaux, Poodles, Pugs and French Bulldogs (the list is in descending order).

The reason dogs have so many friends is because they wag their tails instead of talking their tongues.

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Dermatitis in dogs is common. Animals are susceptible to it, regardless of the degree of care and place of residence. Dermatitis is most often observed in certain breeds of dogs - Shar-Pei, Bulldogs, Rottweilers. The disease leads to a deterioration in the appearance of the animal, anxiety, exhaustion, severe damage not only to the epidermis, but also to the dermis.