Economic sanctions against Russia: causes, analysis, lists, consequences. Sanction - what is it? Sanctions against Russia

Volatility in the markets "both with the next wave of US sanctions rhetoric against Russia, and with the unstable situation in emerging markets." He assured that the economy has become more stable in recent years, and the government and the Central Bank "have all the necessary tools to ensure financial stability."

Why did the fall stop?

The dynamics of exchange rates stabilized, as “the first emotions subsided, the main outflow of non-residents from OFZ ended, and Brent oil stopped at a price just above $72 per barrel,” says BCS Premier investment strategist Alexander Bakhtin. The pressure on the ruble “should gradually subside,” he predicts: “It is possible that by the end of the week the dollar may correct downward and reach 63-64.5 rubles.”

Stabilization of the exchange rate is about 66 rubles. not surprising, since the new sanctions look less painful than senators Menendez and Graham, says Natalia Orlova, chief economist at Alfa Bank. “We see the trading range for the upcoming week at the levels of 64.25-67.50 rubles. per dollar,” she said in the review.

The ruble yesterday "overreacted" to the bill of the US senators, says Tatyana Evdokimova, an economist at Nordea Bank. She emphasizes that Senator Graham, the initiator of the bill to strengthen anti-Russian sanctions, introduced 13 bills in 2017, of which only one became law.

What are the new sanctions?

The State Department announced on August 8 that the US administration had concluded that Russia was involved in the use of a poisonous chemical agent in the assassination attempt on Sergei and Yulia Skripal in March of this year. Under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991, the President of the United States is required to impose sanctions on a country that, according to the American government, has used chemical weapons prohibited by international conventions.

The law provides for two rounds of such sanctions, and the first will come into force on August 22. An additional round of sanctions could be adopted in 90 days if Russia does not meet certain conditions (its government must provide guarantees not to use chemical or biological weapons in the future, must be ready to allow international inspectors to its facilities).

Russia has become only the third country against which US sanctions are applied under this law in 27 years. The first was Syria in 2013, the second was North Korea in 2018 (the US government concluded that the DPRK was involved in the assassination of the half-brother of the North Korean leader in Malaysia in 2017 using the VX nerve agent).

The fact that the Trump administration applied the anti-chemical weapons law to Russia is of great political importance, but the economic consequences of these sanctions will most likely be purely symbolic. The mandatory set of sanctions, which will take effect August 22, includes halting United States foreign aid to Russia, halting arms supplies and funding for arms purchases, refusing U.S. government loans, and banning the export of goods and technologies to Russia that are “nationally sensitive.” security" USA.

The export of American weapons to Russia is already prohibited, and the United States does not provide Russia with state loans (on the contrary, Russia was until recently). Bilateral trade could suffer some losses - shipments worth "several hundred million dollars" (a year) could be affected, a State Department spokesman said at a briefing. But the US government has already provided for several exceptions that are allowed by the 1991 law, and therefore the restrictions will be much softer.

What exceptions did the State Department promise?

First, the United States will continue to provide "foreign assistance to Russia and its people" (including humanitarian aid, assistance in the development of human capital), the representative of the State Department said. Secondly, sanctions prohibiting the export of sensitive goods will not affect space cooperation between Russia and the United States. In addition, goods and technologies necessary for the safety of commercial passenger aviation will be removed from the new sanctions. Finally, US export licenses for sensitive products will continue to be issued on a case-by-case basis if the end user is a "pure commercial consumer" for civilian use only.

Now deliveries to Russia of American goods and technologies that are sensitive from the point of view of national security (this is a long list, including, for example, aeroderivative gas turbines, electronic devices and components, integrated circuits, measuring and calibration equipment, various materials, etc.), are only possible with an export license from the US Department of Commerce. These licenses are already issued with difficulty. Now, as a State Department spokesman said at a briefing, such licenses will be automatically denied if the end recipient of sensitive products is an organization associated with the Russian state. According to a State Department spokesman, potentially such consumers in Russia could lose "hundreds of millions of dollars" in future supplies.

In 2016 (latest available statistics), the US Department of Commerce reviewed 502 applications for export/re-export of goods to Russia for a total of $4.3 billion, of which 208 applications were approved for $2.7 billion.

What sanctions threaten Russia in 90 days?

Additional sanctions against Russia could be imposed three months later if the Russian government does not agree to provide guarantees against the use of chemical weapons. Considering that Russia does not consider itself involved in the poisoning of the Skripals, the scenario in which Russia agrees to give the United States some kind of guarantee looks incredible.

The second set of sanctions consists of six possible measures, of which the President of the United States must choose at least three. Of these, two are symbolic and have no practical significance for Russia (blocking international financial assistance and banning American banks from extending loans to the Russian authorities), one diplomatic (lowering the status of bilateral diplomatic relations), and the other three with potentially serious consequences for the economy and business, but they may not be applied (since three out of six measures are sufficient). These are a complete ban on the export of goods from the United States (except for food and agricultural products), a complete ban on imports to the United States and a ban on air communication with the United States for state-owned air carriers (in the case of Russia, this is Aeroflot). But the United States does not intend to ban Aeroflot flights, already.

At first, Aeroflot quotes suffered greatly: on Thursday morning they fell from 111.9 to 102.8 rubles, and at the minimum (at 10:29 Moscow time) their price was 98.8 rubles. (minus 12%). Then the quotes of the air carrier won back the fall - at 17:11 Moscow time, one share of Aeroflot costs only 0.6% cheaper than the day before.

Sanctions imposed under the Chemical Weapons Act are valid for at least a year and can be lifted by the President of the United States if the state against which they are imposed provides guarantees for the further non-use of chemical weapons, allows international inspectors, and also compensates for the damage suffered by victims of the use of chemical weapons.

Anti-Russian sanctions were introduced after the escalation of the conflict in the south-east of Ukraine and the holding of a referendum on the status of Crimea. Initially, the United States and the European Union imposed personal sanctions against a number of politicians, banning them from entering their territory and announcing the freezing of their funds (if any) in Western banks.

Gradually, the list of these persons, as well as the types of sanctions and the number of countries that joined them, expanded. Russia responded with its own food counter-sanctions.

Three years later, we can say that everyone has felt the negative consequences of the restrictions - both those who introduced them and those against whom they are directed. “We often repeat like a mantra that the notorious sanctions do not really affect us. They do. And above all, I see a threat in limiting technology transfer,” Vladimir Putin stated last October during the Russia Calling forum. This, by the way, damages not only the Russian economy, but the world economy as a whole, because the Russian economy is certainly an important sector of the global economy."

At the same time, experts also note the positive effect of sanctions on a number of sectors of the economy.

Personal sanctions

Initially, the EU sanctions list included 21 people, the US - 7.

But the lists were constantly expanding and now 78 federal politicians, officials and the military, 29 politicians from Crimea and Sevastopol, 16 businessmen and four public figures are under sanctions from different countries.

Negative consequences. "The economic and political effect of personal sanctions is negligible. Of course, some may be afraid of falling into such a situation, especially if they connect their future and the future of their children with Europe or the United States through foreign assets. But these are personal stories, the effect is invisible across the country," considers Alexei Makarkin, vice president of the Center for Political Technologies.

positive effect. “Individual officials and businessmen can turn their entry into such lists into immunity, additional hardware weight and opportunities. Since he suffered for the national interest, then now you can’t touch him, on the contrary, you need to help,” Makarkin continues. In addition, sanctions contribute to the consolidation and "nationalization" of the elite, which is now increasingly tied to the country, including materially.

Financial sanctions

Negative consequences. The main problem is the ban on lending to Russian banks and companies in Western banks. This has drastically reduced the access of Russian business to "cheap" money. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, if in 2013 Russian issuers raised $46.4 billion on the Eurobond market alone, in 2015 they raised only about $5 billion.

In European and American banks, it was profitable to refinance without diverting fixed assets to the payment of interest on old loans. As a result, companies could invest them in development. Experts from the Institute for Economic Forecasting (INP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences estimated in 2015 that "the Russian economy is forced to make up for $160-200 billion of missing borrowed resources." That is, this money must either be sought in Asian banks, which cannot be done quickly, or taken from our own working capital. As a result, money that could be spent on business development often goes to pay interest on old loans.

At the same time, the ban on lending to Russian companies also affected European bankers. Experts from the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences predicted "the annual losses of European institutions in the amount of $8-10 billion" - we are talking about uncollected interest on unissued loans. A recent study by the Austrian Institute for Economic Research (WIFO), published in Der Standard, confirmed these figures even "overlapping": in 2015 alone, Europeans missed 17 billion euros in benefits.

positive effect. Russian business began to look for alternative ways and enter the Asian financial markets, which they often did not do before simply because of the habit of taking money from "convenient" Western sources.

For example, in 2015, Gazprom for the first time raised $1.5 billion from a consortium of Chinese banks, and last year agreed with the Bank of China on a loan of 2 billion euros. In early February of this year, US Rusal expressed its intention to place bonds worth 10 billion yuan ($1.5 billion) on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

Russian companies have proven that they can find strategic investors not only in the US and Europe. An illustrative example is the sale of a 19.5% stake in Rosneft. Many analysts doubted to the last that in conditions when Western investors were forbidden to invest in Rosneft shares, it would find an investor at all. But the shares were bought by the international consortium Glencore and the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar.

Another positive moment: in response to attempts to limit the settlements of a number of banks in the Visa and MasterCard systems, the Mir national payment system was successfully launched in Russia.

Restrictions on the export of equipment and technologies

The United States, the EU and a number of other countries have banned the supply of military and dual-use goods to Russia, any cooperation of their companies with enterprises of the Russian defense industry, the supply of equipment necessary for the development of oil and gas fields on the Arctic shelf and in shale formations (drilling platforms, equipment for horizontal drilling, high pressure pumps, etc.).

Negative consequences. The most tangible for the Russian defense industry was the termination of military-technical cooperation with Ukraine.

Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin reported that Russia could not complete the construction of a number of ships for the needs of the Navy due to the suspension of supplies of Ukrainian gas turbine units. It is well known that frigates of projects 11356 (a series for the Black Sea Fleet) and 22350 (the newest frigate "Admiral Gorshkov") for the Russian Navy were equipped with Ukrainian engines today. The construction of a number of ships had to be suspended. The same applies to some other types of military equipment.

But the dependence of the defense industry on imported technologies is incommensurably less than in the energy sector. It is on the energy sector that the sanctions will have the most long-term and painful impact, experts at the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences say. According to their calculations, a slowdown in the development of new fields, under the most negative scenario, will lead to the fact that "by 2030 the volume of oil produced may be reduced by 15%."

Meanwhile, the Western economy is also suffering greatly from the embargo on the supply of equipment. " If we look at oil drilling and cooperation in this area, because of the sanctions, there are several billion euros worth of machinery and equipment left unsold," Henrik Hololei, Deputy Secretary General of the European Commission, said in an interview with Postimees.

In addition, if oil production in Russia really declines, this will push prices up and "with the current volumes of oil and gas consumption in the EU, this factor may lead to additional losses of $3 billion per year," the INP RAS experts note.

Thus, the early lifting of sanctions in the energy sector is beneficial to both parties.

positive effect. Problems with imported, and, above all, Ukrainian components have sharply accelerated the implementation of the import substitution program in the military sphere. According to Dmitry Rogozin, within the framework of this program, production is being launched in Russia for 186 items that were previously produced in Ukraine.

According to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, by the end of 2016, the enterprises of the Russian defense industry have fulfilled the plan for "Ukrainian" import substitution by 70-80%, and this figure will reach 100% in 2018.

Thus, the Rybinsk NPO Saturn will begin deliveries of gas turbine engines for warships in late 2017 - early 2018.

Another example is the engines for helicopters, which were supplied to us by the Zaporozhye plant "Motor-Sich". "These engines were created at the Klimov Design Bureau in St. Petersburg, then the design documentation was transferred to Zaporozhye, and serial production was established there. Now a serial plant has been built near St. Petersburg to produce such engines and, although it cannot yet completely replace Motor- Sich, "the need for engines for our combat helicopters still manages to be compensated," says TASS military observer Viktor Litovkin

It is envisaged to produce in Russia about 300-320 engines per year for Mi-28, Ka-52, Mi-35, Mi-17 and Ka-32 helicopters. 250 of them are intended for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the rest - for foreign customers.

Problems with import substitution were also resolved at the Tactical Missiles Corporation (KTRV), the main manufacturer of Russian aircraft missiles.

"For example, there are air-to-air missiles that were designed at the Vympel State Design Bureau, and some components were Ukrainian-made. We created a new missile, its export version is called RVV-MD, on a completely domestic element base," the head notes. KTRV Boris Obnosov.

He noted that there was a similar problem with the Kh-35E anti-ship missile. Today, a new Kh-35UE missile with an extended range has been created, equipped with a Russian engine manufactured by NPO Saturn.

Food counter-sanctions from Russia

essence of the sanctions. In 2014, Russia imposed an embargo on deliveries to the country for "certain types of agricultural products, raw materials and food, the country of origin of which is the state that has decided to impose economic sanctions against Russia." The list includes meat and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, nuts, etc.

Negative consequences. At first, counter-sanctions contributed to the growth of inflation on food products. As a result, this was one of the factors that, for the first time in many years, double-digit inflation was recorded in the country - 11.4% in 2014, and in 2015 it was 12.9%.

The problem of product quality has become a little more acute. So, in 2015, the head of Rosselkhoznadzor Sergey Dankvert reported that the share of falsified dairy products (using vegetable fats) in Russia was 11%, and among some types of products - up to 50%.

However, Russian sanctions had the main negative effect on European agricultural producers. In 2015 alone, the export of food products from the EU countries to Russia decreased by 29%, European producers lost 2.2 billion euros in profits, and 130,000 jobs were at risk.

positive effect. "Positive effect (from the introduction of counter-sanctions. - Prim TASS), of course, there is,” says Andrey Danilenko, head of the committee on agro-industrial policy of the Delovaya Rossiya association, to TASS. - There are details, nuances, but in general, import substitution worked. Today we are one of the largest exporters of grain, we are largely self-sufficient in meat and milk."

According to the National Meat Association (NMA), Russia's self-sufficiency in poultry meat is currently almost 100%, in pork - 90%, in beef - 65%. The Cabinet of Ministers, in turn, believes that Russia provides itself with milk by 75%. Danilenko notes that "in terms of milk production costs, Russia is more competitive than the EU, the US and South America," but the industry is hampered by the high cost of loans.

To date, the impact of food sanctions on inflation has also been minimized. At the end of 2016, it amounted to only 5.4%.

There are 21 people on the list in total.

On March 17, Canadian authorities imposed economic sanctions and visa restrictions on 10 high-ranking representatives of Russia and Crimea. The list includes Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, Prime Minister of Crimea Sergei Aksenov, Advisor to the President of the Russian Federation Sergei Glazyev, Assistant to the Head of State Vladislav Surkov, Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko and Senator Andrei Klishas, ​​as well as deputies Elena Mizulina and Leonid Slutsky and Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov.

On March 20, the American list was supplemented with the names of 19 more Russian officials, parliamentarians and businessmen. The list includes presidential aide Andrei Fursenko, head of the presidential administration Sergei Ivanov and his first deputy Alexei Gromov, leader of the Just Russia party Sergei Mironov, State Duma speaker Sergei Naryshkin, head of the GRU Igor Sergun, head of Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin and director of the Federal Drug Control Service Viktor Ivanov . Sanctions were also imposed on Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Sergei Zheleznyak and Presidential Affairs Manager Vladimir Kozhin, entrepreneurs Yuri Kovalchuk, Arkady and Boris Rotenberg and Gennady Timchenko. In addition, the list includes members of the Federation Council Yevgeny Bushmin, Vladimir Dzhabarov, Viktor Ozerov, Oleg Panteleev, Nikolai Ryzhkov and Alexander Totoonov. Sanctions were also imposed against the bank JSC AB Rossiya. The US Treasury explained the inclusion of Russian businessmen in the sanctions list by the fact that they are all persons close to the President of Russia.

On March 21, EU leaders decided to move to the second level of sanctions against Russia "due to the severity of the situation in Ukraine." The extended list includes 12 more citizens of Russia and Ukraine, including Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, presidential adviser Sergei Glazyev, Federation Council Chairman Valentina Matvienko. In addition, the list includes State Duma speaker Sergei Naryshkin, deputy Elena Mizulina, presidential aide Vladislav Surkov, and general director of the Rossiya Segodnya international news agency Dmitry Kiselev. The list also includes Rear Admiral Alexander Nosatov, First Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Rear Admiral Valery Kulikov, Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Mikhail Malyshev, head of the Central Election Commission of Crimea, Valery Medvedev, head of the Sevastopol Electoral Commission, and Lieutenant General Igor Turchenyuk, deputy head of the Southern Military District.

On March 21, Canada added 14 more Russian officials to its sanctions list in connection with the events in Ukraine, as well as Rossiya Bank.

On April 2, Swiss authorities restricted financial transactions for 33 Russian officials included in the EU sanctions list.

On April 11, the United States imposed sanctions on the Crimean company Chernomorneftegaz and Crimean officials. Mayor of Sevastopol Oleksiy Chaly, First Deputy Prime Minister of Crimea Rustam Temirgaliev, heads of the Crimean and Sevastopol electoral committees Mikhail Malyshev and Valery Medvedev, adviser to the Speaker of the State Council of Crimea Yuriy Zherebtsov, ex-head of the Crimean department of the Security Service of Ukraine Petr Zima and a member of the Russian Federation Council from Crimea were subjected to sanctions Sergei Tsekov.

On April 11, Montenegro, Iceland, Albania, Norway and Ukraine joined the individual EU sanctions adopted on March 17 and extended on March 21. On April 12, Canada imposed sanctions on the head of the election commission of Sevastopol, Valery Medvedev, and his colleague from the election commission of Crimea, Mikhail Malyshev, as well as on the oil and gas company Chernomorneftegaz.

On April 28, the US authorities again expanded the sanctions list to include seven more Russian citizens and 17 companies. White House press secretary Jay Carney explained this by saying that Russia "did nothing to comply with the Geneva obligations." Carney also accused Moscow of involvement in the violence in eastern Ukraine. The sanctions affected the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Kozak, the head of Rosneft Igor Sechin, the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin. The list also includes presidential envoy to the CFD Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Yevgeny Murov, head of Rostec Sergey Chemezov and head of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexei Pushkov.

On the same day, April 28, the decision to expand the sanctions list was made by the European Union, and on April 29 the names of those on the list were published. The EU expanded the sanctions list by another 15 people. It included Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Valery Gerasimov, Chief of the GRU Igor Sergun, Permanent Representative of the Russian President in Crimea Oleg Belaventsev, Head of the Ministry for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, State Duma Vice Speaker Lyudmila Shvetsova, State Duma Vice Speaker Sergei Neverov , Acting Governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo, Senator in the Federation Council from Crimea and Sevastopol Olga Kovatidi, representative of the Luhansk militia German Prokopiev, People's Governor of the Lugansk region Valery Bolotov, leaders of the so-called Donetsk People's Republic Andrey Purgin and Denis Pushilin, Deputy Head of the People's Militia of Donbass Sergei Tsyplakov, head of the people's defense of Donbass in Slavyansk Igor Strelkov.

On April 29, Canada's sanctions list included State Duma deputies Vladimir Zhirinovsky and Alexei Pushkov, First Deputy Head of the Kremlin Administration Vyacheslav Volodin, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, member of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexander Babakov, presidential envoy to the Crimean Federal District Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Evgeny Murov, as well as the Rotenberg brothers. The list of companies included Expobank and Rosenergobank.

On April 29, Japan imposed additional sanctions against 23 Russian government officials who could be involved in violating Ukraine's sovereignty. The names of the officials were not released.

On May 2, the Swiss authorities expanded the list of persons subject to financial restrictions by 15 people in response to the expanded list of the EU.

On May 4, the Prime Minister of Canada announced that sanctions are being imposed against 16 Russian "subjects" and apply to the following Russian banks and legal entities: InvestCapitalBank, Sobinbank, Northern Sea Route Bank, Aquanika companies, Avia Group LLC, LLC Avia Group Nord, CJSC ZEST, Sakhatrans LLC, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Abros Investment Company LLC, Volga Group, Stroytransgaz Holding and its four subsidiaries.

The US authorities have also imposed sanctions on a number of Russian defense and commodity companies. The sanctions list includes Almaz-Antey Concern, Uralvagonzavod, NPO Mashinostroeniya and several structures of Rostec: Kalashnikov Concerns (formerly Izhmash), Constellation, Radioelectronic Technologies (KRET), Bazalt and Konstruktorskoe instrumentation bureau. The largest Russian oil company Rosneft and Russia's largest independent gas producer Novatek, the Feodosiya oil terminal, as well as the Russian development bank Vnesheconombank and one of the country's largest commercial banks Gazprombank were under sanctions. Sanctions against Russian banks do not involve freezing assets, but a ban on receiving US loans for more than 90 days.

European leaders at their summit on July 16 limited themselves to agreeing to expand the criteria for sanctions and only by the end of July to draw up a list of companies and individuals, including Russian ones, that will fall under targeted restrictive measures of the European Union.

On July 24, Canada, following the United States, included a number of Russian defense and raw materials companies and banks in its sanctions list. The sanctions fell, in particular, on Gazprombank, Vnesheconombank and the second largest gas producer in Russia, Novatek. The Canadian prime minister explained that the sanctions imply a cessation of lending to energy companies and financial institutions that were blacklisted.

On July 26, 15 names and 18 legal entities were added to the EU sanctions list. Among them are FSB director Alexander Bortnikov, director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, secretary of the Russian Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov, deputy secretary of the Russian Security Council Rashid Nurgaliev, member of the Security Council Boris Gryzlov, FSB officer Sergei Beseda and State Duma deputy Mikhail Degtyarev . Among the companies are Kerch Ferry, Sevastopol Commercial Sea Port, Kerch Commercial Sea Port, Universal-Avia State Enterprise, Nizhnyaya Oreanda Sanatorium, Azov Distillery, Massandra National Agricultural Association , the agrofirm "Magarach" and the factory of sparkling wines "New World".

On August 1, the EU introduced new economic sanctions against Russia. The European Union has restricted access to the EU capital markets for Russian state-owned banks. These are Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank, and the state corporation Vnesheconombank, which are among the five largest credit institutions in the Russian Federation. The European Union has published a list of goods that cannot be exported for a number of projects in the Russian oil industry. It consists of 30 items, it includes, among other things, some types of pipes and drilling equipment. The restrictions included new contracts for the import and export of arms from the Russian Federation and for the sale of dual-use goods to Russia for the defense sector.

The European Union also added to the sanctions list the Russian defense concern Almaz-Antey, the low-cost Dobrolet airline flying to Crimea, and the Russian National Commercial Bank. The list includes the first deputy head of the presidential administration of Russia Alexei Gromov, four Russian businessmen - shareholders of Rossiya Bank Yuri Kovalchuk and Nikolai Shamalov, businessmen Arkady Rotenberg and Konstantin Malofeev, as well as two representatives of self-proclaimed people's republics in eastern Ukraine.

Restrictions on investments in Crimea have been approved.

On August 5, the Swiss government expanded the sanctions list in connection with Russia's position on Ukraine and added 26 citizens of Russia and Ukraine and 18 companies to it. The list, in particular, includes: Prime Minister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) Alexander Borodai, Director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Patrushev and Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov.

On the same day, August 5, the Japanese government approved additional sanctions against 40 individuals and the Crimean companies Chernomorneftegaz and Feodosiya. Japan froze the assets of former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, Acting Head of the Republic of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov, Chairman of the State Council of the Republic Vladimir Konstantinov, former Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea Rustam Temirgaliev, Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Denis Berezovsky, ex-Governor of Sevastopol Alexei Chaly, ex-head of the service security of Sevastopol Petr Zima, adviser to the speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea Yuri Zherebtsov, senators from the Republic of Crimea Sergey Tsekov and Olga Kovitidi, head of the Republican Central Electoral Commission Mikhail Malyshev, head of the election commission of Sevastopol Valery Medvedev, governor of Sevastopol Sergey Menyailo.

The head of the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea, Petr Yarosh, the head of the Sevastopol department of the FMS, Oleg Kozhura, the prosecutor of Crimea, Natalia Poklonskaya, and the prosecutor of Sevastopol, Igor Shevchenko, also fell under the sanctions. The sanctions list also included the commander of the self-defense forces of the proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic Igor Strelkov (Girkin), the ataman of the All-Great Don Army Nikolai Kozitsyn.

On August 6, Canada expanded the sanctions list against Russia to include 19 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as five Russian banks. Among the Russian banks included in the list: Bank of Moscow, Rosselkhozbank, Russian National Commercial Bank and VTB Bank. A number of Russian security officials fell under the Canadian sanctions, in particular, FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov, Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Boris Gryzlov, Secretary of the Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, head of the 5th Directorate of the FSB Sergey Beseda, head of the border service of the FSB of the Russian Federation Vladimir Kulishov, Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Rashid Nurgaliyev, and State Duma Deputy Mikhail Degtyarev. In addition, the list included the governor of the Krasnodar Territory Alexander Tkachev, the head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov, presidential aide and ex-head of the Ministry of Communications Igor Shchegolev, Russian businessman Konstantin Malofeev and shareholder of Rossiya Bank Nikolai Shamalov. The list also includes Crimean Interior Minister Sergei Abisov, one of the leaders of the self-proclaimed DPR Pavel Gubarev, his wife, DPR Foreign Minister Ekaterina Gubareva, speaker of the DPR Supreme Council Boris Litvinov and an employee of the LPR press service Oksana Chigrina.

In addition, several Crimean companies were included in the list: the Kerch commercial port and the Kerch ferry crossing, as well as the Massandra winery, the Novy Svet winery, the commercial port of Sevastopol, the Magarach National Institute of Vine and Wine, the Universal- Avia. The list also includes the Russian airline Dobrolet and the United Shipbuilding Corporation.

On October 15, EU candidate countries Montenegro, Iceland and Albania, as well as Liechtenstein, Norway, members of the European Economic Area and Ukraine joined the September 12 package of EU sanctions against Russia.

On November 29, the European Union included in the sanctions list of candidates for the November 2 elections of heads and parliaments of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics and representatives of the leadership of the LPR and DPR. The organizations that fell under the sanctions were the public organizations of the DPR "Donetsk Republic" and "Free Donbass", from the LPR - "Peace to the Lugansk Region", "People's Union" and "Lugansk Economic Union". In total, the list includes 13 names and 5 public organizations. Those on the list are banned from entering the EU, and their assets in the EU are frozen.

On December 9, the Japanese government imposed sanctions on a number of individuals and organizations in the Donbass. In total, there are 26 people on the list, as well as 14 organizations.

On December 19, US President Barack Obama announced that he had signed a decree on new sanctions against Russia and the annexed Crimea. The decree prohibits new investments by US residents in the Crimean region of Ukraine, the import of goods, services, technologies into the US from Crimea, as well as the export, re-export, sale and supply of goods, services and technologies from the US or by persons residing in the US to the Crimean region. The decree applies to banks operating in Crimea, as well as to financial institutions that directly or indirectly carry out transactions with Crimea.

From the same day, the United States imposed sanctions against 24 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as a number of companies. Among those under sanctions is Konstantin Malofeev's Marshall Capital Partners fund. Also on the list of sanctions were a number of leaders of the Crimea and Donbass, as well as the biker organization Night Wolves.

On December 19, Canada added 11 more citizens of the Russian Federation to the sanctions list. It included 10 parliamentarians, among them - Vice Speaker of the State Duma and head of the United Russia faction Vladimir Vasiliev, deputies Leonid Kalashnikov (KPRF), Igor Lebedev (LDPR), Oleg Lebedev (LDPR), Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Nikolai Levichev (" A Just Russia"), First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Ivan Melnikov (KPRF), deputies Viktor Vodolatsky (United Russia), Svetlana Zhurova (United Russia) and Vladimir Nikitin (KPRF). In addition, the list included Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Yuri Vorobyov, as well as the head of the representative office of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) in the Russian Federation Andrey Rodkin. Thus, the number of individuals who fell under Canadian sanctions has reached 77 people. The new package of sanctions also provides for restrictions on the export of technologies that are used in the oil and gas industries.

On December 20, EU sanctions against the economy and tourism industry of Crimea came into force. In particular, ships providing cruise services are prohibited from entering the ports of Sevastopol, Kerch, Yalta, Feodosia, Evpatoria, Chernomorsk and the port of Kamysh-Burun. In addition, the EU has expanded by more than six times the list of goods and technologies prohibited from deliveries to Crimea and for use in Crimea in the areas of transport, telecommunications, energy and exploration, extraction and production of oil, gas and minerals. More than 160 items were included in the list.

On December 26, due to US sanctions, two international payment systems - Visa and MasterCard - decided to suspend servicing cards of Russian banks operating in Crimea.

On January 29, 2015, EU diplomat Federica Mogherini confirmed the extension of individual sanctions against Russia and Donbass militias until September 2015.

On February 16, the European Union released a list of individual sanctions against individuals whom the EU considers responsible for the destabilization of the situation in Ukraine.

The list includes 19 people, including deputy commander of the DPR militia Eduard Basurin, Russian singer, State Duma deputy and native of Donbass Iosif Kobzon, State Duma deputy from the Communist Party Valery Rashkin, Deputy Minister of Defense Anatoly Antonov, First Deputy Minister of Defense Arkady Bakhin, as well as Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces RF Andrey Kartapolov.

The list also includes a number of representatives of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. In particular, the Minister of Justice of the LPR Alexander Shubin, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the LPR Sergey Litvin, Commander-in-Chief of the "People's Militia" of the LPR Sergey Ignatov, Finance Minister of the LPR Evgeny Manuilov, Minister of Economic Development of the LPR Olga Besedina, acting. Prosecutor General of the LPR Zaur Ismailov, Minister of Justice of the DPR Ekaterina Filippova, Minister of Revenue and Duties of the DPR Alexander Timofeev and Minister of Communications of the DPR Viktor Yatsenko.

The list also includes the Cossack National Guard, whose commander - Nikolai Kozitsyn - was already on the sanctions list, the Sparta battalion and its commander Arseniy Pavlov, the Somali battalion and its commander Mikhail Tolstykh, the Dawn battalion, the Ghost brigade of the defendant the sanctions list of Alexei Mozgovoy, the Oplot battalion, the Kalmius battalion and the Death battalion. The sanctions also affected the commanders of the militia units Pavel Dremov and Alexei Milchakov.

On February 18, Canada announced the introduction of new sanctions against 37 individuals and 17 organizations from Russia and Ukraine. The black list of Canada from the Russian side included Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia Anatoly Antonov and CEO of Rostec Corporation Sergey Chemezov, Russian biker Alexander Zaldostanov, deputy Valery Rashkin, singer and deputy Iosif Kobzon and journalist Dmitry Kiselev.

In addition, the list includes Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces Andrei Kartapolov, Rear Admiral Valery Kulikov, Major General Alexei Naumets, Rear Admiral Alexander Nosatov and Lieutenant General Igor Turchenyuk.

Also, sanctions were imposed on the deputy commander of the headquarters of the militia of the DPR Eduard Basurin, the first deputy chairman of the People's Council of the LPR Vladislav Deinego, as well as other representatives of the self-proclaimed republics.

In addition, the list includes the Cossack National Guard, the Sparta battalion and its leader Arseniy Pavlov, nicknamed Motorola, the Somali battalion and its commander Mikhail Tolstykh, nicknamed Givi, the Zarya battalion, the Ghost brigade, the Oplot battalion , battalion "Kalmius", battalion "Death". The sanctions also affected the commander of the Rusich unit, Alexei Milchakov, nicknamed Fritz, the Minister of Defense of the LPR, Oleg Bugrov, and other representatives of the militia.

The state oil company Rosneft is included in Canada's sanctions list, and sanctions have also been imposed on the social movement Novorossiya.

On March 4, US President Barack Obama extended the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13660 on March 6, 2014. Thus, all rounds of sanctions against Russia imposed in 2014 were extended for a year, including the latest economic sanctions against Crimea from December 2014.

On March 6, the Swiss Confederation, in addition to the EU sanctions of August 27, 2014 against Russia, also put into effect the restrictions adopted in December 2014 regarding the ban on trade operations with Crimea and Sevastopol. All foreign investments in the Crimea and Sevastopol are now prohibited, the previously existing ban on the export of certain products to this region has been expanded with new names. The sanctions legislation also added a list of 28 individuals and enterprises previously subject to EU sanctions with which Swiss entrepreneurs are prohibited from trading.

On March 11, US authorities imposed new sanctions on individuals and organizations involved, in their opinion, in the crisis in Ukraine. The list published by the US Treasury Department included, in particular, the Russian National Commercial Bank (RNKB), the Eurasian Youth Union, as well as 14 citizens of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. They include former Prime Minister Mykola Azarov and Secretary of the DPR Security Council Alexander Khodakovsky.

On March 14, the Official Journal of the EU published the decision of the Council of the EU on the extension until September 15, 2015 of individual EU sanctions against Ukraine against citizens and legal entities of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Sanctions imposed a year earlier were due to expire on March 15.

On June 29, Canada published an expanded sanctions list against Russia. The list includes three citizens of the Russian Federation and 14 legal entities. The leaders of the Eurasian Youth Union Alexander Dugin, Pavel Kanishchev and Andrey Kovalenko were added to the list. In addition, the expansion of sanctions affected, in particular, the Marshall Capital Fund, the Night Wolves motorcycle club, Gazprom, Gazprom Neft, Surgutneftegaz and Transneft.

The list published on the website of the Canadian government also includes: the Eurasian Youth Union, JSC Sirius (produces optoelectronics for military and civilian use), JSC Tula Arms Plant, PJSC United Aircraft Corporation, Khimkompozit company (produces materials for defense industry), weapons manufacturer OAO High Precision Complexes, association Stankoinstrument (specializes in mechanical engineering) and OPK Oboronprom.

On June 22, the EU Council at the level of foreign ministers extended economic sanctions against the Russian Federation until January 31, 2016, approving the relevant amendments to the EU decision on sectoral restrictive measures against Russia.

On July 30, the US authorities announced the expansion of sanctions. The list has grown by 11 individuals and 15 legal entities, including subsidiaries of VEB and Rosneft. The sanctions list has been expanded to 61 points with the justification “in connection with the events in Ukraine and activities in the Crimean region of Ukraine.”

Among the legal entities that fell under the sanctions, there are Russian, Finnish, Cypriot companies. In particular, we are talking about the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant and the Izhmash concern; ports of Evpatoria, Feodosiya, Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta; company "Kerch Ferry".

On September 2, the Committee of Permanent Representatives of EU Member States (Coreper) decided to extend until March 2016 individual sanctions against citizens of Russia and Ukraine, whom the EU considers responsible for undermining the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine. As of September 2015, there were 150 people on the EU sanctions list, including Russian officials and representatives of the LPR and DPR, as well as 37 legal entities.

On September 16, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko introduced sanctions against the Russian Federation for a period of one year.

The sanctions list included 388 individuals and 105 legal entities, including citizens of 23 states.

Ukrainian sanctions affected 28 Russian banks and 25 Russian airlines. Channel One, RTR-Planeta, Rossiya 24, NTV and three correspondents of the TASS news agency fell under the sanctions. In total, 34 journalists and seven bloggers from 17 countries, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Germany, Israel, Spain and Switzerland, were on the sanctions list. Sanctions were also imposed on BBC journalists. The next day, given the significant public outcry and the strategic importance of relations with the European Union, Kyiv lifted sanctions on journalists from Britain, Germany and Spain.

The sanctions list includes the largest Russian carriers, including Aeroflot (with all its subsidiaries), Transaero and Sibir, which is being rehabilitated. According to the presidential decree, all of them were partially or completely prohibited from transiting resources, flights and transportation through the territory of Ukraine.

On December 21, the EU Council extended the economic sanctions (sectoral restrictive measures) of the EU against Russia until July 31, 2016. The sanctions package has not changed. The decision came into force on December 22.

On December 22, the US Treasury published a sanctions list of 34 individuals and organizations from the Russian Federation and Ukraine in connection with the situation in the Donbass. The United States expanded the sanctions list against the Russian Federation, including the Crimean wineries Novy Svet, Massandra and Magarach. Banco VTB Africa, VTB subsidiaries in Kazakhstan, Armenia, Austria, Belarus and Ukraine were added to the list of sectoral sanctions; VTB-24, VTB Insurance, VTB Leasing. In addition, the subsidiaries of Sberbank in Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, as well as Sberbank Capital, Sberbank Europe, Sberbank Finance, Sberbank Insurance, Sberbank investments and Sberbank Leasing ".

The list also includes non-state pension funds (NPF) of Sberbank and VTB, as well as Novikombank, a large development company GALS-Development and the online payment service Yandex-Money.

Sanctions have been imposed on a number of citizens of the Russian Federation who are related to the Kalashnikov concern and the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant. A number of Russian defense companies included in the structure of the state corporation Rostec fell under the sanctions. In particular, the “black list” includes Rosoboronexport, the Russian Helicopters holding, the United Engine Building Company, the Shvabe company, High-precision complexes and the Tekhnodinamika holding.

The sanctions list also includes the Minister of Justice of the self-proclaimed LPR, the LPR envoy at the Minsk talks, the LPR Prime Minister Sergey Tsyplakov and his deputy, as well as the head of the DPR Foreign Ministry and the DPR representative in Russia.

As the US embassy explained, “some of the companies included in the list are “subsidiaries” of legal entities that are already under sanctions, so the measure is a kind of tuning of the existing list.”

On December 30, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On the Prohibition of the Import of Goods Originating from the Russian Federation into the Customs Territory of Ukraine” was adopted, which entered into force on January 10, 2016. Kyiv approved a list of 43 commodity items, and in January 2016 expanded it. The updated list additionally included about 70 commodity items. The ban includes bakery products, meat, cheeses, chocolate, beer, vodka, filter cigarettes, dog and cat food and other goods. In addition, equipment for railways and tramways and diesel-electric locomotives were banned. On March 2, 2016, US President Barack Obama extended for a year the sanctions against Russia, which were originally introduced in March 2014. The corresponding decree of the head of state notes that the current sanctions "should remain in force beyond March 6, 2016," since Russia's actions continue to pose "an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States."

On March 10, the European Union decided to extend until September 15, 2016, individual sanctions against citizens and legal entities of Russia and Ukraine, whom Brussels considers responsible for "undermining the territorial integrity" of Ukraine. On March 12, the decision to this effect was published in the Official Journal of the European Union, it entered into force the day after publication, on March 13.

On March 30, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko enacted the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated March 25, 2016 "On the application of personal special economic and other restrictive measures (sanctions) against persons involved in illegal actions against Nadezhda Savchenko, Oleg Sentsov and Alexandra Kolchenko. The corresponding decree was signed on March 29. The sanctions list includes 84 individuals, including the head Alexander Potapov, the general director of the TASS news agency Sergei Mikhailov. The entry ban for journalists is valid until December 31, 2017. Also, by his decree, Poroshenko lifted the ban on entry into the territory of Ukraine for six Russian journalists: Olga Kovalenko, head of the RIA Novosti representative office in Kazakhstan, Elena Palazhchenko, head of the Rossiya Segodnya representative office in Turkey, Yakub Koreyba, an employee of the Russia Today news agency (Poland), and a correspondent for the South African bureau of the agency TASS Alexander Nechaev, TASS correspondent in Washington Andrey Suzhansky and head of the TASS bureau in Washington Andrey Shitov.

On July 1, the European Union officially extended economic sanctions against Russia until January 31, 2017.

On July 6, the Government of Ukraine extended until December 31, 2017 the ban on the import into the customs territory of Ukraine of goods originating from the Russian Federation, the list of which was approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 30, 2015. On July 29, the press service of the Security Service of Ukraine reported that Kyiv had temporarily suspended supplies of products from 243 Russian companies to Ukraine. The SBU stated that these companies were doing business with Donbass. About which companies in question, the message does not say.

On August 31, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine extended personal sanctions against 388 individuals and 105 legal entities from Russia, the list was supplemented with new 250 individuals and 46 legal entities.

On September 1, the US Department of the Treasury Department of Foreign Assets Control imposed sanctions on a number of subsidiaries of the Russian Gazprom, as well as other companies and individuals. In addition, American citizens and companies are prohibited from entering into transactions with Mostotrest.

Washington added 17 individuals to the list of anti-Russian sanctions on Ukraine. Among them, in particular, were eight ministers of the Crimean government, as well as heads of the republican departments of the FSB and the Investigative Committee. Sanctions included First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea, Minister of Internal Policy, Information and Communications of the DPR Vladimir Kononov, Minister of Finance of the LPR Yevgeny Manuilov, Minister of Communications of the DPR Viktor Yatsenko, ex-Minister of Justice of the LPR Alexander Shubin, Deputy Commander of the Corps of the Ministry of Defense of the DPR Eduard Basurin, prosecutor in the LPR Zaur Ismailov.

The US Treasury explained that it links the introduction of new sanctions against companies and individuals of the Russian Federation with the implementation of the Minsk agreements and the situation in Crimea. It is also about clarifying sanctions and helping Western companies comply with previous restrictions on cooperation with Russian companies and individuals.

On September 1, the United States imposed sanctions on the companies of the Sovrakht-Sovmortrans group, as well as a number of Russian shipyards, including the Zvyozdochka plant. In addition, the shipyards "Zaliv" and "More" located in the Crimea were included in the list.

On September 6, the US Department of Commerce expanded the sanctions list. The new list almost completely repeats the document of the Ministry of Finance, which was published on September 1, but 11 new Russian companies were included in the “black list” of the Ministry of Trade: Angstrem-M, Angstrem, Angstrem-T, JSC VO Radioexport, Perm Research and Production Instrument-Making Company, JSC Mikron, JSC NPF Mikran, NPK Granat, Technopole Company, Technopole Ltd and Giovan. In total, the list now includes 81 organizations, in addition to Russian ones, there are also corporations from India and Hong Kong.

On September 15, the European Union made a formal decision to extend individual sanctions against citizens and legal entities of Russia and Ukraine until March 2017. The latest version of the list includes 146 individuals and 37 legal entities from Russia and Ukraine, including Russian officials and celebrities, as well as leaders of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics and representatives of the militias.

Russian retaliatory sanctions

On March 20, 2014, in response to sanctions measures against a number of Russian officials and deputies of the Federal Assembly, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of officials and members of the US Congress who are denied entry into the Russian Federation. The list includes nine people.

On March 24, in response to Canadian sanctions, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of 13 Canadian officials, members of parliament and public figures of Canada who are denied entry to Russia.

On March 27, the State Council of the Republic of Crimea published on the official website a list of persons whose stay is considered undesirable in the Republic of Crimea. The list includes 320 people, including leading Ukrainian politicians, deputies of the Verkhovna Rada. On April 1, this list was replenished with 10 names, among them - former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko Herman Van Rompuy, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton and President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz. Kadyrov instructed to freeze their bank accounts and any assets, the listed politicians were banned from entering the Chechen Republic.

Since August 7, Russia has limited the import of a number of goods from countries that have imposed sanctions against it for a year.

On May 30, the EU Delegation in Moscow received a list of citizens of EU countries who are banned from entering Russia. The document (as of May 26, 2015) contains 89 names, including about 20 current and 10 former members of the European Parliament, current and former heads of intelligence services in Britain and the Baltic Sea countries, a number of British, German, Polish and Estonian military leaders, and also deputy head of the Romanian state-owned company Transgaz. These EU citizens are banned from entering Russia. The list includes representatives of 17 out of 27 EU countries. The fifth part of the list is occupied by representatives of Poland (18 names), followed by Britain (9), Sweden, Estonia (8 each), Germany, Lithuania (7 each), Latvia and Romania (5 each).

On June 24, a decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin was published on the extension for a year of special economic measures against the West, introduced by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 6, 2014. The response has been extended from 6 August 2015 to 5 August 2016.

On July 29, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the disposal of embargoed products was signed, which entered into force on August 6, 2015.

On August 13, Russia extended the food embargo, imposed as a retaliatory measure to the sanctions, to Albania, Montenegro, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Ukraine, and the latter with a delay - the ban on the import of its products was to come into force only if Kyiv applied the economic part of the agreement on association with the European Union.

On December 21, the Russian government published a decree on the introduction of a food embargo for Ukraine from January 1, 2016, similar to the one in force against countries that supported sanctions against the Russian Federation. Ukraine is subject to retaliatory economic measures in connection with its accession to the anti-Russian sanctions of the European Union and the United States.

On May 27, 2016, Russia excluded meat and vegetables intended for the production of baby food from the food embargo list.

On June 29, Russian President Vladimir Putin extended the food embargo imposed in response to Western sanctions from August 6, 2016 to December 31, 2017.

On October 17, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko by his decree put into effect the decision of the National Security and Defense Council (NSDC) to extend and expand the sanctions list against legal entities and individuals of the Russian Federation, the corresponding decree was published on the website of the head of state on Monday.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

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Economic sanctions against Russia have different roots, structures, mechanisms and goals. A distinctive feature of these sanctions is their targeted focus, i.e., restrictions are not imposed on the state as a whole, as a single geo-economic entity, but on individual residents of the country: commercial structures and individuals. Also, it should be noted separately that sanctions come not only from individual sovereign states, but also from extraterritorial organizations.

Reasons for economic sanctions against Russia [RF].

The reasons for the sanctions against Russia [RF] are complex in their basis and chronology. But they can be divided into political and financial-economic.

Political reasons for sanctions against Russia [RF] .

The leitmotif of the need to apply sanctions against Russia was its participation in the events that unfolded on the territory of the neighboring state - Ukraine. By the end of 2013, a civil revolution began in Ukraine, which led to a coup d'état. One [western and central] part of the population of Ukraine supported the coup d'état, the other [south-eastern] part of the population of the country opposed. Since the conflict of political and other interests was accompanied by acts of violence in different parts of the country, separatist sentiments in the south-east of the country sharply increased in Ukraine. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea [and the city of Sevastopol] was the first to announce its secession from unitary Ukraine, holding a referendum on the formation of the Republic of Crimea on March 16, 2014, with the subsequent intention of joining Russia as a subject of the Federation. Russia supported the holding of the referendum with a military presence on the peninsula. In the referendum, 82.71% of voters voted, with a result of 96.77% in favor of joining the Russian Federation. On March 17, the leadership of the Republic of Crimea turned to Russia with a request to join as a subject. Ultimately, the Russian Federation recognized the referendum in Crimea and granted the request to annex the peninsula to Russia, since Crimea is of great strategic importance for the Russian Federation in the Black Sea region.

The international community, represented by states with a developed market economy, primarily the United States, did not recognize the referendum in Crimea and considered the annexation of Crimea to Russia, despite the very will of the population of Crimea, an act of military aggression against the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

Separate tendencies also covered the east of Ukraine - the Donbass region. On the basis of the Lugansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine on May 11, 2014, the Luhansk People's Republic and the Donetsk People's Republic were proclaimed through a referendum. A war began in Ukraine, on the one hand, for the preservation of the territorial integrity of the unitary Ukrainian state, and on the other hand, for the formation of a new [confederal] state formation "Novorossiya" on the basis of the southeastern regions of Ukraine. Despite the fact that the Russian Federation has not officially recognized the LPR and DPR until today, has not sent its peacekeeping troops to the territory of Ukraine, nevertheless, Western countries, including Australia and Japan, they are trying to assign exclusively to Russia. Although the Western countries themselves provide financial, humanitarian, technical and other assistance to the authorities of Ukraine in the current civil war, which automatically makes them complicit, i.e. equally responsible. The mutual participation of the parties in the Ukrainian conflict indicates the nature of the geopolitical confrontation. Therefore, the first reason is geopolitics.

Economic reasons for sanctions against Russia [RF] .

The collapse of the USSR for the developed capitalist countries and their companies had nominally three “positive” consequences:

1. Manufacturers of developed capitalist countries got rid of the main competitor in the world market, therefore, they got the opportunity to increase trade turnover and their share in the structure of the world market.

2. Got a new market in the face of the countries of the former socialist bloc [Eastern Europe and the CIS].

3. We were able to acquire tangible assets in the post-Soviet space.

The semi-criminal privatization of Soviet industries in the 1990s led to the actual stagnation and disappearance from world markets of many types of Russian [Soviet] production. With the collapse of the USSR, the economy of the Russian Federation did not have many industries that could compete on the world market.

Competitive sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation [RF]:

1. Oil and gas industry.

2. Defense-industrial complex [OPK, VPK].

3. Nuclear power.

4. Aviation and space industry.

5. Banking.

6. Others.

De facto, the oil and gas industry has become the main industry and the driving force behind the growth of the Russian economy, whose products in the structure of Russian exports range from 50% to 80% annually. The main market for Russian exports is the European Union, whose share in the turnover is up to 50%. The growth in demand and prices for oil and gas in the world market provided the Russian economy with liquidity and an inflow of foreign currency. There is a trend of mutual dependence of the economies of the Russian Federation and the EU, the European Union depends on the supply of Russian energy resources, Russia depends on foreign exchange earnings from the European Union.

The deepening of economic cooperation between the European Union and Russia has allowed the Russian Federation to accumulate sufficient financial resources to start the process of leveling [diversifying] the economy and reviving other potentially competitive industries.

Since 2007, the process of forming state corporations and consolidating the share capital of enterprises in various strategically important sectors of the Russian economy under their supervision began in Russia. This is how Russian state corporations [Rostec, Rosnano, Rosatom, Vnesheconombank, etc.] and large industry [state and semi-state] companies [Gazprom, Rosneft, Sberbank of Russia, etc.] took shape. etc.], which began to increase their presence in the world and, above all, the European market.

Accordingly, by 2007, industry-specific [state and semi-state] companies took shape in Russia, which began to compete globally with leading transnational companies and corporations from countries of developed capitalist economies, primarily the United States.

From the above, two assumptions can be made:

1. The Ukrainian conflict is a convenient formal pretext for limiting [eliminating] competition from Russian companies in the world and, above all, the European market. Since the transnational companies of the countries of developed economies are not interested in the [prospective] reduction of their share and the growth of competition in the world market.

2. Mechanisms for eliminating competition from Russian companies were chosen not as market, but political, through the information and political lobby.

Economic sanctions against Russia [RF] by industry.

If we analyze the sectoral structure of sanctions against Russia [RF], we find that the sanctions are directed against key [i.e. e. competitive] sectors of the Russian economy: oil, gas, nuclear and military industries of the Russian Federation, as well as against Russian banking capital.

Since the lion's share of Russia's exports is oriented to the European market, in practice, the sanctions against the Russian Federation mean the displacement of Russian companies from the European market. Let's take a closer look.

Sanctions against Russia [RF] in the oil industry [sphere]. Industry trends and background.

The world market for oil and oil production is mostly controlled by American and British multinational companies: ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, and others. Shareholders of many national oil companies from different countries are also American and British companies or capital, at least they own a certain share, and hence the income.

Since 2007, domestic oil production has been growing in the United States. If in 2006 the United States daily produced 8316 thousand barrels of oil per day, then in 2013 the daily oil production already amounted to 12304 thousand barrels. That is, the growth in oil production in the United States from 2006-2013 amounted to 48%.

Along with the increase in domestic oil production in the United States, the need for its imports decreased. If in 2005 the United States needed to import 12,477 thousand barrels of oil daily, then in 2013 this need was reduced to 6,582 thousand barrels per day, i.e., in fact, by half.

The second largest consumer of oil after the United States is the European Union. Europe's daily oil demand is between 13 and 15 million barrels. Continental Europe is 90% dependent on oil imports, and this dependence is only increasing due to falling domestic production. The only oil exporting country in Europe is Norway [not part of the EU], it produces 1.8 million barrels per day, of which 1.19 million is exported. All other European countries are oil importers to a greater or lesser extent. Therefore, the EU is the most promising and attractive market for oil exporters. A third of the supply [more than 5 million barrels per day] of oil to Europe is provided by Russia. In view of the increase in oil production in Russia, Russian oil companies are ready to meet the growing demand in the European market.

But a significant increase in domestic oil production in the US is forcing US and British oil companies, which previously supplied Middle Eastern [and elsewhere produced] oil to the US, to look for alternative markets for “freed up” oil [≈ 6 million barrels / day] and Europe in in this case, it seems to be uncontested. Since the European Union is stable, consumes a lot and is solvent. So it turns out that American and British oil companies are ready to satisfy the European oil market, but they run into the expansion of Russian oil [state] companies.

Conclusion from the premise: Ukraine seems to be a convenient occasion to activate the information and political lobby, which through sanctions, indirectly, will squeeze Russian oil companies out of the European market and allow American and British companies to take their place and market share.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the oil industry:

· Sanctions against Russian oil companies and their subsidiaries, as well as auxiliary companies in the industry.

· A ban on the export of oil production and refining technologies to Russia.

· Refusal of joint projects in the oil sector and investment of promising projects.

Sanctions against Russia [RF] in the gas industry [sphere]. Industry trends and background.

Russia is the world's largest producer of natural gas. The monopoly in the Russian gas sector is the semi-state company Gazprom, which has managed to monopolize the export of not only Russian gas, but also gas produced by the CIS countries. ≈ 40% of the gas produced in the post-Soviet countries is exported to Europe, which accounts for 80% of the total volume of gas exports. Gazprom annually covers one third of Europe's gas needs. The dependence of individual European countries on Russian gas is highly differentiated: from 0 to 100%.

The situation with gas is somewhat similar to the situation with oil, with some differences. The European Union covers a third of its gas needs with its own production, and a third with Gazprom's supplies. A quarter of consumption is provided by gas from Norway and Algeria. The rest of the gas demand is provided by the supply of liquefied natural gas from the Middle East countries and other regions. While Russia seeks to diversify gas supply channels to Europe, the European Union seeks to diversify the suppliers themselves. And here is the next trend.

Since the early 2000s, American companies, in particular Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BHP Billiton and others, have been investing heavily in the development of unconventional gas sources. Since 2006, there has been a rapid increase in gas production in the United States. The so-called “shale revolution” is taking place. The shale boom by 2010 led to an excess supply of gas in the domestic market, and by 2012 to a collapse in gas prices in the United States.

The logic of maintaining the liquidity of the industry, with further rapid growth in gas production within the United States, requires American companies to search for a sales market. Saturation of the gas market in North America cannot affect the downward trend in prices. Therefore, American companies in the near future need large markets, primarily in Europe and Asia. Supplying "cheap" American gas to the European market, where the average market price for gas exceeds $400, seems to be mutually beneficial for both the US and Europe.

The problem of exporting American gas to the European market is currently limited by three main factors:

The first limitation is the lack of a sufficient number of LNG regasification terminals in Europe. At present, there are only 20 of them, their throughput capacity is 198 billion m3/year. 6 terminals under construction. After putting them into operation, the capacity will increase by 30 billion m3/year.

The second limitation is the lack of export LNG terminals in the USA. The first such terminal is being built in Louisiana.

The third limitation is the current long-term contracts with Gazprom for the supply of Russian gas to the EU.

Although the lion's share of Gazprom's income depends on gas exports, nevertheless, the company is not limited to the development of gas fields in Russia alone, but operates all over the world, in particular in Libya, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, India, Vietnam, Venezuela, Iran, Nigeria etc. That is, the de facto Russian state-owned company is a global competitor in the world gas market.

When the US resolves the issue with export terminals of sufficient capacity, and Europe with import terminals, then Gazprom will systematically and more actively squeeze out of the European market.

Conclusion from the premise: It is unlikely that sanctions will be applied to Gazprom in the coming years, due to the lack of technical feasibility of alternative gas supplies to the EU at the present time. But since the European market looks extremely promising for American and British companies, the sanctions currently being imposed will be directed at all Gazprom's promising projects, both inside Russia and abroad.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the gas industry:

· Sanctions against Russian gas companies and their subsidiaries, as well as supporting companies in the industry.

· Refusal of joint projects in the gas sector and investment of promising projects.

Sanctions against Russia [RF] in the financial and banking industry [sphere]. Industry trends and background.

The promotion of large business to foreign markets is most often associated with the promotion of banking capital to these markets. The strengthening of the positions of Russian business in the European market was associated with the expansion of Russian banking capital to the European market in order to support Russian export companies and the participation of Russian capital in major international investment projects. The financial reserves accumulated by the Russian Federation allowed Russian state and semi-state banks in the first years after the global financial crisis to begin acquiring foreign banking assets and expanding their branch network abroad. Moreover, many banks in Europe and the world found themselves in a difficult financial situation and were willingly sold.

The locomotives of the banking sector in Russia have become semi-state banks - JSC "Sberbank of Russia", JSC "VTB" [Vneshtorgbank], JSC "Gazprombank" and others.

Sberbank of Russia: So far, managed to master the markets of 20 countries. In addition to Russia, open direct representative offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Germany (Munich), China and India. Acquired assets in Switzerland - SLB; Austria - Volksbank International AG, with a branch network in Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine; Turkey - Denizbank, with a branch network in Turkey, Russia, Austria, Cyprus. It is the largest commercial bank in Russia and Europe.

Vneshtorgbank [VTB]: The second largest bank in Russia in terms of assets, operates in the financial market of many countries, has representative offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Angola, Great Britain, Singapore, UAE, Germany, France, Serbia.

Vnesheconombank: Since 2007, it has been a state corporation, the purpose of which is to provide and attract financial resources for the implementation of large investment projects, support for exports and servicing external public debt. It has representative offices in many countries, participated in the financing of major infrastructure projects (construction of the Ford Sollers plant, reconstruction of Pulkovo airport, construction of Olympic facilities in Sochi, support for projects and companies of Skolkovo, etc.).

Gazprombank: Industry bank, the third in Russia in terms of assets. Participates in the financing of major international projects in the oil and gas industry both within Russia and abroad [Europe, Asia]. In particular, it participates in the projects for the construction of the Blue Stream and Yamal-Europe gas pipelines, and in the development of the European GTS. It also serves companies in the engineering, chemical, nuclear and other industries. Represented in Russia, Switzerland, Armenia, Belarus, China, India, Mongolia.

Conclusion from the premise: the growth of foreign exchange reserves and capitalization of Russian banks, as well as financial difficulties [caused by the global financial crisis] of the world's leading banking institutions, allowed Russia to expand into external financial markets and gain a foothold in them in order to support Russian companies abroad. Leading Russian [state]banks operationally and financially support the activities of oil and gas, nuclear, aviation, defense, information and other companies in Russia in foreign markets. The imposition of sanctions against Russian banks will expand the tools for ousting Russian companies from foreign markets, and above all - European.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the banking industry:

· Freezing of Russian financial assets of individuals and legal entities.

· Disconnection of Russian banking structures from international payment systems.

· Reducing the client portfolio abroad.

· Restriction of access to investment projects.

· Restriction of access to external borrowings [credits].

· Restriction of financial freedom of Russian companies abroad.

· Other.

List of Russian companies subject to sanctions against Russia [RF].

Sanctions against Russia [RF]: list of countries and industries.

Countries that did not support sanctions against Russia [RF]: China, Brazil, India, South Africa.

Sanctions against Russia [RF]: list of extraterritorial organizations.

Sanctions against Russia [RF]: a list of international companies that officially recognized and/or supported the sanctions.

The effect and consequences of sanctions against Russia [RF].

An analysis of the sanctions shows that they are aimed at limiting the presence of Russian [state] companies in various segments of the world and, above all, the European market, which accounts for half of Russia's foreign trade turnover. Relying not on market competition, but on political and informational mechanisms, Western [primarily American and British] companies, through the international lobby, get the opportunity to increase their share in the desired segments of the European market in the future. The civil war in Ukraine is a convenient formal reason for action.

The rapid growth of oil and gas production within the United States is leading to a global redistribution of the world market in this segment. Currently, the struggle for the European market is unfolding.

If the current sanctions are maintained or expanded, one can expect a decrease in the share of Russian companies in the oil [and, in the future, in the gas] market in Europe and their replacement by American and British companies that previously worked for the US market.

Russia's dependence on the supply of raw materials to the EU market sooner or later should have made itself felt, respectively, the diversification of sales markets becomes a priority task for the Russian economy, requiring an accelerated resolution.

The complete economic isolation of Russia looks doubtful, in view of the deep integration of world capitals. For example, the US and the EU, by imposing sanctions against Rosneft, infringe on the interests of the British company BP, which owns 19.75% of the company's shares. Limiting the supply of Russian gas to the EU market, which is currently impossible, will affect the income of the Bank of New York, which owns a 27% stake in Gazprom. The situation is similar with other industries. Those companies in which the share of foreign capital is smaller and the share of the Russian Federation or its residents is higher suffer from sanctions most of all.

The global economy may suffer from an economic confrontation between Russia and the EU/USA.

Russia is among the world leaders in the production of oil and gas, and the escalation of the conflict with it could lead to a global increase in oil and gas prices, which could significantly aggravate the already difficult post-crisis economic situation in the developed capitalist economies.

Montenegro, Iceland, Albania, Norway and Ukraine joined the individual EU sanctions adopted on March 17 and extended on March 21.

On April 12, Canada imposed sanctions on the head of the Sevastopol election commission, Valery Medvedev, and his colleague from the Crimean election commission, Mikhail Malyshev, as well as on the Chernomorneftegaz oil and gas company.

On April 28, the US authorities again expanded the sanctions list to include seven more Russian citizens and 17 companies. White House press secretary Jay Carney explained this by saying that Russia "did nothing to comply with the Geneva obligations." Carney also accused Moscow of involvement in the violence in eastern Ukraine. The sanctions affected Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, the head of Rosneft Igor Sechin, and the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin. The list also includes presidential envoy to the CFD Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Yevgeny Murov, head of Rostec Sergey Chemezov and head of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexei Pushkov.

On the same day, April 28, the decision to expand the sanctions list was made by the European Union, and on April 29 the names of those on the list were published. The EU expanded the sanctions list by another 15 people. It included Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Valery Gerasimov, Chief of the GRU Igor Sergun, Permanent Representative of the President of Russia in Crimea Oleg Belaventsev, Head of the Ministry for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, State Duma Vice Speaker Lyudmila Shvetsova, State Duma Vice Speaker Sergei Neverov , Acting Governor of Sevastopol Sergey Menyailo, Senator in the Federation Council from Crimea and Sevastopol Olga Kovatidi, representative of the Luhansk militia German Prokopiev, People's Governor of the Lugansk region Valery Bolotov, leaders of the so-called Donetsk People's Republic Andrey Purgin and Denis Pushilin, Deputy Head of the People's Militia of Donbass Sergey Tsyplakov, Igor Strelkov, head of the people's defense of Donbass in Slavyansk.

Canada's sanctions list includes State Duma deputies Vladimir Zhirinovsky and Alexei Pushkov, First Deputy Head of the Kremlin Administration Vyacheslav Volodin, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, member of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexander Babakov, presidential envoy to the Crimean Federal District Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Yevgeny Murov , as well as the Rotenberg brothers.

The list of companies includes Expobank and Rosenergobank.

Japan imposed additional sanctions against 23 government officials of the Russian Federation who could be involved in the violation of the sovereignty of Ukraine. The names of the officials were not released.

The Swiss authorities have expanded the list of persons subject to financial restrictions by 15 people in response to the expanded list of the EU.

The Prime Minister of Canada said that sanctions are being imposed against 16 Russian "subjects" and apply to the following Russian banks and legal entities: InvestCapitalBank, Sobinbank, Northern Sea Route Bank, Aquanika, LLC Avia Group, LLC Avia Nord Group, ZEST CJSC, Sakhatrans LLC, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Abros Investment Company LLC, Volga Group, Stroytransgaz Holding and its four subsidiaries.

The EU Foreign Affairs Council has included 13 more people on the list of EU sanctions against those responsible, in its opinion, for destabilizing the situation in Ukraine. The list includes the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin, the commander of the Airborne Forces Colonel-General of Russia Vladimir Shamanov and the head of the State Duma Committee on constitutional legislation and state building Vladimir Pligin. In addition, Crimean prosecutor Natalya Poklonskaya, Sevastopol prosecutor Igor Shevchenko, acting. Head of the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea Petr Yarosh, acting Head of the Sevastopol Migration Service Oleg Kozyur. The EU also decided to freeze the assets of two companies from Sevastopol and Crimea - Feodosia and Chernomorneftegaz.

Canadian authorities have announced additional sanctions against six Russian citizens and six Ukrainian supporters of federalization. The list of sanctions from the Russian side included: Chief of the Russian General Staff Valery Gerasimov, Commander of the Armed Forces of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic Igor Girkin (Strelkov), Acting Governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo, Vice Speakers of the State Duma Sergei Neverov and Lyudmila Shvetsova, Russian Minister for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, 1st member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from the executive branch of the Republic of Crimea Olga Kovatidi.

The Swiss authorities have expanded the list of persons subject to financial and visa restrictions by 13 people in response to the expanded list of the EU.

Montenegro, Iceland, Albania, Liechtenstein and Norway have joined the implementation of the new EU sanctions lists.

Australia has imposed financial sanctions against 50 Russians and 11 companies because of the situation in Ukraine. Earlier, in March, the Australian authorities announced imminent sanctions against 12 Russian and Ukrainian officials.

The Australian government has decided to extend sanctions to 38 more individuals and impose restrictions on 11 companies. The names of those included in the "black lists" were not indicated then.

Regarding Advisor to the President of the Russian Federation Sergei Glazyev, Head of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, Senator Andrei Klishas, ​​State Duma Speaker Sergei Naryshkin, Deputies Elena Mizulina and Alexei Pushkov, Deputy Prime Ministers Dmitry Rogozin and Dmitry Kozak, aides to the President of the Russian Federation Vladislav Surkov, Vladimir Kozhin and Andrei Fursenko, the head of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation Sergey Ivanov, the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin and Alexei Gromov, acting. Head of Crimea Sergey Aksenov, businessmen Yuri Kovalchuk, Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, Gennady Timchenko, head of Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin, as well as a number of leaders of the unrecognized DPR and LPR. The list also includes the Bank of Russia, InvestCapitalBank, SMP Bank, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Avia Group Nord LLC, Stroytransgaz Group, Volga Group, Chernomorneftegaz, as well as other companies and individuals.

Canada has imposed additional economic sanctions and a ban on entry into the country for 11 citizens of the Russian Federation.

Washington synchronized its sanctions list with the European one. The United States imposed visa and financial restrictions on Russian State Duma Vice Speaker Sergei Neverov, Federal Minister for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, and the self-proclaimed Donetsk Republic's Prime Minister Alexander Boroday, who were previously subject to EU sanctions. In addition, US sanctions have extended to the entire Donetsk and Luhansk republics and to Russian presidential aide Igor Shchegolev.

The American authorities are also in relation to a number of Russian defense and raw materials companies. The sanctions list includes Almaz-Antey Concern, Uralvagonzavod, NPO Mashinostroeniya and several structures of Rostec: Kalashnikov Concerns (former Izhmash), Constellation, Radioelectronic Technologies (KRET), Bazalt and Konstruktorskoe instrumentation bureau.

The largest Russian oil company Rosneft and Russia's largest independent gas producer Novatek, the oil terminal of Feodosia, as well as the Russian development bank Vnesheconombank and one of the country's largest commercial banks Gazprombank were under sanctions. Sanctions against Russian banks do not involve freezing assets, but a ban on receiving US loans for more than 90 days.

European leaders at their summit limited themselves to agreeing to expand the criteria for sanctions and only by the end of July to draw up a list of companies and individuals, including Russian ones, that will fall under targeted restrictive measures of the European Union.

Canada, following the United States, included a number of Russian defense and raw materials companies and banks in its sanctions list. Sanctions fell, in particular, on Gazprombank, Vnesheconombank and Russia's second-largest gas producer Novatek. The Canadian prime minister explained that the sanctions imply a cessation of lending to energy companies and financial institutions that were blacklisted.

15 names and 18 entities have been added to the EU sanctions list. Among them are FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov, Director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, Secretary of the Russian Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov, Deputy Secretary of the Russian Security Council Rashid Nurgaliyev, Security Council member Boris Gryzlov, FSB officer Sergei Beseda and State Duma deputy Mikhail Degtyarev . Among the companies are "Kerch Ferry", "Sevastopol Commercial Sea Port", "Kerch Commercial Sea Port", the state enterprise "Universal-Avia", the sanatorium "Nizhnyaya Oreanda", "Azov Distillery", the national agricultural production association "Massandra" , agricultural firm "Magarach" and the factory of sparkling wines "New World".

The US Treasury announced the imposition of sanctions against the Bank of Moscow, VTB and Rosselkhozbank, as well as the United Shipbuilding Corporation of the Russian Federation.

The EU has introduced new economic sanctions against Russia, which will be applied within a year. The European Union has restricted access to the EU capital markets for Russian state-owned banks. These are Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank, and the state corporation Vnesheconombank, which are among the five largest credit institutions in the Russian Federation. The European Union has published a list of goods that cannot be exported for a number of projects in the Russian oil industry. It consists of 30 items, it includes, among other things, some types of pipes and drilling equipment. The restrictions included new contracts for the import and export of arms from the Russian Federation and for the sale of dual-use goods to Russia for the defense sector.

The European Union also includes the Russian defense concern Almaz-Antey, the low-cost Dobrolet airline flying to Crimea, and the Russian National Commercial Bank. The list includes Alexei Gromov, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of Russia, four Russian businessmen — Rossiya Bank shareholders Yuri Kovalchuk and Nikolai Shamalov, businessmen Arkady Rotenberg and Konstantin Malofeev, as well as two representatives of self-proclaimed people's republics in eastern Ukraine.

For investments in Crimea.

The Swiss government has expanded the sanctions list in connection with Russia's position on Ukraine and added 26 citizens of Russia and Ukraine and 18 companies to it. The list, in particular, includes: Prime Minister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) Alexander Borodai, Director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Patrushev and Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov.

On the same day, the Japanese government approved additional sanctions against 40 individuals and the Crimean companies Chernomorneftegaz and Feodosiya. The sanctions involve freezing the assets of ex-President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, Acting Head of the Republic of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov, Chairman of the State Council of the Republic Vladimir Konstantinov, former Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea Rustam Temirgaliev, Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Denis Berezovsky, ex-Governor of Sevastopol Alexei Chaly, ex-chief security services of Sevastopol Petr Zima, adviser to the speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea Yuri Zherebtsov, senators from the Republic of Crimea Sergei Tsekov and Olga Kovitidi, head of the republican Central Electoral Commission Mikhail Malyshev, head of the election commission of Sevastopol Valery Medvedev, governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo.

Petr Yarosh, head of the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea, Oleg Kozhura, head of the Sevastopol department of the FMS, Natalia Poklonskaya, prosecutor of Crimea, and Igor Shevchenko, prosecutor of Sevastopol, were also targeted. The sanctions list also includes the commander of the self-defense forces of the proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic Igor Strelkov (Girkin), the ataman of the All-Great Don Army Nikolai Kozitsyn.

Canada has expanded its sanctions list against Russia to include 19 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as five Russian banks. Among the Russian banks included in the list: Bank of Moscow, Rosselkhozbank, Russian National Commercial Bank and VTB Bank. A number of Russian security officials fell under the Canadian sanctions, in particular, FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov, Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Boris Gryzlov, Secretary of the Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, head of the 5th Directorate of the FSB Sergey Beseda, head of the border service of the FSB of the Russian Federation Vladimir Kulishov, deputy Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Rashid Nurgaliyev, and State Duma Deputy Mikhail Degtyarev. In addition, the list included the governor of the Krasnodar Territory Alexander Tkachev, the head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov, presidential aide and former head of the Ministry of Communications Igor Shchegolev, Russian businessman Konstantin Malofeev and shareholder of Rossiya Bank Nikolai Shamalov. The list also includes Crimean Interior Minister Sergei Abisov, one of the leaders of the self-proclaimed DPR Pavel Gubarev, his wife, DPR Foreign Minister Ekaterina Gubareva, speaker of the DPR Supreme Council Boris Litvinov and an employee of the LPR press service Oksana Chigrina.

In addition, several Crimean companies were included in the list: the Kerch commercial port and the Kerch ferry crossing, as well as the Massandra winery, the Novy Svet winery, the commercial port of Sevastopol, the Magarach National Institute of Grapes and Wine, the Universal- Avia". The list also includes the Russian airline Dobrolet and the United Shipbuilding Corporation.

The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law "On Sanctions", which provides for the possibility of imposing more than 20 types of sanctions against Russia, including the termination of the transit of energy resources. the law was signed by the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, on September 12 the law came into force.

On September 1, Australia imposed a ban on the supply of arms and equipment for the oil and gas sector to Russia, the access of Russian state-owned banks to the Australian capital market, investment in or trade with Crimea. The sanctions list has been expanded to include 63 individuals and 21 companies and organizations.

In addition, Australia uranium to Russia.

On September 12, the European Union published a new sanctions list. Rosneft, Transneft, Gazprom Neft fell under the EU sanctions. The EU has banned the supply of dual-use goods to nine companies in the Russian defense sector, in particular, the list includes Oboronprom, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), Uralvagonzavod, and the Kalashnikov Concern.

EU to European companies to provide Russian partners with services for the exploration and production of deep sea and Arctic oil, as well as for shale oil projects.

The European Union to loans from a number of state-owned banks of the Russian Federation and reduced the term of loans.

The deputies of the State Duma Svetlana Zhurova, Nikolai Levichev, Igor Lebedev, Ivan Melnikov, Alexander Babakov got into the new one.

The United States blocked the assets of five Russian defense companies accessible to American jurisdiction. The sanctions list includes Almaz-Antey (one of the world's largest manufacturers of air defense systems), the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (manufacturer of systems for combat aircraft and air defense systems), the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, the Kalinin Machine-Building Plant, as well as a company designated as "Research and production center in Dolgoprudny".

USA on access to the capital market for 6 Russian banks. The sanctions affect Sberbank, VTB and its subsidiary Bank of Moscow, Gazprombank, Russian Agricultural Bank, Vnesheconombank.

New US sanctions on Russian oil companies, including Gazprom Neft, Lukoil and Rosneft. In addition, the list includes Gazprom, Surgutneftegaz, Transneft, Rostec.

Canada announced the expansion of the list of sanctions against Russia. The new sanctions list includes Sberbank and five defense enterprises of the Russian Federation: the Research and Production Center in Dolgoprudny, the M.I. Kalinin Machine-Building Plant (MZiK), the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, and the Research Institute of Instrumentation named after V. V. Tikhomirov" (NIIP) and JSC "Marine Research Institute of Radio Electronics "Altair" (JSC "MNIIRE "Altair"). The list of persons who were banned from entering Canada, as well as possible assets were frozen, included Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Yuri Sadovenko, Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Dmitry Bulgakov, First Deputy General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Nikolai Bogdanovsky and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces Oleg Salyukov.

EU candidate countries Montenegro, Iceland and Albania, as well as Liechtenstein, Norway, members of the European Economic Area and Ukraine, joined the EU sanctions package against Russia on September 12.

The European Union included in the sanctions list of candidates for the November 2 elections of heads and parliaments of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics and representatives of the leadership of the LPR and DPR. The organizations that fell under the sanctions were the public organizations of the DPR "Donetsk Republic" and "Free Donbass", from the LPR - "Peace to the Lugansk Region", "People's Union" and "Lugansk Economic Union". In total, the list includes 13 names and 5 public organizations. Those on the list are banned from entering the EU, and their assets in the EU are frozen.

The Japanese government has imposed sanctions on a number of individuals and organizations in the Donbass. In total, there are 26 people on the list, as well as 14 organizations.

US President Barack Obama has announced that he has signed a decree on new sanctions against Russia and the annexed Crimea.

The decree prohibits new investments by US residents in the Crimean region of Ukraine, the import of goods, services, technologies into the US from Crimea, as well as the export, re-export, sale and supply of goods, services and technologies from the US or by persons residing in the US to the Crimean region.

It applies to banks operating in Crimea, as well as to financial institutions that directly or indirectly carry out transactions with Crimea.

From the same day, the United States against 24 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as a number of companies. Among those under sanctions is Konstantin Malofeev's Marshall Capital Partners fund. Also on the list of sanctions were a number of leaders of the Crimea and Donbass, as well as the biker organization Night Wolves.

Canada added 11 more citizens of the Russian Federation to the sanctions list. It included 10 parliamentarians, including Vladimir Vasilyev, Vice Speaker of the State Duma and head of the United Russia faction, deputies Leonid Kalashnikov (KPRF), Igor Lebedev (LDPR), Oleg Lebedev (LDPR), Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Nikolai Levichev (" A Just Russia"), First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Ivan Melnikov (KPRF), deputies Viktor Vodolatsky (United Russia), Svetlana Zhurova (United Russia) and Vladimir Nikitin (KPRF). In addition, the list includes Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Yuri Vorobyov, as well as the head of the representative office of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) in the Russian Federation Andrey Rodkin. Thus, the number of individuals who fell under Canadian sanctions has reached 77 people. The new package of sanctions also provides for restrictions on the export of technologies that are used in the oil and gas industries.

EU sanctions against the economy and tourism industry of Crimea came into force. In particular, ships providing cruise services are prohibited from entering the ports of Sevastopol, Kerch, Yalta, Feodosia, Evpatoria, Chernomorsk and the port of Kamysh-Burun. In addition, the EU has expanded by more than six times the list of goods and technologies prohibited from deliveries to Crimea and for use in Crimea in the areas of transport, telecommunications, energy and exploration, extraction and production of oil, gas and minerals. More than 160 items were included in the list.

Due to US sanctions, two international payment systems - Visa and MasterCard - have decided to suspend servicing cards of Russian banks operating in Crimea.

The head of EU diplomacy, Federica Mogherini, confirmed the extension of individual sanctions against Russia and Donbass militias until September 2015.

The European Union has published a new list of individual sanctions against persons whom the EU considers responsible for the destabilization of the situation in Ukraine.

Canada announced the introduction of new sanctions against 37 individuals and 17 organizations from the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

It became known that by decree 13660 of March 6, 2014, US President Barack Obama extended sanctions against Russia for a year.

Russian retaliatory sanctions

On March 20, in response to sanctions against a number of Russian officials and deputies of the Federal Assembly, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of officials and members of the US Congress who are denied entry to the Russian Federation. The list includes nine people.

On March 24, in response to Canadian sanctions, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of 13 Canadian officials, members of parliament and public figures of Canada who are denied entry to Russia.

On April 1, this list was replenished with 10 names, among them - the former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko and the leader of the "Right Sector" Dmitry Yarosh.

The official representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Alexander Lukashevich, said that Moscow has taken retaliatory measures to expand the sanctions lists from the United States, the EU and Canada, they are in many ways mirrored. At the same time, Russia will not publish the names of specific individuals against whom it imposes sanctions in response to the sanctions lists of Western countries. According to the Foreign Ministry, the people on the "stop list" will find out that they are on the Russian "black list" when they cross the Russian border.

Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov imposed sanctions against US President Barack Obama, President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton and President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz. Kadyrov instructed to freeze their bank accounts and any assets, the listed politicians were banned from entering the Chechen Republic.

Russia has limited the import of a number of goods from countries that have imposed sanctions against it for a year.

On August 6, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the application of certain special economic measures to ensure security. The corresponding list includes beef, pork, fruits, poultry, cheeses and dairy products, nuts and other products.

The List of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs, the country of origin of which is the United States of America, the countries of the European Union, Canada, Australia and the Kingdom of Norway, has been approved.

Later, goods that, for one reason or another, are difficult for Russia to replace, were excluded from the list.

On August 11, the government of the Russian Federation limited government purchases of foreign light industry goods. According to the list of goods, foreign fabrics, outerwear and overalls, leather clothing, underwear, footwear, fur products and others are not allowed for purchases that are not related to the state defense order. The restriction does not apply to goods produced in the territory of Belarus and Kazakhstan and goods not produced in the Russian Federation.

Japanese Ambassador to the Russian Federation Chikahito Harada was handed a list of Japanese citizens who are restricted from entering Russia in response to Tokyo sanctions.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources