Galenic preparations examples. Galenic and novogalenical preparations
Herbal preparations
Herbal preparations(otherwise - galenic preparations) - a group of pharmaceuticals and dosage forms obtained, as a rule, from plant materials by extracting (extraction). They are taken almost exclusively orally (lat. per os, oris), which distinguishes them from neogalenic drugs.
The appearance of the term is associated with the name of Claudius Galen.
Novogalenic preparations or Neogalenic preparations- water-alcohol, alcohol-chloroform and other extractive medicines containing the amount of active ingredients specific for this herbal medicinal raw material, and maximally freed (subjected to maximum purification) from all related substances. They are now more commonly referred to as total purified drugs.
Notes
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See what "Healen preparations" are in other dictionaries:
HERALENIC PREPARATIONS- HERBAL DRUGS, products of processing of medicinal (vegetable, mineral or animal) raw materials, mostly by mechanical operations, in order to give medicinal substances a certain dosage form. Halene preparations…
herbal preparations- Galeno preparatai statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Augalinės arba gyvūninės kilmės medžiagų ekstraktai, vartojami kaip vaistiniai preparatai. atitikmenys: engl. galenicals rus. herbal preparations... Chemijos terminų aiskinamasis žodynas
HALENIC LABORATORIES- HERBAL LABORATORIES, specially equipped laboratories for the mass production of galenic preparations (see). The last until the middle of the XIX century. produced exclusively in pharmaceutical laboratories. The emergence of new forms of G. preparations (for example, fluid ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
- (by the name of Galena), medicines obtained from plant or animal raw materials; from novogalenovye preparations differ in a lower degree of purification from ballast substances. Most herbal preparations are mixtures of ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (by the name of Galena) medicines obtained from plant or animal raw materials; from novogalenovye preparations differ in a lower degree of purification from ballast substances. Most herbal preparations are a mixture of ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The totality of substances used for the use of diseases, or necessarily found in a pharmacy, is called the stock of medicines, thesaurus medicamentorum, part of which are the so-called Galenic drugs (Galenica). Full stock... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron Big Medical Encyclopedia
COURSE WORK
Assortment of galenical preparations in the pharmaceutical market
Pharmacy
Groups 1F
Gurtovenko Anna Sergeevna
INTRODUCTION
MAIN PART
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL PART
1.1 Definition of the concept of herbal preparations, General characteristics of herbal preparations
1.2 Classification of herbal preparations
1.3 Production of herbal preparations
1.4 Benefits of using herbal preparations
1.5 Herbal preparations: a list of the most used
CONCLUSION
LIST OF SOURCES USED
APPENDIX
INTRODUCTION
This course work is devoted to the study of the range of herbal preparations in the pharmaceutical market. The topic of the course project is relevant, because at present, herbal preparations are widely used in pharmacy, for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and regenerating herbal medicines are widely used. Herbal preparations can have a versatile physiological effect.
Galenic preparations are a specific group of drugs that, along with chemical-pharmaceutical and other drugs, are part of drugs. Galenic preparations are not chemically individual substances, but are complexes of substances of a more or less complex composition. This is their fundamental difference from chemical-pharmaceutical and other drugs that are individual substances.
Herbal preparations include: various extraction preparations from plant and animal raw materials, most often these are tinctures (alcohol or water-alcohol extracts) or extracts (condensed extracts), aqueous and non-aqueous solutions of complex and uncomplicated composition, syrups, aromatic waters and alcohols, preparations of vitamins, phytoncides, biogenic stimulants, medical soaps and soap-cresol preparations.
Herbal preparations of complex chemical composition, prepared from natural medicinal raw materials of plant and animal origin and containing active substances in a preserved, natural structural complex with many other substances. Herbal medicines (except for infusions and decoctions) are prepared not in pharmacies, but in herbal departments of pharmacy departments, in specially equipped laboratories and in a factory way.
The importance of Galenic preparations is growing due to the production of such unique preparations as preparations of enzymes and hormones, phytoncides and biogenic stimulants, the reproduction of which by synthetic means is impossible or economically unprofitable.
Object of study: Galenic preparations.
Subject of study: The range of galenic preparations on the pharmaceutical market.
Purpose of the study: To study the range of herbal preparations on the pharmaceutical market.
Research objectives:
1. Study the scientific literature on the research topic.
2. Define the concept of herbal preparations and give their classification.
3. To study the characteristics of herbal preparations.
4. Examine the range of herbal preparations.
Hypothesis: Herbal preparations are a group of valuable medicines that occupy an important place in the modern medicinal arsenal.
Research methods:
Main part
Chapter 1: Theoretical part
Concepts and general characteristics of Galenic preparations
GALENIC PREPARATIONS(C. Galenus, Roman physician and naturalist, 129-201) - medicines obtained by mechanical or physicochemical processing of plant or animal medicinal raw materials and maximum extraction and separation of active ingredients from the main mass of ballast substances. Most galenic preparations are a mixture of several substances, sometimes with an unexplained chem. composition. (one)
At the beginning of the XVI century. Swiss physician and naturalist Paracelsus "gifted" galenical preparations to European medicine. So he named medicines made on the basis of plant materials, in honor of the Roman physician Claudius Galen. It was Galen who came up with the idea that plants and preparations of animal origin contain not only useful substances, but also minor impurities. He suggested extracting the maximum amount of useful substances from raw materials, then using them in medical practice. Many medicinal herbs contain a huge amount of substances of organic and inorganic nature. During processing, they turn into an estrogen, saturating herbal preparations with beneficial substances.(2)
Herbal preparations are those that were obtained from vegetable (roots, green mass, flowers, seeds) or animal raw materials by special processing in order to obtain an active principle and get rid of unnecessary ballast substances. In most cases, for the manufacture of such products, extraction technology is used from the raw materials using agents such as alcohol, water or ether. The use of drugs in this group is allowed mainly only orally. Some of them may be intended for external use. (4)
Galenic preparations include tinctures, extracts, liniments, mustard plasters, oils, syrups, soaps, plasters, honey waters and alcohols, offered at different times and manufactured mainly in the factory using various pharmaceutical technologies. They are called pharmaceuticals as opposed to chemical-pharmaceuticals.
The most significant group of galenic preparations are tinctures and extracts made from crushed plant or animal raw materials by extraction with water, alcohol, ether, or various mixtures of these solvents. The extraction process consists of a number of operations (infusion, soaking, maceration, percolation, repercolation, countercurrent, etc.), which are carried out in the factory on special installations: extractors, percolators, dialyzers, settling tanks, vacuum devices, etc. (3)
For many centuries, galenical preparations formed the basis of all medicine and pharmacy. They have gone through a difficult path of development. This concerned the nomenclature of both groups of galenic preparations and preparations within individual groups. At the same time, the methods of their preparation changed, the equipment improved.
Thus, Galenic preparations are preparations obtained from vegetable or animal raw materials, through special processing in order to get rid of unnecessary ballast substances. The main group of herbal preparations are tinctures and extracts, but the variety of herbal preparations is great. They are a complex of complex chemical compounds contained in one substance. The therapeutic effect develops not only due to the main substance, but due to the complex of components contained in the preparation (impurities that are in the herbal preparation can enhance or weaken the effect of the main component). The use of drugs in this group is allowed mainly only orally.
Novogalenic drugs are called drugs obtained as a result of the maximum extraction of active principles from medicinal raw materials and completely freed from ballast substances. They differ from galenic preparations (tinctures, extracts) by the maximum degree of purification. These drugs are produced in ampoules - for injections and in vials - for internal use, and novogalenic drugs are administered orally and parenterally. They are prescribed in an abbreviated form, indicating in the prescription only the name of the drug and its quantity.
Recipe example:
Write out 15 ml of adonizide (Adonisidum) for internal use, 15 drops 3 times a day.
Rp.: Adonisidi 15 ml
D.S. Internal, 15 drops 3 times a day.
tinctures, Tincturae (unit h. p. -Tinctura, genus p. -Tincturae).
The tincture is a transparent, colored liquid obtained by extracting the active principles from plant and animal raw materials with alcohol, ether, water or mixtures. To obtain tinctures, maceration (infusion), fractional maceration, maceration with forced circulation of the extractant, vortex extraction and percolation (displacement) are used.
For prescribing tinctures, the recipe does not indicate the part of the plant from which the tincture is prepared, as well as its concentration, since all tinctures are official. Only the name of the tincture and the required amount are indicated. Unlike infusions, tinctures can be stored for a long time. Complex tinctures are obtained by mixing simple tinctures in appropriate proportions.
Recipe examples:
Write out 90 ml of May lily of the valley tincture (Tinctura Convallariae majalis). Inside, 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.
Rp.: Tincturae Convallariae majalis 90 ml
D.S. Internally, 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.
Write out a complex tincture consisting of tincture of strophanthus (Strophamthus) in an amount of 5 ml and 15 ml of tincture of valerian (Valeriana). Assign 20 drops 3 times a day.
Rp.: Tincturae Strophanthi 5 ml
Tincturae Valerianae 15ml
M.D.S. Internal, 20 drops 3 times a day.
extracts, Extracta (sing. h. p. -Extractum, genus p. -Extracti). Extracts are obtained by alcoholic or ethereal (rarely water) extraction of herbal medicinal materials and subsequent partial or complete removal of the taken solvent. Depending on the consistency, liquid extracts are distinguished - Extracta fluida, thick - Extracta spissa, dry -.Extracta sicca
Extracts are prescribed according to the same rules as tinctures. If necessary, the consistency of the extract is indicated. Liquid extracts are dosed in spoons or drops, thick and dry in grams. Liquid extracts are most often used per se (in pure form). Thick and dry extracts are usually included in various dosage forms as "basis" or "constituens" (candles, powders, pills, boluses).
Recipe example:
Write out 15 ml of liquid extract of the serpentine (Bistortae) to lubricate the gums.
Rp.: Extracti Bistortae fluidi 15 ml
D.S. To lubricate gums.
slime, Mucilagines
Obtained by extracting mucus from plant material or by dissolving colloidal substances in water. Mucus is used as an enveloping agent, since, by covering the inflammatory tissue, they protect it from the effects of various irritants, and, being a poor conductor of heat, they reduce heat transfer and thus have an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Very often they are prescribed with drugs that have irritating properties. Along with mucus, alcohol preparations, acids and alkalis should not be prescribed, as they change the consistency of mucus.
Prescriptions for mucus are written only in an abbreviated version without indicating the concentration, since all mucus is official. Medicine containing mucus should not be prescribed for more than 3-4 days to avoid spoilage.
Recipe example:
Write out 50 ml of wheat starch mucus (Amylum tritici). Set for 1 reception.
Rp.: Mucilaginis Amyli tritici 50 ml
D.S. Internal, one visit.
Task for self-training.
1. Prescribe tincture of May lily of the valley (Tinctura Convallariae) and valerian
(Tinctura Valerianae) no 10 ml, liquid hawthorn extract (Extractum Crataegifluidi) 5 ml and menthol (Mentholum) 0.1. Set inside 15-20 drops 2 times a day.
2. 5 ml tincture of strophanthus (Strophanthus). Assign 5 drops 3 times a day.
3. 20 ml tincture of St. John's wort (Hypericum). Assign 30 drops to 1/2 glass of water to rinse the mouth.
4. 200 ml tincture of gentian (Gentiana). Ask 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.
5. 20 ml of liquid extract of water pepper (Polygonum hydropiperis) for use, 20 drops 3 times a day.
6. 10 ml thick male fern extract (Filix maris) in 1 ml capsules. 1 capsule per day.
7.150 ml of flax seed mucus (Semen Lini). For one visit.
8. Write out a tincture of valerian (Valerianae) for 6 doses. Ask 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.
9. 15 ml of lantoside (Lantosidbum) for use, 20 drops 2-3 times a day.
Introduction to General Recipe 3
Solid dosage forms 8
Soft dosage forms 17
Liquid dosage forms 22
Galenic and newgalenic preparations. 29
Galenic preparations are medicines obtained from vegetable (roots, rhizomes, leaves, flowers, bark, etc.) and animal raw materials through special processing aimed at maximizing the extraction of the active principle and freeing it from ballast substances. Most galenic preparations are obtained by extracting raw materials with water, alcohol, ether, or mixtures of alcohol and water or ether and alcohol. Galenic they are called by the name of the famous Roman physician and pharmacist Claudius Galen, who lived in the years. n. e. The term "galenic preparations" appeared in pharmacy 13 centuries after the death of Galen. The therapeutic effect of galenic preparations is due not to any one active substance of plants, but to the whole complex of biologically active substances in them, which enhance, weaken or modify the action of the main substances. In some cases, herbal preparations have certain advantages over synthetic chemical preparations.
Determination of the authenticity and good quality of galenic preparations: Color Transparency Consistency Odor Specific gravity The weight of the dry residue is only part of the chemical. data or biol. properties. For the constancy of the composition of G. p., the quality of raw materials, the unity of recipes and manufacturing methods are of decisive importance.
Classification Herbal preparations Extractive preparations exempted (completely or almost) from ballast - accompanying substances 1) novogalenical preparations 2) preparations of individual i-in 3) organ preparations 4) enzyme preparations 5) amino acid preparations not exempt or partially exempted from accompanying substances 1) tinctures and extracts from lek. Ras. WITH.; 2) preparations of fresh plants; 3) preparations of phytoncides - allylsat (from garlic), allylglycerol (from onion), etc.; 4) preparations of biogenic stimulants (aloe extract, extracts of firth healing mud, etc.) Solutions and mixtures solutions and mixtures containing complexes of substances; Tinctures of emetic root, chilibukha, aloe, obtained by dissolving thick extracts in alcohol. The breast or liquor elixir consists of an extract of licorice root, ammonia. Ammonia-anise drops - alcohol-ammonia solution of anise oil. Syrups - pertusin, etc. Aromatic waters - obtained by steam distillation grows. raw materials. solutions of individual substances. sugar syrup; Solutions of iodine, essential oils in alcohol.
Advantages of GP Easy to manufacture, More cost-effective to produce than the corresponding chemically pure substances The therapeutic effect of extraction preparations is due not to any one active substance, but to the whole complex of biologically active substances that enhance, weaken or modify the actions of the main substances . Galenic preparations can have a variety of physiological effects. Possibility of producing unique drugs, such as enzymes and hormones, which cannot be produced synthetically or are not economically viable. Factors affecting the extraction process: - molecular weight and, consequently, the size of the molecules of the extracted substances, - the charge of colloidal particles of the cell protoplasm; is the temperature of the extraction process; – fineness of the crushed material; - stacking density; - type of extractor, its viscosity and hydrodynamic conditions; - the duration of the process in time; – the presence of air in the raw material; - the presence of living protoplasm and much more.
Extraction Wetting Swelling Dissolution Chemical interaction Adsorption Desorption Diffusion Dialysis, etc. Impregnation of dry plant material with an extractant, the so-called. capillary impregnation - the penetration of the extractant into the raw material and the wetting of substances in the raw material. The dissolution of the components of a plant cell is the formation of primary juice. The transition of dissolved substances into the extractant - mass transfer, mass transfer of substances through porous cell walls Three main stages
Technological scheme Packing and packing. Standardization (analysis, bringing to condition); Drying (for dry extracts); Evaporation; Cleaning the hood from ballast substances (settling, filtration, alcohol cleaning, etc.); Obtaining a primary extract; Extractant preparation (water-alcohol mixtures, chloroform water, water with acid or ammonia additives); Preparation of vegetable raw materials (grinding, sieving, weighing)
In the production of thick and dry extracts, various methods are used to obtain extracts from raw materials: 1) remaceration and its variants; 2) percolation; 3) repercolation; 4) circulation extraction; 5) countercurrent extraction in a battery of percolators with circulating mixing; 6) continuous countercurrent extraction with the movement of raw materials and extractant. And other methods, including grinding of raw materials in an extractant medium; vortex extraction; extraction using electromagnetic oscillations, ultrasound, electric discharges, electroplasmolysis, electrodialysis, etc.
Circulating extraction The method is based on the circulation of the extractant. The extraction plant operates continuously and automatically according to the principle of the Soxhlet apparatus. It consists of a distillation cube 1, an extractor 2, a refrigerator-condenser 3, a condensate collector 4 communicated with each other. As an extractant, volatile organic solvents with a low boiling point are used - ether, chloroform, methylene chloride or mixtures thereof. Ethyl alcohol (even 96%) is unsuitable for these purposes, since it will adsorb the moisture contained in the raw material and change its concentration, which will lead to a change in the boiling point and extractive ability. The raw material is loaded into the extractor 2 and poured with the extractant slightly below the loop of the siphon tube 5. At the same time, a small amount of the extractant is poured into the cube 1. At the end of the infusion from the collection, so much extractant is lowered into the extractor so that the extract reaches the upper level of the siphon loop and begins to overflow into a cube. Then the cube begins to heat up. The resulting extractant vapor rises into the condenser (which is a coil heat exchanger), and from it into the collection. Next, the extractant enters the raw material. The saturated extract again enters the cube. The circulation of the extractant is carried out repeatedly until the complete depletion of the raw material. The resulting extract is concentrated by distillation of the extractant into the receiver. A concentrated solution of extractives remains in the cube.
Continuous countercurrent extraction with mixing of raw materials and extractant Plant material is moved towards the moving extractant by means of transport devices: screws, buckets, disks, belts, scrapers or spring-blade mechanisms. Raw material, continuously entering the extraction apparatus, moves countercurrent to the extractant. At the same time, the fresh raw material comes into contact with the outgoing extractant, saturated with extractive substances, which is even more saturated, since the concentration in the raw material is even higher. The depleted raw material is extracted with a fresh extractant, which extracts the remaining extractive substances even more fully. From the point of view of the theory of extraction, this method is the most effective, since at each moment of the process and in any cross section along the length (or height) of the apparatus, there is a difference in the concentrations of biologically active substances in the raw material and the extractant, which makes it possible to carry out the process with the highest yield and the lowest cost. In addition, continuous processes are amenable to automation, which eliminates the laborious work of loading and unloading raw materials from percolators.
Cleaning the hood from ballast substances (settling, filtration, alcohol cleaning, etc.); Dialysis and electrodialysis (Dialysis is based on the properties of large biopolymer molecules that do not pass through semi-permeable membranes, while substances with smaller molecular sizes pass through them quite freely. Gelatin, cellophane, collodion, nitrocellulose films are used for dialysis.) Alcohol purification (The mechanism of alcohol purification is similar to the mechanism of salting out. When alcohol is added to extracts burdened with biopolymers, a precipitate of biopolymers is formed. Alcohol is a highly hydrophilic substance; when added to an aqueous solution of biopolymers, it takes away the protective hydration shell from their molecules and at the same time hydrates itself) Salting out ( salting out is that under the action of significant amounts of a saturated solution of a strong electrolyte, macromolecular natural compounds (proteins, gums, mucus, pectins) precipitate from the extracts. are formed by taking water away from biopolymer molecules. The protective hydrated layer of biopolymer molecules disappears. Cohesion of particles and deposition of the biopolymer are observed. Salting out is quite widely used to purify protein drugs, such as pepsin) Denaturation (Almost every plant extract contains proteins. These are complex organic compounds that are very sensitive to the effects of a wide variety of external factors (heat, UV radiation, ultrasound, etc.). Under under the influence of these factors, proteins are modified, form precipitates.This process is called protein denaturation.The process of denaturation is irreversible.This property is used to purify plant extracts from proteins.If the extract is boiled, the denatured protein will be released in the form of a precipitate, which is separated by filtration.Boiling allows you to free yourself only from proteins) Novogalenic is understood as hydroalcoholic, alcohol-chloroform and other extractive preparations containing the amount of active substances specific to this herbal medicinal raw material. To this end, the extracts obtained are maximally freed from all accompanying substances, which are superfluous for this type of preparations and can conditionally be considered ballast substances to keep the drug active. e. the natural state of the active substances in the plant. Novogalenic preparations are produced biologically standardized, i.e. containing a certain number of units of action or active substances in 1 ml or 1 g. Novogalenic preparations, therefore, differ significantly from conventional herbal preparations in the almost complete absence of accompanying substances, and therefore their pharmacological action they approach chemically pure substances. For this reason, novogalenical preparations can be used for injection. With galenic preparations, they are related by the complexity of the complex of active substances.
The main task of filtration for the production of galenic preparations is the release from residues of plant materials, colloidal suspensions (clarification), substances that determine the destabilization of the drug during storage while maintaining standard levels of content of extracted substances with useful properties in extracts. For preparations where contamination is normalized, it is also necessary to reduce it to acceptable values for both microbial and fungal microflora. Here, different levels of decontamination effect may be required, which is achieved by using different filters of different densities. The peculiarity of this production is the huge colloidal loads on the filter, which easily withstand dirt-intensive filters such as Zeta Plus, available in sheets for use in filter presses and in the form of cartridges.
Requirements of the filtration process: When filtering tinctures, the medium to be filtered must be prepared (cleaned from large residues of plant materials). Pre-filters should effectively clarify the product (remove particles and colloidal contaminants without sorbing useful substances). The pre-filters should provide a high flow rate and a stable high working life, be well regenerated, i.e. be cost effective. Finishing filters must effectively remove residual opacity, guarantee long-term storage stability, and provide high flow rates and service life. Purposes of filtration Pre-filtration to remove colloids, particles to extend the service life of final filters Final filtration to remove residual opalescence to ensure stability during long-term storage Recommendations for filters Depending on the nature and volume of the flow, we recommend using depth pre-filters of the EPVg.P series for high-quality pre-filtration that meets the requirements of the process , EPV.STs, EPV.S. Often several pre-filtration steps are required. The filter elements of these series are capable of providing high flow rates, are distinguished by excellent mechanical and thermal resistance, low resistance, high efficiency of microparticle retention, do not emit fibers into the filtrate, are repeatedly regenerated, are produced according to ISO 9001:2000.EPVg.PEPV.SCEPV.S For final filtration We recommend EPM.PS brand membrane filters based on a high-performance asymmetric polyethersulfone membrane with a pore size of 0.65 and 0.45 µm. These membranes have low protein sorption, are capable of providing high flow rates and resource. EPM.PS To organize the filtration process, we offer housing equipment - medical filter holders of the DS series made of high-quality stainless steel AISI 316L or AISI 304 (12X18H10T) for a different number and height of filter elements and filtration units based on them. Filter holders of the DS series Filtration units To filter small volumes of preparations, as well as to select the optimal filtration schemes, capsule filters are produced based on various filtration materials of the KFM and KFV brands. KFM and KFV
For preliminary filtration of solutions, it is important to ensure the maximum removal of large mechanical particles. Filter presses are traditionally used for this, and now Express-Eco LLC has expanded the range of products supplied with filter presses with base plates made of AISI 316L stainless steel or NORIL mechanically and chemically resistant polymer, filter sheets of European manufacturers, not subjected to “soaking”, which can be washed several times with hot water, and very competitive in price with ZeitzShenk brand boards. filter; determination of the expected filter resource when operating as part of a multi-stage (up to 3 stages) filtration system.
Galenic preparations should be considered as a specific group of medicines, which, along with chemical-pharmaceutical and other drugs, are part of medicines. Galenic they are called by the name of the famous Roman physician and pharmacist Claudius Galen, who lived in 131-201. n. e. The term "galenic preparations" appeared in pharmacy 13 centuries after the death of Galen.
Galenic preparations are not chemically individual substances, but are complexes of substances of a more or less complex composition. This is their fundamental difference from chemical-pharmaceutical and other drugs, which are individual substances.
An extract containing a complex of substances often acts somewhat differently than a separate chemically pure substance isolated from it. Undoubtedly, the therapeutic effect of galenic preparations is due not to any one active substance of plants, but to the whole complex of biologically active substances in them, which enhance, weaken or modify the action of the main substances. Indeed, one has only to subject any plant to a detailed chemical study, as we will find a number of substances in it, ranging from inorganic to proteins, enzymes, pigments, vitamins, phytoncides. Since all these substances pass into the extract, it is quite obvious that herbal preparations can have a variety of physiological effects. This is why opium herbal preparations are not quite analogous in their action to morphine; an equal sign cannot be drawn between ergot extract and ergometrine, ascorbic acid and rosehip concentrate, etc. In some cases, herbal preparations have certain advantages over synthetic chemical preparations.
Herbal preparations have gone through a difficult path of development. These changes concerned the nomenclature of both groups of galenic preparations and preparations within individual groups. At the same time, the methods of their preparation changed, the equipment improved.
Among the first preparations typical of the era of Galen are extracts from raw materials of plant and animal origin, obtained with the help of wine, oils and fats (medical oils, medicinal wines). These fluids extracted substances with specific biological effects. When properly stored, the resulting
In addition to developed preparations, most of which are based on extraction processes, there are also a number of herbal preparations that are different in nature. These include medical soaps, the first recipes of which were known in the era of Galen. Soap spirits appeared with the discovery of alcohol. At the beginning of the 19th century, this group was replenished with soap-cresol preparations. The production of soaps and soap-cresol preparations is based on a chemical process - saponification. However, the products obtained in this way are more or less complex complexes of substances, which to some extent makes them similar to galenic preparations.
Finally, there is a group of herbal preparations, which are aqueous or alcoholic solutions containing individual substances or their complex. They are obtained as a result of a chemical reaction (for example, Fowler's solution of arsenic) and they must be considered as a group of drugs transitional to chemical-pharmaceutical.
From the above review, it can be seen that herbal preparations do not represent a homogeneous (technologically) category of medicines.
The heterogeneity of herbal preparations is the reason why their scientifically based classification has not yet been developed. When presenting the course, we will adhere to a classification that does not claim to be complete, but, in our opinion, sufficiently reflects the nature of herbal preparations and the relationship between individual groups (see diagram).