Research work occupational diseases of hairdressers. Abstract: Occupational diseases of hairdressers

Hairdressing: A Practical Guide Konstantinov Anatoly Vasilyevich

§ 5. Diseases of the skin and hair

§ 5. Diseases of the skin and hair

Skin diseases. Human skin diseases are caused by various reasons, for example, the action of living microorganisms - pathogenic microbes. They are distinguishable only under a microscope, multiply by division, under favorable conditions every 15 - 30 minutes. An environment undesirable for the reproduction of microbes is elevated temperature, dryness, sunlight and various disinfectants.

A hairdresser must be able to recognize the most common skin conditions. They can be caused by pyogenic bacteria - staphylococci and streptococci. Inflammatory pustular diseases are superficial (crustal) and deep (boils). These diseases can not only deprive a person of the ability to work, but also lead to serious complications and life-threatening diseases (for example, blood poisoning).

Folliculitis- pustular skin disease. A favorable environment for the development of this disease is the deepening of the skin near the hairs. It is here that small purulent vesicles, the so-called follicles, most often appear. Often, folliculitis affects the skin of the face.

It is strictly forbidden to cut and shave a person with folliculitis, as this can lead to the spread of the disease.

Sycosis- purulent inflammation of the sebaceous-hair sacs of the beard and mustache. It is characterized by such phenomena as burning, itching, pain, as well as hair loss on the affected areas of the skin.

With a deeper penetration of microbes into the sebaceous-hair follicle and surrounding tissues, their acute inflammation may occur - furuncle.

An even deeper tissue lesion with inflammation of several hair follicles at the same time is called carbuncle. A furuncle, like a carbuncle, causes a general serious condition, an increase in body temperature. Failure to comply with hygienic requirements for skin care can lead to a very severe and prolonged illness - furunculosis, characterized by the formation of numerous and often recurring boils.

Infectious skin diseases can also be caused by other types of microorganisms - pathogenic fungi. The most common fungal diseases of the skin, such as ringworm and scab. Fungi can also cause diseases of the nails and hair.

Severe skin disease scabies causes scabies. A fertilized female mite gnaws through the surface layer of the skin and lays eggs in it. The tick reproduces with incredible speed. In a few weeks, generations of ticks can develop from one female, reaching several million in number. Gnawing passages in the patient's skin, the female scabies mite causes excruciating itching. As a result of scratching, boils, festering ulcers and a rash may appear. You can get scabies through the things of the patient, as well as through direct contact with him.

In addition to infectious diseases of the skin, there are other skin ailments. So, some people have congenital skin defects (birthmarks, pigmentation disorders, warts, etc.). Birthmarks come in different colors: red, brown or lighter than the color of the skin. Warty birthmarks - rise above the skin.

Under the influence of sunlight, some people develop small yellow-brown age spots - freckles. Large age spots often appear in women during pregnancy. The result of the appearance of such spots are pigmentation disorders. Sometimes age spots on the skin can form with a disease of the liver or other internal organs of a person.

Acne is found in most people. They are like plugs that clog the excretory ducts of the sebaceous glands. In cases where the contaminated openings of the sebaceous glands contain irritating substances, inflammation is possible, covering the tissue surrounding the acne. Acne often accompanies a non-contagious disease - seborrhea.

seborrhea- a disease characterized by excessive secretion of qualitatively altered sebum. There are two types of this disease - oily seborrhea and dry seborrhea. With oily seborrhea, the skin of the face and hair are as if greased, the hair sticks together in strands, the pores are enlarged. Oily crusts of yellow color are formed on the scalp. The disease is accompanied by itching of the scalp; it is dangerous for premature hair loss. Dry seborrhea is characterized by insufficient secretion of sebum by the sebaceous glands. The skin is dry, flaky; hair becomes dry, brittle, lacking shine; dandruff appears.

The appearance of dandruff in the hair is the first sign of seborrhea. Dandruff is a small scales, separated from the surface layers of the epidermis. The development of seborrhea is also indicated by itching, which appears in places affected by the disease. Hairdressers who have discovered these diseases in a client are obliged to recommend that they immediately consult a doctor; timely treatment and prevention of this disease will prevent premature baldness.

Seborrhea can occur with diseases of the nervous system, from malnutrition and improper skin care. In the treatment of oily seborrhea, it is recommended to wash the skin with hot water and soap and wipe it with salicylic-resorcinol alcohol. For the treatment of dry seborrhea, ointments containing sulfur, tar, resorcinol, etc. are used.

Hair diseases. Common diseases include baldness. The causes of baldness are quite varied, but most often it is the result of oily seborrhea, which affects not only the skin, but also the hair.

Baldness is focal, relating to certain areas of the hairline, or general, soon passing or protracted. Lack of hair can also cause congenital disorders of the body.

Consider the most common types of acquired baldness. Traumatic alopecia is a consequence of trauma to the skull. Hair loss in this type of baldness begins about 2 weeks after the accident. The foci of baldness do not expand over time, and after 3-4 months, the hair begins to grow again. Temporary hair loss can result from wearing tight headwear, wigs, etc.

Baldness is often observed after infectious diseases. It is associated both with the destructive effect of bacterial poison, and with the presence of high temperature during the period of the disease. Usually hair loss in this case is observed in malnourished people. The characteristic site of the lesion is the hair of the head.

Postpartum baldness begins 2-3 months after childbirth and can continue for the same amount.

Sometimes baldness appears after poisoning, and in this case, the hair falls out in large quantities.

Of particular note is the so-called nesting baldness. Most often, this disease is associated with nervous disorders. It is also observed after major operations (more often in men). There are no pathological changes in the skin in places of foci of baldness. The patient often does not notice the disease in the initial stage and does not feel any painful ailments. Spots of baldness sometimes appear suddenly. In some cases, the disease leads to complete baldness of the head and even hair loss in other places. Hair usually begins to grow from the center of the foci.

Mycoses- fungal diseases of the hair. They are caused by pathogenic fungi that affect human hair and skin. The most common fungal diseases are scab (favus), trichophytosis (ringworm), microsporia. Most often, these diseases are transmitted through hats, combs, clothing and other items. The master hairdresser must be very attentive and recommend that the client consult a doctor at the slightest sign of fungal diseases.

It must be remembered that patients with fungal diseases are prohibited from visiting children's institutions, hairdressers and baths.

Scab is a disease not only of people, but also of animals (mice, cats, dogs, etc.). However, due to the fact that animals get sick with scab from other types of fungi than humans, cases of human infection from animals are very rare.

The development of the disease is characterized by the appearance on the scalp of yellow dry crusts that smell like mold. The skin under the crusts becomes thinner, turning into a scar, and the hair in these areas dies and does not grow back. The hair affected by the fungus loses its color, elasticity and becomes gray, dry, resembling tow. Scab with an inattentive attitude of the patient to the disease can last until old age and lead to complete baldness.

Trichophytosis, or, as it is often called, ringworm, is a fairly common disease of the scalp. There is a difference between superficial trichophytosis (mainly in humans) and deep trichophytosis (in animals). Superficial trichophytosis of the head is characterized by a large number of small round or oval lesions. The hair in the foci breaks off easily near the exit from the hair funnels. With deep trichophytosis, the affected areas of the disease fester.

Microsporia of the scalp and skin most often affects children. Pink-red spots appear on the skin with peeling in the center. Hair sprouted by a fungus, as with trichophytosis, breaks off and gives the impression of being trimmed.

There are also diseases associated with non-observance by some people of elementary hygiene rules: lice, purulent inflammation of the hair follicles, etc.

Skin and hair care is the most important condition for their preservation.

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Hairdressing is rapidly developing: modern technologies for cutting, coloring, make-up appear, tools are being improved, new chemical preparations for curling and coloring hair are being developed. Professional preparations and disinfectants are used in the work. Along with this, the list of occupational diseases of hairdressers is growing.

Occupational diseases are diseases resulting from exposure to the body of occupational hazards.

Salon masters are at an increased risk of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, eye redness, watery eyes, sore throat, cough, skin irritation - these are the most common symptoms of allergies. Fine hairs, dust, chemicals, standing and sedentary work - all these are factors affecting the deterioration of health, the appearance of various diseases.

You have to use various "chemistry": gels, paints, preparations for waving or straightening hair, varnishes and many others.

Allergy

An allergy is an unusual (increased) sensitivity of the body to the effects of certain environmental factors, called allergens.

Allergic dermatitis - Inflammation of the skin that occurs under the influence of external factors of a mechanical, chemical or physical nature. The result of constant work with chemical products.

The hair dye used by the masters in their work contains the substance ursol, which, if safety rules are not followed, can cause allergic reactions, including allergic eczema.

Eczema is an allergic disease characterized by a variety of rashes, the appearance of vesicles on the skin, and the formation of crusts. This disease is characterized by a chronic course, frequent exacerbations, pronounced neurotic disorders (itching, sleep disturbance up to insomnia, tearfulness).

PREVENTION: If you are allergic to human hair or chemicals, you must either work with gloves or not work at all. You can remove the exacerbation with modern medicines, but if contact with the allergen continues, then the exacerbation occurs again with renewed vigor.

Another of the most frequently manifested diseases is varicose veins, because you have to stand all day.

Varicose veins is a chronic insufficiency of veins, which is characterized by a violation of the venous outflow from the lower extremities. When one of the valves in the venous valve system stops working, the vein becomes thick and twisted - this is a varicose vein. The cause may be inflammation, physical exertion or mechanical stretching.

PREVENTION: In order to avoid the disease, prevention is necessary: you need to monitor your weight; during a night's rest, put a pillow or roller under your feet; use a contrast shower to increase the tone of the veins, move actively, walk more, do not lift weights; at increased risks, use therapeutic knitwear; wear shoes with medium or low heels.

Many hairdressers have lung problems because the hair has to breathe and it's hard to protect yourself from it. In the anatomical museum, a hairdresser's lungs are on display, as if lined with fine hairs - a sight not for the faint of heart.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, which is accompanied by suffocation or choking cough, the appearance of whistling or wheezing in the lungs, shortness of breath. This disease may not manifest itself over the years (long-term remission), and then suddenly arise under the influence of some factor (for example, an allergen).

PREVENTION: contact with the allergen should be avoided or minimized, but, unfortunately, this is not always possible. However, in any case, if signs of the disease appear, you should consult a doctor.

Radiculitis and osteochondrosis

Sciatica and osteochondrosis - a consequence of the fact that you constantly have to bend over the client. After work, my neck and back constantly hurt, sometimes with acute attacks.

Osteochondrosis is a disease of the spine, in which there is a decrease in the height of the cartilage of the intervertebral discs: nutrition is disturbed, and they decrease in size. Changes occur both in the vertebrae and in the surrounding tissues, pain appears.

Radiculitis is an exacerbation of osteochondrosis, a sharp pain, a “lumbago”. However, there is no official term "sciatica", this is the "folk" name for an exacerbation of osteochondrosis. This disease always manifests itself in one department: either cervical, or thoracic, or lumbar, but in general the entire spine suffers.

Osteochondrosis is an occupational disease in many specialties, and that part of the spine suffers, which has a stronger load. For makeup artists and hairdressers, this is the cervical or lumbar region, because the body is constantly tilted.

PREVENTION: gymnastics, massage and a healthy lifestyle. It is necessary to observe the mode of operation, that is, at certain intervals (for example, every hour) do 3-5 minute exercises: stretch, straighten your back, stretch your arms, massage your back and neck silently. IDEAL - to have constant physical activity.

Any exacerbation should be treated by a doctor, because sometimes osteochondrosis can lead to the development of a hernia. You can only be diagnosed with a hernia in a medical institution, and self-medication in this case cannot be saved: a hernia needs to be treated differently, and surgical intervention is also possible.

Conjunctivitis

Vision often suffers because the eyes strain: the lighting is not always bright, you look closely, making thin lines in makeup, aligning hair to hair. In addition, allergic conjunctivitis is not uncommon - eye irritation, for example, with hair or varnish.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane, in which there is photophobia and lacrimation. In advanced cases, conjunctivitis can lead to damage to the cornea.

In hairdressers, conjunctivitis is caused by hairs or particles of chemical dyes and varnishes that have fallen into the eye.

PREVENTION: when using hairspray, you need to ensure that as little as possible of the sprayed substance gets on you; for prevention, there are pills that relieve allergies, which are drunk as a course, anti-allergic eye drops. If vision has decreased, the right glasses will help.

Gastritis

The working day of a hairdresser is usually eight hours and often without lunch. The problem of irregular nutrition is the cause of gastritis and other gastrointestinal diseases.

Gastritis - inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa.

If it is not possible to have a snack, you need to drink more liquid.

There are 5 groups of occupational diseases.

Group 1 includes diseases caused by the influence of chemical factors: acute and chronic intoxications and their consequences, occurring with an isolated lesion of various organs and systems; skin diseases (contact dermatitis, photodermatitis, melasma, folliculitis, foundry fever, fluoroplastic (typhlon) fever.

Group 2 includes diseases associated with exposure to the dust factor: pneumoconiosis - silicosis, silicotosis, metlloconiosis, carboconiosis, pneumoconiosis from mixed dusts, diseases of the bronchopulmonary system caused by organic dusts (biosinosis, bagassosis, etc.), chronic dust bronchitis.

Group 3 includes diseases caused by exposure to physical factors: (vibration disease; diseases that develop as a result of contact exposure to ultrasound - vegetative polyneuritis; hearing loss by the type of cochnar neuritis; diseases associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation and scattered neuritis; local tissue damage by laser radiation - skin burns, eye damage, electrophthalmia, cataracts, radiation sickness, local radiation injuries, pneumosclerosis; diseases associated with changes in atmospheric pressure - decompression sickness, acute hypoxia.

The 4th group includes diseases resulting from overstrain, diseases of peripheral nerves and muscles - recurrent neuralgia, neuritis, radiculoneuritis, vegetative-sensitive polyneuritis, cervicothoracic radiculitis, cervico-brachial plekist, vegetomyofasciitis, myofasciitis, coordinating neuroses - writing spasm and others forms of functional dyskinesias; diseases of the musculoskeletal system - chronic tendovaginitis, diseases of the vocal apparatus and organs of vision.

Short description

People who complain about working conditions often seek medical help. A separate section of medicine is devoted to occupational diseases. Any pathological process can be prevented if you seek help in a timely manner and follow the doctor's recommendations.

The article will consider occupational diseases of hairdressers, which are most common.

contact dermatitis

The working conditions of a hairdresser cannot be called ideal. The specialist has to be on his feet for a long time, in contact with aggressive chemicals. The latter factor often provokes redness and irritation of the skin. Contact dermatitis is a pathology that hairdressers often have to deal with. The inflammatory reaction of the skin develops in response to exposure to irritating factors. These are various varnishes and dyes for hair. The pathological process in hairdressers can develop in acute and chronic form. Symptoms will also depend on the nature of the substance affecting the skin.

Most often, specialists develop erythematous dermatitis. The area of the epidermis that has been in contact with the chemical turns red, and a slight swelling appears. In some cases, soreness and itching may be present. As the pathological process develops, the skin becomes dry, cracks may appear on it. Less commonly develops At the site of the lesion, blisters filled with liquid contents appear.

Mild contact dermatitis usually does not require special treatment. Unpleasant symptoms disappear within a few days after the elimination of the negative factor. To prevent the occupational disease of hairdressers from recurring, it is recommended to use special rubber gloves at work. Special anti-inflammatory ointments will help to quickly remove redness and itching of the skin. However, self-medication is not worth it. The drug must be prescribed by a doctor.

Bronchial asthma in hairdressers

This disease in specialists is quite common. However, it does not appear immediately. Bronchial asthma can develop after several years of working with dyes and varnishes. The pathological process is most often provoked by persulfates. These are persulfuric acid salts found in hair bleach products.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic non-infectious disease of the respiratory tract. The inflammatory process leads to bronchial hyperactivity. At the next contact with the allergen, an instant obstruction of the lungs develops, the person begins to suffocate. The flow of air to the lungs is sharply reduced. Attacks of suffocation in hairdressers can occur at different intervals. In the stage of remission, the inflammatory process in the respiratory organs persists. Therefore, patients should always carry an inhaler with them for first aid.

If we consider dangerous occupational diseases of hairdressers, bronchial asthma is one of the first places. Pathology can lead to death with untimely assistance. At the same time, the pathological process responds well to treatment. Hairdressers with such a pathology are advised to change their profession or abandon work related to dyes and varnishes.

bladder cancer

This pathological process is also included in the list of occupational diseases of hairdressers. Many permanent dyes and hairsprays contain carcinogens that can trigger the development of a malignant tumor. Toxins are excreted mostly with urine. Therefore, the bladder is most at risk. Harmful substances can enter the body through the skin or inhalation. Therefore, hairdressers are advised to work with gloves, as well as use a special mask.

Bladder cancer in hairdressers is quite common. In 60% of cases of pathologies of the urinary tract, a malignant formation is diagnosed. Isolation of blood along with urine is an early sign of a pathological process. Other signs of the disease at the initial stage may be absent. In some cases, total hematuria develops. Urine becomes scarlet in color, whole blood clots are released. Against the background of blood loss, a sharp decrease in hemoglobin develops. Urinary retention is also often observed.

At the advanced stage of the disease, urination becomes frequent and painful. A bacterial infection may join the affected area. At the same time, pus begins to stand out along with urine.

Treatment of bladder cancer in hairdressers is carried out only by surgery. Additionally, the patient is prescribed radiation or chemotherapy. With a timely detected tumor, the prognosis is usually favorable.

allergic reactions

Harmful substances tend to accumulate in the body. Allergies in hairdressers are common. A pathological process develops, as a rule, several years after the start of professional activity. Initially, the chemicals used in dyes, gels and varnishes do not give any reaction. Then rashes begin to appear on the skin even at the slightest contact with an irritant.

Urticaria is the most common form of allergy in barbers. The pathological process is manifested by the formation of blisters on the surface of the skin. If contact with the allergen is permanent, urticaria becomes chronic. Blisters with hives can appear almost immediately after contact with an irritant. The rashes often have a bright red tint and are characterized by itching. In the most difficult cases, patients develop a headache, body temperature rises.

Identification and elimination of the allergen is the most effective method of therapy. Many hairdressers have to give up their professions in order to avoid the development of dangerous complications. It is possible to stop an attack of urticaria with the help of antihistamines, such as Tavegil, Suprastin, Diazolin, etc.

Osteochondrosis

The list of occupational diseases of hairdressers includes pathological processes associated with the musculoskeletal system. Professionals working in beauty salons often have to deal with osteochondrosis. This is a chronic disease in which irreversible changes occur in the vertebrae. Hairdressers most often suffer from osteochondrosis of the cervical or lumbar region. The pathological process is due to the fact that the specialist has to be on his feet for a long time, in the same position.

Osteochondrosis develops with age in almost everyone. This is one of the physiological processes of aging. However, in hairdressers, pathological changes occur much earlier. A constant load on the spine triggers the early development of pathology.

Acute intense pain in the neck or lower back are the first signs of osteochondrosis. Unpleasant sensations are aggravated by movement, so the patient tries to take the most comfortable position for him. With the help of anesthetics, the pain can be stopped. However, after a while, the unpleasant symptoms return. There may be dull pain of a constant nature.

Like other professional diseases of hairdressers, osteochondrosis should not be ignored. Therapy is carried out using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. After stopping acute inflammation, the patient is prescribed physiotherapy exercises.

Conjunctivitis

This is the most common eye disease that hairdressers also face. The pathological process is characterized by damage to the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids. The disease may be bacterial in nature. But in hairdressers, the pathological process is caused by chemical irritants - a pair of dyes and means for fixing hairstyles. The conjunctiva of the eye performs a protective function and is the first to take the blow upon contact with various irritants. If you refuse timely therapy of the affected area, a bacterial infection joins. In this case, it is already necessary to carry out therapy with the use of antibiotics.

Symptoms of the disease may depend on its form. In most cases, swelling and hyperemia of the eyelids, itching and burning in the affected area develop. If a bacterial infection is present, pus will come out of the eye. Conjunctivitis in barbers usually affects both eyes. But even if the disease manifests itself on the one hand, therapy must be carried out symmetrically.

As with other occupational diseases of hairdressers, conjunctivitis is a reason for a sick leave. The affected area must be washed with antiseptic solutions. Additionally, anti-inflammatory eye ointments may be prescribed. If a bacterial infection is present, topical antibiotics are used.

Eczema

Inflammatory skin disease has a long and chronic course. Occupational dermatitis and eczema are interrelated. If the specialist does not pay attention to unpleasant symptoms and continues to contact the irritant, the pathological process begins to become chronic.

Eczema in hairdressers is characterized by a chronic course with periods of remissions and exacerbations. Small red vesicles are found in the affected area (for hairdressers, these are most often the hands). They may contain. After opening the vesicles, a crust forms in their place. In some places, single larger rashes can be observed.

In the study of occupational diseases of hairdressers and their prevention, timely identification of provoking factors is of great importance. The specialist needs to limit contact with chemicals that can cause skin irritation. For any type of eczema, the use of antihistamines and anti-inflammatory drugs is indicated. Additionally, sedatives may be prescribed. Retinol ointments show good results. With a complex form of eczema, the patient may be prescribed hormone therapy.

Phlebeurysm

A common phenomenon is varicose veins in hairdressers. Specialists have to be on their feet for a long time. As a result, the lower limbs experience a strong load. The walls of the blood vessels in this area become thinner, the lumen of the veins increases. Pathology leads to the expansion, tortuosity of blood vessels. Subcutaneous veins swell, unattractive spider veins appear.

In addition to the profession, there may be other negative factors that affect the development of the disease. First of all, it is a genetic predisposition. If the parents had varicose veins, most likely, children will also have to face the pathology. Women are more at risk of developing the disease. Due to the increase in the volume of circulating blood, varicose veins often begin to develop during pregnancy. When a woman returns to work after maternity leave, the pathological process is exacerbated. Excess body weight is another negative factor that provokes the disease.

At an early stage of the disease, conservative therapy will help to cope with unpleasant symptoms. The hairdresser needs to reduce the load on the legs, reconsider the diet. Physiotherapy shows good results. In order to prevent the progression of the pathological process, compression stockings are prescribed.

Existing varicose veins can only be removed with the help of surgery. Microsurgical techniques make it possible to remove the defect with a minimal risk of complications.

Radiculitis

The disease is associated with damage to the root of the spinal cord. Hairdressers most often develop sciatica due to prolonged exposure to the same position. The pathological process initially always develops in an acute form. If the disease is not treated, it will become chronic.

Decreased sensitivity in the lumbar region, pain when bending or lifting weights, decreased reflexes - all these are symptoms of sciatica. Pain may be aggravated by walking or coughing.

Radiculitis is dangerous for its complications. If timely therapy is refused, herniated intervertebral discs may develop. As a result, large radicular veins can be compressed. This, in turn, leads to a spinal cord infarction or other dangerous consequences.

Radiculitis is treated by a neurologist. The patient is shown bed rest, painkillers are prescribed. After stopping the acute period, the patient is shown physiotherapy exercises.

Insurance against accidents and occupational diseases

With official employment, each employee can count on compensation for damage to health received at work. The obligations of the employer are provided for by Federal Law No. 125 (federal law). Hairdressers, like other officially employed persons, pay monthly social contributions. When you have to face an occupational ailment, part of the damage will be compensated.

However, Federal Law No. 125 is not a reason to stop worrying about your health. Hairdressers should use special masks and gloves, get more rest. Such prevention will help to avoid unpleasant occupational diseases.

Purpose: To identify occupational diseases of hairdressers. Treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Occupational diseases are diseases resulting from exposure to the body of occupational hazards.

There are 5 groups of occupational diseases.

There are acute and chronic diseases.

Acute occupational disease (intoxication) occurs suddenly, after a single (during no more than one work shift). exposure to relatively high concentrations of chemicals contained in the air of the working area, as well as levels and doses of other adverse factors.

Chronic occupational disease develops as a result of long-term systematic impact on the body of adverse factors. A feature of chronic diseases is the gradual increase in the symptoms of the disease. (one)

During the working day, a hairdresser's body is affected by many unfavorable factors: constant stay in the room, prolonged stay on his feet, the influence of certain chemicals during certain types of work performed (coloring, curling), the effect of high temperature (drying), an insufficient amount of ultraviolet substances, etc. .

The work of a hairdresser is associated with a constant stay on your feet. Therefore, comfortable shoes are of great importance, which should correspond to the size of the foot. When wearing narrow, tight shoes, flat feet and other diseases can develop. It is best to wear shoes with low heels. Wearing shoes with high heels can lead to the development of a disease such as varicose veins, and shoes without heels - flat feet. Do not wear overly warm footwear while working.

A public survey showed that hairdressing salon workers often experience allergic reactions, back and leg pain.

The profession of a hairdresser involves a high load on the legs, so people in this profession very often develop varicose veins.

Varicose veins - a disease characterized by an uneven increase in the lumen and length of the veins, their tortuosity, the formation of nodes in the areas of thinning of the venous wall. The superficial veins of the lower extremities are predominantly affected.

There are primary dilatation of the veins of the lower extremities (varicose veins) and secondary (symptomatic) caused by various obstructions in the outflow of blood through the deep veins of the lower extremities (post-thrombotic disease, tumors).

Varicose veins of the lower extremities occur predominantly in women. it occurs, as a rule, at a young age and develops most often in the basin of the great saphenous vein (70-85%), less often in the system of the small saphenous vein (5-12%).

The factor predisposing to the occurrence of varicose veins is the congenital weakness of the connective tissue of the vein wall, the inferiority of the valvular apparatus, and hormonal disorders. The development of varicose veins is facilitated by conditions that impede the outflow of blood through the venous system: a systematic stay on the legs associated with professional activities (hairdresser, waiter, seller).

Stagnation of blood in deep veins causes their expansion, leading to insufficiency of communication veins, as a result of which blood is discharged into the saphenous veins, they stretch and lengthen, and varicose nodes appear.

The main clinical manifestation of varicose veins is the expansion of veins on the posterior inner surface of the lower leg. Increased fatigue, cramps in the calf muscles differ. (2)

Prevention and treatment. Wearing medical stockings, stockings. Medications (anavenol, venorutin, aescusan).

Mode: alternating physical activity and rest in a lying or sitting position with legs raised. Cycling, walking, swimming, contrast showers, taking vitamins, normalizing body weight are useful. Performing the exercise: lifting on toes. Sleep in bed with the end of the bed raised by 5-7 feet.

Shoes with stable heels (not higher than 4 cm).

Surgical intervention.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible bronchial obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity. The inflammatory nature of the disease, associated with the influence of specific and nonspecific factors, manifests itself in morphological changes in the bronchial wall - infiltration with cellular elements, primarily eosinophils, dysfunction of the cilia of the peaceful epithelium, destruction of epithelial cells, up to desquamation, disorganization of the main substance, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mucous glands and goblet cells. Other cellular elements are also involved in the inflammatory process, including mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

The prolonged course of inflammation leads to irreversible morphological and functional changes, characterized by a sharp thickening of the basement membrane with impaired microcirculation, and sclerosis of the bronchial wall.

The described changes lead to the formation of broncho-obstructive syndrome caused by bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, dyscrinia and sclerotic changes. Depending on the etiological factor of the disease, the severity of the course and the stage of the disease, one or another component of bronchial obstruction can predominate.

The main pathophysiological sign is bronchial hyperreactivity, which is a consequence of the inflammatory process in the bronchial wall and is defined as increased sensitivity of the airways to stimuli that are indifferent to healthy individuals. Under the specific hyperreactivity of the bronchi is understood the increased sensitivity of the bronchial tree to certain allergens, subspecific - to a variety of stimuli of a non-allergenic nature.

As you know, the main feature of the bronchial system of a patient with asthma is its pronounced hyperreactivity to many stimuli of allergic and non-allergic (non-specific) origin. the latter include numerous chemicals, especially those with a pungent odor, with which the patient may come into contact at home or at work. Typical non-specific irritants that cause attacks in many patients with any form of asthma include:

smells of perfume, oil and nitro paints, rosin, burnt oil, exhaust gases, sulfur dioxide, gasoline, solvents (acetone), etc.

The so-called inert dust, which causes mechanical irritation of the respiratory tract.

cold (rarely hot) air

forced breathing, laughter

physical activity

change in weather, especially a drop in barometric pressure, rain, wind, snow, cold snap.

This partly explains the typical exacerbations of any form of asthma, except for pollen, in early spring and late autumn. (3)

Bronchial asthma can be classified according to etiology and severity. To date, there is no single world classification of bronchial asthma according to the etiological factor, however, most researchers distinguish bronchial asthma as atonic (exogenous, allergic, immunological) and non-atopic (endogenous, non-immunological).

Bronchial asthma is classified according to severity into mild, moderate and severe disease. The severity of the course is determined by the doctor on the basis of a complex of clinical and functional signs, including the frequency, severity and duration of attacks of expiratory dyspnea, as well as the patient's condition during periods free from attacks. The severity of the course of the disease can be characterized by the following criteria.

With a mild degree of severity, the course of the disease is usually characterized by the absence of classic extended attacks of suffocation, symptoms are observed less often 1-2 times a week and are short-lived. Night sleep of patients is characterized by awakening from respiratory discomfort less than 1-2 times a month. In the intersymptomatic period, the condition of patients is stable.