History of fascism in Western Europe. The meaning of the word "fascism"

What is associated with "fascism"?

With name, country, time. Name of "fascism": "Hitler", country: "Germany", time: "Great Patriotic War" or "World War II". Unfortunately, this is where knowledge ends for many. And this is fundamentally wrong. Germany is mistakenly considered the birthplace of fascism and associate its appearance with the Second World War. So, fascism arose back in 1919, with the appearance of a document called the “Manifesto of Fascism”, the authors of which are the Italians Filippo Marinetti and Alkesta De Ambrisa. Yes, it's the Italians. The birth of fascism has nothing to do with Germany. It is the “Manifesto of Fascism” that contains the main ideas of fascism, which Benito Mussolini later “adopted”.
The concept of fascism, which was developed by Mussolini, was international in nature. Tellingly, this manifesto outlined the ideas of class cooperation, suffrage for all, corporatism, and it contained the makings of democracy. Thus, from the foregoing, it is easy to understand that "fascism" is an exclusively Italian concept and is associated with the name of B. Mussolini. Therefore, the application of this concept, in relation to other countries similar to the ideas of fascism, is incorrect.

Rise of Fascism in Italy

The idea of ​​the emergence of fascism arose due to the fact that after the First World War, Italian society experienced a crisis of capitalist society. Despite the fact that Italy emerged victorious, her situation was deplorable.

About 700 thousand inhabitants died at the fronts, for a country with a population of 35 million people this was very serious, in addition, the country was mired in external debts, bankruptcy developed, which led to class struggle within the country. The events in Russia in 1917 served as an example. They began to hold strikes, seize factories and factories that independently provided raw materials and even tried to sell them on the market. But all this did not last long. After a month, the government managed to return the factories and factories to the owners, promising to increase the wages of workers. Thus, the revolution was defeated "in the bud".
But despite this, unrest among the masses still remained. The ruling elite split into: communists and centrists. And then, it became obvious that the country needed a new leader who could unite the people and restore the country. In 1921, elections were held in which the fascist took part c Kaya party, under the leadership of B. Mussolini. But the voters did not support the party with the required number of votes, and subsequently a “march on Rome” took place, as a result of which Mussolini became prime minister, and Italy became the first “fascist” state.

Differences between Italian fascism and German nationalism

As mentioned above, the Nazis opposed the class struggle. They united the warring parties, under speeches about the "anti-monopoly revolution" and "the power of the lumpen proletariat", thereby subjugating both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The main difference is that there was no "fascism" in Germany, there was "Nazism". It is generally accepted that the basis of nationalism is fascism. At first glance, these systems are identical, but there are differences between them.

1. The policy of nationalism was based on equality, the absence of class struggle, while the policy of fascism advocated the superiority of some abstract "Aryan race" over all others.
2. Fascism did not have an ideology as such, it was created in the course of the development of the state. She was somewhat controversial. Whereas the Nazis strictly followed the built plan.
3. Attitude towards the church. Initially, both the first and the second had a negative attitude towards religion. But if fascism gradually changed anger to mercy, then the Nazis were anti-clerical to the last.
4. Fascism advocated the ideas of futurism, which was even reflected in the art of that time, and the Nazis were anti-modernists.
5. And, of course, the "Jewish question." The Nazis took this issue formally. The hostility was inherent as everyday xenophobia, while the Nazis formed the final solution and moved on to execution.

It is clear that all the differences between fascism and Nazism are not reflected in the proposed list, but it outlines the key points. Despite the fact that the ideas of fascism were the "bridgehead" of Nazism, in modern society one must be able to distinguish between these concepts and their ideology.

In modern society, the terms "Nazism", "nationalism" and "fascism" can often be perceived as synonymous, but they are not. Two terms, namely Nazism and Fascism, were identified during the Great Patriotic War, since Italy and Germany were on the same side in this war. It was then that the phrase “fascist Germany” appeared, which the captured Germans really did not like. Nationalism and Nazism are practically indistinguishable for the average person. But if these concepts have the same meaning, how can they be distinguished and Nazism?

Fascism and Francoism

Fascism in Italian means "association" or "bundle". This term means a generalization of far-right political movements, as well as their ideology. It also denotes political regimes of a dictatorial type, which are led by these movements. If we take a narrower concept, then fascism means a mass political movement that existed in Italy in the 20-40s of the twentieth century under the leadership of Mussolini.

In addition to Italy, fascism also existed in Spain during the reign of General Franco, which is why it received a slightly different name - Francoism. Fascism was also in Portugal, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and also in many. If you believe the works of Soviet scientists, then National Socialism that existed in Germany should also be attributed to fascism, but in order to understand this, you need to understand what Nazism is?

Signs of a Fascist State

How to distinguish a fascist state from others? Undoubtedly, he has his own signs that allow him to separate from other countries where the dictator rules. The main features of the ideology of fascism are:

• Leadership.
• Corporatism.
• Militarism.
• Extremism.
• Nationalism.
• Anti-communism.
• Populism.

Fascist parties, in turn, arise when the country is in a state of economic crisis, moreover, if it affects the state of the political and social sphere.

After the end of World War II, the concept of "fascist" acquired a very negative connotation, so it became extremely unpopular for any political group to identify themselves with this direction. In the Soviet media, all anti-communist military dictatorships were traditionally called fascism. Examples include Pinochet's military junta in Chile, as well as the Stroessner regimes in Paraguay.

Fascism is not synonymous with nationalism, so the two should not be confused. You just need to figure it out, and Nazism.

Nationalism

The next term you need to learn to understand what Nazism is is nationalism. It is one of the directions of politics, the fundamental principle of which is the thesis of the supremacy of the nation in the state. This political movement seeks to defend the interests of any particular nationality. But this is not always the case. Sometimes nationalism can form a people not only on the principle of one blood, but also on the principle of territorial affiliation.

How to distinguish nationalism from Nazism?

The main differences between Nazism and nationalism are that representatives of the second are more tolerant of other ethnic groups, but do not seek to get closer to them. In addition, they, as mentioned above, can be formed on territorial or religious grounds. It also rarely contradicts the economy, free thought and freedom of speech. It knows how to qualitatively wedge into the legal field of the state and is able to cope with. Anyone who understands what Nazism is should know that under it the state follows totalitarian principles, and there is no place for free thought in it.

Nazism

What is Nazism? The definition of this concept became widely known around the world after the end of World War II. It is the Third Reich that is the main example, thanks to which one can understand what Nazism is. This concept is understood as that form of the social structure of the state, in which socialism is combined with an extreme degree of racism and nationalism.

The goal of Nazism was to unite over a vast area a community of racially pure, Aryan people who could lead the country to prosperity for centuries.

According to Hitler, socialism was an ancient Aryan tradition. According to the dignitaries of the Third Reich, it was their ancestors who first began to use the land together, diligently developing the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe common good. Communism, they said, was not socialism, but only Marxism in disguise.

The main ideas of National Socialism were:

• Anti-Marxism, Anti-Bolshevism.
• Racism.
• Militarism.

Thus, one can understand what fascism and Nazism are, as well as nationalism. These are three completely different concepts, which, despite some similarities, are not synonymous. But, despite the facts, many people to this day consider them one.

FASCISM (it. fascismo from fas-cio - bundle, bundle, union)

ideology, political movement and social practice, which are characterized by the following signs and features: racial justification for the superiority and exclusivity of one nation, proclaimed by virtue of this dominant: intolerance and discrimination against other "foreign", "hostile" nations and national minorities;

denial of democracy and human rights;

imposition of a regime based on the principles of totalitarian-corporate statehood, one-party system and leaderism: the establishment of violence and terror in order to suppress a political opponent and any form of dissent;

the militarization of society, the creation of paramilitary formations and the justification of war as a means of solving interstate problems. As can be seen from the list given in the definition, it covers and takes into account many signs and characteristics, from the totality of which the most common and adequate formula F is composed. Such a wide set of signs is explained by the fact. that F. is a complex, multidimensional social phenomenon, marked in different countries by peculiarities and differences in origins, prerequisites, and forms of manifestation. socio-economic conditions and national-political traditions that contribute to its emergence and development. F. in its own, narrow sense is usually associated with its Italian model, which is etymologically and historically justified.

The first fascist organizations appeared in the spring of 1919 in // tal "in the form of paramilitary squads from nationalist-minded former front-line soldiers. In October 1922, the fascists, who turned into a major political force, staged an armed "camp on Rome", which resulted in the appointment of October 31, 1922. prime minister, the head of the fascists (Duce) B. Mussolini. Over the next 4 years, political freedoms were gradually eliminated, the omnipotence of the 4:ashist party elite was established. In the 30s, the creation of a corporate state was completed in Italy. The basis of the political system was the only legal fascist party. Parliament was replaced by a special body, which included representatives of various professional groups and social strata ("corporations", hence the name "corporate state"). Independent trade unions were replaced by completely state-owned "vertical" fascist trade unions. Mussolini's government developed and adopted\"a series of codes (criminal, criminal procedural, civil, etc.), a number of which, with changes, are still in force today. The fascist government adopted the criminal-legal doctrine of "social protection", led a decisive fight against the mafia, as a result of which, for the first time in Italian history, it was possible to put an end to organized crime.

In a broad sense, the concept of F. is extended to National Socialism and other authoritarian-corporate, military regimes (Salazar in Portugal (1926-1974) and Franco in Spain (1939-1975).

In relation to Hitler's Germany (1933-1945), as a rule, the term "National Socialism" ("Nazism") is used, the use of which is also characteristic of the post-war legislation of these countries on the prohibition of National Socialism. Nazi organizations and their activities, as well as propaganda of the ideas of National Socialism. And although many political scientists rightly point to the vagueness of the concept of F., it seems legitimate to speak of F. in a broad sense, i.e. including National Socialism, Italian, Portuguese and other varieties of it. At the same time, it should also be taken into account that the UN General Assembly, in many of its resolutions on the threat of the revival of F. and the need to combat it, uses this concept in a broad sense.

In the most concentrated form. although in their most extreme manifestations, the generic signs and characteristic features of F. were embodied in Nazi Germany, where racism, mass terror and aggression were justified in ideology, legalized in legislation and implemented in the criminal policy and practice of the state.

On October 1, 1946, the first international trial in the history of mankind over the main war criminals of Nazi Germany ended in Nuremberg. The International Military Tribunal (IMT), on behalf of the peoples of the world, condemned leaders and ideologists. commanders of fascist Germany for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The IMT recognized the NSDAP as criminal organizations. Gestapo. SS and SD. The Tribunal recognized as criminal and condemned the ideology of Nazism and the regime based on it.

The main IMT Nuremberg Trial was followed by 12 trials held in Nuremberg by the American military tribunals (AMT). Trial No. 3 of the ABT dealt with the case accusing Nazi judges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The verdict of the Court clearly defined the role of judges and high-ranking officials of justice in the commission of these crimes: "The main link in the charge is that the laws, Hitler's decrees and the draconian, corrupt and corrupt National Socialist legal system as such constitute a war crime and crime against humanity. Participation in the making and application of such laws amounted to criminal complicity." The Tribunal described Nazi legislation itself as a far-reaching degradation of the entire legal system.

After the Second World War, the question arose of creating legal barriers to the revival of F. Analysis of the legislation of Western countries (Germany, Austria, Italy, Portugal, etc.), in which F. was in power at different periods or existed as a political and state reality , shows that the suppression of F. is carried out mainly through the prohibition of the formation and activities of associations and parties of the fascist, Nazi or neo-Nazi persuasion or other national varieties of F. known in these countries from their own experience. So. in the Portuguese Constitution of 1976, the term "F." is directly used. In paragraph 4 of Art. 46 of the Constitution on the right of citizens to association, "armed associations, associations of a militaristic or paramilitarist nature, as well as organizations that adhere to the ideology of fascism" are recognized as inadmissible.

Violation of the ban and the continuation of the activities of banned parties and associations of pro-Nazi or pro-fascist orientation are subject to criminal punishment in these countries, while the concept or definition of F. as a legal category. used in a criminal law or administrative law context. usually absent. The exception is Portugal. In the 1978 law on the prohibition of F., the lack of a legal definition of F. is compensated by a detailed definition of fascist organizations: "... fascist organizations are those that, in their charters, manifestos, messages and statements of leading and responsible figures, as well as in their activities open

adhere to, defend, seek to disseminate and actually disseminate the principles, teachings, attitudes and methods inherent in the fascist regimes known to history, namely: they propagate war, violence as a form of political struggle, colonialism, racism, corporatism and extol prominent fascist figures.

In Austria, liberated from the Nazi occupation, on May 8, 1945, the provisional coalition government adopted the constitutional Law on the Prohibition of the NSDAP, which is still in force today. In 1992, it was amended to toughen criminal liability for any attempt to recreate or support the activities of banned Nazi organizations. At the same time, the upper limits of punishment in the form of life imprisonment were retained and the lower limits were omitted. The law toughened the penalties for promoting National Socialism through the distribution of publications or works of art, and also introduced a new offense that criminalizes the denial of Nazi genocide and crimes against humanity or for the apology of National Socialism.

Germany provides for a different mechanism for the possible suppression of pro-Nazi activities. In 1952, the Federal Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional and banned the Socialist Imperial Party as the legal successor of the NSDAP; the ban also extends to the creation of replacement organizations. The Criminal Code of the FRG, which entered into force on January 1, 1975, contains a number of articles establishing criminal liability for the continuation of the activities of a banned organization, an attempt to recreate it or create an organization replacing it, for the dissemination of propaganda materials of such an organization. as well as for the use of its symbolism. These articles should apply to parties and associations of Nazi and neo-Nazi orientation.

In Italy, the condemnation of F. and his ban are recorded in the transitional and final decrees of the Constitution of 1947: "It is forbidden to restore in any form the dissolved fascist party." Article 13 of the Constitution prohibits the creation of secret societies and associations that, at least indirectly, pursue political goals through organizations of a military nature. In November 1947, the Constituent Assembly of Italy passed a law on the prohibition of fascist activities, which also provides for imprisonment for the propaganda of F. In 1952, a law was passed to ban neo-fascist activities and organizations such as the Italian Social Movement party. It was first used in 1973 in the case of 40 members of the neo-fascist organization New Order. 30 of which were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. In 1974, more than 100 criminal cases were initiated against members of the neo-fascist organization "National Vanguard". The fight against F. in Italy is based both on the legislation applied by the courts and on the active rejection by the people of any manifestations and actions of neo-fascist forces.

The Criminal Code contains a number of articles that establish criminal liability for actions characteristic of F. and allow for an effective fight against the most dangerous criminal acts of a pro-fascist orientation, especially such as organizing riots accompanied by violence, pogroms, arson, destruction of property (Article 212 ); incitement of national, racial or religious hatred (art. 282); public calls to unleash an aggressive war (art. 354); genocide (art. 357). Along with this, it is necessary to pass a law on the prohibition of F.'s propaganda, including its justification.

Ledyakh I.A.

Law Encyclopedia. 2005 .

See what "FASCISM" is in other dictionaries:

- (Italian fascismo, from fascio bundle, bunch, association), political. a trend that arose during the period of the general crisis of capitalism and expresses the interests of the most reactionary and aggressive forces of imperialism. bourgeoisie. F. terroristic in power ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (fascism) A far-right nationalist ideology and movement with a totalitarian and hierarchical structure, diametrically opposed to democracy and liberalism. The term originates in ancient Rome, in which the power of the state ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

Modern Encyclopedia

- (Italian fascismo from fascio bundle, bunch, association), socio-political movements, ideologies and state regimes of a totalitarian type. In the narrow sense, fascism is a phenomenon of the political life of Italy and Germany in the 20-40s. 20th century In any of their ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

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- (it. facio - association) - an open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, chauvinistic elements. The fascist system was first established in Italy (1922), then in Germany (1933) and a number of other countries. At the heart of the ideology of fascism is ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

- (it. fascismo, from fascio bunch, bundle, association) socio-political movements, ideologies and state regimes of the right-wing totalitarian type. In the exact sense, F. is a phenomenon of the political life of Italy in the 20-40s. 20th century From the 30s. the concept of F. became ... ... Law Dictionary

FASCISM, National Socialism (lat. fasio; Italian. fascismo, fascio bunch, bundle, association) (1) type of social and state structure, opposite to constitutionally pluralistic democracy. Europe in the 20th century this is Portugal under the regime… … The latest philosophical dictionary

FASCISM, fascism, pl. no, husband. (Italian fascismo from lat. fascis a bunch of twigs, which in ancient Rome served as a symbol of power) (neol. polit.). One of the forms of open bourgeois dictatorship in some capitalist countries, which arose in Italy after ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Where fascism originated, one of the main ideologies of the period of the Second World War, you will learn from this article.

Where did fascism originate?

The word fascism today is associated by many with Germany of the Second World War and Hitler. However, this ideology and movement originated in Italy. The term "fascism" itself has Italian roots. It is derived from the Italian "fascio", which means union.

is the founder of fascism. At one time he headed the National Fascist Party and served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.

That is why Italy is the country where fascism and its regime were established first of all. Some things contributed to this. The fact is that after the end of the First World War, Italy was swept by a wave of deep social upheavals, which ended only in 1922, from the moment fascism came to power with a totalitarian form of government. Italy became the first country where specialized detachments began to be created to actively fight communists and crime. A fighter from such a detachment was called a fascist, and the movement itself was called fascism.

Italian fascism was strongly associated with the idea of ​​war and the seizure of power with its retention in the strong hands of the ruler. Benito Mussolini understood that he would not be able to create a formidable and strong empire on his own without an alliance with Germany, which was rapidly recovering from the First World War. Therefore, he went with her to rapprochement, which resulted in a military-political union of two states - Italy and Germany.

In the field of ideology, fascism in Italy showed particular activity. In the consciousness of the masses of the population, their own system of values ​​​​was rapidly introduced - this is a cult of strength, war and reckless obedience. Even the spiritual life of the country yielded to the total control of the authorities. In general, the activity of the fascist regime was a service to a strong idea of ​​the nation and national greatness. To this end, a corporate doctrine was developed. Where it was argued that the nation, as a political and moral, realizes itself only in a fascist state, which in turn will ensure the cooperation of different classes of "producers" (that is, workers and capitalists) "in the name of common national interests."

The Italian nation was proclaimed the direct heir of Ancient Rome, its imperial traditions and military might. In the 30s, the Italians were declared the Aryan race, and active propaganda of racism began. Even the so-called racial laws were issued in 1938, which closed access to scientific institutions for other nationalities.

"fascism"

The content of the article:

• Fascism in different countries
• Fascism today
• Video

The word fascism, translated from Italian, briefly sounds like a union or association, and a fascist, respectively, is an adherent of fascism. The form of government is a dictatorship. The history of fascism dates back to the ancient Romans.
In the modern world, fascism is a political movement, as well as a form of power, that originated in Italy at the beginning of the last century. Later, this movement began to spread to other countries, such as in Germany during the rule of the state of Adolf Hitler. Fascism is characterized by the principles of leadership, partisanship, and most importantly - violence.

Fascism and racism: what do they have in common

Science does not give one common opinion about the commonality of racism and fascism. Some scientists believe that fascism made a bias in the superiority of the nation, not the race. Therefore, these two concepts were not identified. The second point of view has become more widespread in the modern world. If fascism is a kind of doctrine of a higher man, then racism harmoniously fits into this concept. Scholars theorize that this political movement, which originated in Italy, was much closer to racism than is commonly thought.

Fascism: main features and common features of fascist associations

The main feature of fascism is the strong role of the state in regulating all spheres of society. Fascism does not tolerate dissent and completely subjugates itself, using violent methods. Varieties of fascism include traditionalism, often leaderism, nationalism, anti-communism, extremism, and so on.
Fascism, for the most part, is born in states with an economic crisis leading to social and political crises. The Nazis used styles that were not characteristic of those times. All of them were mass events. Also, the masculine character of the party was emphasized, in a sense, the secularization of religiosity, unconditional approval and the widespread use of violence in resolving political conflicts.

Fascism includes some moments from anti-socialism, anti-capitalism and anti-modernism. Nationalism was one of the foundations of this movement. However, small fascist movements had to reckon with the ideology of other similar movements. Thus, it turns out that, despite their nationalistic ideology, they had to accept the ideals of foreign models. Subsequently, both the right and left movements of Nazism began to fight against this.
The Nazis brutally destroyed their political enemies. Randomly selected minority parties also fell under their reprisals.

Fascism in different countries

Briefly - fascism, and more thoroughly - the doctrine of Benitto Mussolini. He believed that the state should represent the power of corporations. In Italy, fascism originated in the 10s of the last century. Mussolini, having come to power, established a dictatorship. In his book "La Dottrina del Fascismo", the leader of the movement equated the word "fascism" with the system of government and this word had the meaning of "ideology".
Then fascism spread in Germany. The leader of the National Socialist Party was Adolf Hitler, who planned the seizure of European lands through the Blitzkrieg plan.

Hitler was inspired by Mussolini. The leader of German fascism himself claimed that the Italian ideology became the basis for the formation of the Nazi Party in Germany. The connection between German and Italian fascism was, for example, in anti-Semitism. The German fascists have advanced further than all like-minded people towards advancing towards their goal. The Blitzkrieg plan, which promised territorial expansion, nevertheless failed.

During the existence of German fascism, Romania formed its own party of Nazism (1927-1941).
In 1934, the Second Spanish Republic emerged in Spain. This gave impetus to the beginning of Spanish fascism. The leader was Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera.

In 1928, the Catholic Church supported the rise to power of Oliveira Salazar. His dictatorial power lasted for about 40 years, until Oliveira fell ill and stopped ruling the country. He retired. Marcelo Caetano, who became the leader of Spain, put an end to the fascist regime. The new state under the leadership of Oliveira Salazar became the longest-running fascist regime that had ever existed.

Fascist ideology in Brazil was called integralism. The founder was Plinu Salgado. Integralism absorbed some features of Italian fascism. But, Brazilian fascists differed from European ones in that they did not promote racism. This movement accepted even blacks into its ranks.

In Russia, fascism became widespread before the start of World War II (30s - 40s of the XX century). Russian fascism took its inspiration from Italian Nazism. The founders were white emigrants who settled in Germany, Manchuria and the USA. Russian fascism took its name from the "Black Hundred" and "White Movement" movements. They did not pursue an active policy (except for white emigrants from Manchuria). The only thing they did was anti-Semitic. During the implementation of the Blitzkrieg plan, the Russian fascists were on the side of the invaders.

In the period from the 20s to the mid-50s of the XX century, mainly in Western Ukraine, there was the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists). The main ideology was protection from the influence of Poland and the Soviet Union. It was planned to create an independent state. The composition was to include the lands of Poland, the Soviet Union, Romania and Czechoslovakia. That is, the territories where Ukrainians lived. It was with these goals that they justified their terror. The activities of the OUN had a character: anti-Soviet, anti-Polish and anti-communist. Historians not only equate the OUN with Italian fascism, but also argue about the greater extremism of the former.

In the history of some countries, there are movements that are similar to the ideology of fascism, but they are in no hurry to unite with the fascists. These movements are mainly anti-liberal or anti-communist. They use the methods of fascism, but do not set themselves the goal of creating a superior nation. For example, parafascism. This regime is authoritarian.

Fascism today

Today in Russia there is such a thing as neo-Nazism. It lies in the adherence to Nazi symbols, anti-Semitism and racism.

Neo-Nazism can be both individual and organized. When organized, neo-Nazism is an extreme form. In the media, you can see reports related to the crimes of neo-Nazis. He can also reach anti-Christian and anti-Abrahamic views.
Adherents of neo-Nazism differ in their musical preferences. Basically it is rock music or patriotic songs performed with a guitar.

The symbols of neo-Nazis are of different types. It can be the flag of the Russian Empire, the symbols of the Third Reich, Russian symbols, Nazi symbols in general, pagan (pseudo-pagan) or their own symbols.

It is worth noting that fascist symbols today can be used as a certain type, or combined. Attributes with symbols of neo-Nazism are purchased, for the most part, through online stores. In them you can buy jewelry (rings, watches, bracelets), knives and read items with symbols.
A feature of the neo-Nazi movement in Russia is that its members adhere to the rules of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
According to representatives of this movement, power, television and the economy are not in the hands of the Slavic people. They advocate racial purity in these industries.

The use of symbols of different types leads to conflicts among themselves.
In the US, there is such a thing as neo-fascism. During the Second World War, the United States actively fought against the Nazis, and now this movement quietly exists among the Americans. In the current political environment, there is an opinion that neo-fascists are being set up against Russia. The United States has released post-war documents linking Americans to the Nazis. The purpose of this cooperation was to unite against the Soviet Union. The deterioration of political relations between the United States and the USSR was partly due to the cooperation of the United States authorities with the Nazis.

Despite the fact that the USSR fought the fascists with all its might, in Latvia Russians were and are still called occupiers. Latvians glorify the Nazis as heroes. The destruction of Soviet monuments, the renaming of streets and the destruction of the Russian language in the country take place regularly. And all this is happening despite the fact that Russian-speaking citizens live in Latvia.

Lithuanian history textbooks inspire children that Lithuanians fully supported the German army, thereby freeing themselves from the oppression of the Soviet Union. The same opinion is shared by the Estonian ruling circles.
As is known from history, Ukraine has always been secretly divided into Western and Eastern. The mass spread of neo-fascism in Ukraine took place and is taking place in its western part. During the Second World War, this part of Ukrainians supported the Nazis. Today, the situation is developing in such a way that Ukraine has begun its split again. The Russian-speaking population is oppressed. Can mass oppression be called fascism? The people themselves, living on the territory of eastern Ukraine, consider the political methods of the country's leadership as the beginnings of fascism. The civil war today indirectly speaks of the same.