Brief History of South America Exploration. History of discovery and exploration of North and South America
LNU them. Taras Shevchenko
FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
on the course "Physical geography of continents and oceans"
on the topic: "HISTORY OF DISCOVERY AND RESEARCH OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA"
Performed:
3rd year student of the specialty "geography"
Alexandrova Valeria
Checked:
Candidate of Sciences, Doctor of Pediatric Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Geography
Tregubenko E.N.
Lugansk 2014
Introduction
Spanish colonization of the Americas
findings
Bibliography
Introduction
America - part of the world in the western hemisphere of the Earth, which includes 2 continents - North America and South America, as well as the adjacent islands and Greenland. America is considered to be all the lands west of the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific coast. The total area is 44,485 million km2.
America was originally called the "New World". This name is currently used by biologists. The name "New World" is given by the title of Amerigo Vespucci's book "Mundus Novus". Cartographer Martin Waldseemüller mapped a new part of the world with the Latin name "Americus", which he then changed to the feminine gender - "America", since the rest of the world is feminine. (Africa, Asia and Europe). At first, only South America was understood as America, in 1541 this name spread to both continents.
America was settled in ancient times by migrants from Eurasia. Having settled in the spaces of both continents, they gave rise to the indigenous population - American Indians, Aleuts and Eskimos. In relative isolation from the rest of the world, the Indians went through the same socio-historical path as other peoples - from primitive communities to early civilizations (in Mesoamerica and the Andes), created a rich and unique culture.
The part of the world inhabited more than 20 thousand years ago by Indians, Eskimos and Aleuts was unknown to Europeans until the 8th century, when the Irish Saint Brendan made a legendary voyage to the shores of modern Canada. The first historically reliable visit to the shores of America was made by the Vikings, who wintered around 1000 on the island of Newfoundland. The first European colony in America was the Norman settlement in Greenland, which existed from 986 to 1408.
The official date of the discovery of America is October 12, 1492, when the expedition of Christopher Columbus, heading towards India, came across one of the Bahamas.
The Spaniards founded the oldest existing colony in America in 1496 on the island of Haiti (now Santo Domingo). The colonies in America were also acquired by Portugal (since 1500), France (since 1608), Great Britain (since 1620), the Netherlands (since 1609), Denmark (reconstruction of a colony on Greenland since 1721), Russia (development of Alaska since 1784).
Discovery of America as part of the world
America was discovered by Europeans long before Columbus. According to some historical data, America was discovered by ancient navigators (Phoenicians), as well as in the middle of the first millennium AD. - by the Chinese. However, the most reliable information is about the discovery of America by the Vikings (Normans). At the end of the 10th century, the Vikings Bjarni Herjulfson and Leif Eriksson discovered Helluland ("stone land"), Markland ("forest land") and Vinland ("vineyard land"), which are now identified with the Labrador Peninsula. There is evidence that in the 15th century. The American continent was reached by Bristol sailors and Biscay fishermen, who named it Fr. Brazil. However, all these voyages did not lead to the real discovery of America, i.e. identifying America as a continent and establishing relations between it and Europe.
America was finally discovered by Europeans in the 15th century. It was then that ideas spread in Europe that the earth was round and that it was possible to reach China and India by the western route (that is, by swimming across the Atlantic Ocean). At the same time, it was believed that such a path is much shorter than the eastern one. Since control over the South Atlantic was in the hands of the Portuguese (according to the Alcasovas agreements reached in 1479), Spain, who wanted to establish direct contacts with the countries of the East, accepted the proposal of the Genoese navigator Columbus to organize an expedition to the west. The honor of discovering America rightly belongs to Columbus.
Christopher Columbus was from Genoa. He received his education at Pavip University; his favorite sciences were geography, geometry and astronomy. From an early age, he began to take part in sea expeditions and visited almost all the then known seas. He married the daughter of a Portuguese sailor, from whom many geographical maps and notes from the time of Henry the Navigator remained. Columbus carefully studied them. He also decided to look for a sea route to India, but not past Africa, but directly across the Atlantic (“Western”) Ocean. Columbus was one of those who read the writings of ancient philosophers and geographers and found in them thoughts about the sphericity of the Earth (especially Eratosthenes and Ptolemy). Together with some scientists, he believed that. leaving Europe for the west. it will be possible to reach the eastern shores of Asia, where India and China lay. Columbus did not even suspect that on this path he would meet a whole huge mainland, unknown to Europeans.
August 1492, with a large gathering of mourners, Columbus left the harbor of Palos (in Andalusia) on three small ships with one hundred and twenty sailors; setting off on a long and dangerous voyage, the crews confessed and took communion the day before. Before the Canary Islands, the sailors sailed quite calmly, because this path was already known, but then they found themselves in a boundless ocean. As the ships with a fair wind rushed farther and farther, the sailors began to fall into despondency and more than once raised a grumble against their admiral. But Columbus, thanks to the unchanging firmness of spirit, knew how to pacify the recalcitrant and keep them hopeful. Meanwhile, various signs appeared, foreshadowing the proximity of the earth: unknown birds flew in, tree branches floated from the west. Finally, after a six-week voyage, one night, lights were noticed from the leading ship in the distance. There was a cry: "Earth, earth!" The sailors hugged each other, wept for joy and sang thanksgiving hymns. When the sun rose, a picturesque green island, covered with dense vegetation, opened up before them. Columbus in full dress admiral's costume, with a sword in one hand, with a banner in the other, landed on the shore and declared this land the possession of the Spanish crown and forced his companions to swear allegiance to himself as the royal governor. Meanwhile, the natives fled to the shore. Completely naked, red-skinned, beardless, the islanders looked with surprise at the white bearded people covered with clothes. They called their island Gwashgani, but Columbus gave it the name San Salvador (that is, the Savior); it belongs to the group of the Bahamas, or Lucayan Islands. The natives turned out to be peaceful, good-natured savages. Noticing the greed of the newcomers for the golden rings that they had in their ears and nose, they indicated by signs that to the south lay a land abounding in gold. Columbus went further and discovered the shores of the large island of Cuba, which he mistook for the mainland, precisely for the eastern coast of Asia (hence the erroneous name of the American natives - the Indians). From here he turned east and landed on the island of Haiti.
The Spaniards everywhere met the same savages who willingly exchanged their gold plaques for glass beads and other beautiful trinkets and, when asked about gold, constantly pointed to the south. On the island of Haiti, called Hispaniola (Little Spain), Columbus built a fortress. On the way back, he almost died from a storm. The ships landed in the same harbor of Palos. Everywhere in Spain, on the way to the royal court, the people greeted Columbus with delight. Ferdinand and Isabella received him very kindly. The news of the discovery of the New World quickly spread, and many hunters came to go there with Columbus. He undertook three more voyages to America.
During his first trip (August 3, 1492 - March 15, 1493), Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the island of Guanahani (modern Watling), one of the Bahamas, then Columbus discovered the islands of Cuba and Haiti. According to the Spanish-Portuguese agreement concluded on June 7, 1493 in Tordesillas, a new delimitation of spheres of influence in the Atlantic was carried out: a line 2200 km west of the Azores became the border; all lands to the east of this line were recognized as the possession of Portugal, all lands to the west - to Spain.
As a result of the second trip of Columbus (September 25, 1493 - June 11, 1496), the Windward (Dominica, Montserrat, Antigua, Nevis, St. Christopher) and the Virgin Islands, the island of Puerto Rico and Jamaica were discovered.
In 1497, England entered into rivalry with Spain, trying to find a northwestern route to Asia: the Genoese Giovanni Caboto, having sailed under the English flag (May-August 1497), discovered Fr. Newfoundland and, possibly, approached the North American coast (Labrador and Nova Scotia Peninsulas); the next year he again undertook an expedition to the northwest with his son Sebastian. So the British began to lay the foundations of their dominance in North America.
The third voyage of Columbus (May 30, 1498 - November 1500) led to the discovery of about. Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco; On August 5, 1498, he landed on the coast of South America (Paria peninsula). In 1499 the Spaniards reached the coast of Guiana and Venezuela (A. de Ojeda) and discovered Brazil and the mouth of the Amazon (V. Ya. Pinson). In 1500 the Portuguese P.A. Cabral was carried by a storm to the shores of Brazil, which he mistook for an island and named Vera Cruz ("True Cross"). During his last (fourth) journey (May 9, 1502 - November 7, 1504), Columbus discovered Central America, passing along the coast of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama to the Gulf of Darien.
In 1501-1504 A. Vespucci, under the Portuguese flag, explored the Brazilian coast to Cape Cananea and put forward the hypothesis that the lands discovered by Columbus were not China and India, but a new mainland; this hypothesis was confirmed during the first circumnavigation of F. Magellan; the name America was assigned to the new continent (on behalf of Vespucci - Amerigo).
Development, colonization and exploration of America
After the discovery of America as part of the world, Europeans began to actively colonize and develop new territories. America was not colonized by all the states of Europe, but only by Spain (Central and South America), Portugal (South America), France (North America), Great Britain (North America), Russia (Alaska, California) and Holland.
English colonization of America
In the 17-18 centuries. Great Britain will colonize and master almost the entire Atlantic coast of North America. In 1607
French colonization of the Americas
French colonization of America begins in the 16th
During this period of colonization, the French founded numerous cities, including Quebec.
Spanish
Spanish colonization (conquista, conquista) began with the discovery by the Spanish navigator Columbus
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
As mentioned above, only modern Brazil, or the eastern part of South America, was in the possession of Portugal. The period of Portuguese colonization of the mainland spanned over 300 years since the discovery of Brazil on April 22
Dutch colonization of the Americas
The sphere of influence of Holland in America included only the region on the territory of the eastern coast of North America, which stretched from 38 to 45 degrees north latitude (the so-called New Netherland), as well as the territory of the modern state of Suriname. The New Netherland lasted only from 1614 to 1674. And Suriname in 1667 England
Swedish colonization of the Americas
New Sweden - Swedish colony
Russian colonization of America (Russian America)
Russian America - the totality of the possessions of the Russian Empire in North America
The first Russians who discovered Alaska (America) from Siberia were the expedition of Semyon Dezhnev
In parallel with the colonization and development of America, activities were also carried out to study and study the nature, climate, relief, and other Americas. Many travelers, scientists and researchers took part in the study of America at different times: H. Columbus, F. Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci, J. Cook, D. Cabot, A. Humboldt, J. Cartier, J. Verrazano, E. Soto, V. Behring, O. Kotzebue, J. Boussingault, J. Kane, R. Piri and others.
north south america colonization
findings
America as part of the world was discovered a little more than 500 years ago, and even less developed and colonized. But, despite this, America has experienced the richest history of its discovery and development, perhaps even richer than the history of Eurasia or Africa. For several centuries, this part of the world was actively settled and studied by Europeans, hoping to receive any dividends from this in the future.
Bibliography
1. America
Ashkinazi L.A., Gainer M.L. America Without Complexes: Sociological Studies, 2010
Geevsky I.A., Setunsky N.K. American Mosaic. M.: Politizdat, 1995. - 445 p.,
Magidovich I.P. History of discovery and exploration of North America. - M.: Geografgiz, 1962.
Magidovich I.P. History of discovery and exploration of Central and South America. - M.: Thought, 1963.
John Lloyd and John Mitchinson. The book of general delusions. - Phantom Press, 2009.
Talakh V.N.
Goals:
Formation of students' ideas about the GP of the mainland, the ability to compare the GP of South America and Africa, familiarizing students with the history of the discovery and exploration of the mainland and its significance for humanity;
Implementation of the educational process: man is part of nature;
Development of skills in working with an atlas, a contour map, additional literature, independent work skills, the ability to analyze and draw conclusions.
Method: independent work in groups.
Type of lesson: learning new material.
Equipment: Physical map of South America, TSO, additional literature, textbook, atlas, contour map.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Learning new material.
Guys, today in the lesson we will continue the study of the continents. And the mainland that we will get to know today is South America. I would like to start the lesson with a video clip (review of South America with comments - 2 minutes).
Geographers call South America the continent of natural records. It is here that there are: the highest waterfall in the world - Angel (1054 m) and the most beautiful Iguazu; the heaviest and longest snake Anaconda lives (length - 11 m, weight - up to 230 kg); the largest butterflies and the smallest hummingbirds. And this list can be continued. You can learn about this and many other things from the books presented at the stand. The fact that South America is the continent of natural records is also proved by Rozhdestvensky's poem, which I took as an epigraph to the lesson:
May the Southern Cross overshadow you,
The titles are almost like music.
Huts in the middle of the trash
May the Southern Cross be with you!
Herds tired of grazing
Hungry regal gauchos.
And birds are smaller than butterflies
And butterflies - with the scope of birds.
So, the topic of the lesson: "South America. GP. History of discovery and research". What tasks should we solve today in the lesson? (Problems on the board). In order to solve the tasks assigned to us, we will be divided into four groups: “Young Geographers”, “Analysts”, “Pioneers”, “Researchers”. Each group solves a specific problem assigned to it, using a hint plan (appendices 1-4). 10 minutes are allotted for group work. At the end of the time, the groups report on the work done.
"Young geographers":
1. South America, the island of Tierra del Fuego, which is separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan; Galapagos Islands, Falkland Islands.
2. Relative to the equator, most of the mainland lies in the southern hemisphere, relative to the zero meridian, the mainland lies in the western hemisphere.
3. Length from north to south for 70 buildings - 66 x 111 km = 7326 km.
4. The length from west to east is 10 yush - 42x109.6 = 4603.2 km.
5. The extreme northern point Cape Galinas 12 sl 72 bld.
The southernmost point is Cape Forward 54 SW 71 Building (island Cape Horn 56 SW 68 Building).
The extreme western point of Cape Parinas 5 yush 82 bldg.
The extreme eastern point of Cape Cabo Branco 7 yush 34 bldg.
6. Separated from North America by the Panama Canal, from Antarctica by the Drake Passage. It is washed in the west by the Pacific Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the north by the Caribbean Sea. The coastline is poorly dissected - La Plata Bay. Currents: warm - Brazilian, Guiana; cold - Falkland, Peruvian.
"Analysts":
Using the maps of the atlas, give a comparative description of the GPs of South America and Africa:
a) South America, like Africa, is crossed by the equator, with the only difference being that Africa is almost in the middle, and South America is in the northern part.
It follows from this that South America is mostly located in the southern hemisphere, and its smaller part is located in the northern hemisphere;
b) South America, like Africa, is located in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical climatic zones. However, the ratio of territories within the same zone is different. Thus, the tropical zone of Africa is larger than that of South America, however, the South American subtropical zone prevails over the African zone in area, moreover, in the south of South America there is a temperate zone, which is absent in Africa.
c) the prime meridian crosses Africa in the western part, hence it is located in the western and eastern hemispheres. Unlike Africa, South America is located entirely in the Western Hemisphere, as it lies to the west of the prime meridian.
d) The Atlantic Ocean washes (what?) The eastern shores of South America and (what?) The western coasts of Africa. From the west, South America is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean.
e) South America is closest to the mainland of North America. These continents are connected by the Panama Canal. From other continents: Antarctica - by the Drake Passage.
"Pioneers":
| the date | Traveler | Opening |
| 1492-1493 | H. Columbus | First expedition - Greater Antilles and San Salvador. |
| 1493-1494 | H. Columbus | The second expedition - Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico. |
| 1498 | H. Columbus | The third expedition - Trinidad Island and the northern coast of South America. |
| 1500-1502 | A. Vespucci | Eastern shores of South America, "New World" |
| 1520 | F. Magellan | Atlantic coast, Tierra del Fuego, Strait of Magellan |
"Researchers":
Significance of the history of discovery and research
a) Discovery of new, unknown lands - the “New World”;
b) The colonization of the lands by Spain and Portugal, which led to the disappearance of the civilization of the Indians, the plundering of the Indian peoples and their enslavement.
c) The discovery of cultivated plants that are grown today in many countries of the world: corn, potatoes, peanuts, pumpkins, tomatoes, beans, tobacco.
3. Fixing.
Test. By answering the test questions correctly, by the first letters of the names you will recognize the strait, named after the traveler who discovered it.
- Common name for extreme points (Cape)
- The heaviest and longest snake. (Anaconda)
- The extreme northern point of the mainland. (Gallinas)
- Complete the statement by N.M. Przhevalsky: "Ah ... life is beautiful because you can travel." (More)
- Gulf of South America. (La Plata)
- Tall-grass savannas of the plains of the Orinoco river basin, which were investigated by G. Langsdorf. (Llanos)
- The mainland, which is separated from South America by the Drake Passage. (Antarctica)
- The name given to the open lands by A. Vespucci. (New World)
- Island in the south of the mainland. (Tierra del Fuego)
- Russian botanist who discovered the centers of cultivated plants. (Vavilov)
| M | BUT | G | E | L | L | BUT | H | O | AT |
4. Homework: paragraph 40, prepare reports on travelers and explorers (optional).
The history of South American exploration can be divided into two phases:
First stage
Europeans became reliably aware of the existence of South America after the voyage of H. Columbus in 1498, who discovered the islands of Trinidad and Margarita, explored the coastline from the Orinoco River Delta to the Paria Peninsula. In the XV-XVI centuries. The greatest contribution to the exploration of the continent was made by Spanish expeditions. In 1499-1500, the Spanish conquistador A. Ojeda led an expedition to the northern coast of South America, which reached the coast in the region of modern Guiana and, following in a northwesterly direction, explored the coast from 5-6 ° S. sh. to the Gulf of Venezuela.
Later, Ojeda explored the north coast of Colombia and built a fortress there, marking the beginning of the Spanish conquests on this continent. The survey of the northern coast of South America was completed by the Spanish traveler R. Bastidas, who in 1501 explored the mouth of the Magdalena River and reached the Gulf of Uraba.
The expeditions of V. Pinson and D. Lepe, continuing to move south along the Atlantic coast of South America, in 1500 discovered one of the branches of the Amazon delta, explored the Brazilian coast to 10 ° S. sh. H. Solis went further to the south (up to 35 ° S. latitude) and discovered La Plata Bay, the lower reaches of the largest rivers Uruguay and Parana. In 1520, F. Magellan explored the Patagonian coast, then passed into the Pacific Ocean through the strait, later named after him, completing the study of the Atlantic coast.
In 1522-1558. explored the Pacific coast of South America. F. Pizarro walked along the shores of the Pacific Ocean to 8 ° S. sh., in 1531-1533. he conquered Peru, plundering and destroying the Inca state and founding the City of the Kings (later called Lima). Later - in 1535-1552. - Spanish conquistadors D. Almagro and P. Valdivia descended along the coast to 40 ° S. sh.
The study of inland regions was stimulated by legends about the hypothetical "country of gold" - El Dorado, in search of which the Spanish expeditions of D. Ordaz, P. Heredia and others in 1529-1546 crossed the Northwestern Andes in different directions, traced the currents of many rivers. The agents of the German bankers A. Ehinger, N. Federman and others surveyed, mainly, the northeast of the continent, the upper reaches of the Orinoco River. In 1541 F. Orellana's detachment for the first time crossed the mainland in its widest part, tracing the middle and lower reaches of the Amazon River; S. Cabot, P. Mendoza and others in 1527-1548 traveled along the large rivers of the Paraná-Paraguay basin.
The extreme southern point of the continent - Cape Horn - was discovered by the Dutch navigators J. Lehmer and V. Schouten in 1616. The English navigator D. Davies discovered the "Land of the Virgin" in 1592, suggesting that it was a single land; only in 1690 D. Strong proved that it consists of many islands and gave them the name Falkland Islands.
In the 16-18 centuries. detachments of the Portuguese mestizo-Mamiluks, who made aggressive campaigns in search of gold and jewelry, repeatedly crossed the Brazilian Plateau and traced the course of many tributaries of the Amazon. Jesuit missionaries also took part in the study of these areas.
Second phase
To test the hypothesis about the spheroidal shape of the Earth, the Paris Academy of Sciences sent an Equatorial Expedition to Peru in 1736-1743 to measure the meridian arc led by P. Bouguer and C. Condamine, which confirmed the validity of this assumption. In 1781-1801, the Spanish topographer F. Azara carried out comprehensive studies of the La Plata Bay, as well as the basins of the Parana and Paraguay rivers. A. Humboldt explored the Orinoco river basin, the plateau of Quito, visited the city of Lima, presenting the results of his research in the book "Journey to the equinox regions of the New World in 1799-1804."
The English hydrographer and meteorologist R. Fitzroy in 1828-1830 (on the expedition of F. King) surveyed the southern coast of South America, and later led the famous round-the-world trip on the Beagle ship, in which Charles Darwin also took part. The Amazon and the Brazilian Plateau adjacent to it from the south were explored by the German scientist V. Eschwege (1811-1814), the French biologist E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1816-1822), the Russian expedition led by G. I. Langsdorf (1822-1828), English naturalist A. Wallace (1848-1852), French scientist A. Coudro (1895-98). German and French scientists studied the Orinoco River basin and the Guiana Plateau, American and Argentinean - the lower reaches of the Parana and Uruguay rivers in the La Plata region.
The Russian scientists N. M. Albov, who studied Tierra del Fuego in 1895-1896, G. G. Manizer (1914-1915), N. I. Vavilov (1930, 1932-1933) made a great contribution to the study of this continent.
GP. History of discovery and exploration of South America
Target: to form in students a general idea of the geographical position, size and shape of the mainland; to consolidate the practical ability of students to characterize the FGP of the mainland using maps of the atlas; deepen students' knowledge about the history of the discovery and exploration of the mainland; develop memory, logical thinking, the ability to draw conclusions and generalizations.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Equipment: physical map of South America, atlases, contour maps, portraits of explorers of the mainland, pictures of the nature of the mainland, textbooks.
Supporting and basic concepts: mainland, part of the world, geographic location; hemispheres, meridians, parallels, Gondwana, parts of the World Ocean; coastline components, mainland area, equator, zero meridian, extreme points, researchers.
Geographic nomenclature: continents: South America, Africa, North America, Antarctica; capes: Gallinas, Frouerd, Cabo Branco, Parinhas, Horn; Caribbean Sea, La Plata Bay; Strait: Magellan, Drake; islands: Tierra del Fuego, Falkland.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
Psychological mood of students for further productive work. Pay attention to the image of the faces of children with different moods, find out who feels how. Students take turns raising their hands to analyze each drawing.
II. Updating the basic knowledge and skills of students
Reception "Blitsoprosk"
Name the continents you have studied. Show them on the map.
According to what plan are they studying the mainland?
Why is it important to know the geographical location of the mainland to determine the features of its nature?
III. Motivation of educational and cognitive activity of students
Reception "Surprise everyone"
Teacher. The mainland was called "New World". The heroes of Jules Verne's book "Children of Captain Grant" wandered on this mainland. Here flows the most full-flowing river in the world. On this continent are the highest volcano and waterfall on Earth, the driest desert, the smallest bird, bloodthirsty fish. The words “carnival”, “football”, “tango” are associated with this mainland.
Pupils determine the mainland, supplement the teacher's story (leading homework).
IV. Learning new material
1. Reception "Creative Lab"
Task (work in groups)
I-II groups. Using the maps of the atlas, determine the coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland.
II-IV groups. Using the maps of the atlas and the student's reference book, determine the features of the physical and geographical position of the mainland.
V-VI groups. Determine the distinctive and common features of the geographical location of South America, Africa and Australia.
Summing up the work of each group. Findings.
2. Reception "Geographical laboratory"
Put on the contour map the names of the extreme points, the oceans washing the mainland, and the continents with which South America borders.
3. Teacher's story (supplemented by students' messages - ahead of time homework)
Teacher. How was South America discovered? The land routes to India were blocked by the Arabs. Therefore, Europeans were forced to look for sea routes to the state, where they could buy pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, which were highly valued in medieval Europe, sometimes worth their weight in gold. Christopher Columbus believed in the sphericity of the Earth, so he decided to go to India in the opposite direction - across the Atlantic Ocean. On October 12, 1492, the sailors saw the land, it was an island from the group of the Bahamas, Columbus called it Salvador (“holy savior”). Having discovered Cuba, Columbus decided that this was the eastern outskirts of Asia. October 12, 1492 is considered the official date for the discovery of America.
Why did the lands discovered by Columbus get the name Vespucci? Amerigo Vespucci, having studied in 1501-1502. east coast, proved that this land is a mainland, and described its nature, gave the name New World. Therefore, the Lorraine cartographer Waldseemüller in 1507 named this continent after him, and then this name spread to both western continents. The first scientists - explorers of South America in 1735-1743. The French and Spanish participants of the Equatorial Expedition became. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. the mainland was explored by the German scientist Alexander Humboldt, he published the results of his research in the 30-volume book Journey to the Equinoxes of the New World Region. The study of the South American continent prompted the scientist Charles Darwin to develop an evolutionary theory of the development of the organic world of the Earth. Of great importance was the botanical and agronomic expedition of Nikolai Vavilov (1932-1933), during which the formation of cultivated plants in South America was established.
V. Consolidation of the studied material
Reception "Press Conference"
Name the features of the geographical location of South America.
Name the extreme points of the mainland, seas, oceans, it is washed. Show them on the map.
Why is the mainland named after the person who discovered it?
VI. Lesson summary
1. Reception "I draw a conclusion"
The mainland of North America is located in the Western and predominantly Southern hemispheres, has a significant length from north to south.
The first Europeans were the Portuguese and Spaniards, who turned the mainland into colonial possessions.
A. Humboldt and N. Vavilov made a significant contribution to the study.
2. Returning to the test at the beginning of the lesson in order to obtain information about the well-being of schoolchildren after working in the lesson.
VII. Homework
Paragraph ___
Fill out the map
Opening
Europeans became reliably aware of the existence of South America after the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1498, who discovered the islands of Trinidad and Margarita, explored the coastline from the Orinoco River Delta to the Paria Peninsula.
In 1499-1504, Amerigo Vespucci made three voyages to the South American continent at the head of the Portuguese expeditions, discovering the northern coast of South America, the Amazon delta, the bay of Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian Highlands.
Research. As a result of voyages along the northern and eastern shores of the newly discovered land, A. Vespucci formed a correct idea of it as a southern transatlantic continent, and in 1503, in a letter to his homeland, he proposed calling the continent the New World. In 1507, the Lorraine cartographer Martin Waldseemuller attributed the discovery of the "fourth part of the world" made by Columbus to A. Vespucci and "christened" this continent America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. In 1538, this already recognized name was extended on the Mercator map to North America.
Columbus' first voyage
On August 3, 1492, three ships sailed from the port of Paloe: Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina with 90 participants. The crews of the ships consisted mainly of convicted criminals. After the repair of the ship "Pinta" at the Canary Islands, weary days dragged on. 33 days have passed since the expedition left the Canary Islands, and the land was still not visible.
The team started murmuring. To calm her down, Columbus wrote down the distances traveled in the ship's log, deliberately underestimating them. Watching the compass needle, he once noticed that it was behaving unusually, deviating from the normal direction to the North Star. This threw the most battered admiral into confusion. After all, he did not know and could not assume that there were areas of magnetic anomalies, then they were not yet known.
Soon there were signs of the proximity of land: the color of the water changed, flocks of birds appeared. And from the observation barrel on the mast, the lookout announced: “Earth! » But the navigators were bitterly disappointed - it was not land, but a mass of long algae floating on the surface. The ships entered the Sargasso Sea. Hope dissipated like a mirage. Soon, behind this sea, signs of land appeared. On October 12, they really saw a dark strip of land on the horizon.
It was a small island with lush tropical vegetation. Here lived stately tall people with dark skin. The natives called their island Guanahani. Columbus named it San Salvador and declared it a possession of Spain. This name stuck to one of the Bahamas. Columbus was sure that he had reached Asia. Having visited other islands, he everywhere asked the locals whether it was Asia.
The natives called their island Guanahani. Columbus named it San Salvador and declared it a possession of Spain. This name stuck to one of the Bahamas. Columbus was sure that he had reached Asia. Having visited other islands, he everywhere asked the locals whether it was Asia.
But I did not hear anything consonant with this word. The sailors were especially interested in the gold jewelry of local residents. There were few of them, and the inhabitants valued ornaments no more than beautiful shells. Columbus and his companions noticed that the islanders were chewing or burning, holding some dry grass in their teeth. It was tobacco first seen by Europeans.
Columbus left some of the people on the island of Hispaniola, led by his brother, and sailed to Spain. As proof that he discovered the route to Asia, Columbus took with him several Indians, feathers of unseen birds, some plants, among them maize, potatoes and tobacco, as well as gold taken from the inhabitants of the islands. March 15, 1493 in Palos he was greeted with triumph, as a hero.
Thus, the first visit by Europeans to the islands of Central America took place and the beginning was laid for the further discovery of unknown lands, their conquest and colonization. For the first time, the width of the Atlantic Ocean became reliably known; the existence of a current from east to west was established, the Sargasso Sea was discovered, and for the first time an incomprehensible behavior of the magnetic needle was noted.
The return of Columbus caused an unprecedented "fever" in Spain. Thousands of people were eager to go with him to "Asia" in the hope of profiting from easy prey.
Second voyage of Columbus
Columbus set off from the city of Cadiz on his second voyage, which lasted from 1493 to 1496. Many new lands were discovered in the ridge of the Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, Antigua), the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the southern coasts of Cuba and Hispaniola were explored. But this time, Columbus did not reach the mainland. With rich booty, the ships returned to Spain.
Third voyage of Columbus
This voyage of Columbus took place in 1498-1500.
on six courts. He sailed from the city of San Lucar. On the island of Hispaniola, Columbus was expecting a heavy blow. The treacherous rulers of Spain, fearing that Columbus might become the ruler of the lands he discovered, sent a ship after him with an order to arrest him. Columbus was shackled and taken to Spain. On a false accusation of withholding royal income, he was deprived of all the titles and privileges recorded in the contract. Columbus spent almost two years to prove his innocence. In 1502, he again embarked on his last voyage to the west. This time, Columbus visited many of the islands he discovered, crossed the Caribbean Sea from the southern coast of Cuba and reached
Fourth voyage of Columbus
Columbus returned from his fourth voyage in 1504. His fame has faded. The Spanish government did not intend to fulfill the agreement with him. In 1506, Columbus died almost forgotten in one of the small monasteries. Researchers of the life and work of Columbus claim that until the end of his life he was convinced that he had opened the way to Asia.
In the lands discovered by Columbus a flood of money-hungry people poured out of Spain. It especially intensified in the first decades of the 16th century. In just twenty years, Spanish ships visited almost all of the Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles, crossed the Caribbean Sea, sailed along the southern coast of North America from Florida to Yucatan, explored the eastern shores of the isthmus between the American continents, got acquainted with the northern coast of South America from the mouth of the Orinoco to the Darien Gulf.
Many Spanish settlements arose on the islands of Central America. At the same time, the colonialists not only took away land and gold from the indigenous inhabitants of "Western India", as these lands were called (hence the name of the inhabitants themselves - "Indians"), but also brutally dealt with them, turned them into slaves.
Discovery of South America by the Portuguese and Spaniards
Vespucci's first voyage
In 1499-1500 Vespucci was navigator on the expedition of Alonso Ojeda (on three ships), commanding two ships equipped at his own expense. In the summer of 1499, the flotilla approached the northern coast of South America at 5° or 6° north latitude, where it split up. Vespucci moved to the southeast, on July 2 he discovered the Amazon delta and its mouth branch Para, penetrated up to 100 km in boats. Then he continued sailing southeast to the bay of San Marcos (44 ° west longitude), identified about 1200 km of the northern coastal strip of South America, discovered the Guiana Current. From there, Vespucci turned back and in August caught up with Alons Ojeda near 66 ° west longitude. Traveling west together, they discovered more than 1600 km of the southern coast of the mainland with the Paraguana and Guajira peninsulas, Triste and Venezuelan bays, the Maracaibo lagoon and several islands, including Curaçao. In the autumn, Vespucci again separated from Ojeda, explored the coast of South America 300 km to the southwest, and returned to Spain in June 1500.
Second voyage
In 1501-02 Vespucci was in the Portuguese service as an astronomer, navigator and historiographer in the 1st Portuguese expedition of Gonçalo Cuelho on 3 ships. In mid-August 1501, they approached the Atlantic coast of South America at 5 ° 30 "south latitude and went up to 16 °, repeating the discoveries of the Spaniard Bortolome Roldan (1500). On January 1, 1502, the expedition discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro (Guanabara), traced the coast 2000 km southwest (up to 25 ° S) and, making sure that the land still stretches in the same direction, turned back. One caravel arrived in Portugal at the end of June, the other with Cuella and Vespucci at the beginning of September ( the third, which had fallen into disrepair, had to be burned).
Third voyage
In 1503-04 Vespucci commanded a caravel in the 2nd expedition of Gonçalo Cuelho on six ships. In early August 1503, near Ascension Island (8 ° south latitude), they discovered, one ship sank, 3 went missing. The caravels Vespucci and Cuelho reached the bay of All Saints, discovered in the previous voyage at 13 °. The detachment that landed on the orders of Vespucci for the first time climbed a steep ledge of the Brazilian Highlands and penetrated 250 km into the interior of the country. In the harbor at 23 ° south latitude, during a 5-month stay, the Portuguese built a fleet, where they left 24 sailors, and returned to Lisbon with a cargo of sandalwood at the end of June 1504.
As a result of voyages along the northern and eastern shores of the newly discovered land, Vespucci formed a correct idea of it as a southern transatlantic continent, and in 1503, in a letter to his homeland, he proposed calling the continent the New World. In 1507, the Lorraine cartographer Martin Waldseemüller attributed the discovery of the “fourth part of the world” made by Columbus to Vespucci and “christened” this continent America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. In 1538 this already recognized name was extended on the Mercator map to North America. In 1505, after a second move to Spain, Vespucci received Castilian citizenship. In 1508 he was appointed to the newly established position of chief pilot of Spain and held it until his death.
The Pacific coast of South America was discovered in 1522-58 by Spanish sea expeditions. In 1522 P. Andagoya traced the northwestern coast of South America. up to 4° s. sh. In 1526-27, F. Pizarro explored the coast to 8 ° S. sh., opening the Gulf of Guayaquil on the way, from where he began the conquest of Peru in 1532. After the conquest of the country and the founding of the city of Lima (1535), Spanish sailors got acquainted with the coast at least up to 12 ° S. sh., and after campaigns in Chile D. Almagro (1535-37) and P. Valdivia (1540-52) - up to 40 ° S. sh. In 1558, J. Ladrillero discovered between 44 and 47 ° S. sh. the Chonos Archipelago and the Taitao Peninsula, and P. Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1579-80 - a series of islands between 47 and 52 ° S. sh. In 1616, the Dutch J. Lemer and W. Schouten discovered and rounded Cape Horn (56° S). In 1592, the Englishman J. Davis discovered in the Atlantic Ocean at 52 ° S. sh. "The Land of the Virgin", R. Hawkins in 1594 described its northern shores, taking it as a single land, and J. Strong proved that it is divided into two large and many small islands, and called them the Falkland Islands (1690).
In the 15-16 centuries. The greatest contribution to the exploration of the continent was made by the Spanish expeditions of the conquistadors (from the Spanish qoncuista - conquest).
In search of the "golden country - Eldorado" Spaniards D. Ordaz, P. Heredia, G. Quesada, S. Belalcasar and agents of the German bankers Welsers and Ehingers (A. Ehinger, N. Federman, G. Hoermuth, F. Hutten), who received in 1528 from Charles V a patent for the colonization of the southern coast of the Caribbean Sea, in 1529-46 they discovered and crossed in all directions the Northwestern Andes and Llanos-Orinsco, traced the course of all the large left tributaries of the Orinoco and Magdalena with Cauca. G. Pizarro in 1541-42 went down the river. Napo to the Amazonian lowland, and F. Orellana, who separated from his detachment, in 1541 went down the Amazon to the sea, making the first crossing of South America. In search of silver in the La Plata basin in 1527-48, S. Cabot, P. Mendoza, J. Ayolas, A. Caves de Vaca, D. Irala discovered and explored several large rivers of the Parana-Paraguay system and crossed the Gran Chaco. The lower reaches of the tributaries of the river. The Amazon was discovered by the Portuguese expedition of P. Teixeira - B. Acosta 1637-39, who ascended from the city of Para to the Equatorial Andes and returned down the river. In the 2nd half of the 16th and in the 17th-18th centuries. Portuguese mestizos (Mamiluks), uniting in detachments to hunt Indian slaves, search for gold and precious stones, crossed the Brazilian Plateau in all directions and traced the course of all the large tributaries of the middle and lower Amazon. The system of the upper Amazon in the 17th century. and in the first half of the 18th century. explored mainly by Jesuit missionaries, including the Czech P. S. Fritz.
In 1520, Ferdinand Magellan explored the Patagonian coast, then passed into the Pacific Ocean through the strait, later named after him, completing the study of the Atlantic coast.
In 1522-58. Spanish conquistadors explored the Pacific coast of South America. Francisco Pissarro walked along the Pacific coast to 8 s. sh., in 1531-33. he conquered Peru, plundering and destroying the Inca state and founding the City of the Kings (later called Lima). Later in 1524-52. Spanish conquistadors organized expeditions along the western coast of South America, conquered Peru and Chile, fought a fierce struggle against the Araucans. went down along the coast to 40 s. sh.
The extreme southern point of the continent, Cape Horn, was discovered by the Dutch navigators LEMER (Le Maire) Jacob (1585-1616), a Dutch merchant and navigator.
In the 16-18 centuries. detachments of the Portuguese mestizo-Mamiluks, who made aggressive campaigns in search of gold and jewelry, repeatedly crossed the Brazilian Plateau and traced the course of many tributaries of the Amazon.
Discovery of South America. In 1799 - 1804, the expedition was composed of the geographer A. Humboldt
Alexander Humboldt explored the Orinoco river basin, the plateau of Quito, visited the city of Lima, presenting the results of his research in the book Journey to the Equinox Regions of the New World in 1799-1804.
In 1799-1804 Humboldt, together with the French botanist E. Bonpland, traveled to Central and South America. Returning to Europe with rich collections, he processed them in Paris for more than 20 years, along with other prominent scientists. In 1807-34, a 30-volume "Journey to the Equinox Regions of the New World in 1799-1804" was published, most of which consists of descriptions of plants (16 vols.), Astronomical, geodetic and cartographic materials (5 vols.), The other part - zoology and comparative anatomy, a description of the journey, etc. Based on the materials of the expedition, G. published a number of other works, including "Pictures of Nature"
The first scientists to explore South America were the French participants in the Equatorial Expedition to measure the meridian arc of 1736-43 (headed by C. Condamine and P. Bouguer). At the end of the colonial period, complex scientific studies of the La Plata basin (Spanish F. Asara) and the river basin were carried out. Orinoco (German A. Humboldt and Frenchman E. Bonpland). The exact outlines of South America were established mainly by an English expedition in the second quarter of the 19th century. (F. King and R. Fitzroy).
English hydrographer and meteorologist Fitzroy (Fitzroy) Robert (1805-1865), Vice Admiral in 1828-30 surveyed the southern coast of South America.
In the 19th and 20th centuries studies of the Brazilian plateau and the Amazonian lowland intensified [German W. Eschwege (1811-1814), Frenchman E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1816-22), members of the Austro-Bavarian expedition of 1817-20 K. Martius, I. Spiks, I. Paul , I. Natterer; members of the Russian complex academic expedition of 1822-28 by G. I. Laigsdorf; French complex expedition F. Castelnau (1844-45), British A. Wallace (1848-52), G. Bates (1848-58), W. Chandless (1860-69), J. Wells (1868-84), German K. Steinen (1884 and 1887-88) and Frenchman A. Coudro (1895-98)].
The Guiana plateau and the Orinoco basin were studied: in 1835-44 by the Germans in the English service, the brothers Robert and Richard Schomburgk; in 1860-72 by the Pole in the English service K. Appun; in 1877-89 the Frenchmen J. Krevo, A. Coudro and J. Chaffanzhon, who discovered the source of the river. Orinoco (1887). Bass. La Plata was studied by the American hydrographer T. Page (1853-56) and the Argentine topographer L. Fontana (1875-81).
The following worked in the Northern and Equatorial Andes: the Frenchman J. Bussengo (1822-1828); German geologists A. Stübel and V. Reis (1868-74); English topographer F. Simone (1878-80 and 1884); German geographers A. Getner (1882-84) and V. Sivere, who studied mainly the ranges of the Sierra de Perija, Cordillera Merida (1884-86) and the Maritime Caribbean Andes (1892-93). The Central Andes were explored by naturalists - the German E. Poppig (1829-31) and the Frenchman A. Orbigny (1830-33); in 1851-69 the Peruvian Andes and the region of La Montagna were studied and photographed by the geographer and topographer, an Italian in the Peruvian service, A. Raimondi. The southern Andes - the Chilean-Argentine Cordillera and the Patagonian Andes - were studied in Chile mainly by the Europeans who settled there: the Pole I. Domeiko (1839-44), the Frenchman E. Pissy (1849-75), the German botanist R. Philippi (1853-54) . In Argentina, the English sheep breeder J. Masters crossed all of Patagonia from south to north and laid the foundation for the study of the river basin. Chubut (1869-70) Then the Argentine topographers F. Moreno (1874-97), K. Moyano (1877-1881), L. Fontana (completed the study of the Chubut river basin in 1886-88) came to the fore.
A large amount of Yu. -15), botanist and geographer N. I. Vavilov (1930, 1932-33).