How strong and weak positions are emphasized. Classification of vowels and consonants

Phonemes fall into different pronunciation conditions (positions). Position is the conditions for the realization of a phoneme in speech. These conditions include: direct phonetic environment (sound combinations), place in the word (beginning, end, inside a morpheme, at the junction of morphemes), position in relation to stress. In some pronunciation conditions, phonemes do not change their sound, while in others they do. Depending on the position in which the phonemes are located, he differentiates the forms to varying degrees. For example, the phonemes /a/, /o/, being stressed, distinguish words: ladies, house, and, being in an unstressed position, they lose the following ability: Houses[dΛma] (cf. lady[lady]) .

There are positions of maximum differentiation (strong positions) and positions of minimal differentiation (weak positions). These positions of phonemes are differentiated depending on whether the phoneme "retains" or "loses" its "face". A strong position is a position favorable for the phoneme to perform its functions, a position in which the largest number of phonemes is distinguished (opposed) and forms are differentiated to the greatest extent. The phoneme appears here in its basic appearance, retains its difference from all other phonemes, which allows it to perform its functions in the best possible way. In this position, there is no coincidence of phonemes, which leads to indistinguishability of forms.

A strong position is such a position in which all phonemes included in this opposition are possible. Thus, the position before a vowel is a strong position for consonant phonemes in Russian, since both voiced and deaf consonant phonemes are possible in this position: [t]om, [d]om. A weak position is a position in which not all phonemes included in this opposition are possible. So, in Russian, the end of a word is a weak position for the opposition voiced / deaf, since voiced consonants are impossible here: ko [t], code [cat].

A strong position for the vowels of the Russian language is the position under stress.

A strong position for consonants (on the basis of deafness / voicedness) in Russian is a position before vowels, sonorants and sound [v]: [t] ohm - [d] ohm; [p]ar - [b]ar; [n] right - [b] right; [h] loy - [s] loy; [T] believe - [d] believe etc.

For hard and soft consonants in Russian, a strong position is the position of the end of the word and the position before vowels (except [e]): es [t] - es [t ']; bra [t] - bra [t ']; ko [n] - ko [n ']; [m] al - [m '] yal; [n] os - [n ']`es etc.

Weak position – this is a position unfavorable for the phoneme to perform its functions, i.e. a position in which a smaller number of phonemes is distinguished (opposed) than in a strong position and forms differ to a lesser extent, since phonemes have limited capabilities to perform their distinctive function. In this position, the coincidence of phonemes occurs, which leads to indistinguishability of forms and to a violation of semantic discrimination. For vowels, the weak position is the position in an unstressed syllable. In this position, two or more phonemes coincide in one sound (either as a result of reduction or under the influence of neighboring sounds).

For voiceless/voiced consonants in Russian, the weak position is the position of the end of the word, where they do not differ, coinciding in one sound.

In a weak position, the elimination of differences between phonemes takes place - the neutralization of phonological oppositions. For example, the phonological opposition of the voiced phoneme /з/ and the voiceless phoneme /с/ is neutralized at the end of the word: cf. goats - goats[braid] and braids - braids[braid]. The phonemes /з/ and /с/ at the end of the word coincided in one sound [s]. A phoneme that appears in a weak position is proposed by some scholars to be called an "archiphoneme".

A weak position for voiceless/voiced consonants in Russian is also the position “before” noisy ones. In this position, assimilation occurs in deafness / sonority. Wed ask - request[proz'b]; tell a fairy tale .

For hard / soft consonants in Russian, a weak position is the position before [e], which excludes the possibility of using hard consonants that are paired in hardness / softness: window - in the window[in Λkn'e]. The position before [j] is also weak: raven - crow [varn'jo].

In Russian phonetics, several types of allophones are distinguished depending on the nature of the function they perform, their place in the word, proximity to other sounds, stress and unstress:

1) Variations (or shades of the phoneme, according to L.V. Shcherba), these are allophones that appear in a strong position under conditions of positional conditioning. For vowels, for example, this is the position under stress in the neighborhood of soft consonants. Wed /a/ phoneme variations in words fifth, five. Variations are such positional modifications of phonemes that do not lose their distinctive function and are practically identical to the main form of the phoneme, therefore they are sometimes called "sound synonyms" of the main form of the phoneme.

2) Variants that appear in a weak position of a phoneme under conditions of its positional conditioning. Variants are such modifications of a phoneme that coincide with another phoneme, coinciding with it in its quality. Acting as a substitute for two (or more) phonemes, the variant partially loses its ability to distinguish between the meanings of words, being a “sound homonym” of the matching phonemes. (See examples with matching /a/ and /o/ in unstressed position or /z/ and /s/ at the end of a word).

How to determine which phoneme the variant in the weak position belongs to? Some scientists believe that it is necessary to change the word so that in the same morpheme this variant appears in its main form, i.e. would be in a strong position. Wed Houses[dΛma] - house. It is concluded that the word Houses[dΛma] is represented by the phoneme /o/.

In the case when the variant appears only in a weak position, i.e. when it does not alternate with a sound in a strong position (when the stress is fixed or the word is unchanged), for example, in the word dog[sΛbak], it is believed that the sound (in this case [Λ]) is a variant of one of the phonemes included in the hyperphoneme, i.e. "over-one" of different phonemes (in this case, the phonemes /o/ and /a/). The hyperphoneme in the above case is denoted as o/a.

Phonemes perform a distinctive (distinctive) function. Distinctive function includes perceptual (recognition) and significative (semantic) functions. Perceptual (from lat. perception– ‘perception’) the function of a phoneme is the function of bringing the exponents of words and mophemes to perception. It makes it possible to identify words or morphemes. In the realm of perceptual function, sound elements are linked by contrast relationships.

Significative (from lat. Significare– ‘denoting’) phoneme function – it is a semantic function, i.e. function of distinguishing significant elements of the language. In the sphere of the significative function, sound elements are connected by the relation of opposition.

Performing these functions, phonemes can act in a strong and weak position. Distinguish:

1) perceptually strong positions;

2) perceptually weak positions;

3) significatively strong positions;

4) significatively weak positions;

1) In a perceptually strong position, the phoneme appears in its basic form (by which it is determined).

2) In a perceptually weak position, the phoneme appears in its allophones - in variations.

3) In a significatively strong position, the phoneme appears in its main form.

4) In a weak significative position, the phoneme appears in its allophones - in variants.

When analyzing the position of a consonant phoneme, it should be remembered that strong position is a position of distinction, i.e. a position in which both phonemes, paired according to a certain feature, can be realized while maintaining their distinctive ability. Position<т>before<о>is a strong position on the participation of voice and noise, since in this position, a steam room can act for her in deafness / sonority<д>, For example:<то>m -<до>m. In the position of the absolute end of the word<т>will be in a weak position on this basis, tk. in this position it is impossible to contrast phonemes<д> - <т>. However, the phoneme<т>in the position of the absolute end of the word, it turns out to be in a strong position in terms of hardness / softness, tk. at the absolute end of the word can be realized as a solid phoneme<т 1 >, and its paired soft phoneme<т’ 1 >: <т 1 > <сут 1 >,<сут’ 1 >. The absence of one of the members of a pair of phonemes in a certain position allows us to consider the position as weak, since in it the phoneme loses its distinctive ability.

Note: Strong and weak positions are determined only for phonemes that are paired according to a certain feature.

A position that is weak on the basis of deafness / voicedness, but strong on the basis of the presence / absence of palatalization, is indicated by the index 1 .

A position that is weak on the basis of hardness / softness, but strong on the basis of the participation of voice and noise, is indicated by the index 2 .

The position of consonant phonemes, which is weak both in deafness/voicing and in hardness/softness, is indicated by the index 3 .

For deafness/voicedness

Paired deafness / voiced phonemes clearly differ in position before any vowel phoneme, before a sonorous phoneme and before strong phonemes<в> - <в’>. In these positions, paired consonant phonemes perform a significative function, i.e. retain the ability to distinguish between sound shells of words, word forms and morphemes, for example: am -<з>am;<к>olos -<г>olos. These positions are strong positions of phonemes opposed by deafness/voicedness.

In the position of the absolute end of the word, phonemes that are paired in deafness/voicedness lose their distinctive ability, cease to perform a significative function, because voiced consonant phonemes cannot appear in this position, for example: dó<г>a - to<к>but to<к 1 >. The position of neutralization, i.e. indistinguishing noisy voiced / deaf, is also a position in front of any noisy phoneme, except<в> - <в’>. In a position in front of noisy voiced consonants, only noisy voiced sounds can appear, in a position in front of noisy deaf ones - only noisy deaf ones, for example: ú<з>ok - u<с 1 >to; sing<с>ok - poya<с 1 >ki. Therefore, phonemes<з>and<с>lose their distinctive ability, being replaced by one weak phoneme<с 1 >.

Information about the positions of phonemes will be summarized using a table.

Strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes

By hardness / softness

In a strong position, both phonemes can act, paired on the basis of hardness / softness, while maintaining the semantic ability. For example, in position before a vowel phoneme:<лу́к> - <л’у́к>. It should be noted that the position in front of<е>, because in this position, both soft and hard phonemes can appear in root morphemes, for example:<ме́>tr (teacher, mentor) -<м’е́>tr. In the position of the absolute end of the word, where deaf / voiced phonemes are not distinguished, both hard and soft phonemes can appear, paired according to this feature, for example: kroʹ<фı>-kro<ф’ı>. In front of the back lingual phoneme, the front lingual and labial phonemes retain their distinctive ability, having pairs of hardness / softness, for example: Ce<рг’>she - se<р’г’>e; ple<т 1 к>a - sya<т’ı-к>a; so<пı к>a - sy<п’ıк>a.

In a weak position in terms of hardness / softness, it is neutralized from the opposition of phonemes on this basis, phonemes lose their distinctive ability. For example, in a position in front of a dental or palatine-dental anterior-lingual phoneme, only a hard labial phoneme can appear:<п 2 р’>ivet; about<п 2 р>os. In a position in front of a hard front-lingual phoneme, only hard dental phonemes are realized:<з 2 на́л> - <с 2 -на́м’и>. In this position, hard and soft anterior lingual are not distinguished.

Information about the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes, paired on the basis of hardness / softness, can be presented in the form of a table:

Note: For more information about the weak positions of consonants in terms of hardness / softness, see: Avanesov R.I. Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1956, p. 175-182.

A phoneme can be in a strong position at the same time in terms of deafness/voicing and hardness/softness. This position is called absolutely strong, for example, the position before a vowel phoneme:<до́>m -<то́>m;<до́>m - and<д’о́>m. There are positions in which the deafness / voicedness of paired phonemes differs, but the hardness / softness does not differ, for example:<с 2 р>azu -<з 2 р>basics. In certain positions, the phoneme retains the ability to differentiate from paired ones in terms of hardness/softness, but appears in a weak position in terms of deafness/voicedness, for example, in the position of the absolute end of a word: kroʹ<ф ı >- kro<ф’ ı >, scale<ф ı >- ver<ф’ ı >. Absolutely weak phonemes appear in positions in which oppositions are lost both in deafness/voicedness and in hardness/softness. For example, noisy anterior-lingual dental in position in front of noisy anterior-lingual dental and palatine-dental ones do not differ from their paired phonemes in terms of deafness/voicedness and hardness/softness:<с 3 т>is he. Phoneme<с 3 >is in an absolutely weak position, because before a noisy deaf consonant, only a noisy deaf consonant can appear, and before a hard dental consonant, only a hard dental one is used as part of the root, i.e. no distinction<с>- <з>; <с> - <с’>.

Speech sounds are studied in the section of linguistics called phonetics.
All speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants.
Vowels can be in strong and weak positions.
Strong position - a position under stress, in which the sound is pronounced clearly, for a long time, with greater force and does not require verification, for example: city, land, greatness.
In a weak position (without stress), the sound is pronounced indistinctly, briefly, with less force and requires verification, for example: head, forest, teacher.
All six vowels are distinguished under stress.
In an unstressed position, instead of [a], [o], [h], other vowels are pronounced in the same part of the word.
So, instead of [o], a slightly weakened sound [a] - [wad] a is pronounced, instead of [e] and [a] in unstressed syllables, [ie] is pronounced - a sound that is middle between [i] and [e], for example: [ m "iesta] , [h "iesy] , [n "iet" brka] , [s * ielo] .
The alternation of strong and weak positions of vowels in the same part of the word is called positional alternation of sounds. The pronunciation of vowel sounds depends on which syllable they are in relation to the stressed one.
In the first pre-stressed syllable, vowels change less, for example: st [o] l - st [a] la.
In the remaining unstressed syllables, the vowels change more, and some do not differ at all and in pronunciation approach zero sound, for example ^: transported - [n "riev" 6s], gardener - [sdavot], water carrier - [vdavbs] (here ъ to ь denote an obscure sound, zero sound).
The alternation of vowels in strong and weak positions is not reflected in the letter, for example: to be surprised is a miracle; in an unstressed position, the letter that denotes the stressed sound in this root is written: to be surprised means “to meet a diva (miracle)”.
This is the leading principle of Russian orthography - morphological, providing for the uniform spelling of significant parts of the word - root, prefix, suffix, ending, regardless of position. The morphological principle is subject to the designation of unstressed vowels, checked by stress.

There are 36 consonants in Russian.
The consonant sounds of the Russian language are such sounds, during the formation of which the air meets some kind of barrier in the oral cavity, they consist of a voice and noise, or only of noise.
In the first case, voiced consonants are formed, in the second - deaf. Most often, voiced and deaf consonants form pairs according to voicing-deafness: [b] - [p], [c] - [f], [g] - [k], [d] - [t], [g] - [ w], [h] - [s].
However, some consonants are only deaf: [x] , [ts] , [h "], [w] or only voiced: [l] , [m] , [n] , [p] , [G] . There are also solid and soft consonants. Most of them form pairs: [b] - [b "], [c] - [c"], [g] - [g "], [d] - [d "], [h] - [h "], [k] - [k "], [l] - [l "], [m] - [m *], [n] - [n *], [n] - [n"], [p] - [p "], [s] - [s"], [t] - [t"], [f] - [f"], [x] - [x"]. Solid do not have paired sounds consonants [w], [w], [c] and soft consonants, [h "], [t"].
In a word, consonant sounds can occupy different positions, that is, the location of a sound among other sounds in a word.
The position in which the sound does not change is strong. For a consonant sound, this is the position before the vowel (weak), sonorant (true), before [in] and [in *] (twist). All other positions are weak for consonants.
At the same time, the consonant sound changes: the voiced before the deaf becomes deaf: hem - [patshyt "]; the deaf before the voiced becomes voiced: request - [prbz" ba]; voiced at the end of the word is stunned: oak - [dup]; the sound is not pronounced: holiday - [praz "n" ik]; hard before soft can become soft: power - [vlas "t"].

The composition of vowel phonemes in the system of the Russian language is determined on the basis of their meaningful role in a strong position. For the vowel phonemes of the Russian language, the position under stress not between soft consonants is absolutely strong (both perceptually and significatively). However, in a perceptually weak position, the phoneme does not enter into neutralization with other phonemes, therefore, to determine the composition of vowel phonemes, it is sufficient to take into account which position is significatively strong. For the vowel phonemes of the Russian language, this is the position under stress. In this position, six vowels are distinguished: [a] - [o] - [i] - [s] - [e] - [y]. But two vowels positionally alternate: [and] / [s]. Positionally alternating sounds are representatives of one phoneme. In a perceptually strong position - after and between solid consonants [s] appears, however, only [s] occurs at the beginning of a word, therefore it is considered to be the main version of the phoneme, and [s] only a variation of the phoneme<и>. So, the composition of the vowel phonemes of the Russian language is as follows:<а>– <о>–< and> –< e> –< y> (she – [ʌn a ], it – [ʌn about], they [ʌn’ and ], those - [t ' uh ], here at ]).

Significatively weak for Russian phonemes is the position not under stress. However, for each phoneme it is individual. Yes, phoneme<у>does not enter into neutralization with any other phoneme. For<а>, <о>all unstressed positions are weak. In position, the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants, four vowel phonemes enter into neutralization<а> –< o> – < e> – < and>: h [and e] sy, m [and e] doc, r [and e] ka, l [and e] sa. Perceptually weak for Russian vowels are positions: after soft consonants mint[m'ˑat], before soft consonants mother[matˑt '] and between soft consonants knead [m'ät '].

STRONG AND WEAK POSITIONS OF CONSONANTS AND COMPOSITION OF CONSONANT PHONEMES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The composition of voiced and voiceless consonant phonemes is determined by strong positions for voiced and voiceless consonants. Strong positions are:

1) Before vowels: ko[z]a - ko[s]a (<з> – <с>);

2) Before sonorant consonants: [z'l ']it - [s'l']it (<з’> – <’с>);

3) Before / in /, / in ’/: in [s’v ’] ut - [s’v ’] ut (<з’>– <’с>).

Weak positions for voiced and voiceless noisy consonants:

1) At the end of the word: ro [d] a-ro [t], r [t] a - ro [t] (<д>neutralized with<т>in option [t]);

2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s']it - ko[z'b]a (<с’>neutralized with<з’>in the variant [h ']);

3) Before deaf consonants: lo [d] points - lo [tk] a (<д>neutralized with<т>option [t]).

Sonorant consonants do not neutralize with any other consonant phonemes on the basis of voiced/deafness, so all positions for them are strong on this basis.

In terms of hardness-softness, strong positions for consonant phonemes of the Russian language are:

1) Before vowels<а>, <о>, <и>, <у>, <э>: garden - sit down (<д> – <д’>), nose - carried (<н> – <н’>), bow - hatch (<л> – <л’>), soap - mil (<м> – <м’>), pole - slot (<ш> –<ш’:>);

2) At the end of the word: horse - horse (<н> – <н’>), angle – coal (<л> – <л’>);

3) Before back-lingual consonants: hill - bitterly (<р> – <р’>), shelf - polka (<л> – <л’>).

However, weak positions in terms of hardness-softness are “individual”:

1) For dental consonants - before soft dental consonants: evil - anger (<з>neutralized with<з’>in the variant [h ’]), chant - song (<с>neutralized with<с’>in the variant [c']);

2) For dental consonants - before soft labial consonants: story - dawn (<с>neutralized with<с’>in the variant [c']);

3) For labial consonants - before soft labial consonants: again - together (<в>neutralized with<в’>in the variant [in ']);

4) For dental<н>- in front of the anterior<ч’>and<ш’:>: boar - boar (<н>neutralized with<н’>in the variant [n ']), deception is a deceiver (<н’>neutralized with<н’>in the variant [n ']).

Requires special comment position before a vowel<э>. For centuries, the Russian language had a law: a consonant, falling into a position before<э>, softened. Indeed, in native Russian words before<э>the consonant is always soft: forest, river, light, summer, wind. The exception is hard hissing (rustling, gesture), but they were originally soft. Therefore, the position before<э>for consonants it was weak in hardness-softness. In 20-30 years. XX century there have been changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language. On the one hand, abbreviations are actively formed, which become common words: NEP, DNEPROGES, power lines. On the other hand, many borrowings, passing into the category of mastered ones, bypass the stage of phonetic adaptation. So, the words in common use, without a doubt, include the words: antenna, atelier, stand, tennis, muffler. consonant before<э>these words are pronounced firmly. Thus before<э>in modern Russian, hard and soft consonants are possible. This means that the position has changed from weak to strong.

In fact, all positions are strong in hardness-softness, except for the weak ones listed above. The range of weak positions in terms of hardness-softness has narrowed over the past 50-80 years. The "destroyed" positional patterns include:

1) Softening consonants before : family [s’i e m’ja], blizzard [v’jug], nightingales [slʌv’ji], but entrance [pʌdjest];

2) Softening of the labials in front of the soft posterior lingual: paws [lap'k'i], rags [tr'ap'k'i].

In fact, the positional patterns of softening of the labials before the soft labials and the teeth before the soft labials are also in the stage of destruction. The Russian Grammar indicates possible pronunciation options in these positions: [s'v'et] and [sv'et], [v'm'es't'] and [vm'es't']. The reasons for such changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language will be discussed in the next paragraph.

A special position in the system for back-lingual consonants. Hard and soft back lingual consonants alternate positionally: soft back lingual consonants are possible only before front vowels<и>, <э>. In these positions, there are no hard back-lingual ones: ru [k] a - ru [k '] and, ru [k '] e; but [g] a - but [g '] and, but [g '] e; sti [x] a - sti [x '] and, o sti [x '] e. Consequently, hard and soft posterior linguals are representatives of the same phonemes. Since hard backlinguals are possible in most positions, they are considered the main variants of consonant phonemes -<г>, <к>, <х..

Thus, the composition of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language is as follows:<б> – <б’> – <п> – <п’> –<в> – <в’> – <ф> – <ф’> – <д> – <д’> – <т> – <т’> – <з> – <з’> – <с> – <с’> – <м> –<м’> – <н> – <н’> – <л> – <л’> – <р> – <р’> – <ж> – <ж’:> – <ш> – <ш’:> – <ч’> – <ц> – – <г> – <к> – <х>(pipe - [true b a], trumpeting - [true b' a], stupid - [tu P a], stupid - [that P' a], grass - [trʌ in a], grass - [trʌ in' a], graph - [grʌ f a], count - [grʌ f' a], water - [vʌ d a], leading [inʌ d' a], cool - [kru t a], twisting - [kru t' a], thunderstorm - [grʌ h a], threatening [grʌ h' a], braid - [kʌ with a], mowing [kʌ with' a], volumes - [tʌ m a], tomya - [tʌ m' a], wine - [v'i e n a], blame - [v'i e n' a], white - [b'i e l a], white - [b’i e l' a], mountain - [gʌ R a], grief - [gʌ R' a], trembling - [drʌ well a], buzzing - [zhu w' : a], hurrying - [s'p'i e w a], cracking - [tr'i e sh' : a], candle - [s'v'i e h' a], mine - [mʌ j a], hand - [ru to a], leg - [nʌ G a], verse - [s't'i e X a]).

PHONEMATIC TRANSCRIPTION

Phonetic transcription is used to accurately capture sounding speech. Phonemic transcription reflects the composition of phonemes. It is a record of abstract units of the language, not meant to be read.

The procedure for performing phonemic transcription:

1) Perform phonetic transcription;

2) Perform a morphemic analysis of the word (to determine which morpheme a particular phoneme belongs to);

3) Determine the nature of the position for each sound unit (strong position is indicated by "+", weak position - "-");

4) Select checks for all phonemes in weak positions: a) for phonemes in the root of a word - cognate words; b) for phonemes in prefixes - words of any part of speech with the same prefix (with the same meaning); c) for phonemes in suffixes - words with the same suffixes (checks "automatically" will belong to the same part of speech and the same grammatical category); d) for phonemes in endings - words of the same part of speech, the same grammatical category, in the same grammatical form.

5) Transfer the entry to phonemic transcription.

Note. Remember that it is necessary to check the positions of consonants by two parameters - by sonority-deafness and by hardness-softness.

Sample.

1) correspondence [p'yr'i e p'isk];

2) [p'yr'i e -p'is-k-b];

3) [p 'b r 'and e -p 'and s-k-b];

+ - + - + + - + - (for consonants by voicedness / deafness)

+ + + + + (for hardness/softness consonants)

4) Check for vowels in the prefix: P e rewriting, transˈ e abusive; for the root consonant [s], which is in a weak position in voicedness / deafness: rewrite; for an unstressed vowel [ъ] at the end: Spring(the ending of a feminine noun in the singular, nominative case).

5) After checks, we transfer the record to phonemic transcription:<п’эр’эп’иска>.

Performing phonemic transcription of different words, memorize checks for various prefixes, suffixes, endings of different parts of speech in different grammatical forms.

Since it is the phonemic principle that is the basis of Russian graphics and spelling, the recording of a word in phonemic transcription largely coincides with the spelling appearance of the word.

1) What does phonology study? Why is it also called functional phonetics?

2) Define a phoneme. Explain why the phoneme is considered the smallest sound unit of a language. What is the function of the phoneme? Illustrate your answer with examples.

3) What alternations are classified as phonetic positional? Give examples of phonetic positional alternations of vowels and consonants. What are the differences between phonetic non-positional (grammatical positional) alternations? In which case are the alternating sounds representative of one phoneme, in which case are they representative of different phonemes? How can a phoneme be defined in terms of positional alternations?

4) Give a definition of the strong and weak position of phonemes from the perceptual and significative points of view. In which case is the phoneme represented by its main variant? With your variations? Options? What are allophones?

5) Define a hyperphoneme and illustrate your answer with examples.

6) Name strong and weak positions for Russian vowels. What is the composition of the vowel phonemes of the Russian language?

7) Name the strong and weak positions of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language in terms of voicedness - deafness.

8) Name the strong and weak positions of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language in terms of hardness-softness.

9) What is the composition of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language?

Practical tasks

№1 . Write down the definition of the phoneme in your workbook. Justify each word in this definition.

№2 . Pick up rows of words in which vowels, voiced and deaf consonants, hard and soft consonants perform a semantic function. Prove that a semantic function can be performed by the order of sound units in a word.

№3. Determine what alternations are observed in the following cases: a) house - house a- domovik; b) traces - trace; c) play along - signature d) graze - pasture; e) evil - to anger; f) honor - honest; g) walk - I walk; h) frost - freeze; i) table - about the table. Which of these alternations are phonetic positional? Pick up similar examples of phonetic positional and phonetic non-positional alternations.

№4. Transcribe the text. Set possible phonetic positional and non-positional alternations: Snow fell until midnight, darkness fell over the gorges, and then it became quiet, and a young moon rose ... This world, it is driven and alive from time immemorial by transformations, sometimes invisible, sometimes obvious, countless of them(Yu. Levitansky).

№6 . Prove that for alternations [s’]/[w] and [d‘]/[w] in pairs wear - wear, walk - walk there are exceptions and, therefore, these alternations are phonetic non-positional.

№7 . Show what different sounds the phoneme /з/ can be represented (in the preposition without). Indicate the main variant of this phoneme, its variations, options.

№8. Transcribe the words and determine which row of positionally alternating sounds are represented by Phonemes<э>, <о>, <а>: running, running, running; walk, walked, walkers; thunderstorms, thunderstorm, thunderstorm; anger, wisdom; record, record, record.

№9. What phonemes and in what positions are neutralized in the examples of task 3?

№10. Select examples illustrating the neutralization of phonemes:<б> – <п>; <и> – <э>; <э> – <о>; <д> – <д’>.

№11. Transcribe the words. Designate strong and weak positions for vowel phonemes: domovik, honey plant, golden, groovy, subscription, story, kindness, youth, copier, cotton wool, field, strict. Pick up checks for vowels in weak position. Which vowel phonemes do they represent?

№12 . Transcribe the words. Indicate the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes according to voiced-deafness. Pick up phonemic checks: crab, trace, thunderstorm, long, hawk, braid (short adjective), dexterous, cat, piece of wood, mowing, carving, interspersed, signature, echo, jump, heartless, soundless, laugh, break.

№13 . Write down the words in phonetic transcription, indicating strong and weak positions for consonant phonemes in terms of hardness-softness: elephant, horse, hill, bitterly, goat, song, together, with Vitya, racer, boar, cog, difference, removable, branching. Pick up checks for phonemes in a weak position.

№14 . What are the hyperphonemes in the following words: watercolor, crimson, left-handed, turquoise, wife, lean, suddenly, wax, becoming, light, everywhere?

№15. Give examples of words that have hyperphonemes:<а/о>; <и/э>; <а/о/э>; <а/о/э/и>; <с/з>; <г/к>; <с’/з’>; <т’/д’>; <с/c’/з/з’>.

№16. Perform phonemic transcription of words: young, flew, show, prose writer, stay, riddle, quiet, armchair, sea, play along, wash, kerosene, blind, furnish, closet, delight, asphalt, here.

№19. Using the materials of the paragraph and the completed exercises, write in a notebook and remember the checks for morphemes: a) prefixes on-, for-, under-, re-, roses-; b) suffixes

-ost-, -chik-, -from-, -out-; c) endings of nouns of different types of declension, adjectives, personal endings of verbs; d) infinitive suffix -th and postfix -ss reflexive verbs.

In the classroom, various forms of multi-level education of schoolchildren are used. The students work in three groups. The first group includes children with high learning abilities and high and average working capacity. The second group is the average and low level of learning abilities and average working capacity. The third group of students with low and average learning abilities and low working capacity.

In this lesson, work is underway to open a new position of paired consonants and its further application in teaching schoolchildren.

Topic: Strong and weak positions of consonants.

Objectives: to teach to distinguish signs of strong and weak positions of paired consonants; acquaintance with the “weak” position of consonants in front of consonants, which is new for children; to work out the way of writing with gaps in spelling of weak positions.

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

Check readiness for the lesson. Teach children to be kind to each other. on cultural dialogue when working in groups.

2. Knowledge update.

- Change the words: meadows, sides so that they name one object. Record both changes of each word in sounds. Write down the changes next to it.

For group 3, task No. 1 is performed according to the model. Task number 2 in groups is different, taking into account their learning abilities.

For group 1: write down schemes of strong and weak positions of consonants.

Group 2: indicate the strong and weak positions of consonants next to the diagrams.

Group 3: connect the strong and weak positions with the diagrams with a line.

3. Checking the work of the group at the blackboard:

Children from group 1 start so that the rest of the students listen to the explanation again.

1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr.

[MEASOWINGS] [G] O Meadows

[LUG] [K]. Lu_

[TANK][K] O B_

[BOK] [K]. Bo_

From the schemes written on the board, choose a more complete one or answer the teacher's questions.

4. Statement of the problem:

- Do the consonants have any other weak positions? (Listen to the opinion of the children).

- Write down the name of the objects beep, skating rink with sounds. Change each word so that it names many things, and record the word changes with sounds. Circle the penultimate consonants in the changes.

Group 1 students work independently and observe the changes in each word.

Students of groups 2 and 3 work together with the teacher.

[BEEP] [Y]

[GUTK'I] [T]

[RINK] [T]

[KATK'I] [T]

– In vowels, strong and weak positions are determined by stress. And what determines the positions of paired consonants? (neighbor on the right, that is, Oh, no).

- Highlight and write down the penultimate consonant sounds.

Are there any vowel sounds in weak position? Mark them.

Are there any consonant sounds in strong positions? Explain.

Have you noted the positions of all consonants?

- In what position are both sounds from a pair possible? (In the strong). Write them out.

- And in what position does only 1 consonant sound out of a pair come to work? (In the weak).

- What is that sound? (consonant, deaf).

- Show with arrows which sound appeared instead of the sounds [Д] and [Т] before the consonants.

Children opening a new position.

– Compare and discuss in pairs the weak position of consonants with the one you learned earlier. (Group 1 independently concludes a new weak position). You made another discovery today. How many weak positions of consonants do you now know? Is it possible to designate sounds in weak positions with letters? (No, because spelling, put a dash).

Write a letter next to it. Who has a different letter entry, without gaps?

- What helped to write words without gaps? (the law of Russian writing).

6. Primary fastening:

Writing words, sentences with missing spellings of weak positions.

The first group works independently;
The second - according to the model;
The third group with the teacher.

If the groups have questions, they show a card with a question mark. Children from group 1 come to the rescue.

7. Reflection of activity:

What discovery has each made for himself?

8. Homework:

For the first group: write down a few words where paired consonants come before other consonants.

The second and third group task according to the textbook.

The next lesson of the Russian language begins with determining the positions of consonant sounds in words written by group 1.