What is the name of the level of general education established by the law on education in the Russian Federation. Education system: concept and elements

is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that do not depend on each other. An institution of each level has its own forms of organization and bodies of legal subordination that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, special attention has been paid to education in our country. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. So, in Soviet times, the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the reassessment of values, today, has led to the democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become commonplace for modern participants in the educational process. There is variability in educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the supervisory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, the modern Russian education system remains federal and centralized. The levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational education. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the development of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state as a whole, and the individual in particular.

Levels of education:

• general education;
• professional;
• higher.

General education

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all state institutions. The levels of general education are:

• preschool;
• school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

• initial;
• main;
• the average.

Each of the steps prepares for the development of the educational program of the next level.

The very first step in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students for the development of the school curriculum, and also provides initial knowledge about hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend a preschool institution, at the next stage - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in the development of educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, as well as the preschool stage, pursue a single goal - to prepare for the development of the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations for certain types of activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently cognize the world around.

Professional education

The levels of vocational education are as follows:

• initial
• the average;
• higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can get various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there, both after the 9th grade, and after graduating from the 11th.

The next step is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type, one can master the basic level of the future profession, while the second type involves a more in-depth study. You can also enter there, both after the 9th grade and after the 11th. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific stage. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered an accelerated program.

And finally, higher education trains highly qualified specialists in various fields. This level of education has its sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

• undergraduate;
• specialty
• magistracy.

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own terms of study. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the initial level, which is mandatory for obtaining the rest.

Specialists with the highest qualifications in various professions are trained in such educational institutions as universities, institutes, academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of education. You can study:

• in person, attending all classes and taking sessions;
• in absentia, independently studying the course material and taking sessions;
• part-time, when training can be conducted on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study on the job);
• as an external student, here you can finish your studies when you see fit (it assumes the issuance of a state diploma, however, it will be marked that you graduated from an educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by normative documents of various nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows you to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each overcome educational level.

The education system in the Russian Federation

According to the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation", the education system includes 2 main types - general and professional education, which in turn are divided into the following levels:

General educationconsists of four levels:

preschool education is provided by licensed institutions for children up to the age of 6 - 7, that is, before they officially go to school.

Primary general education for children aged 7 to 10 includes grades 1-4.

Basic general (incomplete secondary) education for children aged 11 to 15 takes 5 years and includes grades 5-9.

Average total (complete secondary) education students receive in the upper grades of secondary school for 2 years of study - grades 10-11 - and complete it at the age of 17-18 years.

The program of secondary general education is compulsory and is considered mastered after completion of education in 11 grades and passing by each student of the state final certification. Certification is carried out in the form unified state exam (USE) in Russian language and mathematics (mandatory exams), as well as in additional subjects from the list established by law (from 1 or more) at the choice of the graduate. The results of passing are accepted as entrance tests for admission to the university. Graduates who successfully pass the exam receive certificate of secondary general education , and to obtain a certificate, it is enough to pass the exam in the Russian language and mathematics. This gives the holder the right to continue education at the level of secondary vocational education. Access to higher education is provided based on the results of the Unified State Examination with elective exams - the number and subjects are determined by the applicant depending on the requirements of the university in the chosen direction.

Professional education includes 5 levels:

Secondary vocational education can be obtained through two types of programs:

Training programs for qualified workers and employees;

Training programs for mid-level specialists.

Graduates of secondary vocational educational organizations after graduation receive a diploma of secondary vocational education.

After completing the educational program of the first type, graduates are granted access to the labor market, as well as the right to continue their studies in the programs of the second type and higher education (subject to obtaining secondary general education).

Educational organizations implementing programs of the second type can be both independent educational organizations and structural subdivisions of the university. As a rule, in this case, the programs are well coordinated with the programs of universities in the relevant areas.

Currently in Russia there is a multi-stage system higher education , as a subspecies of vocational education, consisting of the following levels:

Higher education - bachelor's degree (240 credits). The bachelor's degree is awarded after completing a 4-year study program. Bachelor's programs are developed in various areas. The bachelor's degree provides applied education, since the holder receives a sufficient amount of professional knowledge, skills and abilities for employment in positions requiring higher education (without specifying the level). However, a bachelor's degree is a condition for admission to master's programs. The state final certification includes the defense of the thesis and the passing of the state final exams. After successfully passing the certification, a bachelor's degree is issued.

Higher education - specialty (300-360 credits). The qualification of a specialist in Russia is a legacy of the former single-stage system of higher education and, in its essence, corresponds to a master's degree. Holders get the opportunity for professional activities that require a higher level of higher education than a bachelor's degree. And they are also given access to master's programs in areas other than those already received in the specialty, and to training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education). The term of study for obtaining the qualification of a specialist is at least 5 years. The state final certification for obtaining the qualification of a specialist includes the defense of a project or thesis and the passing of state final exams. Obtaining the qualification of a specialist is confirmed by a diploma of a specialist. The level of higher education - specialty is equivalent to the level of higher education - magistracy.

Higher education - magistracy (120 credits) is a two-year course of study, focused mostly on research activities (up to 50% of the student's workload) compared to the specialist's programs. But, first of all, the magistracy is an in-depth training in analytical and professional-practical activities in a specific area, including the development of elements of scientific and pedagogical work. The State Educational Standard defines only the general requirements for master's degree programs, without establishing requirements for the content of education. Universities have the right to independently make decisions on the content of master's programs depending on the specialty, and also independently establish the admission procedure for applicants (conducting exams, interviews, etc.). Access to master's programs is available to holders of a bachelor's degree, as well as specialist qualifications. Holders of higher education degrees who wish to enter a master's program in another specialty must pass additional examinations that reflect the requirements for passing the chosen master's program. The state final certification for obtaining a master's degree includes the defense of a master's thesis and the passing of state final exams, the results of which are issued a master's degree.

Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education) is carried out based on the results of mastering the programs for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internships. The duration of training is determined by the relevant program and is 3-4 years. The training ends with the passing of candidate examinations and the preparation of a candidate's dissertation. The holders receive an appropriate diploma. Obtaining this level of education does not automatically lead to the award of the degree of Candidate of Sciences, but only increases the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of the owner and provides an opportunity for a deeper and more qualified approach to the creation of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. Also, the development of this level of higher education provides an opportunity to work in positions for which Russian legislation defines mandatory requirements (high school teacher, researcher, etc.).

Degrees

The assignment of academic degrees is regulated by the Federal Law of August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” and other by-laws. Academic degrees are not included in the education system, because are the result of official recognition by the state and society of the achievements of the owner in the scientific and research fields of activity. At the same time, the condition for obtaining a scientific degree is the presence of a previous higher education, so they act as a logical continuation of increasing the level of education of the holder and are closely related to the educational system of Russia.

Traditionally, there are two levels of academic degrees in Russia: PhD and PhD . A scientific degree is awarded to persons who have defended a scientific qualification work (dissertation). Based on the results of a successful dissertation defense, a diploma is issued conferring the degree of candidate of science or doctor of science.

For a degree PhD usually requires 3-4 years of postgraduate study (adjuncture, etc.) after obtaining a specialist or master's degree, preparing a dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a degree. However, obtaining a PhD degree is possible without postgraduate studies. To do this, the holder of a higher education (specialist or master's degree) can be transferred to the appropriate scientific positions and must prepare a dissertation within no more than 3 years. After defending his dissertation, he is awarded the degree of Candidate of Sciences.

Academic degree PhD is awarded after obtaining the degree of Candidate of Sciences and can be obtained in two ways, as well as the degree of Candidate of Sciences - by continuing doctoral studies for up to 3 years and preparing a doctoral dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a scientific degree, or without completing training, provided employment in relevant scientific positions for the preparation of a doctoral dissertation for no more than 2 years, its subsequent defense and the award of a doctoral degree.

There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.

According to the law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and professional. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

General education

According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:

• Preschool education;
• School education.

The second type is divided into the following subspecies:

• Initial;
• Main;
• The average.

Pre-school education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future in the assimilation of school material. This includes the primary elements of written and spoken language, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.

Both municipal and private institutions of preschool education are successfully functioning in the Russian Federation. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home, not sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that the number of children who did not attend preschool institutions increases every year.

Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students' motivation, honing writing and speaking skills, teaching the basics of theoretical thinking and various sciences.

The main task of basic education is the study of the foundations of various sciences, a deeper study of the state language, the formation of inclinations towards certain types of activity, the formation of aesthetic tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student should develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.

Secondary education aims to teach to think rationally, to make independent choices, various sciences are studied more deeply. A clear idea of ​​the world and the social role of each student in it is also formed. As never before, it's important pedagogical the influence of the class teacher and other teachers.

Professional education

In Russian federation professional education levels are divided into the following subtypes:

• Initial;
• The average;
• Higher.

Primary education is provided by institutions that provide working professions. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed PTL - vocational lyceum). You can enter such institutions both on the basis of 9th and 11th grades.

Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The former train basic-level specialists, the latter implement a system of in-depth training. You can enter a technical school or college on the basis of 9 or 11 grades, some institutions can only enter after 9 or only after 11 grades (for example, medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained according to a reduced program.

Higher education provides training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies (in some cases also colleges) are engaged in the training of specialists. Higher education is divided into the following levels:

• specialty;

Bachelor's degree is a mandatory level for obtaining the other two. There are also various forms of education. It can be full-time, part-time, part-time and external.

Levels of education in the world

In the world, a huge number of educational institutions are engaged in teaching students and.

• One of the best systems operates in the USA; more than 500 thousand foreign students study in the institutions of this country. The main problem of the American education system is the high cost.
• A very high educational level is also offered by the higher educational institutions of France, education in the universities of this country, as in Russia, is free. Students only have to provide their own maintenance.
• In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country is that there is no division into bachelor's and specialist's degrees in the legal and medical industries.
• In England, the term Higher Education is used only to refer to institutes or universities where graduates receive a doctoral or academic degree.
• Also, education in China has recently become popular. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.

The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this rating, created by Times Higher Education in conjunction with the Thomson Reuters information group. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the ranking is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.

Criteria for evaluating universities:

The academic reputation of the university, including scientific activities and the quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)

The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).

General citation of scientific publications, normalized for different areas of research (analysis data of 12,000 scientific journals over a five-year period).

The ratio of published scientific articles to the number of teaching staff (data from the analysis of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).

The amount of funding for university research activities in relation to the number of faculty members (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

The volume of funding by third-party companies for the research activities of the university in relation to the number of faculty members.

The ratio of public funding for research activities to the total research budget of the university.

The ratio of the teaching staff to the number of students.

The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.

The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local students.

The ratio of defended dissertations (Ph.D.) to the number of teaching staff.

The ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of bachelors going to the title of master.

Average remuneration of a teaching staff member (normalized to purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

How is the score determined?

The maximum score that the studied university can receive is 100 points.

For the level of teaching activity, the quality of education, the number of highly qualified teachers, the university can get a maximum of 30 points.

For the scientific reputation of the university, a maximum of 30 points is given.

For the citation of scientific works - 30 points.

For the development of innovative projects, attracting investments to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.

For the ability of the university to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world to its ranks - 7.5 points.

World University Ranking 2014-2015

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education - bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, magistracy;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student's personality, the development of interest in learning and the student's creative abilities, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only a basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.