Brief Dictionary of Psychology. Brief Dictionary of Psychological Terms

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATIONS - the minimum value stimulus any modality (light, sound, etc.) that can cause a barely noticeable feeling.
ABSTRACTION - the mental selection of any feature or property of an object, phenomenon in order to study it in more detail.
AUTOKINETIC EFFECT - an illusory, apparent movement of an actually stationary object, for example, a luminous point in the dark when the gaze is fixed on it for a long time in the absence of any other visible objects in the field of view.
AUTHORITARY (powerful, directive) - a characteristic of a person as a person or his behavior in relation to other people, emphasizing the tendency to use predominantly non-democratic methods of influencing them: pressure, orders, orders, etc.
AUTHORITY - the ability of a person to have a certain weight among people, to serve as a source of ideas for them and to enjoy their recognition and respect.
AGGLUTINATION - the merging of different words into one with a reduction in their morphological structure, but with the preservation of the original meaning. In psychology, one of the essential characteristics of words used in inner speech.
AGGRESSION (hostility) - a person's behavior towards other people, which is distinguished by the desire to cause them trouble, to harm.
ADAPTATION - adaptation sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to best perceive and protect them receptors from excessive overload.
ACCOMMODATION - a change in the curvature of the lens of the eye in order to accurately focus the image on the retina.
ACTIVITY - a concept that indicates the ability of living beings to produce spontaneous movements and change under the influence of external or internal stimulus stimuli.
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ACCENTATION- highlighting a property or feature against the background of others, its special development.
ACCEPTOR OF ACTION- a concept introduced by P. K. Anokhin. Denotes a hypothetical psychophysiological apparatus that exists in central nervous system and representing a model of the future result of the action, with which the parameters of the actually performed action are then compared.
ALTRUISM- trait character, encouraging a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.
AMBIVALENCE- duality, inconsistency. In psychology feelings denotes the simultaneous presence in the human soul of opposite, incompatible with each other aspirations relating to the same object.
AMNESIA- violations memory.
ANALYZER- the concept proposed by I.P. Pavlov. Denotes a collection afferent and efferent nervous structures involved in the perception, processing and response to irritants(cm.).
ANIMISM- an ancient doctrine of objective existence, the transmigration of souls and spirits, as well as fantastic, supernatural ghosts.
ANTICIPATION- anticipation, anticipation of the onset of something.
APATHY- a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity:
APPERCEPTION- a concept introduced by the German scientist G. Leibniz. Defines a state of special clarity consciousness, his focus on something. In the understanding of another German scientist, W. Wundt, it meant some internal force that directs the course of thought and the course mental processes.
Apraxia- violation of movements in a person.
ASSOCIATION connection, connection of mental phenomena with each other.
ASSOCIATIONISM- a psychological doctrine that used association as the main explanatory principle of all mental phenomena. A. dominated the psychology of the XVIII-XIX centuries.
ATTRIBUTION- the attribution of some directly unperceivable property to an object, person or phenomenon.
ATRIBUTION CAUSAL- attributing some explanatory reason to the observed action or deed of a person.
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ATTRACTION- attraction, attraction one person to another, accompanied by positive emotions.
AUTOGENIC TRAINING- a set of special exercises based on self-hypnosis and used by a person to control their own mental states and behavior.
AUTISM- violation of the normal course of thinking under the influence of illness, psychotropic or other means. Departure of a person from reality into the world fantasies and dreams In the most striking form, it is found in preschool children and in patients with schizophrenia. The term was introduced by the psychiatrist E. Bleiler.
APHASIAS- violations speech.
AFFECT- a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal resulting from frustrations or any other, strongly acting on psyche causes, usually associated with dissatisfaction of very important for a person needs.
AFFERENT- a concept that characterizes the course of the process of nervous excitation through the nervous system in the direction from the periphery of the body to the brain.
affiliation- a person's need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive: friendly, comradely, friendly relations with other people.
BARRIER PSYCHOLOGICAL- an internal obstacle of a psychological nature (reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.) that prevents a person from successfully performing some action. It often occurs in business and personal relationships between people and prevents the establishment of open and trusting relationships between them.
UNCONSCIOUS- a characteristic of the psychological properties, processes and states of a person that are outside the sphere of his consciousness, but have the same effect on his behavior as consciousness.
BEHAVIORISM- a doctrine in which only human behavior is considered as the subject of psychological research and its dependence on external and internal material incentives is studied. B. denies the need and possibility of a scientific study of psychic phenomena proper. The American scientist D. Watson is considered to be the founder of B..
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LARGE GROUP - a social association of people of considerable quantitative composition, formed on the basis of some abstract (see. abstraction) socio-demographic feature: gender, age, nationality, professional affiliation, social or economic status, etc.
Delusions - an abnormal, painful state of the human psyche, accompanied by fantastic images, visions, hallucinations (see also autism).
Brainstorming is a special method of organizing joint group creative work of people, designed to increase their mental activity and solve complex intellectual problems.
VALIDITY - the quality of the method of psychological research, expressed in its compliance with what it was originally intended to study and evaluate.
FAITH - a person's belief in something, not supported by convincing logical arguments or facts.
VERBAL LEARNING - the acquisition by a person of life experience, knowledge, skills and skills through verbal instructions and explanations.
VERBAL - pertaining to sound human speech.
VIKAR LEARNING - the acquisition of knowledge by a person, skills and skills through direct observation and imitation of the observed object.
DRIVING - a desire or need to do something that prompts a person to take appropriate action.
ATTENTION - a state of psychological concentration, concentration on any object.
INTERNAL SPEECH - a special type of human speech activity, directly related to unconscious automatically flowing processes of translation of thoughts into words and vice versa.
SUSPICABILITY - a person's compliance with action suggestion.
Suggestion - the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.
EXCITABILITY - the property of living matter to come into a state of excitation under the influence irritants and keep his traces for some time.
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AGE PSYCHOLOGY - a field of psychology that studies the psychological characteristics of people of different ages, their development and transitions from one age to another.
WILL - a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously control his psyche and deeds. It manifests itself in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.
IMAGINATION - the ability to imagine an absent or not really existing object, keep it in the mind and mentally manipulate it.
MEMORY (recall) - playback by memory any previously received information. One of the main memory processes.
PERCEPTION - the process of receiving and processing by a person of various information entering the brain through the organs feelings. Ends with the formation image.
REACTION TIME - the time interval between the onset of a stimulus and the appearance in the body of a certain reaction to it.
SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM - a system of speech signs, symbols that cause the same reactions in a person as real objects that are designated by these symbols.
EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS (expression) - a system of data from nature or learned movements (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime), with the help of which a person non-verbally (see. verbal) transmits information about their internal states or the external world to other people.
HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS - transformed under the influence of life in society, training and education mental processes person. The concept was introduced by L.S. Vygotsky in the framework of the cultural-historical theory of the development of V.p.f. (cm.).
REMOVAL is one of defense mechanisms(see) in the psychoanalytic theory of personality (see. psychoanalysis). Under the influence of V. from the memory of a person are derived from consciousness into the sphere unconscious information that causes him strong unpleasant emotional experiences.
HALLUCINATIONS - unrealistic, fantastic images that arise in a person during illnesses that affect the state of his psyche (see also autism, delirium).
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION - the acquisition of many incentives (see. stimulus), initially not related to the us-
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catching reaction (cf. conditioned reflex) the ability to invoke it.
GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the origin of mental phenomena and their connection with genotype person.
GENETIC METHOD - a method of studying mental phenomena in development, establishing their origin and the laws of transformation as they develop (see also historical method).
GENIUS - the highest level of human development of any abilities, making him an outstanding personality in the relevant field or field of activity.
GENOTYPE - a set of genes or any qualities inherited by a person from his parents.
GESTALT - structure, whole, system.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological research that arose in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. during an open crisis psychological science. In contrast associationism Gestalt psychology asserted the priority of structure, or integrity (cf. gestalt), in the organization of mental processes, the laws and dynamics of their course.
HYLOZOISM - a philosophical doctrine of the universal spirituality of matter, stating that sensitivity as an elementary form psyche inherent in all, without exception, things that exist in nature.
HYPNOSIS - caused by suggestive influence, a temporary shutdown of a person's consciousness or the removal of conscious control over one's own behavior.
HOMEOSTASIS - a normal state of equilibrium of organic and other processes in a living system.
DREAMS - fantasies, dreams of a person, drawing in his imagination pleasant, desired pictures of a future life.
GROUP - a set of people identified on the basis of any one or more common features for them (see also small group).
GROUP DYNAMICS - a line of research in social psychology(see), which studies the process of emergence, functioning and development of different groups (see).
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY - a branch of psychology in which a person is considered as a higher spiritual being, setting himself the goal of self-improvement and striving to achieve it. G.p. arose in the first half
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wine of the 20th century American scientists G. Allport, A. Maslow and K. Rogers are considered to be the founders.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR- (cm. deviant behaviour).
DEPERSONALIZATION(depersonalization) - a temporary loss by a person of psychological and behavioral characteristics that characterize him as personality.
DEPRESSION- a state of mental disorder, depression, characterized by a breakdown and a decrease in activity.
DETERMINATION- causation (cf. determinism).
DETERMINISM- a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that asserts the existence and possibility of establishing the objective causes of all phenomena existing in the world.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY- industry developmental psychology, which studies the psychology of children of different ages, from birth to graduation.
ACTIVITY- a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.
ACTIVITY SUBJECT- activity, subordinated in its course to the characteristics of objects of material and spiritual culture created by people. Calculated on the assimilation of the ways of the correct use of these objects by people and the development of their abilities.
DISPOSITION- predisposition, readiness of a person for certain external or internal actions.
DISTRESS- the negative impact of stress (see. stress) situation on human activity, up to its complete destruction.
DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies and explains the psychological and behavioral differences of people.
DOMINANT- the predominant focus of excitation in the human brain, associated with increased attention or actual need. Able to increase due to the attraction of excitations from neighboring areas of the brain. The concept of D. was introduced by A. Ukhtomsky.
DRIVE- a concept denoting an unconscious internal attraction of a general nature, generated by some organic need. Used in psychology motivation and in theory learning.
22. R. S. Nemov, book 1
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DUALISM - the doctrine of the independent, independent existence of the body and soul. It originates in the works of ancient philosophers, but is fully developed in the Middle Ages. Deployed in the works of the French philosopher R. Descartes.
SOUL - the old name used in science before the appearance of the word "psychology" is the name of the totality of phenomena studied in modern psychology.
WISH- the state of the updated, i.e. a need that has begun to act, accompanied by a desire and willingness to do something specific to satisfy it.
GESTURE- the movement of a person's hands, expressing his internal state or pointing to some object in the outside world.
LIFE- a set of types of activity united by the concept of "life" and characteristic of living matter.
FORGETTING- process memory, associated with the loss of traces of previous impacts and the possibility of their reproduction (see. memory).
INDIVIDUALS - prerequisites for the development of abilities. They can be congenital or acquired during life.
BOOGER-WEBER LAW- psychophysical (cf. psychophysics) law expressing the constancy of the increment ratio irritant, giving rise to a barely perceptible change in strength Feel to its original value:
BUT/
-------=K,
I
where I- the initial value of the stimulus, M- its increment, TO - constant.
This law was independently established by the French scientist P. Buger and the German scientist E. Weber.
WEBER-FECHNER LAW- the law stating that the strength of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the acting stimulus:
S= K ¦ lg I+ C,
where S- feeling power, I- the magnitude of the stimulus, Key S - constants.
Deduced by the German scientist G. Fechner on the basis of the Buger-Weber law (see).
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The YERKS-DODSON LAW is a curvilinear, bell-shaped connection that exists between the strength of emotional arousal and the success of a person's activity. Shows that the most productive activity occurs with a moderate, optimal level of arousal. Opened at the beginning of the 20th century. American psychologists R. Yerkes and J. Dodson.
STEVENS LAW- one of the variants of the basic psychophysical law (see. Weber-Fechner law), assuming the presence of not a logarithmic, but a power-law functional relationship between the magnitude of the stimulus and the strength of sensation:
S= TO- D
where 5 is the strength of sensation, I- the magnitude of the current stimulus, To and and are constants.
SUBSTITUTION(sublimation) - one of the protective mechanisms, representing a subconscious replacement of one, forbidden or practically unattainable, goal with another, permitted and more accessible, capable of at least partially satisfying an urgent need.
INFECTION- a psychological term denoting the unconscious transmission from person to person of any emotions, states, motives.
PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS- psychoanalytic concept (cf. psychoanalysis), denoting a set of unconscious techniques by which a person, as a person, protects himself from psychological trauma.
REMEMBER- one of the processes memory, denoting the introduction into memory of newly incoming information.
SIGN- a symbol or object that serves as a substitute for another object.
VALUE (words, concepts) - the content that all people who use it put into a given word or concept.
ZONE OF POTENTIAL (NEXT) DEVELOPMENT- opportunities in mental development that open up in a person when he is provided with minimal outside help. The concept of C.p.r. introduced by L.S. Vygotsky.
ZOOPSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies the behavior and psychology of animals.
IDENTIFICATION- identification. In psychology, the establishment of the similarity of one person with another, aimed at remembering him and his own development of a person identifying with him.
22*
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IDEOMOTORICS - the influence of thoughts on movements, manifested in the fact that any thought of movement is accompanied by a barely noticeable real movement of the most mobile parts of the body: arms, eyes, head or torso. These movements are often involuntary and hidden from the consciousness of the person making them.
ICONIC MEMORY - (see. instant memory).
ILLUSIONS - phenomena of perception, imagination and memory that exist only in the human head and do not correspond to any real phenomenon or object.
IMPLICIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY - a stable, life-formed idea in a person about the relationship of appearance, behavior and traits personalities people, on the basis of which he judges people in conditions of insufficient information about them.
Imprinting is a type of acquiring experience that occupies an intermediate position between learning and innate reactions. With I., forms of behavior that are ready from birth are included in the action under the influence of some external stimulus, which, as it were, launches them into action.
IMPULSITY - a characterological trait of a person, manifested in his tendency to fleeting, ill-considered actions and deeds.
INDIVIDUAL - a single person in the aggregate of all his inherent qualities: biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.
INDIVIDUALITY - a kind of combination of individual (see. individual) characteristics of a person that distinguishes him from other people.
INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF ACTIVITY - a stable combination of the features of performing different types of activities by the same person.
INITIATIVE - a person's manifestation of activity that is not stimulated from the outside and is not determined by circumstances beyond his control.
INSIGHT (insight, conjecture) - unexpected for the person himself, a sudden finding of a solution to a problem, over which he thought long and hard.
INSTINCT - an innate, little-changed form of behavior that ensures the adaptation of the body to the typical conditions of its life.
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INSTRUMENTAL ACTION - An action that serves as a means to an end other than its own result.
INTELLIGENCE - the totality of the mental abilities of a person and some higher animals, for example, great apes.
INTERACTION- interaction.
INTERACTIONISM- a doctrine that asserts that all psychological properties, qualities and types of behavior acquired by a person during their lifetime are the result of the interaction of their inner world and the external environment.
INTEREST- emotionally colored, increased attention of a person to an object or phenomenon.
INTERIORIZATION- the transition from the environment external to the body to the internal. In relation to a person, I. means the transformation of external actions with material objects into internal, mental, operating with symbols. According to the cultural-historical theory of the formation of higher mental functions And. is the main mechanism of their development.
INTERFERENCE- violation of the normal course of one process by the intervention of another.
INTROVERSION- the appeal of a person's consciousness to himself; preoccupation with one's own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to what is happening around. I. is one of the basic features personality.
INTROSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological research that existed mainly in the 19th century. The main research method in I.p. was introspection.
INTROSPECTION- the method of cognition of mental phenomena through self-observation of a person, i.e. careful study by the person himself of what happens in his mind when solving various kinds of problems.
INTUITION- the ability to quickly find the right solution to the problem and navigate in difficult life situations, as well as to foresee the course of events.
IFANTILISM- the manifestation of childhood traits in the psychology and behavior of an adult.
TESTED- a person who is subjected to scientific psychological experiments.
HISTORICAL METHOD- a method of studying mental phenomena in their development, depending on the historical conditions of human life.
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Catharsis - cleansing. psychoanalytic (cf. psychoanalysis) a term denoting mental relief that occurs in a person after strong emotional experiences such as affect or stress.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS- a method of psychological research in which quantitative indicators are not used, and conclusions are drawn only on the basis of logical reasoning about the facts obtained.
CLIMATE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL- general socio-psychological characteristics of the state small group, especially the human relationships that have developed in it.
COGNITIVE HELP- a psychological state or a situation in which an individual, having the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to solve a problem, due to a number of cognitive reasons, cannot cope with it.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY- one of the modern directions of research in psychology, explaining human behavior on the basis of knowledge and studying the process and dynamics of their formation.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY- theory proposed in line with cognitive psychology American scientist L. Festinger. Considers the cognitive dissonance as one of the main factors governing human behavior.
THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE- a contradiction in the system of knowledge of a person, which gives rise to unpleasant experiences in him and encourages him to take actions aimed at eliminating this contradiction.
TEAM- highly developed small group people whose relationships are based on positive moral standards. K. has increased efficiency in work, manifested in the form superadditive effect.
COMMUNICATIONS- contacts, communication, exchange of information and interaction of people with each other.
COMPENSATION- the ability of a person to get rid of feelings about his own shortcomings (see. inferiority complex) through intensive work on oneself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept of K. was introduced by A. Adler.
INFERIORITY COMPLEX- a complex state of a person associated with a lack of any qualities (abilities, knowledge, skills), accompanied by deep
s ^ about


mi negative emotional experiences about it.
REVIVAL COMPLEX- a complex sensory-motor reaction of an infant (about 2-3 months old), arising from the perception of a loved one, primarily his mother.
CONVERGENCE- reduction of the visual axes of the eyes on any object or to one point of the visual space.
CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION- the ability to perceive objects and see them relatively constant in size, shape and color in changing physical conditions of perception.
CONTENT ANALYSIS- a method of psychological study of various texts, which makes it possible to judge the psychology of the creators of these texts by their content.
CONFLICT INTER-PERSONALITY- the state of dissatisfaction of a person with any circumstances of his life, associated with the presence of contradictory interests, aspirations, needs that give rise to affects and stress.
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT- an intractable contradiction that arises between people and is caused by the incompatibility of their views, interests, goals, needs.
CONFORMITY- uncritical acceptance by a person of someone else's wrong opinion, accompanied by an insincere rejection of his own opinion, the correctness of which the person internally does not doubt. Such refusal in case of conforming behavior is usually motivated by some opportunistic considerations.
CONCEPTUAL REFLECTOR ARC- a concept that expands and deepens the Pavlovian idea of reflex arc due to the inclusion of the latest data on the specialization and work of various groups of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The concept of K.r.d. introduced by E.N. Sokolov and Ch.A. Izmailov.
CORRELATION- a mathematical concept that indicates a statistical relationship that exists between the phenomena under study (see. math statistics).
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT COEFFICIENT- a numerical indicator of a person's mental development, obtained as a result of the use of special tests, designed to quantify the level of development of human intelligence.
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A CRISIS- a state of mental disorder caused by a person’s long-term dissatisfaction with himself and his relationship with the outside world. To. age quite often arises at transition of the person from one age group to another.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS- a theory explaining the process of formation and development higher mental functions human on the basis of cultural and socio-historical conditions of human existence. Developed in the 20-30s by L.S. Vygotsky.
LABILITY- property of nervous processes (nervous system), manifested in the ability to conduct a certain number of nerve impulses per unit of time. L. also characterizes the speed of occurrence and termination of the nervous process.
LIBIDO one of the basic concepts psychoanalysis. Denotes a certain type of energy, most often biochemical, which underlies the needs and actions of a person. The concept of L. was introduced into scientific circulation by Z. Freud.
LEADER- a member of a group whose authority, power or authority is unconditionally recognized by the rest of the members small group, ready to follow him.
LEADERSHIP- behavior leader in small group. The acquisition or loss of leadership powers by him, the exercise of his leadership functions.
LINGUISTIC- pertaining to language.
PERSONALITY- a concept denoting a set of stable psychological qualities of a person that make up him individuality.
LOGOTHERAPY- psychotherapeutic method (see. psychotherapy), designed to give a person’s life that has lost its meaning a more definite spiritual content, to draw the attention and consciousness of a person to genuine moral and cultural values. It was proposed by the Austrian psychiatrist W. Frankl and is based on a person's awareness of his responsibility to people and himself.
LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS(properties and states of a person) - representation in the structures of the human brain of the location of the main mental functions, states and properties there, their connection with specific anatomical and physiological departments and structures of the brain.
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LOCAL- limited, local.
LOCUS OF CONTROL- a concept that characterizes the localization of the reasons on the basis of which a person explains his own behavior and the behavior of other people observed by him. Internal L.c. - this is a search for the causes of behavior in the person himself, and the external L.k. - their localization outside the person, in his environment. The concept of L.K. introduced by the American psychologist J. Rotter.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY- a long-term scientific study of the processes of formation, development and change of any mental or behavioral phenomena.
LOVE- the highest spiritual feeling of a person, rich in a variety of emotional experiences, based on noble feelings and high morality, and accompanied by a willingness to do everything in his power for the well-being of a loved one.
MASOCHISM- self-humiliation, self-torture of a person, associated with dissatisfaction with oneself and the conviction that the causes of life's failures are in oneself (see. internal locus of control). M.- one of the main concepts used in the typology of social characters proposed by the German-American scientist E. Fromm.
SMALL GROUP- a small number of people, including from 2-3 to 20-30 people engaged in common affairs and having direct personal contacts with each other.
MASS PHENOMENA OF THE PSYCHE- socio-psychological phenomena that arise in the masses of people (population, crowd, mass, group, nation, etc.). M.i.p. include rumors, panic, imitation, contagion, suggestion and etc.
MASS COMMUNICATIONS- means of information transmission designed for a mass audience: print, radio, television, etc.
MATH STATISTICS- an area of ​​higher mathematics that deals with patterns that characterize the interaction of random variables. Methods M.s. are widely used in psychology to search for and detect reliable links between mental and behavioral phenomena and other factors considered as their causes or consequences.
INSTANT MEMORY- memory, designed for a very short time, the preservation of traces of reproduction in a person’s head
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accepted material. M.p. acts, as a rule, only during the process of perception itself.
MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies mental phenomena and human behavior in order to prevent, diagnose and treat various diseases.
MELANCHOLIC- a person whose behavior is characterized by a slow reaction to acting incentives, as well as speech, thought and motor processes.
TWIN METHOD- a method of scientific research based on a comparison of the psychology and behavior of two types of twins: monozygotic (with the same genotype) and dizygotic (with a different genotype). M.b. is used to solve the problem of genotypic or environmental conditioning of certain psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person.
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD- a way of acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities through repeated mechanical repetition of actions, as a result of which they are formed. M.p. and about. introduced by the American researcher E. Thorndike to study the process learning in animals.
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD- a way of studying the content and structure consciousness a person through his definition of concepts using a series of pre-set polar definitions such as “strong - weak”, “good - bad”, etc. M.sd. introduced by the American psychologist C. Osgood.
DREAMS- a person's plans for the future, presented in his imagination and realizing the most important needs and interests for him.
MIMIC- a set of movements of parts of a person's face, expressing his state or attitude to what he perceives (imagines, ponders, recalls, etc.).
MODALITY- a concept denoting the quality of sensations that arise under the influence of certain irritants.
MOTIVE OF POWER- a stable personality trait that expresses the need of one person to have power over other people, the desire to dominate, manage, dispose of them.
MOTIVE- an internal stable psychological reason for a person's behavior or act.
SUCCESS MOTIVATION- the need to achieve success in various activities, considered as a stable personal trait.
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MOTIVE OF AVOIDING FAILURE - a more or less stable desire of a person to avoid failures in those life situations where the results of his activities are evaluated by other people. M.H.S. - trait personality, opposite to achievement motive success.
MOTIVATION is a dynamic process of internal, psychological and physiological control of behavior, including its initiation, direction, organization, support.
MOTIVATION - a rational justification, an explanation by the person himself of his actions, which does not always correspond to the truth.
THINKING is a psychological process of cognition associated with the discovery of subjectively new knowledge, with the solution of problems, with the creative transformation of reality.

OBSERVATION - a method of psychological research, designed to directly obtain the necessary information through the organs feelings.
SKILL - a formed, automatically carried out movement that does not require conscious control and special volitional efforts to perform it.
VISUAL-ACTIVE THINKING - a way of practical problem solving, involving a visual study of the situation and practical actions in it with material objects.
VISUAL-FIGULATORY THINKING is a way of solving problems, including observing the situation and operating with images of its constituent objects without practical actions with them.
RELIABILITY - the quality of a scientific research method that allows you to get the same results with repeated or repeated use of this method.
INTENTION - conscious desire, willingness to do something.
PERSONALITY ORIENTATION - a concept denoting a set of needs and motives personality, determining the main direction of its behavior.
TENSION - a state of increased physical or psychological arousal, accompanied by unpleasant internal feelings and requiring relaxation.
MOOD - the emotional state of a person associated with weakly expressed positive or negative
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strong emotions and existing for a long time.
LEARNING- acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities as a result of life experience.
NEUROTISM- a property of a person, characterized by his increased excitability, impulsiveness and anxiety.
NEGATIVISM- demonstrative opposition of a person to other people, non-acceptance of reasonable advice from other people. Often seen in children during puberty crises.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies the relationship of mental processes, properties and states with the work of the brain.
NEOBEHAVIORISM- direction in psychology, which came to replace behaviorism in the 30s of the XX century. Characterized by the recognition of the active role of mental states in the management of behavior. Presented in the teachings of American psychologists E. Tolman, K. Hull, B. Skinner.
NEOFREUDISM- the doctrine that arose on the basis psychoanalysis Z. Freud. It is associated with the recognition of the essential role of society in the formation of personality and with the refusal to consider organic needs as the only basis for social human behavior.
NORMS SOCIAL- accepted in a given society or group rules of conduct governing human relationships.
DENICHATION- (cm. depersonalization).
GENERALIZATION- (cm. abstraction) - singling out the general from a multitude of particular phenomena. The transfer of once formed knowledge, skills and skills to new challenges and situations.
IMAGE- a generalized picture of the world (objects, phenomena), emerging as a result of processing information about it, coming through the senses.
FEEDBACK- the process of obtaining information about the states of a communication partner in order to improve communication and achieve the desired result.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY- a field of psychological science that studies the general patterns of the psyche and human behavior, develops basic concepts and represents the main laws on the basis of which it is formed, developed and functions psyche person.
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COMMUNICATION- exchange of information between people, their interaction.
ORDINARY CONSCIOUSNESS- the average level of consciousness of the masses of people that make up this society. O.s. differs from scientific consciousness in the low reliability and accuracy of the information available in it.
OBJECTIVATION- the process and result of localization of images of perception in the external world - where the source of perceived information is located.
giftedness- the presence of a person makings to development abilities.
EXPECTATION one of the basic concepts cognitive psychology, expressing the ability of a person to anticipate future events.
ONTOGENESIS- the process of individual development of the organism or personalities(cm.).
OPERATOR CONDITIONING- a type of learning carried out by reinforcing the most successful reactions of the body to certain incentives. The concept of O.O. proposed by the American psychologist E. Thorndike and developed by B. Skinner.
RAM- a type of memory designed to store information for a certain time required to perform some action or operations.
OPERATION- a system of movements associated with the implementation of a specific action, aimed at achieving its goal.
OBJECTIVE- a dialectical-materialistic concept denoting the process and result of the embodiment in the objects of human activity that make up material and spiritual culture, of his own abilities.
POLL- a method of psychological study, in the process of applying which people are asked questions and, based on the answers to them, they judge the psychology of these people.
QUESTIONNAIRE PERSONAL- a method of personality research based on the use of a system of written or oral, premeditated questions addressed to a person whose psychological characteristics are to be studied.
SENSORS- bodily organs specially designed for perception, processing and storage of information. O.h. include receptors nerve pathways that conduct excitations to the brain and back, as well as the central parts of the human nervous system that process these excitations.
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ORDERING REACTION (REFLEX) - the body's reaction to new stimuli, manifested in its general activation, in focusing attention, in mobilizing forces and resources.
MEANING OF PERCEPTION - the property of human perception to ascribe a certain meaning to a perceived object or phenomenon, designate it with a word, refer to a certain language category.
BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW - (see. Weber-Fechner law).
DEVIANT (DEVIANT) BEHAVIOR - human behavior deviating from established legal or moral norms, violating them.
OPEN CRISIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE - a critical state in psychological science that arose at the beginning of the 20th century. and associated with its inability to satisfactorily resolve a number of topical theoretical and practical problems.
RELATIVE THRESHOLD OF SENSATION - the amount by which the stimulus acting on the sense organs must change in order to simultaneously change the sensation it causes (value A / in the Bouguer-Weber law).
REFLECTION - a philosophical and epistemological concept related to the theory of knowledge. In accordance with it, all mental processes and states of a person are considered as reflections in the head of a person of an objective reality independent of him.
ALIENATION - the process or result of the loss of meaning or personal meaning for a person (see. personal meaning) what previously attracted his attention was interesting and important to him.
SENSATION - an elementary mental process, which is a subjective reflection by a living being in the form of mental phenomena of the simplest properties of the surrounding world.
MEMORY - the processes of memorization, preservation, reproduction and processing by a person of various information.
GENETIC MEMORY - memory conditioned genotype passed down from generation to generation.
LONG-TERM MEMORY - a memory designed for long-term storage and repeated reproduction of information, provided that it is preserved.
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SHORT-TERM MEMORY - a memory designed to store information for a short period of time, from several to tens of seconds, until the information contained in it is used or transferred to long-term memory.
RAM MEMORY - (see RAM).
PANIC is a mass phenomenon psyche, characterized by the occurrence simultaneously in many people who are in contact with each other, feelings of fear, anxiety, as well as erratic, chaotic movements and ill-considered actions.
PANTOMIMICS - a system of expressive movements performed with the help of the body.
PARAPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies unusual phenomena that cannot be scientifically explained, associated with the psychology and behavior of people.
PATHOPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological research related to the study of deviations in the psyche and behavior of a person in various diseases.
PEDAGOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY - a field of psychological science that studies the psychological foundations of training, education and pedagogical activity.
PRIMARY DATA - that information about the phenomena under study, which is obtained at the beginning of the study and is subject to further processing before reliable conclusions about these phenomena can be made on its basis.
PRIMARY EMOTIONS - genotypically (see. genotype) conditioned elementary emotional experiences: pleasure, displeasure, pain, fear, anger, etc.
EXPERIENCE - a feeling accompanied by emotions.
PERSONALIZATION - the process of transforming a person into personality(see), acquisitions by him individuality(cm.).
PERCEPTIVE - pertaining to perception.
REINFORCEMENT - a means that can satisfy the need that has arisen, relieve the tension caused by it. P. is also a means of confirming the correctness or fallacy of a committed act, action.
IMITATION - conscious or unconscious human behavior aimed at reproducing the actions and actions of other people.
SEX-ROLE TYPING - the assimilation by a person of the forms of social behavior typical of people of the same sex with him.
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GENDER-ROLE BEHAVIOR - behavior characteristic of a person of a certain gender in the social role that corresponds to this gender.
UNDERSTANDING - a psychological state that expresses the correctness of the decision made and is accompanied by a sense of confidence in the accuracy of the perception or interpretation of an event, phenomenon, fact.
SENSATION THRESHOLD - meaning stimulus, affecting the senses, which causes a minimum sensation (lower absolute threshold sensations) the maximum possible sensation of the corresponding modality (the upper absolute threshold of sensation) or a change in the parameters of an already existing sensation (see Fig. relative threshold).
ACT - consciously committed by a person and controlled will action based on certain beliefs.
NEED - a state of need of an organism, individual, personality in something necessary for their normal existence.
PRACTICAL THINKING is a kind of thinking aimed at solving practical problems.
PREDICATIVE - characteristic inner speech, expressed in the absence in it of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).
OBJECTIVENESS OF PERCEPTION - the property of perception to represent the world not in the form of separate sensations, but in the form of integral images related to perceived objects.
PREJUDICE - a persistent erroneous opinion, not supported by facts and logic, based on faith.
PRECONSCIOUSNESS - the mental state of a person, which occupies an intermediate place between consciousness and unconscious. It is characterized by the presence of a vague awareness of what is being experienced, but the absence of volitional control or the ability to manage it.
REPRESENTATION - the process and result of reproduction in the form of an image of an object, event, phenomenon.
HABITATION - cessation or decrease in the severity of response to a stimulus that still continues to act.
PROJECTION is one of defense mechanisms, through which a person gets rid of feelings about his own shortcomings by attributing them to other people.
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE - associated with the muscular system.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR - the behavior of a person among people, disinterestedly aimed at their benefit.
PSYCHE is a general concept denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied in psychology.
MENTAL PROCESSES - processes occurring in the human head and reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena: sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech and etc.
PSYCHOANALYSIS - a doctrine created by Z. Freud. It contains a system of ideas and methods for interpreting dreams and other unconscious mental phenomena, as well as diagnosing and treating various mental illnesses.
PSYCHOGENETICS is a field of research that studies the hereditary nature of certain mental and behavioral phenomena, their dependence on genotype.
PSYCHODIAGNOSIS is a field of research related to quantitative assessment and accurate qualitative analysis psychological properties and states of a person using scientifically proven methods that provide reliable information about them.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is a field of science that borders between psychology and linguistics and deals with the study of human speech, its occurrence and functioning.
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY OF PEOPLE - the ability of people to find mutual understanding, establish business and personal contacts, cooperate with each other.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE - (see. socio-psychological climate).
LABOR PSYCHOLOGY - a field of science that studies the psychological aspects of people's work, including their professional orientation, vocational counseling, vocational training and work organization.
MANAGEMENT PSYCHOLOGY - a branch of psychological science that studies the psychological aspects of human management of various objects: government organizations, people, economic and technical systems, etc.
PSYCHOTHERAPY is an area bordering between medicine and psychology, in which psychological diagnostic tools and methods of treating diseases are widely used.
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PSYCHOTECHNOLOGY is a field of research that existed in the first decades of the 20th century. and associated with the study of the interaction between man and machines, the use by man of various mechanical and technical devices in his work.
PSYCHOPHYSICS is a field of research designed to answer fundamental questions concerning the relationship between mental and physical processes and phenomena. A private but important issue of P. is the use of physical methods to measure human sensations.
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEM - the problem of the connection of mental phenomena with physiological processes occurring in the human body and brain.
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PARALLELISM - the doctrine of the parallel and independent existence of psychological and physiological processes in the human body.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is a field of research bordering between psychology and physiology. He studies the links that exist between psychological phenomena and physiological processes in the body.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROBLEM - the problem of the connection between the world of physical phenomena studied by natural sciences and psychological phenomena studied by psychology (see. psychophysiological problem).
IRRITABILITY - the ability of living organisms to respond biologically expediently (for the purpose of self-preservation and development) to environmental influences that are significant for their life.
IRRITANT - any factor that affects the body and can cause any reaction in it.
DISTRIBUTION - a philosophical, dialectical-materialistic concept, meaning the process of acquiring by a person those knowledge, skills and abilities that were previously laid down (objectified) (see. objectification) in objects of material and spiritual culture. R. acts as the main source of formation and development of human abilities.
DISSOLUTION - inability attention concentrate on the object.
Rationalization is one of defense mechanisms, expressed in the search for reasonable and logical explanations by a person for his negative actions and actions, calculated for their moral justification and removal of remorse.
REACTION - the body's response to some stimulus.
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RELAXATION - relaxation.
REMINISCENCE - spontaneous recall of material that was once perceived, but then temporarily forgotten and not restored to memory.
REFERENCE GROUP - A group of people who are attractive to an individual in some way. Group source of individual values, judgments, actions, norms and rules of conduct.
REFLEX - an automatic response of the body to the action of any internal or external stimulus.
REFLEX UNCONDITIONAL - an innate automatic reaction of the body to a specific effect.
CONDITIONAL REFLEX - an acquired reaction of the body to a certain stimulus, resulting from a combination of the impact of this stimulus with positive reinforcement from the actual need.
REFLECTION - the ability of human consciousness to focus on itself.
REFLEX ARC - a concept denoting a set of nerve structures that conduct nerve impulses from stimuli located on the periphery of the body to the center (see Fig. afferent), processing them into central nervous system and causing a reaction to the corresponding irritants.
RECEPTOR - a specialized organic device located on the surface of the body or inside it and designed to perceive stimuli of various nature: physical, chemical, mechanical, etc. - and their transformation into nerve electrical impulses.
SPEECH - a system used by a person of sound signals, written signs and characters for the presentation, processing, storage and transmission of information.
INTERNAL SPEECH - (see. inner speech).
DECISION - readiness to move on to practical actions, the formed intention to commit a certain act.
RIGIDITY - inhibition of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person's refusal from a decision once made, a way of thinking and acting.
ROLE - a concept that denotes a person's behavior in a certain life situation corresponding to his position (for example, the role of a leader, subordinate, father, mother, etc.).
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SADISM - hostile actions of a person in relation to people, animals, sometimes acquiring the form of a pathological desire to harm them. The desire for destruction, the destruction of everything that is around. S. is one of the basic concepts used by E. Fromm to build a typology of social characters.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION- the use and development by a person of his inclinations, their transformation into abilities. Striving for personal improvement. C. as a concept introduced in humanistic psychology.
INTROSPECTION.- (cm. introspection).
SELF-CONTROL- the ability of a person to maintain inner peace, to act reasonably and prudently in difficult life situations.
SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE PERSON- an independent choice by a person of his life path, goals, values, moral standards, future profession and living conditions.
SELF-ESTEEM- assessment of a person's own qualities, advantages and disadvantages.
SELF-REGULATION- the process of managing a person's own psychological and physiological states, as well as actions.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS- a person's awareness of himself, his own qualities.
SANGUINE- a type of temperament characterized by energy, increased efficiency and quick reactions.
SUPER ADDITIVE EFFECT- higher in quantitative and qualitative terms, in comparison with individual work, the result of group activity. S. e. occurs in small group when it approaches the level of development to team due to a clearer division of responsibilities, coordination of actions and the establishment of good business and personal relationships between its members.
EXCESSIVE ACTIVITIES- voluntary, going beyond the established social norms, activity of a person or a group of people, aimed at helping other people.
PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM- a complex of physical characteristics of the nervous system that determine the processes of occurrence, conduction, switching and pre-
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staining of nerve impulses in various departments and parts central nervous system.
SENSITIVITY- a characteristic of the sense organs, expressed in their ability to subtly and accurately perceive, distinguish and selectively respond to weak, slightly different stimuli.
SENSITIVE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT- a period in a person's life that provides the most favorable conditions for the formation of certain psychological properties and types of behavior in him.
SENSITIZATION- an increase in the sensitivity of the sense organs under the influence of certain stimuli on them, in particular those that come at the same time to other sense organs (for example, an increase in visual acuity under the influence of auditory stimuli).
SENSORY- associated with the work of the senses.
SENSATIONALISM- a philosophical doctrine, for which sensations act as the only source of information and knowledge of the external world by a person.
STRENGTH OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM- the ability of the nervous system to withstand prolonged and heavy loads.
SYMBOL- sign something that has a certain resemblance to the designated object.
SYMPATHY- a feeling of emotional predisposition to a person, increased interest and attraction to him.
SYNESTHESIA- the ability of an irritant, addressed by nature to a sensory organ adapted for it, to simultaneously cause an unusual sensation in another sensory organ. For example, when perceiving music, some people may experience visual sensations.
TENDENCY- predisposition to something.
VERBAL-LOGICAL THINKING- a type of human thinking, where verbal abstraction and logical reasoning.
PERSONAL MEANING- the meaning that an object, event, fact or word acquires for a given person as a result of his personal life experience. The concept of S.l. introduced by A. N. Leontiev.
CONSCIENCE- a concept denoting a person's ability to experience, perceive deeply personally and regret cases of violation by himself or other people of moral
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norms. S. characterizes personality, reached a high level of psychological development.
COMPATIBILITY - the ability of people to work together, to successfully solve problems that require them to coordinate actions and good mutual understanding.
CONSCIOUSNESS - the highest level of mental reflections a person of reality, its representation in the form of generalized images and concepts.
Empathy - a person experiencing the same feelings and emotions that are characteristic of people next to him (see also empathy).
COMPETITION - a person's desire to compete with other people, the desire to defeat them, win, surpass.
CONCENTRATION - the concentration of a person's attention.
COOPERATION - a person's desire for coordinated, well-coordinated work with people. Willingness to support and help them. Opposite rivalry.
PRESERVATION is one of the processes memory, aimed at retaining the received information in it.
SOCIALIZATION is the process and result of the child's assimilation of social experience. As a result, S. the child becomes a cultured, educated and well-mannered person.
SOCIAL INHIBITION - inhibition of mental processes, deterioration of human activity in the presence of other people under their influence.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies psychological phenomena that arise in the interaction and communication of people.
SOCIAL ROLE - a set of norms, rules and forms of behavior that characterize the typical actions of a person occupying a certain position in society.
SOCIAL SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT - a system of social conditions that determine the psychological development of a person.
SOCIAL ATTITUDE - a person's stable internal attitude towards someone or something, including thoughts, emotions and actions taken by him in relation to this object.
SOCIAL FACILITATION - facilitating the impact of people present on the psychology and behavior of a person
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century, expressed in the activation of his mental processes and states, the improvement of practical activity. S.f. opposite of social inhibition.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING - the theory and practice of special psychotherapeutic influence on people, designed to improve their communication and adaptation to living conditions.
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS - judgments, actions and deeds expected from a person occupying a certain position in society, corresponding to his social roles.
SOCIAL STEREOTYPE - distorted social attitudes of a person towards people of a certain category, which arose under the influence of a limited or one-sided life experience of communicating with representatives of a given social group: national, religious, cultural, etc.
SOCIOGRAM - a graphic drawing, with the help of which the system of personal relationships that have developed between members of the small group at this point in time. Used in sociometry.
SOCIOMETRY - a set of similarly constructed methods designed to identify and present in the form sociograms and a number of special indices of the system of personal relationships between members small group.
COHESION OF A SMALL GROUP - a psychological characteristic of the unity of members small group.
ABILITIES - individual characteristics of people, on which their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the success of performing various types of activities depends.
STATUS - the position of a person in the system of intragroup relations, which determines the degree of his authority in the eyes of other participants groups.
LEADERSHIP STYLE - a characteristic of the relationship that develops between leader and led. The methods and means used by the leader to exert the necessary influence on people dependent on him.
STIMULUS - something that affects the human senses, (see also stimulus).
PASSION - a strongly expressed passion of a person for someone or something, accompanied by deep emotional experiences associated with the corresponding object.
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PURSUIT- desire and readiness to act in a certain way.
STRESS- a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person's inability to act expediently and reasonably in the current situation.
STRUCTURE OF PERCEPTION- the property of human perception to combine influencing stimuli into integral and relatively simple structures (see. gestalt).
SUBLIMATION- (cm. substitution).
SUB-SENSORY PERCEPTION- unconscious perception and processing by a person of signals entering the brain through the senses and not reaching a threshold value (see. absolute threshold of sensation).
SUBJECTIVE- pertaining to a person - a subject.
SUGGESTIA- (cm. suggestion).
SURDOPSYCHOLOGY- a special branch of psychology that studies the characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing people.
SCHEME OF THINKING- a system of concepts or logic of reasoning habitually applied by a person when meeting with an unfamiliar object or a new task.
TALENT- a high level of development of human abilities, ensuring the achievement of outstanding success in a particular type of activity.
CREATIVE THINKING- the kind of thinking associated with the creation or discovery of something new.
TEMPERAMENT- a dynamic characteristic of mental processes and human behavior, manifested in their speed, variability, intensity and other characteristics.
ACTIVITY THEORY- a psychological theory that considers the mental processes of a person as types of internal activity arising from external and having a structure similar to external activity. etc. developed by A.N. Leontiev.
THE THEORY OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS(cm. cultural-historical theory of the development of higher mental functions).
THEORY OF LEARNING- a general concept denoting a set of psychological and physiological concepts that explain how a person and animals acquire life experience.
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - a concept that explains the process of acquiring experience by a person under the influence of social factors as a result of training, education, communication and interaction with people.
THE THEORY OF EMOTIONS BY JAMES-LANGE - a theory that considers emotions as a subjective reflection of organic processes and asserts their derivative nature from the processes occurring in the body. Proposed by the American psychologist W. James and refined by the Danish scientist Glange at the end of the 19th century.
THEORY OF EMOTIONS KENNON-BARD - a theory stating that emotions are the result of processing signals that enter the brain from the external and internal environment. Switching in the thalamus to nerve pathways that simultaneously go to the cerebral cortex and internal organs, these signals give rise to emotions and the organic changes that accompany them. T.e. K.-B. acts as an alternative to the theory of emotions James Lange.
TEST is a standardized psychological technique designed for a comparative quantitative assessment of a person's psychological quality being studied.
TESTING - application procedure tests on practice.
ANXIETY - the property of a person to come into a state of increased anxiety, experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.
BELIEF - a person's confidence in his rightness, confirmed by relevant arguments and facts.
RECOGNIZATION - the assignment of the perceived object to the category of already known.
SKILL - the ability to perform certain actions with good quality and successfully cope with activities involving these actions.
CONCLUSION - the process of a logical conclusion of a certain position from some reliable statements - premises.
LEVEL OF CLAIMS - the maximum success that a person expects to achieve in a particular type of activity.
CONDITIONAL REFLECTOR LEARNING - the acquisition of lifetime experience through the mechanism of a conditioned reflex (see. conditioned reflex).
INSTALLATION - readiness, predisposition to certain actions or reactions to specific stimuli.
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FATIGUE - a state of fatigue, accompanied by reduced performance.
FACTOR ANALYSIS- a method of mathematical and statistical processing of scientific research data, which makes it possible to identify and describe the underlying, directly unperceivable causes, called factors.
FANATICISM- excessive enthusiasm of a person for something, accompanied by a decrease in control over one's behavior, uncritical judgments about the object of one's passion.
FANTASY- (cm. autism, imagination, daydreams, daydreams).
PHANTOM LIMB- an illusory feeling of the presence of a lost limb - arms or legs, which persists for a long time after their removal.
PHENOTYPE- acquired characteristics or a set of properties that have arisen on the basis of a certain genotype under the influence of education and upbringing.
PHI-PHENOMENON- the illusion of moving a luminous point from one place to another, arising from their sequential perception in a short time and at a small distance from each other.
PHLEGMATIC PERSON- a type of human temperament, characterized by reduced reactivity, poorly developed, slow expressive movements (see).
FREUDISM- a doctrine associated with the name of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Z. Freud. Except psychoanalysis contains a theory of personality, a system of views on the relationship between a person and society, a set of ideas about the stages and stages of a person's psychosexual development.
FRUSTRATION- an emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, the collapse of hopes in achieving a certain desired goal.
FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM- a complexly organized psychophysiological system that ensures the coordinated work of physiological and psychological processes involved in the regulation of a holistic behavioral act. The concept of F.s. proposed by P.K. Anokhin.
FUNCTIONAL BODY- a vitally formed organic system that ensures the work of higher
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mental functions and being their anatomical and physiological basis.
CHARACTER - a set of personality traits that determine the typical ways of its response to life circumstances.
INTEGRITY OF PERCEPTION- sensory, mental completion of the totality of some perceived elements of the object to its integral image.
CENSORSHIP is a psychoanalytic concept (cf. psychoanalysis), denoting subconscious psychological forces that seek to prevent certain thoughts, feelings, images, desires from entering consciousness.
VALUES- what a person especially appreciates in life, to which he attaches a special, positive life meaning.
VALUE ORIENTATIONS- (cm. values).
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- part of the nervous system, including the brain, diencephalon and spinal cord.
CENTRAL- characteristics of nervous processes occurring at higher levels central nervous system.
PERSONALITY TRAIT- a stable property of a personality that determines its characteristic behavior and thinking.
AMBITION- a person's desire for success, designed to increase his authority and recognition from others.
SENSITIVITY- the ability of the body to remember and respond to environmental influences that do not have direct biological significance, but cause a psychological reaction in the form of sensations.
FEELING- higher, culturally determined emotion person associated with some social object.
EGOCENTRISM- the concentration of consciousness and attention of a person exclusively on himself, accompanied by ignoring what is happening around.
EIDETIC MEMORY- visual memory for images, characterized by the ability to store and reproduce them for a sufficiently long time.
EUPHORIA- a state of excessive cheerfulness, usually not caused by any objective circumstances.
EXPECTATIONS- (cm. social expectations).
EXPRESSION- (cm. expressive movement).
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EXTERIORIZATION - the process of transition of internal states into external, practical actions. E. opposite interiorization(cm.).
EXTRAVERSION - the focus of a person's consciousness and attention mainly on what is happening around him. E. opposite introversion.
EMOTIONS - elementary experiences that arise in a person under the influence of the general state of the body and the course of the process of meeting actual needs.
EMOTIONALITY - a characteristic of a person, manifested in the frequency of occurrence of various emotions and feelings.
Empathy is a person's ability to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.
EMPIRISM is a trend in the philosophical theory of knowledge that reduces it to sensory experience.
Epiphenomenon - an unnecessary, inactive appendage.
ZEIGARNIK EFFECT - a phenomenon that a person remembers better and more often reproduces those tasks that he failed to complete on time.
NOVELTY EFFECT - a phenomenon from the field of people's perception of each other. It manifests itself in the fact that a greater influence on the formation of a person's image usually has such information about him that comes last, i.e. is the most recent.
The HALO EFFECT is a phenomenon characterized by the fact that the first impression of a person determines his subsequent perception by other people, passing into the mind of the perceiving person only what corresponds to the prevailing first impression, and filtering out what contradicts it.
EFFICIENCY OF GROUP ACTIVITIES - the productivity and quality of joint work of people in a small group.
EFFECTIVE - (see. efferent).
EFFERENT - a process directed from the inside out, from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY - a branch of psychological science that studies the mental processes, phenomena and states of people involved in the perception, following legal norms. In Yu.p. the phenomena associated with the production of an inquiry, the trial and the correction of convicts are also investigated.

Business psychology Morozov Alexander Vladimirovich

BRIEF GLOSSARY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS

ABSTRACTION (lat. abstractio - distraction) - the mental selection of any feature or property of an object, phenomenon with the aim of studying it in more detail.

AUTHORITARY (lat. autoritas - influence, power) - a characteristic of a person as a person or his behavior in relation to other people, emphasizing the tendency to use predominantly non-democratic methods of influencing them: pressure, orders, orders, etc.

AGGRESSION (Latin aggredi - to attack) - a person's behavior towards other people, which is characterized by the desire to cause them trouble, to harm.

ADAPTATION (lat. adapto - adapt) - adaptation of the sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive overload.

ACCOMMODATION is a change in already established knowledge, skills, abilities in accordance with the new conditions that have arisen.

ACTIVITY is a concept that indicates the ability of living beings to make spontaneous movements and change under the influence of external or internal stimuli-irritants.

ACTUALIZATION (lat. actualis - active) - an action that consists in extracting learned material from long-term or short-term memory with a view to its subsequent use in recognition, recall, recall or direct reproduction.

ACCENTATION - highlighting a property or feature against the background of others, its special development.

ALTRUISM (lat. alter - another) is a character trait that encourages a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.

AMBIVALENCE (Greek ampi - duality, Latin valentia - strength). In the psychology of feelings, it denotes the simultaneous presence in the human soul of opposite, incompatible aspirations concerning the same object.

AMNESIA - memory impairment that occurs with various local lesions of the brain.

ANALYSIS (Greek analysis - decomposition, dismemberment) - the process of dividing the whole into parts; is included in all acts of practical and cognitive interaction of the organism with the environment.

ANALYZER is a concept proposed by I. P. Pavlov. Denotes a set of afferent and efferent nerve structures involved in the perception, processing and response to stimuli.

ANALOGY (Greek analogos - corresponding, proportionate) - the similarity between objects in some respect.

APATHY (Greek apatheia - dispassion) - a state of emotional passivity, indifference and inactivity; characterized by a simplification of feelings, indifference to the events of the surrounding reality and a weakening of motives and interests.

Apraxia (Greek apraxia - inaction) - a violation of voluntary purposeful movements and actions in a person.

ASSIMILATION - the use of ready-made skills and abilities in new conditions without their significant change.

ASSOCIATION (lat. associatio - connection) - a connection between mental phenomena, in which the actualization of one of them entails the appearance of another.

ASTHENIA (Greek astheneia - impotence, weakness) - neuropsychic weakness, manifested in increased fatigue and exhaustion, reduced sensitivity threshold, extreme mood instability, sleep disturbance.

ATTRACTION (lat. attrahere - attract, attract) - a concept that denotes the appearance of the perception of a person by a person of the attractiveness of one of them for another.

AUTISM (Greek auto - self) is an extreme form of psychological alienation, expressed in the withdrawal of the individual from contacts with the surrounding reality and immersion in the world of his own experiences.

AUTOGENIC TRAINING (Greek - autos - himself, genos - origin) - a set of special exercises based on self-suggestion and used by a person to control their own mental states and behavior.

APHASIA - speech disorders that occur with local lesions of the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain (in right-handed people) and represent a systemic disorder of various types of speech activity.

AFFECT (lat. affectus - emotional excitement, passion) - a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal that occurs as a result of frustration or some other reason that strongly affects the psyche, usually associated with the dissatisfaction of very important human needs.

AFFERENT (lat. afferentis - bringing) - a concept that characterizes the course of the process of nervous excitation through the nervous system in the direction from the periphery of the body to the brain.

AFFILIATION (eng. to affiliate - join, join) - a person's need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive (friendly, comradely, friendly) relations with other people.

From the book Arbiter of Reality author Zeland Vadim

From the book Introduction to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis for the Uninitiated author Bern Eric

Glossary of terms. The following definitions indicate the meaning of the terms used in this book. In most cases they are understood by psychiatrists in the same sense; however, several words are given a broader meaning than is customary, while others are defined with

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS Importance Importance arises when something is given too much importance. This is an excess potential in its purest form, when it is eliminated, the balancing forces form problems for the one who creates this potential. There are two types of importance:

From the book Autistic Child. Ways to help author Baenskaya Elena Rostislavovna

A brief glossary of special terms Agrammatism is a violation of the grammatical structure of oral or written speech. Activation is the awakening of activity. Alalia is the absence or limitation of the ability to use speech that arose before the time of its natural appearance and

From the book to the Educator about sexology author Kagan Viktor Efimovich

Glossary of terms Adaptation is the process of adaptation, getting used to new conditions of existence.

From the book Characters and Roles author Leventhal Elena

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From the book Psychology of Knowledge: Methodology and Teaching Methods author Sokolkov Evgeny Alekseevich

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Aggressiveness(hostility, asociality) - a person's behavior towards other people, which is distinguished by the desire to cause them trouble, to harm. There is the concept of "instrumental aggression", which means the use of aggression to achieve a goal, for example, by defeating rivals, to win the competition.

Aggressive behavior- this is a specific form of human action, characterized by a demonstration of superiority in strength or the use of force in relation to another person or group of persons whom the subject seeks to harm.

Adaptive Behavior- this is the interaction of a person with other people (social environment), characterized by the coordination of interests, requirements and expectations of its participants.

Altruism- a character trait that encourages a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.

Apathy- a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity.

Attribution is causal- attributing some explanatory reason to the observed action or deed of a person.

attraction- attraction, attraction of one person to another, accompanied by positive emotions.

Affect- a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal that occurs as a result of frustration or some other reason that strongly affects the psyche, usually associated with the dissatisfaction of needs that are very important for a person.

Affiliation- a person's need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive - friendly, comradely, friendly - relations with other people.

psychological barrier- an internal obstacle of a psychological nature (reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.) that prevents a person from successfully performing some action often arises in business and personal relationships between people and prevents the establishment of open and trusting relationships between them.

brainstorming- a specific method of organizing joint group creative work of people, designed to increase their mental activity and solve complex intellectual problems.

Verbal- pertaining to the sound side of human speech.

attraction- desire, or need, to do something, prompting a person to appropriate actions.

Suggestibility- a person's susceptibility to the action of suggestion.

Suggestion- the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.

Will- a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously control his psyche and actions. It manifests itself in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.

Imagination- the ability to imagine an absent or not really existing object, to keep it in the mind and mentally manipulate it.

Hypnosis- caused by an inspiring influence, a temporary shutdown of a person's consciousness or the removal of conscious control over one's own behavior.

Group- a set of people identified on the basis of any one or more characteristics common to them.

group dynamics- direction of research in social psychology, which studies the process of emergence, functioning and development of different groups.

Deviant behavior- behavior that deviates from the norms accepted in society.

Depression- a state of mental disorder, depression, characterized by a breakdown and a decrease in activity.

Activity- a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.

Distress- the negative impact of a stressful situation on human activity, up to its complete destruction.

Wish- the state of the updated, i.e. a need that has begun to act, accompanied by a desire and willingness to do something specific to satisfy it.

vitality- a set of types of activity united by the concept of "life" and characteristic of living matter.

Infection- a psychological term denoting the unconscious transmission from person to person of any emotions, states, motives.

Protection (psychic)- a set of unconscious mental processes that protect the psyche and personality from dangerous, negative and destructive actions of intrapsychic and external impulses.

Protection (psychological)- a special regulatory system for stabilizing the personality, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feeling of anxiety associated with the awareness of the conflict. The function of protection is to protect the sphere of consciousness from negative, traumatic experiences.

mental health- a state of mental well-being, characterized by the absence of painful mental manifestations and providing regulation of behavior and activity adequate to the conditions of reality.

Knowledge- predominantly logical information about the surrounding and inner world of a person, fixed in his mind.

Game (business)- a form of recreating the subject and social content of professional activity, modeling the systems of relations characteristic of this type of practice.

Identification- identification. In psychology, the establishment of the similarity of one person with another, aimed at remembering him and his own development of a person identifying with him.

Image- an emotionally colored image of someone or something that has developed in the mass consciousness and has the character of a stereotype.

Individual- a single person in the aggregate of all his inherent qualities - biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.

Individuality- a peculiar combination of individual properties of a person that distinguishes him from other people.

Individual style of activity- a stable combination of the features of performing different types of activities by the same person. It depends primarily on temperament, which determines, for example, the speed of performing actions.

Insight (insight, conjecture)- unexpected for the person himself, a sudden finding of a solution to a problem, over which he thought long and hard.

Intelligence- the totality of the mental abilities of humans and some higher animals, such as great apes, that ensure successful adaptation.

Interaction- interaction.

Interactionism- a doctrine that asserts that all psychological properties, qualities and types of behavior acquired by a person during their lifetime are the result of the interaction of their inner world and the external environment.

Interest- emotionally colored, increased attention of a person to an object or phenomenon.

Interiorization- the transition from the environment external to the body to the internal. In relation to a person, internalization means the transformation of external actions with material objects into internal - mental, operating with symbols.

introversion- the appeal of a person's consciousness to himself; preoccupation with one's own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to what is happening around. Introversion is one of the basic personality traits.

Intuition- the ability to quickly find the right solution to the problem and navigate in difficult life situations, as well as to foresee the course of events.

Climate socio-psychological- general socio-psychological characteristics of the state of a small group, the characteristics of human relationships that have developed in it.

cognitive- pertaining to the process of cognition, thinking.

The cognitive dissonance- a contradiction in the system of knowledge of a person, which gives rise to unpleasant experiences in him and encourages him to take actions aimed at eliminating this contradiction.

team- a highly developed small group of people, relations in which are built on positive moral standards. The team is more efficient at work. The ideology of collectivity was actively developed in the Soviet period.

Team- a team of like-minded people rallied around their leader, who is also the highest official in a given organization or its structural unit (if we are talking about a unit team). A team is a social group in which informal relations between its members may be more important than official ones, and the actual role and influence of a particular individual may not coincide with his formal status.

Communication The process by which an idea is passed from a source to a recipient with the aim of changing the behavior of the recipient. Such behavior may include changing knowledge or social attitudes.

Competence socio-psychological- the ability of an individual to effectively interact with other people in the system of interpersonal relations.

Compensation- the ability of a person to get rid of feelings about his own shortcomings due to increased work on himself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept of compensation was introduced by A. Adler.

Inferiority complex- a complex state of a person associated with a lack of any qualities (abilities, knowledge, skills), accompanied by deep negative emotional experiences about this.

Conflict intrapersonal- the state of dissatisfaction of a person with any circumstances of his life, associated with the presence of conflicting interests, aspirations, needs that give rise to affects and stresses.

Interpersonal conflict- an intractable contradiction that arises between people and is caused by the incompatibility of their views, interests, goals, needs.

Conformity- a person's susceptibility to real or imagined group pressure, manifested in a change in his behavior and attitudes in accordance with the initially unshared position of the majority.

Creativity- the ability to be creative, non-standard vision of the problem, the ability to be productive in creative thinking.

A crisis- a state of mental disorder caused by a person’s long-term dissatisfaction with himself and his relationship with the outside world. An age crisis often occurs when a person moves from one age group to another.

Leadership- relations of dominance and subordination in interpersonal relations in a group. Acquisition or loss of leadership powers, exercise of one's leadership functions, etc.

Personality- a concept denoting the totality of the psychological qualities of a person as a subject of social relations.

Love- the highest spiritual feeling of a person, rich in a variety of emotional experiences, based on noble feelings and high morality, and accompanied by a willingness to do everything in his power for the well-being of a loved one.

small group- a small number of people, including from 2-3 to 20-30 people engaged in a common cause and having direct personal contacts with each other.

Methodology- the doctrine of the most general principles, structure, logical organization, methods, means of cognition and transformation of the world around.

dreams- plans of a person for the future, presented in his imagination and realizing the most important needs and interests for him.

facial expressions- a set of movements of parts of a person's face, expressing his state or attitude to what he perceives (imagines, ponders, recalls, etc.).

Power motive- a stable personality trait that expresses the need of one person to have power over other people, the desire to dominate, manage, dispose of them.

motive- an internal stable psychological reason for a person's behavior or act.

Motivation for success- the need to achieve success in various activities is considered as a stable personality trait.

Motivation to avoid failure- a more or less stable desire of a person to avoid failures in those situations of life where the results of his activities are evaluated by other people. The motive for avoiding failure is a personality trait opposite to the motive for achieving success.

Motivation- a dynamic process of internal, psychological and physiological control of behavior, including its initiation, direction, organization and support.

Motivation- reasonable justification, an explanation by the person of his actions, which does not always correspond to the truth.

Thinking- the mental process of cognition associated with the discovery of subjectively new knowledge, with the solution of problems, with the creative transformation of reality.

Skill- formed, automatically carried out movement that does not require conscious control and special volitional efforts for its implementation.

Personal orientation- a concept denoting a set of needs and motives of a person that determines the main direction of her behavior.

tension- a state of increased physical or psychological arousal, accompanied by unpleasant internal feelings and requiring discharge.

Mood- the emotional state of a person associated with weakly expressed positive or negative emotions and existing for a long time.

Learning- acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities as a result of life experience.

Negativism- demonstrative opposition of a person to other people, non-acceptance of reasonable advice from other people. Often occurs in children during age-related crises.

Generalization- selection of the general from the multitude of particular phenomena. The transfer of once formed knowledge, skills and abilities to new tasks and situations.

Feedback- the process of obtaining information about the states of a communication partner in order to improve communication and achieve the desired result.

Communication- a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activities; includes the exchange of information, the development of a unified interaction strategy, the perception and understanding of the partner.

Meaningfulness of perception- the property of human perception to attribute a certain meaning to a perceived object or phenomenon, to designate it with a word, to refer to a certain language category.

Deviant (deviant) behavior- human behavior deviating from established legal or moral norms, violating them.

perceptual perceptual.

Imitation- conscious or unconscious human behavior aimed at reproducing the actions and actions of other people.

Gender-role behavior- behavior characteristic of a person of a certain gender in the social role that corresponds to this gender.

Understanding- a psychological state that expresses the correctness of the decision made and is accompanied by a sense of confidence in the accuracy of the perception or interpretation of an event, phenomenon, fact.

deed- an action consciously committed by a person and controlled by the will, proceeding from certain beliefs.

Need- the state of need of an organism, individual, personality in something necessary for their normal existence

practical thinking- a kind of thinking aimed at solving practical problems.

Prejudice- a stable erroneous opinion, not supported by facts and logic, based on faith.

Projection- one of the protective mechanisms by which a person gets rid of feelings about his own shortcomings by attributing them to other people.

Psyche- a general concept denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied in psychology.

mental processes- processes reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena associated with sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech, etc.

Psychological compatibility of people- the ability of people to find mutual understanding, to establish business and personal contacts, to cooperate with each other in the performance of certain activities.

Psychology- the science of the laws of development and functioning of the psyche as a special form of life.

Stimulus- any factor that affects the body and can cause any reaction in it.

Reaction is the body's response to a stimulus.

Relaxation- relaxation.

Reference group- a group of people, in some way attractive to the individual, a group source of individual values, judgments, actions, norms and rules of behavior.

Reflex- automatic response of the body to the action of any internal or external stimulus.

Reflex unconditioned- innate automatic reaction of the body to a specific impact.

Reflex conditional- an acquired reaction of the body to a certain stimulus, resulting from a combination of the impact of this stimulus with positive reinforcement from the actual need.

Reflection- the ability of the human mind to focus on itself.

Speech- a system used by a person of sound signals, written signs and symbols for the presentation, processing, storage and transmission of information.

Determination- willingness to move on to practical actions, the formed intention to commit a certain act.

Rigidity- inhibition of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person's refusal from a decision once made, a way of thinking and acting.

Role- a concept denoting a person's behavior in a certain life situation corresponding to his position (for example, the role of a leader, subordinate, father, mother, etc.).

Management- activities (often formal) to coordinate the efforts of individuals, teams to achieve a specific goal.

Self-actualization- the use and development by a person of his inclinations, their transformation into abilities. Striving for personal improvement. Self-actualization as a concept was introduced in humanistic psychology.

self-control- the ability of a person to maintain inner peace, to act reasonably and prudently in difficult life situations.

Self-esteem- assessment of a person's own qualities, advantages and disadvantages.

Self-regulation- the process of managing a person's own psychological and physiological states, as well as actions.

Properties of the human nervous system- a complex of physical characteristics of the nervous system that determine the processes of occurrence, conduction, switching and termination of nerve impulses in various departments and parts of the central nervous system.

Synergetics- a science that studies the general laws of self-organization, self-regulation, the formation of stable structures in open systems. Synergetics shows how the process of self-organization (the formation of ordered structures in stochastic systems) and inverse processes (the transition of dynamic systems to the stochastic regime) takes place. The term was introduced by a German scientist, Professor Haken in the book "Synergy".

social technology- an algorithm, a procedure for carrying out an action in various areas of social practice: management, education, research work, artistic creativity, etc.

social status- the position of an individual or group in the social system in relation to other individuals or groups; determined by its economic, professional and other characteristics.

Sympathy- a feeling of emotional predisposition to a person, increased interest and attraction to him.

Compatibility- the ability of people to work together, to successfully solve problems that require them to coordinate actions and good mutual understanding.

Consciousness- the highest level of a person's mental reflection of reality, its representation in the form of generalized images and concepts.

Concentration- concentration of a person's attention, immersion in the activity performed.

Cooperation- the desire of a person to coordinate, coordinated work with people. readiness to support and assist them. The opposite of rivalry.

Socialization- the process and result of the child's assimilation of social experience. As a result of socialization, the child becomes a cultured, educated and educated person.

Social Psychology- a branch of psychological science that studies psychological phenomena that arise in the interaction and communication of people.

social role- a set of norms, rules and forms of behavior that characterize the typical actions of a person occupying a certain position in society.

social attitude- a stable internal attitude of a person towards someone or something, including thoughts, emotions and actions taken by him in relation to this object.

social stereotype- distorted social attitudes of a person in relation to people of a certain category, which arose under the influence of a limited or one-sided life experience of communication with representatives of a given social group - national, religious, cultural, etc.

Capabilities- individual characteristics of people, on which their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the success of various activities depends.

Status- the position of a person in the system of intra-group relations, which determines the degree of his authority in the eyes of other members of the group.

Leadership Style- characterization of the relationship between the leader and the followers. The methods and means used by the leader to exert the necessary influence on people dependent on him.

Stress- a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person's inability to act expediently and reasonably in the current situation.

Subject- the carrier of subject-practical activity and knowledge, actively transforming his life.

Creative thinking- the kind of thinking associated with the creation or discovery of something new.

Temperament- a dynamic characteristic of mental processes and human behavior, manifested in their speed, variability, intensity and other characteristics.

Anxiety- the property of a person to come into a state of increased anxiety, experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.

Conviction- a person's confidence in his rightness, confirmed by relevant arguments and facts.

Recognition- classification of the perceived object to the category of already known.

Skill- the ability to perform certain activities with good quality and successfully cope with activities involving these activities.

inference- the process of a logical conclusion of a certain position from some reliable statements-parcels.

Control- the process of the subject's influence on a certain system with the aim of its development. preservation, maintenance or change of the mode of activity, implementation of programs and goals.

Claim level- the maximum success that a person expects to achieve in a particular type of activity.

Installation- willingness, predisposition to certain actions or reactions to specific incentives.

Fatigue- a state of fatigue, accompanied by reduced performance.

Phenotype- acquired traits or a set of properties that have arisen on the basis of a certain genotype under the influence of training and education.

frustration- an emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, the collapse of hopes in achieving a certain desired goal.

Character- a set of the most stable personality traits that determine the typical ways of its response to life circumstances.

Integrity of perception- sensory, mental completion of the totality of some perceived elements of the object to its integral image.

Values- what a person especially appreciates in life, to which he attaches a special, positive life meaning.

personality trait- a stable property of a personality that determines its characteristic behavior and thinking.

Feeling- the highest, culturally determined set of human emotions associated with some social object.

Egocentrism- the concentration of consciousness and attention of a person exclusively on himself, accompanied by ignoring what is happening around.

Euphoria- a state of excessive cheerfulness, usually not caused by any objective circumstances.

Expression- expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings, experiences.

extraversion- the focus of a person's consciousness and attention mainly on what is happening around him. Extraversion is the opposite of introversion.

Emotions- elementary experiences that arise in a person under the influence of the general state of the body and the course of the process of meeting actual needs.

Emotionality- a characteristic of a person, manifested in the frequency of occurrence of various emotions and feelings.

Empathy- the ability of a person to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.

novelty effect- a phenomenon from the field of perception by people of each other. It manifests itself in the fact that a greater influence on the formation of a person's image usually has such information about him that comes last, i.e. is the most recent.

First impression effect(halo of the first impression) - a phenomenon characterized by the fact that the first impression of a person determines his subsequent perception by other people, passing into the mind of the perceiving person only what corresponds to the prevailing first impression, and filtering out what contradicts him.

halo effect- distribution in conditions of lack of information about a person of a general impression based on his actions or some well-known personality traits.

I-concept- relatively stable, conscious, experienced as a unique system of a person's ideas about himself.

1. abstraction- the operation of thinking, which consists in highlighting the essential properties and relationships of objects while abstracting from the non-essential.

2. Agglutination- a way of forming images of the imagination, providing for a combination of elements of different impressions that does not exist in reality.

3. Aggression- a strong affective experience of anger, rage, attempts to hurt, trouble your opponent.

4. Adaptation (sense organs)- change in sensitivity under the influence of external stimuli.

5. Responsibility attribution- the phenomenon of interpersonal relations, provides for the assignment of responsibility for the result of activity.

6. Activity- a) as a sign of mentality- a general characteristic of beings, the actual dynamics of living beings as a source of support by them of vitally significant connections with the outside world; b) as a property of temperament- is determined by the force with which a person influences the situation and overcomes obstacles on the way to the goal.

7. Accentuation (character)- an individual typological feature of character, consists in excessive severity, sharpness of individual character traits.

8. accentuation- the technique of forming images of the imagination, which consists in exaggerating individual parts of the image of the imagination in order to draw attention to them.

9. Allegory- a technique for creating images of the imagination, which consists in providing an image of the imagination of a figurative meaning.

10. Ambivalence- the phenomenon of the emotional sphere of the personality, consists in a combination in a complex feeling of elements of polar experiences.

11. Analysis- the operation of thinking, which consists in highlighting elements, properties, relationships in objects, dividing the object into parts.

12. Analyzer- part of the reflex ring without centrifugal sections.

13. Analogy- a) as a method of forming images of the imagination - the process of modeling new images based on their similarity with real ones; b) as an operation of thinking - the determination of significant similarities in the course of correlating structures, functions, principles and transferring these features to a new solution ..

14. Association- the mechanism of memory, is to establish neurophysiological connections between the elements of the experience of the individual.

15. Association in contrast - a kind of association in which neurophysiological connections arise between elements of experience with opposite signs.

16. Association by similarity - a kind of association in which neurophysiological connections arise between elements of experience that are similar to each other in certain ways.

17. Content associations- a kind of association in which neurophysiological connections arise on the basis of the definition between the elements of experience of relationships such as "cause and effect", "genus and species", "whole and part".

18. Association by adjacency- a type of association in which neurophysiological connections arise between elements of experience perceived sequentially (adjacency in time) or simultaneously in the same space (adjacency in space).

19. Attribution causal - a person's explanation of the reasons (motives) for the actions of other people.

20. Affect- a form of experiencing emotions, the signs of which are a rapid occurrence, a stormy and short-term course, accompanied by impaired consciousness, loss of self-control. Caused by acute life situations. The tendency to affects indicates bad manners, inability to control oneself.

21. lack of will- a negative quality of the will of the individual, characterized by a decrease in the overall activity of a person, lack of initiative, inability to make efforts, bring things to an end, easy distraction from petty reasons, inconsistency, uncertainty, conformity and suggestibility (easily fall under the influence of people around).

22. Endurance and self-control- volitional qualities, providing for the ability of a person to force himself to carry out a reasonable decision, regardless of obstacles, to subordinate his behavior to the interests of achieving the goal, not to be distracted by extraneous matters.

23. Abstraction- involuntary movement of attention, has no direct positive value for activity.

24. Sensations of objectivity- a property of sensations, providing for the attribution of information about the environment to the very objects that are its source.

25. Sensations duration- this is a temporal characteristic of sensations, depends on the duration of the stimulus and its intensity.

26. Feeling- an elementary mental process, which consists in the reflection by a person of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the environment, as well as the states of internal organs with the direct impact of stimuli on the senses.

27. Sensation exteroceptive- a kind of sensations, the signs of which are the location of the corresponding sensory organs on the surface of the body, which reflect the stimuli of the outside world. Among them are contact ones - those that arise when the receptor is in direct contact with the stimulus (touch, taste), distant ones - the stimulus at a distance from the receptor (vision, hearing).

28. Feeling externally internal- a kind of sensations, the signs of which are the correlation by a person of information coming to both extero- and intero-receptors (taste, temperature).

29. Feeling intensity- this is a quantitative characteristic of sensations, determined by both the strength of the stimulus and the state of the receptor.

30. Sensation interoceptive- a kind of sensations, the signs of which are the location of receptors in the internal organs, reflecting their state (well-being, hunger, thirst).

31. Vidchuttya pronrioceptive- a kind of sensations, the signs of which are the location of receptors in the muscles and ligaments, they receive information about movements and the location of the body.

32. property psychic- a system of established, fixed and recurring signs of a mental fact (quality of character, temperament, abilities).

33. Will- the mental process of conscious and purposeful regulation by a person of his activity and behavior in order to achieve his goals.

34. Recognition- a kind of reproduction, involves the mention of an object by an individual when it is re-perceived.

35. deed- a kind of volitional action aimed at achieving a socially significant goal, constitutes an act of moral behavior, regulated by certain ethical standards.

36. Genius- the highest level of abilities, the manifestation of which is the discovery by the personality of new directions, paths in the field of scientific research, technology, art.

37. hyperbole- the process of forming images of the imagination, involving exaggeration or reduction of objects.

38. A game- a type of activity driven by the need of the individual for activity, the purpose of which is the process of activity itself, and not the objective result; the source of which is imitation and experience.

39. Group anti-referential- a social group, the norms of which a person condemns and in his behavior shows the opposite.

40. The group is big- quantitatively limited is the community of people, distinguished by certain social characteristics (class, nation, stratum), or, a real, significant in size and well-organized community of people, united by a common activity (certain organization).

41. The group had- a small community (30-40 people), in which individuals directly contact each other, united by a common goal and tasks, is a prerequisite for their interaction, mutual influence, common norms, processes and interests, interpersonal relationships and the duration of their existence.

42. The group is informal- a kind of social group, arises at the initiative of the participants themselves, on the basis of their sympathies.

43. Non-reference group- a social group that does not affect the individual.

44. group real- a real association of people in contact with each other.

45. Reference group- a social group that is exemplary for a given person who is trying to meet its standards.

46. Group social- any more or less stable associations of people.

47. Conditional group- an association of people created by the imagination of the researcher for the purpose of their analysis.

48. Group formal (official)- groups, the emergence and existence of which is regulated by official documents (school class, working enterprises).

49. Depression- a mental state opposite to aggression, it turns out to be in despair, in a difficult experience of hopelessness.

50. Determination of thinking is a system of causes that determine certain mental actions and their sequence.

51. determinism principle- the principle of the study of the psyche, according to which a person's response to external influences depends not only on the characteristics of this influence, but also on the characteristics of the human psyche (interests, experience, education, knowledge, etc.): "external causes act through internal conditions" ( S. L. Rubinstein).

52. Actions are mental- a system of human intellectual operations aimed at identifying signs of objects that are not directly perceived.

53. Activity- this is the internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.

54. Mnemic activity- a system of mental processes of complex structure, controlled by a mnemonic goal, is formed in a person on the basis of innate, biological forms of memory.

55. Action- a relatively complete element of activity aimed at solving one current task.

56. Maturation- a manifestation of ontogenesis, determined by the genotype, which consists in the consistent formation of all body systems.

57. Addition- the process of forming images of the imagination, providing for an unusual combination of the image of a real-life object with elements of other objects.

58. Psychological experiment- one of the main research methods of psychology, the specificity of which lies in the special creation of conditions under which the expected mental processes, acts of human behavior occur, in repeating them to verify the truth of experimental conclusions, in changing these conditions in order to identify their influence on the course of the studied processes.

59. exteriorization- the process of transition from the internal side of the activity (internal actions) to the external (external influences) occurs during the implementation of plans.

60. extraversion- a property of the individual, which indicates its focus on nearby objects, situations, events.

61. Emotion intensity is the strength of feelings.

62. Emotion polarity- the phenomenon of the emotional sphere of the personality, provides for the creation of antonymous pairs in the structure of experiences.

63. Emotion duration- a characteristic of the stability of emotions, the period of their invariance in time.

64. Emotion quality (modality)- the specific content of the experience.

65. Emotions- mental reflection in the form of direct passionate experience of the vital meaning of phenomena and situations, due to the relationship of their objective properties to the needs of the subject.

66. Emotional tone- this is the simplest form of emotions, which has the form of indistinct experiences that accompany vital influences of taste, temperature, pain and other nature; reflects the unity of emotions and sensations.

67. Empathy- one of the mechanisms of mutual understanding, which consists in an emotional response to the experiences of another person (sympathy, empathy).

68. Sensor standards- mental images containing ideas about the sensually perceived properties of objects; formed in a child from the age of three.

69. novelty effect- a phenomenon in interpersonal perception, which means that in relation to a familiar person, new information about her has the greatest weight in assessing her.

70. halo effect- a phenomenon in interpersonal perception, which involves the impact of a general impression of a person on the perception and evaluation of her specific actions.

71. First impression effect- a phenomenon in interpersonal perception, which means that for assessing a stranger, the most significant is the primary information about it.

72. Unity of functional and role expectations- the phenomenon of interpersonal relations, consists in coordinating the ideas of the participants in a social group about what and in what sequence each member of it should do; characteristic of the group.

73. Makings- the natural basis of abilities, still undeveloped, which manifests itself at the first attempts of a person to engage in activity.

74. Emotional excitability- property of temperament, indicates the speed of occurrence and flow of emotions.

75. Capabilities- a system of personality traits that meets the requirements of the activity and ensures high achievements in it.

76. General abilities- cover personality traits that meet the requirements of many activities.

77. reproductive abilities- a variety of abilities that are manifested in the success of mastering knowledge, skills, abilities.

78. Sensory abilities - a variety of abilities associated with a person's perception of objects and their qualities, which form the basis of mental development; intensively formed from 3-4 years.

79. Special abilities- a variety of abilities that meet the requirements of a particular activity.

80. Creative abilities- a variety of human abilities associated with imagination, which allow you to find original ways and means of solving problems, create an idea for a game or drawing.

81. Ideal- a form of a person's aspiration, reflecting her need to act in accordance with the model chosen for imitation.

82. Identification- one of the mechanisms of mutual understanding, consisting in likening oneself to another person, in the ability to reveal her point of view.

83. Collectivist identification - The phenomenon of interpersonal relations involves the attitude of a person to others as to himself and to himself as to others.

84. Individual- this is a separate representative of a species of living beings, which has both general and private, and unique qualities. General qualities characterize all people without exception, partial qualities - inherent in certain groups of people (professional, age, religious, national, etc.), unique qualities are unique and single, available only to a certain person.

85. Indeterminism- a position that is opposite to the principle of determinism, asserts the closed nature of the psyche, its complete independence from external conditions, denying that one can learn about the inner world of a person through his behavior; self-observation or introspection is proclaimed to be the only possible method.

86. Individuality It is a set of features that distinguish one person from others. This term reflects the unique features of a person. Among which there are biologically determined features of the organism, and socially determined character traits.

87. Instinct- this is a system of unconditioned reflexes, an innate specific behavior of an animal.

88. Interiorization- the process of transition from the external to the internal side of the activity, is clearly manifested in the activity of skill.

89. Interest- a motive perceived by a person, is an emotional manifestation of cognitive needs and manifests itself in the desire to learn more about the object of interest, to understand it deeper. Satisfaction of interest does not lead to the disappearance of the need, but, on the contrary, to its strengthening, therefore it is called an insatiable motive.

90. introversion- a property of the individual, which indicates its focus on its own inner world.

91. Classification- the operation of thinking, consists in the mental separation and subsequent unification of objects, phenomena, events into groups and subgroups according to certain characteristics.

92. team- this is a group of people united by common goals and objectives, which has reached a high level of development in the process of socially valuable joint activity (Petrovsky A.V.).

93. Specification- the operation of thinking, is the application of generalized knowledge to a specific individual case.

94. constancy- a property of perception, consisting in the relative constancy of the image with changes in the conditions of perception.

95. Lateralization- the principle of the brain, which means the leading role of the left hemisphere; exists only in humans and is associated with the allocation of the leading right hand.

96. latent period- time from the moment of impact on the receptor to the appearance of sensation.

97. Linguistics- a science that studies the laws of functioning and development of the language system as a universal phenomenon.

98. Diagnostic methods (tests)- a group of psychological research methods used to find out how much a person's mental qualities correspond to previously discovered norms and standards.

99. Longitudinal method- one of the two main ways of organizing psychological research (the second method is cross sections), common in developmental psychology, involves studying the dynamics of a certain mental phenomenon in the same specific people or their groups for a long time (several years).

100. Comparative method (age or transverse sections)- one of the two main ways of organizing psychological research, involves the simultaneous study of a certain mental phenomenon in different age groups in order to identify its dynamics.

101. Information methods- a group of methods of psychological research, as a result of which new knowledge is obtained, the main ones being observations and experiments.

102. Auxiliary methods of psychology- a group of methods of psychological research (questionnaire, conversation, interview, self-observation), which in themselves are not distinguished by sufficient objectivity and are used in addition to observation and experiment.

103. Methods of psychological research- certain ways of collecting scientific psychological facts that reflect the specifics of mental facts or phenomena and serve as the subject of theoretical analysis.

104. Thinking- this is a process of human cognitive activity, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality.

105. Thinking depth- a property of thinking of a person, which consists in the ability to penetrate into the essence of complex issues; reveal the causes of phenomena hidden behind external signs; anticipate the possible consequences of events and processes.

106. Thinking flexibility- a property of a person's thinking, which consists in the ability to quickly focus on changes in the situation, in the readiness to switch from one method of solving a problem to others, to use variable solutions.

107. Thinking speed, ingenuity- a property of thinking of a person, implies the ability to quickly understand a difficult situation, make the right decision.

108. Thinking critically and independently- a property of a person's thinking, which consists in the ability to objectively evaluate the positive and negative aspects of a phenomenon, without relying on the opinions of other people.

109. Thinking Sequence- a property of a person's thinking, which consists in the ability to adhere to continuity in reasoning, to achieve their compliance with the plan, to avoid logical errors.

110. Sprat thinking- a property of thinking of a person, which lies in the ability to cover a wide range of issues, in creative thinking in various fields of knowledge and practice.

111. Language- this is a system of signs that serves as a means of human communication and activity of thinking, a way of expressing self-consciousness, transmitting from generation to generation and storing information.

112. Speech is a form of communication with the help of language, which has developed historically in the process of the material transforming activity of people.

113. Motivation- a system of all types of motives of the individual (needs, motives, interests, goals, attitudes, ideals) that regulate human behavior and activities.

114. Dream- a form of aspiration of the individual, the content of which is the image of the desired future created by fantasy.

115. Skill- an action, the repeated execution of which led to its automation, the signs of which are the fastest execution, the absence of unnecessary movements, the minimum psychophysical stress, reduced control while maintaining the quality of performance.

116. persistence- a volitional property of a person, implies the ability to exert energy for a long time to overcome difficulties on the way to the goal.

117. Mood- the form of experiencing emotions, constitutes the general emotional state, the background of the course of mental processes and human behavior (activity occurs against a certain emotional background).

118. Unconscious- low level of the human psyche; a form of reflection in which a person does not control his behavior, is incompletely oriented in time and space; speech is impaired.

119. giftedness- a set of abilities that determine a particularly successful human activity in one or more areas that distinguish it from other people performing the same activity in the same conditions.

120. Ontogenesis- the formation of the basic structures of the individual's psyche during his life.

121. Operation- a way to perform an action in specific conditions.

122. Personality- a social individual, an object and subject of the historical process (B. Ananiev) a way of being a person in society, an individual form of existence and development of social ties (L. Antsiferova) a system of properties that an individual acquires in objective activity and communication, characterizing him from the side of inclusion in social relations (A. Petrovsky) social property of an individual (B.F. Lomov) a special quality that an individual acquires in society (A. Leontiev).

123. Memory- cognitive mental process, which consists in memorizing, preserving and reproducing by the individual of his experience.

124. long-term memory- a kind of memory, which is marked by a long-term preservation of the memorized (months, years) arises from a short-term one with repeated reproduction of the material.

125. Memory arbitrary- a kind of memory, characterized by the presence of a mnemonic goal, regulates memory processes; a person consciously determines what to remember first of all, for what period of time, for what purpose, and the like.

126. Memory is emotional- a kind of memory, the content of which is the feelings experienced by the individual in the past, which become a stimulus for activity, help to predict the results.

127. short term memory- a kind of memory, which is marked by a short preservation of the memorized material after a single playback.

128. Memory is involuntary- a kind of memory, which is marked by the absence of a mnemonic purpose.

129. memory figurative- a kind of memory, the content of which is representations (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile).

130. operative memory- a kind of memory that serves the actual actions, operations; with its help, intermediate results are contained, which are forgotten at the end of the activity.

131. Motor memory- a kind of memory, the content of which is movements and their systems, serves as the basis for labor and practical skills.

132. Memory verbal-logical- a specifically human type of memory, the content of which is thoughts in the form of concepts.

133. Belief- a system of conscious human needs, encourages him to act in accordance with his views, worldview, knowledge.

134. Aftereffect period- the time from the moment of termination of the stimulus to the disappearance of sensations.

135. Personological(personal) theories - psychological theories, which are characterized by the denial of the defining action of biological or social determinants; the main determinant of mental development is the personality itself, its self-determination (E. Spranger, PI. Buhler, L. Bletz, G. Imre, etc.).

136. Plasticity - a) as a property of the psyche- the ability of the psyche to change, which underlies mental development; b) as a property of temperament- manifested in how easily a person adapts to external influences; the opposite of rigidity.

137. speech behavior- the production of speech by a person in a particular situation, involves her awareness of the features of this situation and her role in it.

138. Irritability- a sign of the biological form of reflection inherent in all living things, which consists in the ability of the body to respond to biotic stimuli.

139. Irritants biotic- the influence of the external environment, included in the process of metabolism of the body, without which its life is impossible.

140. Trains- motivation of activity based on insufficiently clearly realized need.

141. concept- a thought or a form of thinking, which reflects the general, essential and individual features of objects and which forms the basis of scientific knowledge (the concepts of mathematical, grammatical, physical, etc.).

142. Comparison- this is an operation of thinking aimed at determining the qualitative or quantitative difference between phenomena, objects of the same type.

143. Need- a state of need, expressing the dependence of the organism on specific conditions of existence and is the source of its activity (S.D. Maksimenko).

144. A train- motivation of activity, which is based on the need for the object of satisfaction of which the person is not aware.

145. Feeling higher- a variety of personality emotions, reflecting the attitude of the individual to the phenomena of social reality and is the result of formation in the conditions of training and education.

146. Feeling aesthetic- a kind of higher feelings, reflecting the attitude of the individual to the phenomena of beauty and ugliness.

147. Feeling intelligent- a kind of higher feelings, reflecting the attitude of the individual to cognitive activity.

148. Feeling moral- a kind of higher feelings that express a person's stable attitude to others and to himself, to social phenomena and norms.

149. Feeling practical- a kind of higher feelings, which consist in a person experiencing his attitude to various activities

150. Pursuit these are the motives of behavior, in which the need of a person in such conditions of existence and development is manifested, are directly absent in this situation, but can be created as a result of activity.

151. Work- type of activity aimed at the production of socially useful products (material or ideal).

152. Passion- the form of aspiration, reflects the needs of force majeure; strong, stable, long-lasting feeling.

153. Problem situation- this is a mental state that occurs in a person when the knowledge acquired by her does not provide the performance of the desired action; encourages the search for new means and methods of action.

154. Pedagogical design- targeted creative preliminary definition and design of a program for solving pedagogical problems and its further implementation in the specific conditions of the educational process.

155. Spatial localization- a property of sensations, thanks to which a person reflects not only the qualities of the stimulus, but also determines its location in space.

156. mental process- a system of procedural signs of a mental phenomenon with the allocation of the beginning, intermediate stages, and completion.

157. Psyche- this property of highly organized matter, is a special form of reflection by the subject of objective reality (A. Leontiev).

158. Psycholinguistics- a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of speech as an activity to determine its goals, motives, actions, results; speech in the process of its generation and understanding, that is, the transition from the internal plane to the external and vice versa.

159. Psychology- this is the science of facts, patterns and mechanisms of the psyche, as an image of reality created in the brain, on the basis and with the help of which the regulation of activity is carried out, that a person has a personal character (A.V. Petrovsky).

160. Psychology of speech- this is a section of general psychology that studies the relationship of speech with thinking, perception, memory, and other mental phenomena; connection of personality traits with the features of speech action.

161. Psychophysics- a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between the properties of sensations and the physical qualities of stimuli.

162. Reactivity- a property of temperament, which indicates the force with which a person reacts to external influences.

163. Reverberation- the concept of the physical theory of memory, according to which the display of an object is accompanied by the circulation of electrochemical spools in neurons.

164. recapitulation theory- the theory of the American psychologist Stanley Hall (1846-1924), according to which the ontogeny of the psyche includes an abbreviated reproduction of the stages of the historical development of human society.

165. Reconstruction- the process of forming images of the imagination, in which a complete structure is completed on the part of the object.

166. Reminiscence- the phenomenon of memory, marked by an increase in the volume of reproducible material after a long period of storage.

167. Reflex unconditioned are inborn species reflexes.

168. Reflex conditional- temporary nerve connections in the cerebral cortex, which are fixed by repetition.

169. Reflection- one of the mechanisms of mutual understanding, which consists in a person's awareness of how it is perceived by a partner in communication.

170. Claim level- personal education, is determined by what goals among the totality of possible ones a person tends to choose - light or heavy.

171. Determination- volitional quality of the individual, which consists in the ability to make the right decisions in a timely manner.

172. rigidity- a property of temperament (the opposite of plasticity), which indicates that the individual is difficult to adapt to has inert and lethargic behavior, habits, judgments.

173. self-awareness- one of the manifestations of consciousness as a separation of oneself ("I") from the objective world ("Not I") awareness, a person's assessment of himself, his place in the world, his interests, knowledge, experiences, behavior, etc. Self-consciousness has a hierarchically built structure from elementary well-being to self-knowledge and the highest level - self-relationship, which are manifested in self-control and self-regulation of one's behavior (K.K. Platonov).

174. Independence- the volitional quality of the personality, which is manifested in the fact that a person determines his actions based on his beliefs, knowledge, and not under the pressure of other people.

175. Consciousness- this is the highest integrated form of the psyche, which is formed under the influence of socio-historical conditions in the labor activity of a person and his communication through language with other people.

176. outlook- a set of individual beliefs, the formation of which is an important task of training and education; generally formed by the end of school age.

177. sensitivity- a property of temperament, determined by the smallest force of influence that causes a reaction in a person.

178. Sensitization- change in the sensitivity of the sense organs under the influence of internal conditions.

179. Sensory Isolation- restriction in the receipt of signals from the external environment to the human senses, causes a violation of the necessary balance of information between the person and the environment.

180. Symbolization - the process of forming images of the imagination, in which the image has an additional meaning that is not directly due to external features.

181. symptom complex(character factor) - a component of the personality's character structure, formed by the most closely related character traits; most often in the structure of the character there are four symptom complex.

182. Synesthesia- a manifestation of nonspecific sensitivity, when under the influence of a stimulus characteristic of one analyzer, sensations arise in others.

183. Synthesis- one of the main operations of thinking, is to combine the individual elements of objects, to combine its individual parts into a single whole.

184. Systematization- the operation of thinking, which consists in highlighting the essential and common features of groups of objects or classes with the aim of their further unification.

185. The ratio of activity and reactivity- a property of temperament, which is determined by how much a person's behavior depends on the situation - obeys it (reactivity), seeks to change it (activity).

186. Communication- a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activities, which provides for the exchange of information, interaction, perception and understanding between its participants.

187. Communication pedagogical- this is a professional communication of a teacher with students in the classroom or outside it, performing certain pedagogical functions and aimed at optimizing training and education.

188. Perception- this is a mental process of reflection in the human brain of objects and phenomena as a whole, in the aggregate of all their qualities and properties with the direct impact of stimuli on the analyzers.

189. Perception of historicity (apperception)- the conditionality of a person's perception of specific conditions and past experience, both public and personal.

190. Perception meaningfulness- the property of perception, according to which a person reflects the meaning of objects, realizes their functions.

191. Perception of space- a kind of perception, involving the perception of the shape, size, distance and direction of the location of objects.

192. Movement perception- a kind of perception, which involves the reflection of the movement of objects; the main role is played by visual and kinesthetic analyzers.

193. Perception integrity- the property of perception, according to which the image of the perceived object is a single whole, despite the fact that it arises as a result of a consistent examination of the object (successively).

194. Perception of time- a kind of perception, consisting in determining the duration, speed, sequence of phenomena and is provided by a system of analyzers.

195. Personal orientation- moral, ethical characteristics of the individual, which manifests itself in the real sense of social behavior and is determined by the content of the dominant motives.

196. State of mind- a mental fact that exists for a short period of time and is conditioned by the situation (manifestations of will, attention, thinking, feelings).

197. Stereotyping- the phenomenon of interpersonal perception, which is expressed in the transfer of the qualities of a group of people of an individual belonging to a group, according to the scheme "all excellent students are disciplined."

198. Stress- a form of experiencing emotions by a person, the signs of which are a state of tension in the event of a threat or overload, which ambivalently affects the health and activity of the person: positively (eustress) or negatively (distress).

199. character structure- this is an ordered set of character traits in their interconnections, thanks to which, knowing one character trait, others can be foreseen.

200. Judgment- a form of thinking that reflects the relationship between objects or their properties.

201. Talent- a high level of a person's abilities for a certain activity, which is manifested in the originality and novelty of the approach, accompanied by the achievements of the highest results in this area.

202. Temperament- characterization of an individual in terms of his dynamic features: intensity, speed, pace, rhythm of mental processes and states.

203. temperament properties- stable individual properties of the psyche, which determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, remain relatively unchanged with different content, goals of activity and form a structure that characterizes the type of temperament.

204. Rate of reactions- a property of temperament, manifested in the speed of the flow of various mental phenomena and characterizes the dynamic side of a person's mental life.

205. The theory of memory is associative- a system of views, the central idea of ​​which is the interpretation of memory as the creation of associations, that is, links between impressions about phenomena and objects.

206. Memory theory biochemical- a system of views, the central idea of ​​which is the interpretation of memory as the memorization of information in the process of biochemical changes in neurons of a reverse and irrevocable nature.

207. Memory theory active- a system of views, the central idea of ​​which is the interpretation of memory as an activity.

208. Memory theory in Gestaltism- a system of views, the central idea of ​​which is the interpretation of memory as a "grasping" of the whole situation at once, followed by the selection of details in it.

209. Physiological memory theory- a system of views, the central idea of ​​which is the interpretation of memory based on a conditioned reflex, as the formation of a connection between new and previous impressions.

210. memory theory physical- a system of views, the central idea of ​​which is the interpretation of memory as an electrochemical process.

211. Memory theory chemical- a system of views, the central idea of ​​which is the interpretation of memory, both individual and specific. The chemical basis of individual memory in a cell is ribonucleic acid (RNA). Species memory is fixed in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

212. Standardization- a way of forming yawva images, aimed at expressing common features of a group of objects in a specific image.

213. Tropisms- an elementary reaction of the body to a stimulus in the form of movements (turning the leaves of plants towards the light).

214. Attention- this is the orientation and focus of consciousness, which provide for an increase in the level of sensory, intellectual and motor activity of the individual.

215. Attention arbitrary- a kind of attention, which provides for a conscious concentration of attention on an object with the participation of volitional efforts.

216. Attention post-voluntary- the type of attention that occurs with an arbitrary one, while volitional effort decreases, interest and emotional enthusiasm increase.

217. Attention selectivity- a property of attention, manifested in the concentration of consciousness on a certain area of ​​​​reality while distracting from all others.

218. Attention fluctuations- the property of attention, which provides for changes in the level of human concentration on an object.

219. Attention concentration (intensity)- the property of attention, which is determined by the degree of concentration of a person on an object.

220. attention volume- a property of attention, which is determined by the number (4-6 units) of objects simultaneously covered by attention.

221. Attention switching- property of attention, which provides a conscious transition from one activity to another, from one object to another.

222. Attention distribution- the property of attention, which occurs when a person performs two or more types of activity at the same time, provided that both activities are well known, and one of them is at least partially automated.

223. Attention focus- a property of attention, manifested in a selective nature, in an arbitrary or involuntary choice of objects that meet the needs of the subject, the tasks and goals of his activity.

224. Attention sustainability- a property of attention, manifested in the duration of focusing attention on an object.

225. Generalization- the operation of thinking, consists in the mental unification of objects according to their joint essential features.

226 Skill- the readiness of a person to successfully perform activities based on knowledge and skills.

227. inference- a form of thinking that involves such a connection between thoughts, as a result of which a new judgment follows from several well-known judgments.

228. Deductive reasoning - a kind of inference in which the properties of a class of objects are transferred to the properties of a particular representative of this class.

229. Inference by analogy - a kind of inference based on the transfer of connections that exist between some objects to connections between others.

230. Inference inductive - a kind of inference in which the properties of some objects from a certain class apply to all objects of this class.

231. Installation - Personal education consists in the readiness of a person to act in a certain way.

232. Teaching - one of the main types of activity, when a person's actions are directed by the conscious goal of acquiring certain knowledge, skills, abilities, forms of behavior; when the subject acts for the sake of assimilation of new experience.

233. Imagination - a peculiar form of reflection of objective reality, a mental process consisting in the creation of new images by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience.

234. Imagination is arbitrary - a kind of imagination, characterized by the creation of images in accordance with the goal.

235. Imagination passive - a kind of imagination flowing without setting a goal.

236. Imagination productive (creative) - a type of imagination involving the creation of new original images of objects that a person has never perceived; do not yet exist in reality, and their appearance is only assumed.

237. Imagination reproductive (reproducing) - a kind of imagination in which its images arise in a person on the basis of verbal descriptions of objects, their schematic or graphic representation.

238. Imagination technical - a kind of imagination, the content of which is the creation of images of spatial relationships in the form of geometric figures with their mental application in various combinations.

239. Imagination artistic - a kind of imagination in which sensual images predominate (visual, auditory, tactile ...).

240. Phylogeny - historical development of the psyche from the simplest forms to complex ones.

241. Frustration - negative emotional state, accompanied by the realization of the impossibility of achieving the goal.

242. Functional asymmetry - the principle of the brain, according to which the cerebral hemispheres perform various mental functions.

243. Character - a set of individually peculiar mental properties that manifest themselves in the ways of activity typical for a given individual under typical circumstances and are determined by the attitude of the individual to these circumstances.

244. Character depth - a dynamic characteristic of the character of a person, expresses a stable internal connection of his features with the main interests, with the orientation of the personality.

245. Target - a component of the activity structure, the content of which is the image of the future result of the activity.

246. Value-oriented unity(COE) is a phenomenon of interpersonal relations, characterized by the convergence of the positions of their subjects regarding the goals of activity, ways to achieve them, and core values.

247. Sensitivity - a) the ability of the organism to respond to neutral abiotic influences, if they are associated with biotic ones; b) the ability of the sense organs to display objects with greater or lesser accuracy (or with certain physical parameters).

248. sensitivity upper absolute threshold - the greatest strength of the stimulus at which a sensation of this type still arises.

249. sensitivity lower absolute threshold - irritation of the minimum force, which, acting on the senses, is capable of causing a sensation.

250. sensitivity threshold relative (distinguishing threshold) - it is the minimum difference in the strength of two stimuli that causes a barely perceptible difference in the intensity of sensations.

251. sensitivity thresholds absolute - the range of stimulus strength values ​​within which these stimuli cause adequate sensations.