Who was the first to create the alphabet of the Komi language? From Anbur to the Alphabet

There are only six days between the church Day of Remembrance of the Holy Hierarch of the Komi Land Stefan of Perm and the secular Day of Komi Writing. And this is no coincidence. It is also no coincidence that in our secular state, which proclaims freedom of conscience, many secular holidays are in fact not entirely secular. Take, for example, the Day of National Unity, which is not coincidentally celebrated on November 4 - the day when several hundred years ago Minin and Pozharsky gathered the people’s militia under the icon of the Kazan Mother of God and banners with the face of the Savior.

It’s the same with Komi Writing Day, which we remember on May 9, the day when 620 years ago the man who gave this writing to the Komi people reposed in the Lord.

However, there are several opinions regarding the significance of Anbur, as Stefanov’s alphabet was called.

Adherents of paganism, the echoes of which are especially heard in national regions, convince their contemporaries that Stefan Permsky, or Khrap, as they call him, baptized the Zyryans with “fire and sword”, they call him “occupier and invader”. In their opinion, the alphabet developed by Stefan turned out to be of no use to anyone here and became the “language of the feudal lords” and a secret code for correspondence between Moscow proteges “on the ground” and their superiors in the center. Soon the ancient Perm alphabet was forgotten, and mentions of it were preserved only in the margins of ancient chronicles and on icons.

However, Anbur has not been forgotten to this day. Its creator, Stefan of Perm, in Komi is placed on a par with Saints Cyril and Methodius, who created the Russian alphabet with a message encrypted in it to the Slavs. The first bishop of the Zyryans is considered not only the baptist of the region, but also the first educator. Not with fire and sword, but with love and words, he baptized a people dark for Moscow - this opinion about him is more widespread. Every year, the religious procession “From Stefan to Stefan” gathers hundreds of pilgrims who, for 20 years on the eve of his memory, make a 60-kilometer trek from Syktyvkar to the village of Yb. Stefanov's readings bring together dozens of young and experienced researchers: philologists, historians, local historians. In Komi there is a book publishing house “Anbur”, which produces textbooks in the Komi language and national literature. Last year, the staff of the Art magazine came up with an action in which anyone could write important things for them in ancient Komi letters - anbur - in a huge album.

And two years ago, a monument to Stefanov’s alphabet appeared in Syktyvkar - the name of the city, laid out in a semicircle in huge luminous letters.

The history of the appearance of the monument is unusual. It was a personal act of struggle by the author of the idea of ​​its creation, a historian Igor Andriyanov with the “monumental alphabetism” that swept the whole country and our region in particular that year in the wake of the monument to the letter “Y” opened in Ulyanovsk. In the capital of Komi, a monument to the letter Ö immediately appeared, which some dubbed the “washing machine.”

But the matter did not end there. The Urban Legends project for the construction of small architectural forms for the purpose of beautification and arrangement of abandoned vacant lots, which was held that year in Syktyvkar, among others, received a flurry of “original” proposals on the topic of further monuments to letters. For example, it was proposed to erect a monument to the letter “Y” in that very place, citing the fact that there are two letters “Y” in the name of our city. Fortunately, the historian was among the curators of the project’s historical commission. At one of the meetings, he jokingly asked what we would do with the letter “S”, remembering the old name of the city “Ust-Sysolsk”?

It was also proposed to erect an art object in the form of the inscription “Syktyvkar”, highlighting two letters “Y”. The whole essence and “horror” of the project competition was that, according to its terms, voting for each project took place using “likes” on social networks. There was an urgent need to come up with an idea that would appeal to the townspeople and at the same time personify the rich history and culture of the city and the Komi people. This is how the idea was born to erect a monument to the Anbur alphabet: the oldest alphabet that appeared among the Finno-Ugric peoples (second after the Hungarian). This, according to Andriyanov, would perpetuate the memory of this alphabet and its brilliant creator - St. Stephen of Perm, educator of Perm Vychegda (ancestors of the Komi).

“When at the commission meeting another proposal was made on the topic of the letters “Y” and the inscription “Syktyvkar”, standing to the death against this “alphabetism”, I then proposed to make this inscription on the ancient Stefanovo “anbur”. The entire commission liked the idea and was submitted to the designers for the competition. As a result, the majority of the townspeople voted for this project,” recalls the historian.

Now it looks very beautiful at night, when the luminous letters shimmer with the “northern lights.” True, the very embodiment of the art object in window plastic was not to the liking of the author of the idea. “I would like to see its embodiment more monumental, if not in marble, then at least in some more noble material,” the historian concluded.

Today, Komi writing looks like Cyrillic with certain characters not found in Russian, but familiar to other Finno-Ugric people.

There was in its history both a period of the Latin alphabet and a brief “valiant” stage. As the linguist writes in his study Galina Punegova, he laid the foundation for the creation of the phonemic principle in writing. This was a great event in the cultural and educational life of the Komi region. The author and compiler of the national alphabet was Vasily Alexandrovich Molodtsov(Sandrö Vasö, 1886-1940). He prepared an alphabet in which all the specific speech sounds of the Komi language could be expressed in writing with one grapheme - a letter, the so-called. an optical unit indicating the uniqueness of the graphic features of the Komi language.

This was the first officially adopted alphabet of the Komi language, the discussion and approval of which took place in August 1918 at the Ust-Vym meeting of teachers of the Ust-Sysolsky and Yarensky districts.

However, the sharp criticism that caused controversy among scientists regarding the use of the new Komi alphabet gradually led to a ban on its use, thereby allowing it to exist for a little more than a decade - in 1918-1930 and 1936-1938. In quantitative terms, the content of the Molodtsov alphabet does not differ from the modern alphabet. It consisted of 33 graphemes: Aa Bb Vv Gg Ԁԁ Ԃԃ Her Жж Җҗ Зз Ԅԅ Ԇԇ Іi Јj Kk Ll Ԉԉ Mm Nn ​​Ԋԋ Oo Ӧö Pp Rr Ss Ԍԍ Tt Ԏԏ Uu Chch Shsh Shch Yy. On the basis of this alphabet, V. Molodtsov also compiled the primer “Lyԃԃыҍы velöԁchan” and the grammar of the Komi language “Komi gramԏika – tuj piԍкöԁыԍ,” writes the researcher.

Despite the fact that in the 20th century, Soviet “globalization” erased national characteristics and colloquial Komi speech retreated under the onslaught of Russian, book publishing and printing in the native language did not stop. New works were published in the national language, and the works of Russian classics, foreign authors and ideologists of Marxism-Leninism were translated.

During the collapse of the Soviet empire, the Komi Republic became the first national republic to adopt a law on state languages, making Komi equal to Russian. Bilingualism is enshrined in the region's Constitution.

Books and newspapers are still published in it, it is studied in schools, although more and more often according to the state curriculum, not the native one - even in villages. After a period of sad decline, interest in it is being revived: annual Komi language courses are gaining more and more students, the General Dictation in the Komi language has become an annual event - similar to the Total Dictation in Russian, young people, despite and in defiance, speak the language of grandmothers, a Komi Wikipedia has been created, there are accounts on Komi on social networks. Linguist and polyglot Ӧнӧ Love(Vyacheslav Stepanov), who independently studied more than two dozen languages ​​and found no use in his native Perm, is successfully promoting the Komi language on the World Wide Web.

Önö Love and his colleagues - mathematician-linguist and programmer Andrey Chemyshev from Mari El and Syktyvkar philologist Marina Fedina– they are working to provide electronic support for the Komi language, and at the same time other small languages ​​of Russia: based on existing paper dictionaries, they create electronic dictionaries of the Komi language, an electronic spelling corrector for the Komi language, and collect electronic Komi texts. The plans include electronic translators from the Komi language into Russian and vice versa. Everything that linguists do can be found and downloaded on the website komikyv.ru.

So the work of Stefan of Perm, although in a transformed form, is alive and well. It is thanks to him that today we can proudly celebrate Komi Writing Day.

Polina Romanova, Syktyvkar |

Introduction

If you want to know the truth, start with the ABCs.
Proverb

All living languages ​​have their own alphabet, which reflects the history of the people and their traditions. The formation of any alphabet is a long process. The value of the alphabet lies in its elegant simplicity, in its ability to express a wide range of vocal sounds with twenty or thirty individual letters.

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary (24th edition, 2007) gives us the following definitions of the alphabet: 1. The same as the alphabet. 2. The order of letters adopted in the alphabet. Thus, an alphabet is a writing system based on a more or less strict adherence to the so-called phonetic principle, according to which one symbol (one letter) corresponds to one sound of a language. Today it is the most common writing principle in the world.

There are many alphabets in the world. They are very diverse in appearance and historical origin. Most alphabets have between 20 and 30 letters.

The word “alphabet” comes from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet - alpha And beta. It was the Greeks who contributed to the spread of alphabetic writing in most countries of the world. The English word “is constructed in the same way.” abecedary” or Russian “ ABC".

The topic of the work is a comparative analysis of alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages

Target work - compare and study the system of vowels and consonants in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Tasks:

1) Define the concept of alphabet.

2) Study the emergence and history of the English, Russian and Komi-Permyak alphabets.

3) Make a comparative sound analysis in the English, Russian and Komi-Permyak alphabets.

4) Study the features of the system of vowels and consonants in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Object of study– Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Subject of study- alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

Methods– comparison, juxtaposition.

We consider this topic to be relevant, since knowledge of a language is impossible without knowledge of its alphabet. As is known, discrepancies in the letters and sounds of the Russian, English and Komi-Permyak alphabets create considerable difficulties for beginners in learning English and the Komi-Permyak languages.

Chapter 1.

Russian alphabet. The history of the creation of the Russian alphabet

The Russian alphabet that we use today is derived from the Slavic alphabet. Its compilers were two priests - the Bulgarian brothers Constantine and Methodius in the 9th century. On the border with Bulgaria there was one of the largest Byzantine provinces, the capital of which was the city of Thessaloniki. The population there was half Greek, half Slavic, and in the family of boys, the mother was Greek, the father was Bulgarian, and therefore from childhood they had 2 native languages ​​- Greek and Slavic. Constantine received an excellent education at the imperial palace in the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople. He quickly studied grammar, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, and knew 22 languages. In 863, ambassadors from the Khazars came to Constantinople to the Greek king, asking to send teachers to explain the true faith. The Tsar invited Cyril to his place and said: “Go, Philosopher, to these people and, with the help of the Holy Trinity, bless them for the teaching of the Most Holy Trinity.” Cyril agreed and persuaded brother Methodius to go with him. They went together.

Cyril and Methodius lived among the Slavs for 40 months, moving from one place to another, everywhere teaching the people in the Slavic language.

On May 24, 863, in the city of Pliska, which at that time was the capital of Bulgaria, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet. They translated the Gospel and other liturgical books into Slavic. Since 1987, a holiday of Slavic writing and culture began to be held in our country on this day.

After the death of Cyril and Methodius, their disciples were expelled from Moravia and found refuge in Bulgaria. Here a new Slavic alphabet was created based on Greek, it was supplemented with letters borrowed from the Glagolitic alphabet. Since Constantine became a monk before his death and took the name Cyril, the new Slavic alphabet was named in memory of the man who first compiled it.

This new alphabet was called “Cyrillic” (Appendix No. 1) in honor of Kirill.

For some time the Slavs used both alphabets, but then the Bulgarians, Serbs and Russians, who were under the ecclesiastical influence of Byzantium, adopted the Glagolitic alphabet (Appendix No. 2) has fallen out of use.

The originality of the Cyrillic alphabet was manifested in the fact that it always used one letter to represent one sound.

In Rus', the Cyrillic alphabet became widespread after the adoption of Christianity (988).

Thus, in the modern Russian alphabet there are 33 letters, 10 of them represent vowel sounds, and 23 consonants. Modern Russian alphabet (Appendix No. 3) developed on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, which is a creative processing of the Greek (Byzantine) alphabet. When compiling it, 24 Greek letters were used, most of which received Slavic names: “az”, “beeches”, “vedi”, “verb”, “good”, “is”, etc. At the same time, the creators of the Cyrillic alphabet, taking into account the phonetic features of the Old Church Slavonic language, introduced 19 more letters that were absent in the Greek-Byzantine letter (some of them were “invented” by the compilers of the Cyrillic alphabet, some were borrowed from other ancient alphabets.) If we compare the Cyrillic alphabet and the modern alphabet, then the changes will not be very significant: 14 Cyrillic letters were not fixed and 4 letters appeared again.

Chapter 2.

English alphabet. The history of the creation of the English alphabet

The problem of the history of the English alphabet was dealt with by such scientists as Galperin I.R., Zinder L.R., Smirnitsky A.I., Yartseva V.N., Rastorgueva T.A.

Writing in English appeared around the 5th century AD. e., Anglo-Saxon runes were used for recording. The runic alphabet is a Germanic alphabet that did not exist in any other group of languages. It consists of 24 characters and contains only oblique and broken lines, since they were carved on wood or carved on stone and served only to record small inscriptions on objects.

The history of the English alphabet is organically connected with the history of the country and is traditionally divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and New English.

The penetration of Christianity into England had the strongest influence on the formation of the English alphabet.

The letters in the English language have undergone certain changes. Of all the modified letterforms used in this font – d, f, g only g. has survived. In the Old English version of the Latin alphabet, the letters i And j , u And v did not differ, letters k, q, x And w were not used at all. Moreover, a new letter was added - the crossed out d is .

In the 17th century, the English alphabet was finally formed (Appendix 5). In the USA and Great Britain, many attempts were made to reform the alphabet, but all the proposed innovations were never widely adopted.

Thus, learning English begins with learning the English alphabet. The basis of the modern English alphabet is the Latin alphabet (Appendix No. 4). The English alphabet consists of 26 letters, 6 letters representing vowels and 20 letters representing consonants.

Chapter 3

Komi-Permyak language. The history of the creation of the Komi-Permyak language.

In 1379, the Komi apostle, a native of Veliky Ustyug, Saint Stephen of Perm, began his educational activities. (Appendix No. 6). His special merit is the creation of the Komi alphabet (Appendix No. 7)(Zyryan alphabet) based on Slavic and Greek writing. The system of the newly invented writing was fully consistent with the Cyrillic tradition (except for the specific designation of soft consonants: . Although it is generally accepted that to compile the Zyryansk alphabet, Stefan used the Zyryans’ money badges, which they carved on thin quadrangular sticks ( passes). The ancient Permian alphabet consists of 25 main letters and 8 additional ones, which appeared at a later time under the influence of the Russian language. By the 17th-18th centuries. Old Perm writing is finally falling out of use, but it continued to exist for a long time as a secret writing in the Russian-speaking environment. It was used by scribes to make secret notes in the margins of books. For example: look, Amen– . To date, only a few original sources written in the alphabet of Stephen of Perm have survived. These are mainly small fragments on icons and notes in the margins of church literature.

The Old Permian letter, apparently, should be considered as a modified Cyrillic alphabet. Although it is possible that this letter was somewhat influenced by pictographic signs of Komi property. The graphonyms of the ancient Permian script do not coincide with the Cyrillic ones. Despite the short duration of the functioning of the letter of Stefan of Perm, it had great educational significance. Thanks to him, the Komi became one of the few peoples of Russia with an original ancient written culture.

Saint Stephen translated sermons, teachings and church books from Slavic into the Zyryan language, and at the end of the 14th century he created the first alphabet for the Komi people. This was the first Ural alphabet. For his educational feat, Stefan of Perm was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Thus, the original Komi-Permyak alphabet was created by Saint Stephen of Perm; the alphabet was formed on the basis of Slavic and Greek writing. The Komi-Permyak alphabet has 35 letters, 12 of which represent vowels and 23 letters represent consonants.

Chapter 4

Features of pronunciation of sounds in Russian

Pronunciation of vowels.

In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s[a]d, v[o]lk, d[o]m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose their clarity and definition. It is called law of reduction (from Latin Reducire - to reduce).

Vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning, words without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: deer - [a]laziness, being late - [a]p[a]zdat, magpie - s[a]roka.

In an unstressed position after hard consonants in place of the letter o pronounced short (reduced) unclear sound. For example: side - side [a]rona, head - g[a]lova, dear - d[a]rogoy, gunpowder - gunpowder[']kh, gold - ash[']t['].

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i make a sound average between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: tongue - [and e]zyk, pen - p[i e]ro, clock - h[i e]sy.

The vowel [and] after a hard consonant, preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one is pronounced as [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute, to Ivan - to [y]van, laughter and tears - laughter [s] tears. If there is a pause, [i] does not turn into [s]: laughter and tears.

Pronunciation of consonants.

Voiced consonants, standing before deaf people and at the end of words, are stunned. This is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. We pronounce stol [p] - pillar, snow [k] - snow, ruka [f] - sleeve, etc. You should pay attention to the fact that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a paired dull sound [k ]: smo[k] - smog, dr[k] - friend, etc. In this case, the pronunciation of the sound [x] is considered as dialectal. The exception is the word god - bo[x].

[G] is pronounced like [X] in combinations gk and gch: le[hk"]y – light, le[hk]o – easy.

Voiceless consonants placed before voiced ones are pronounced as their corresponding voiced ones: [z]dat - to hand over, pro[z"]ba - request.

There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with the combination chn, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation. According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn That's how it's usually pronounced [chn], This especially applies to words of book origin (endless, carefree), as well as relatively new words (camouflage, landing). The combination chn is pronounced like [shn] in female patronymics it is -ichna: Kuzmini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Ilyini[shn]a, and is also preserved in individual words: horse[shn]o, skuk[shn]no, eggs[shn]itsa, skvore[sh]ik, etc. -tsya and -tsya at the end verbs are pronounced like [tssa]: smile[tsa] – smiles.

Thus, the pronunciation and writing of vowels and consonants in the Russian alphabet are not the same.

Chapter 5

Features of pronunciation of sounds in English

The specificity of the English language and the English alphabet is that there are significant differences between how the letters of the English alphabet are written and how they are read. Therefore, in order to correctly pronounce the English letters that make up words, transcription is used in language teaching, which clearly indicates how a particular letter is pronounced in a particular word.

Vowel sounds

In the English language, long and short sounds (phonemes) are distinguished - this is a phenomenon unfamiliar to the Russian language. For example: no matter how long you lengthen the vowel “o” in the word “ cat", the meaning will not change.

In English, these differences must be observed; the meaning of the word depends on the length of the vowel, for example:

• port port - pot pot
• sheep - ship ship

Long vowel phonemes: [J], [R], [L], [H], [W].

Short vowel phonemes: [I], [e], [x], [O], [u], [A], [q].

Consonant sounds.

In the Russian language, it is customary to “deafen” final voiced consonants and pronounce the corresponding voiceless consonants instead. In English, final voiced consonants cannot be “stunned”, as this leads to a change in the meaning of the word:

• bed bed- bet bet

This mistake is as unacceptable as replacing a voiced consonant with a voiceless consonant before a vowel in Russian (for example, in the word " daughter"replace [d] with [t], then you get" dot"; "fire-ball").

Another feature of the Russian language is the softening of consonants (palatalization), when, along with hard consonants, there are corresponding soft ones, which has a word-distinguishing character: horse - horse, weight - all. In English, consonants are not softened and are always pronounced firmly. When pronouncing the Russian “I love”, an Englishman will pronounce “Lublu”.

Diphthongs

The first of its constituent vowels is stressed and syllable-forming. The second element of the diphthong is very short, the tongue usually does not reach the position necessary to pronounce it. The longitude of a diphthong (the longitude of its first element) approximately corresponds to the duration of historically long monophthongs. The second element of the diphthong is very short. In the final position before the pause, diphthongs are pronounced protractedly, before voiced consonants somewhat shorter, and before voiceless consonants very briefly.

Thus, in the English language, long and short sounds are distinguished; these differences should be strictly observed, since this can change the meaning of the word, but in the Russian language there are no such features, and also in the Russian language there are no diphthongs, but they are characteristic of the English language. Diphthongs are complex sounds consisting of two vowel sounds pronounced together.

Chapter 6

Peculiarities of pronunciation of sounds in the Komi-Permyak language

For all of the above cases, it would be possible to maintain variation in spelling, i.e., for example, Zyryans write “kurytzhyk” and read “kurydzhyk”, just like Permians, according to modern orthography, write “unazhyk” and read “unazhyk” "

The problem is more difficult to solve unambiguously: “ydzhyt ~ ydzhyd”, “velotny” ~ “velodny”. The etymological here is, of course, the unvoiced variant. However, in order to remove homonymy, it would be possible to accept the Zyryan version for verbal word formation (velodny “to teach”), and in other cases write the etymological (and Permyak) t: gizhod “make write”, gizhot “writing, artistic work”, here ydzhyt "big", sizimot "seventh". Voicing a plosive between vowels would not be particularly difficult for Permians, just as deafening it at the end of a word would not be difficult for Zyryans.

Similarly, one can draw a divergence between the suffixal forms -is and -ys (taking into account the very successful Udmurt experience). Permyak -is is also known to a significant number of Zyryan dialects; ys is also implemented in Permyak pronunciation in a number of positions (for example, after l). When unifying spelling, it is more convenient to offer the first of these suffixes for use in verbal and verbal word formation (lydisny, gizhi), the second - in the field of case inflection of nouns (vurunys). In order to harmonize the case system, it is worth giving the s-oval vowel to the possessive case suffix - lys: mortlys.

As for the plural suffix of nouns, its unification in the “single Komi standard” is possible only if Solomon’s decision is made the other way around (Permyak -ez and Zyryansky -yas are too far from each other to give preference to one of them). The only way to achieve a compromise here is to merge Zyryan consonantism with Permyak vocalism, which means the -es form: kanes, ponies, pues. Realization with the vowel e occurs in certain Zyryan dialects, final s is possible in the Permyak standard in the definite possessive declension, i.e. the perception of a compromise form should not cause any particular difficulties. Articulation is another matter. At the first stage, it is quite possible to leave everything as it is: the Permyaks double the final consonant of the stem and swallow the iota after the vowel, and the Zyryans pronounce their a. In the future, spelling could also influence spelling o.

Thus, we studied the features of pronunciation in the Komi-Permyak language and found that the pronunciation and spelling of vowels and consonants, as well as in the Russian alphabet, do not coincide.

Chapter 7

Questionnaire

To determine the results of the process of answering questions about alphabets in Russian, English and the Komi-Permyak languages, a survey was conducted among 8th grade students at school No. 1. They were asked a questionnaire consisting of 3 questions.

Research objectives:

• get an idea of ​​whether students know the alphabet in Russian, English and Komi-Permyak languages.
• to determine whether students know the history of the creation of alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages.

A total of 25 people were interviewed.

Question No. 1

The following question was asked to respondents:

How many letters are in the Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabet?

Here are some answers:

• In the Russian alphabet: 33.
• In English: 26, 27.
• In Komi-Permyak: 30, 32, 35.

Here are the correct answers:

Thus, all respondents were able to correctly determine the number of letters in the Russian alphabet. And disagreements arose regarding the number of letters in the English and Komi-Permyak alphabets.

Question No. 2

The students were asked the following question:

From which ancient alphabets did the modern Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabets come?

Here are some of the answers:

• The modern Russian alphabet comes from: Glagolitic alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, Latin alphabet.
• The modern English alphabet comes from: Latin, Greek, I don’t know.
• The modern Komi-Permyak alphabet comes from: Greek, Slavic.

Here are the correct answers:

Thus, not everyone knows from which ancient Russian languages ​​the modern Russian, English, and Komi-Permyak alphabets originated.

Question #3

The respondents were asked the following question:

Who do you think are the creators of the original alphabets in Russian, English, Komi-Permyak languages?

Here are some answers:

• Creators of the Russian alphabet: Cyril and Methodius.
• Creators of the English alphabet: I don’t know, it’s not known for sure.
• Creators of the Komi-Permyak language: I don’t know, Stefan Permsky.

Here are the correct answers:

Thus, not everyone knows the founders of the alphabets.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that the Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabets are very different in their structure and pronunciation. And also different in history of creation.

During the study, it was revealed that not each of the respondents can correctly determine the number of letters in the Russian, English, Komi-Permyak alphabets. And also to determine from which ancient Russian alphabets modern Russian, English, Komi-Permyak originated.

And only a few were able to answer the questions. Consequently, we can conclude that all respondents know very little about the history of the creation of English and their native Komi-Permyak language.

It should also be noted that this work is a continuation of my previous work, which was on the topic: a comparative approach using the example of the analysis of some grammatical categories of English, Russian and Komi-Permyak languages.

Literature

1. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. (24th edition). M., 2007.

2. Retunskaya Zh.S. History of the Russian language in teaching school courses. 2006.

3. Romanov A.S. English-Russian, Russian-English dictionary 120 thousand words. 2011.

4. Stolbunova S.V. Historical commentary on the modern Russian language. M., 2008.

5. Tudvaseva Z.K., L.M. Voilokova. Phrasebook Komi-Permyak language, 2008.

6. Chernykh A.V. Peoples of the Perm region. Culture and ethnography, 2007.

7. http://ehttp://sergeytsvetkov.livejournal.com/210335.

8. html://nvoc.ru/code/alphavit.php

Hello!
Welcome to the first lesson on the Komi-Zyrian language. (There is also the Komi-Permyak language). Komi belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group.
In this lesson, we will get acquainted with the alphabet, with peculiar vowels and consonants, stress in the Komi language, do several exercises, and listen to a famous Russian fairy tale translated into Komi.
The modern Komi alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alphabet and supplemented with two letters: Ӧ, I. There are 35 letters in the alphabet. The letter designations for sounds in the Komi and Russian languages ​​are the same, so you will quickly learn to read in the Komi language. I present to your attention our alphabet:

Basic reading difficulties

Sound [I] depicted in two ways:

1) after soft consonants, unpaired hard consonants and at the absolute beginning of a word, it is indicated by the letter and;

2) after hard paired consonants is indicated by the letter i.

Ex. 1.

Read the word forms, paying attention to the quality of the consonant that comes before i.
nim - name,

zil - diligent,
nin - already,
munіm - we went (let's go)
zilgis - rang,
tilgan - bell,
munis - he went (went),
vit - five,
ty - you,
ki - hand,
shondi - sun,
mi - we,
micha - handsome
pi - son.

Sound Ӧ.

When pronouncing the sound ӧ, the tip of the tongue is moved a little further than when producing the sound ы. The back of the tongue rises to the hard palate somewhat less than when producing the sound e. The root of the tongue occupies a middle position. The lips are in approximately the same position as with e, they are only slightly extended forward, but the elongation of the lips is less than with the sound s.
The vowel sound ӧ, regardless of the sound environment, is denoted by the letter ӧ.

Ex. 2. Practice pronunciation of these word forms:
munӧ - he goes/rides
vidzaasӧ-he says hello
attyalӧ-he thanks
munӧny - they are walking/driving
vidzaasӧny - they say hello
shoychchen - they are resting
cholӧmalӧny - they greet,
congratulate
siyӧ - he/she
nayӧ - they
karӧ - to the city
karӧdz - to the city
voityrӧs - people (vin. pad.)
voytyrkӧd - with people
mortӧs- person (vin. fall.)
mortkӧd - with a person

PECULIAR CONSONANT SOUNDS OF THE KOMI LANGUAGE.

Among the original consonants, the following are peculiar in comparison with the consonants of the Russian language: z, s, dz, j, tsh.
Hey, hey are pronounced with a lisp, almost like the soft zh and sh in Russian:

venzyyny - to argue,
zep - pocket,
Sis - candle,
syus - intelligent, smart.

There are three special affricates in the Komi language − [dz], [j], [tsh], absent in the Russian language. Although when writing they are traditionally designated by letter combinations, in pronunciation terms these are single sounds.
Africate [j] pronounced in the same way as the initial and final consonants in borrowed English names and nouns John, Jack, George, college, image, cottage.

Read, pronouncing the letter combination [j] as a single sound:

jaj ʻshelf’, dzhudzhyd ʻhigh’, dzhoj ʻfloor’, pyvsyan kӧj ʻdressing room’, jyj ʻswift’, ydzhyd ʻbig’.

Africate [dz] pronounced loudly and softly, almost like the initial consonant sound in the English words January 'January' and jazz 'jazz'.

Read the following words:
dzoridz ʻflower’, dzodӧg ʻgoose’, adzyslytӧdz ʻgoodbye’, vidza olan ʻhello’, kodzuv ʻstar’, kӧdzyd ʻcold’.
Africate [tsh] pronounced firmly, like a sound intermediate between [t] and [sh]:

tshak ʻmushroom’, tshyn ʻsmoke’, tshӧtsh ʻtoo’, kytsh ʻcircle,’tshap ʻarrogant, proud’, potshӧs ʻfence’.

Exercise 3. Read the proverb and tongue twisters several times, clearly pronouncing the sounds [dz], [j], [tsh].
1. Vinev puyd dzurtӧ da olӧ (proverb). - “The twisted tree creaks, but lives.”
2. Ydzhyd mydzhd dzhyd vujis,
Judzhyd kӧjyn jyjlӧn pos.
Jydzhyd gyjgӧ − ydzhyd ujys,
Jyjly ujavtӧg oz poz. —

ʻThe swift overcame a big obstacle',
There is a swift's nest in a high river cliff.
Without work there is no life for the haircut.”

3. Kitsh, kitsh - tshapa
Katsha kitshkӧ,
Nitshkys netshkӧ
Tshӧgӧm tshak.
Tshaklӧn tshykӧma nin tortureshkys,
Tshykӧm tshakyd century on tshap. (N. Shchukin). —

ʻKitsh, kitsh - the magpie chirps boastfully,
He pulls out a healthy, thick mushroom from the moss.
The core of the mushroom has already deteriorated,
But the thick mushroom is still elegant.’

Emphasis.

Accent in Komi language almost always falls on the first syllable. In old borrowings, the stress is also placed on the first syllable: bolnicha - hospital. In new borrowings, the emphasis retains its place:
bus, taxi.

Vocabulary of the first lesson

Expressions of greeting and farewell.

Cholӧmalӧm - Greetings

Cholom! - Hello!'
Vidza olan! - Hello!'
Vidza olannyd! - Hello!'

Olan-vylan? - How are you doing?'

Bur asyv! - Good morning!'
Bur moon! -Good afternoon!'
The drill is digging! - Good evening!'
Boer howl! - Good night!'

Yansӧdchӧm - Farewell

Vidza kolyan! - ʻGoodbye!’ (in an address to one person-interviewer
nick)
Vidza kolyannyd! — ʻGoodbye!’ (addressing many interlocutors)
Addzyslytӧdz ʻGoodbye’
Becoming bursӧ - ʻAll the best’
Bur tui! - Bon Voyage!'

Gratitude

Atty! - ʻThank you, thank you!’
Please! — Expression Please! The Komi language is borrowed from the Russian language. In oral speech, when addressing people, a request, the expression is used
Kora ʻI ask you’ or Kora tiyanӧs ʻI ask you’.

However, when responding to words of gratitude they say:
– Bur vylӧ ʻPlease’ lit. ʻfor good, good’
− Attyӧ tiyanly! - thank you!'
- Bur howl! - Please!'

Shuomyas - Expressions

− Kyji olan? Kyji olannyd? - How are you? How are you doing?
- Bura! Zev bura! - Okay! Very good!
− Olam-ylam! - Let's live and live!
− Sidz-tadz. Moon and howl. - So-and-so.
− Omlya. Leka. - Bad. Very bad.

Weekly tasks:

1. Make a Russian-Komi dictionary from the words used in our lesson.
2. Listen to the fairy tale by A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" in the Komi language.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Writing before 1918
• 2 Writing after 1918
• 3 Comparative table of Komi alphabets
• 4 Komi-Yazva alphabet
Notes
Literature

Introduction

In the pre-Christian era, the Komi used runic tribal signs - passes, carved on wooden hunting calendars and spinning wheels.

The alphabetic writing for the Komi language was created by the missionary Stefan of Perm at the end of the 14th century on the original graphics, the individual letters of which, however, were traceable to the Cyrillic alphabet. This alphabet, called abur or anbur, was used to a limited extent until the 16th century. Several icons with inscriptions on the abura have survived to this day.

1. Writing before 1918

In the 18th-19th centuries, a number of graphic systems were created for the Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak languages. All of them were based on the Cyrillic alphabet. They published almost exclusively religious books and school textbooks. Until 1918, not only did there not exist a stable spelling norm, but even a permanent alphabet. In most cases, the Komi alphabet was the Russian alphabet with the addition of several characters for the specific sounds of the Komi language - ӧ, ӵ, ӝ, ӟ, ӂ, з̆ and others.

Differences between the alphabets of the Komi primers of the 19th - early 20th centuries. from the modern alphabet:

• Komi-Zyryansky
  • Popov A. ABC for Zyryansk youth or the easiest way for Zyryans to learn Russian literacy. St. Petersburg, 1865. No letters Yoyo, Yoyo. Present Ligature J, Ꚉꚉ, Cḣcḣ, Ъi ъi, Ѣѣ, Ji ji, Jo jo, Jӧ jӧ, Jы jы, Ѳѳ, Ѵѵ.
  • ABC for Zyryans-Izhemtsev living in Pechersky district of Arkhangelsk province. Arkhangelsk, 1895. Letters are present Ѣѣ, Ѳѳ .
• Komi-Permyak
  • Let's get out of Permyak Pond. Perm, 1894. No letter Ӧӧ . Present Ѣѣ, Ѳѳ .
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1897. No letters Ii, Ff, Xx, Ts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Z̆z̆, Sh̆sh̆, Y̆y̆.
  • Primer for Perm residents of the Iven region. Kazan, 1899. No letters Ii, Tsts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Зз̆, йi, Ӵӵ, ъi, Ѳѳ
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1900. No letters Ii, Ff, Xx, Ts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Зз̆, Ӵӵ, ы̆ы̆.
  • Popov E. Let's wipe out the Komi servants. Kazan, 1904. No letters Ӧӧ, Ff, Xx, Tsts, Shch. Present d̅z̅, d̅j̅, ch̅sh̅, Ѣѣ, Ӭӭ
  • Primer for Permyak children (In the Cherdyn dialect). Kazan, 1908. No letters Ъъ, ь. Present Ӝӝ, Ӟӟ, Ӵӵ, Ѳѳ .

2. Writing after 1918

Latinized Komi alphabet (1930-1936)

In 1918, the Molodtsov alphabet based on Russian graphics was approved for the Komi language: A/a B/b V/c G/g Ԁ/ԁ Ԃ/ԃ E/e F/g Җ/җ Ԅ/ԅ Ԇ/ԇ І/і Ј/ј K/k L/l Ԉ/ԉ M/ m N/n Ԋ/ԋ O/o Ӧ/ӧ P/p R/r S/s Ԍ/ԍ T/t Ԏ/ԏ U/u Ch/h Sh/sh Sh/sh Y/s. Soon the orthography of the Komi language was compiled and approved. A lot of educational and fiction literature and newspapers were published in this alphabet. In 1930, this alphabet was replaced by a Latinized one. However, in 1936 the decision to transfer the Komi script to the Latin alphabet was recognized as erroneous and the Molodtsov alphabet was reintroduced. Two years later it was replaced by a more standard Russian alphabet with the addition of graphemes Ӧӧ, Іі and digraphs j, dz, tsh. The Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks still use this alphabet.

Letter Іі (“hard and”) is used after letters d, h, l, n, With, T to indicate their hardness (before “normal” And they are soft). Letters h, s before the subsequent front vowel ( And, e) and a soft sign denote alveo-palatal (“soft”) consonants (like Russian sch).

3. Comparative table of Komi alphabets

Komi-Permyak alphabet from the primer of 1897

Molodtsovsky alphabet from the primer 1926

Magazine "Udarnik" in the Latin alphabet

4. Komi-Yazva alphabet

In 2003, the first primer in the Komi-Yazva language was published. The alphabet of this primer is somewhat different from the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak alphabets: there are no letters II, Dz dz, added Ӱӱ , Өө, Dch dch .

Notes

1. Komi language. Encyclopedia / G. V. Fedyuneva. - M: DIK, 1998. - 608 p. - ISBN 5-7903-0045-6
2. A.L. Parshakova Komi-Yazva primer. - Perm, 2003.

Literature

• Castren M.A. De Litteris // Basics of Zyrjaena grammar - books.google.com/books?id=A5FPAAAAYAAJ&hl=ru&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false = Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae. - Helsingforsiae, 1844. - pp. 1-15.
• Rogov N.A. Section One. About letters // Experience in the grammar of the Permyak language - books.google.com/books?id=OTtFAAAAYAAJ&hl=ru&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false. - St. Petersburg. , 1860. - P. 1-8.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Writing before 1918
• 2 Writing after 1918
• 3 Comparative table of Komi alphabets
• 4 Komi-Yazva alphabet
Notes
Literature

Introduction

In the pre-Christian era, the Komi used runic tribal signs - passes, carved on wooden hunting calendars and spinning wheels.

The alphabetic writing for the Komi language was created by the missionary Stefan of Perm at the end of the 14th century on the original graphics, the individual letters of which, however, were traceable to the Cyrillic alphabet. This alphabet, called abur or anbur, was used to a limited extent until the 16th century. Several icons with inscriptions on the abura have survived to this day.

1. Writing before 1918

In the 18th-19th centuries, a number of graphic systems were created for the Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak languages. All of them were based on the Cyrillic alphabet. They published almost exclusively religious books and school textbooks. Until 1918, not only did there not exist a stable spelling norm, but even a permanent alphabet. In most cases, the Komi alphabet was the Russian alphabet with the addition of several characters for the specific sounds of the Komi language - ӧ, ӵ, ӝ, ӟ, ӂ, з̆ and others.

Differences between the alphabets of the Komi primers of the 19th - early 20th centuries. from the modern alphabet:

• Komi-Zyryansky
  • Popov A. ABC for Zyryansk youth or the easiest way for Zyryans to learn Russian literacy. St. Petersburg, 1865. No letters Yoyo, Yoyo. Present Ligature J, Ꚉꚉ, Cḣcḣ, Ъi ъi, Ѣѣ, Ji ji, Jo jo, Jӧ jӧ, Jы jы, Ѳѳ, Ѵѵ.
  • ABC for Zyryans-Izhemtsev living in Pechersky district of Arkhangelsk province. Arkhangelsk, 1895. Letters are present Ѣѣ, Ѳѳ .
• Komi-Permyak
  • Let's get out of Permyak Pond. Perm, 1894. No letter Ӧӧ . Present Ѣѣ, Ѳѳ .
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1897. No letters Ii, Ff, Xx, Ts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Z̆z̆, Sh̆sh̆, Y̆y̆.
  • Primer for Perm residents of the Iven region. Kazan, 1899. No letters Ii, Tsts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Зз̆, йi, Ӵӵ, ъi, Ѳѳ
  • Primer for (north-eastern, Inven) Permians. Kazan, 1900. No letters Ii, Ff, Xx, Ts, Shch. Present Ӂӂ, Зз̆, Ӵӵ, ы̆ы̆.
  • Popov E. Let's wipe out the Komi servants. Kazan, 1904. No letters Ӧӧ, Ff, Xx, Tsts, Shch. Present d̅z̅, d̅j̅, ch̅sh̅, Ѣѣ, Ӭӭ
  • Primer for Permyak children (In the Cherdyn dialect). Kazan, 1908. No letters Ъъ, ь. Present Ӝӝ, Ӟӟ, Ӵӵ, Ѳѳ .

2. Writing after 1918

Latinized Komi alphabet (1930-1936)

In 1918, the Molodtsov alphabet based on Russian graphics was approved for the Komi language: A/a B/b V/c G/g Ԁ/ԁ Ԃ/ԃ E/e F/g Җ/җ Ԅ/ԅ Ԇ/ԇ І/і Ј/ј K/k L/l Ԉ/ԉ M/ m N/n Ԋ/ԋ O/o Ӧ/ӧ P/p R/r S/s Ԍ/ԍ T/t Ԏ/ԏ U/u Ch/h Sh/sh Sh/sh Y/s. Soon the orthography of the Komi language was compiled and approved. A lot of educational and fiction literature and newspapers were published in this alphabet. In 1930, this alphabet was replaced by a Latinized one. However, in 1936 the decision to transfer the Komi script to the Latin alphabet was recognized as erroneous and the Molodtsov alphabet was reintroduced. Two years later it was replaced by a more standard Russian alphabet with the addition of graphemes Ӧӧ, Іі and digraphs j, dz, tsh. The Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks still use this alphabet.

Letter Іі (“hard and”) is used after letters d, h, l, n, With, T to indicate their hardness (before “normal” And they are soft). Letters h, s before the subsequent front vowel ( And, e) and a soft sign denote alveo-palatal (“soft”) consonants (like Russian sch).

3. Comparative table of Komi alphabets

Komi-Permyak alphabet from the primer of 1897

Molodtsovsky alphabet from the primer 1926

Magazine "Udarnik" in the Latin alphabet

4. Komi-Yazva alphabet

In 2003, the first primer in the Komi-Yazva language was published. The alphabet of this primer is somewhat different from the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak alphabets: there are no letters II, Dz dz, added Ӱӱ , Өө, Dch dch .

Notes

1. Komi language. Encyclopedia / G. V. Fedyuneva. - M: DIK, 1998. - 608 p. - ISBN 5-7903-0045-6
2. A.L. Parshakova Komi-Yazva primer. - Perm, 2003.

Literature

• Castren M.A. De Litteris // Basics of Zyrjaena grammar - books.google.com/books?id=A5FPAAAAYAAJ&hl=ru&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false = Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae. - Helsingforsiae, 1844. - pp. 1-15.
• Rogov N.A. Section One. About letters // Experience in the grammar of the Permyak language - books.google.com/books?id=OTtFAAAAYAAJ&hl=ru&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false. - St. Petersburg. , 1860. - P. 1-8.