Hitler's "real" surname and the "terrible" Vasilyevich: errors in encyclopedias. Historical myths: the real name of Hitler

Often in disputes, articles and even books, the surname Schicklgruber is mentioned as the surname of Hitler. But it is not so.

According to the official version, Adolf Hitler's father, AlOis (or AloIz), first bore his mother's surname - Schicklgruber, being illegitimate. Nobody questions this fact, but the further development of events has several versions. According to the official version, Alois's mother Anna-Marie married the miller's assistant Georg Hiedler (Hiedler), Alois's real father, when the boy was already 5 years old, but he continued to bear his mother's surname, although Georg did not deny his paternity. According to the rumors that circulated at that time, Adolf Hitler's grandmother was a somewhat frivolous girl, and even before the birth of her son, she walked with Georg's brother, 15 years younger than him, Nepuk.

Only in 1876, when Alois's father Georg was already 84 years old and he himself was 39, did he change his mother's surname to "Hitler". In fact, according to the historian Wolfgang Cedral in his book "Hitlers", Alois's father died 19 years earlier, but since he did not refuse paternity during his lifetime and there were eyewitnesses to this, it was notarized with the help of 3 witnesses . The younger brother of Alois's father, his uncle Nepomuk, inherited his brother's fortune and wanted to allocate a share to his illegitimate son, but made it an indispensable condition for the official recognition of paternity to change Alois' surname to "Hitler". Then I remembered the version that Alois's father could be George's brother, and that is why he insisted on Alois adopting the name Hitler. In a word, each of the brothers Hitler (Hiedler) could be the father of Alois, and the grandfather of Adolf (the DNA test did not yet exist). The surname "Hidler" was erroneously distorted during recording, and thus the surname "Hitler" was born, which in Russian pronunciation was fixed as "Hitler".

In the 60s of the twentieth century, a third version of the origin of Adolf Hitler's father appeared, supported by some authors. It was based on the memoirs of Hans Frank, who was in 1939-1945 the governor-general of occupied Poland. He set out a version of the Jewish origin of Alois Hitler: allegedly his real father was the Jewish merchant Frankenberger from Graz, whose mother Alois allegedly worked as a servant. Thus, it turned out that Adolf had a quarter of Jewish blood. I just studied at the institute in the 60s, and this version was vigorously discussed among our students and teachers. Opinions were expressed, which even later received some reflection in fiction, that Hitler's grandfather allegedly married a Jewish woman because of her wealth, but her father made it an indispensable condition for the groom to accept his wife's Jewish surname as revenge on his son-in-law for his desire to join the wealth . This circumstance, they say, partly explains Adolf Hitler's hatred of the Jews. This version was studied and later refuted by Werner Maser: in Graz in the second half of the 19th century there was not a single Jewish family with the surname Frankenberger, and Alois's mother did not visit or work in this city at the relevant time. In addition, it remains unclear what relation the surname Frankenberger has to Schicklgruber. Obviously, as the historian Brigitte Hamman suggests, Frank, an ardent anti-Semite, wanted to attribute to the Jews the crimes of the Nazi regime too.

The first time Alois married Anna Glasl-Hoerer, the daughter of a high-ranking customs official, who was 14 years older than him. This marriage allowed him to start a career in customs, but they had no children, Alois left her, and she died soon after. In the second marriage with Franziska Matzelsberger, who was 24 years younger than him, and with whom he already had an illegitimate son, another daughter was born, but Franziska died in 1884 from tuberculosis. Alois married a year later for the third time to Clara Pölzl, his second cousin, who became the mother of the future Fuhrer.

Due to their close relationship, their relationship, which began long ago, even before Alois's second marriage (from the age of 15 she worked as a servant in his family during her first marriage), could not be formalized without the permission of the bishop in Linz. He asked for advice in Rome, received consent, and then their marriage became legal. In it, they had six children, four of whom died at an early age, only two survived - Adolf, born in 1889 and his sister Paula, born in 1896.

Adolf's father, Alois, died in 1903 at the age of 65. In 2012, at the request of one of his descendants, the grave of Adolf's parents in the suburbs of Linz was liquidated and given for other burials, under the pretext that it served as a place of pilgrimage for right-wing extremist circles.

Thus, Adolf Hitler was born 13 years after his father changed his surname, and bore his real surname from birth. This is the history of the origin of the name Hitler, which belonged to one of the most terrible fiends of hell, Amalek of the twentieth century. Now the German director Niki Stein is shooting for German television an eight-episode biographical feature film about Hitler (with a budget of 15 million euros) and his life between 1914-1945, in which he wants to answer his main question: “How and why did the Hitler this burning hatred of the Jews?” I think that this series will cause interest and fierce debate, we'll see.
Having spent the happy years of preschool childhood in Austria and Germany, having dealt with the German language all my life, studying the history and culture of these countries, having been there twice in many years, loving all this and appreciating the contribution of these countries to world civilization over the centuries , always asked this question: “How could this happen to them, who and what turned them into monsters, where did the person go into them? dig, itching, and personally - my grandfather's parents disappeared in Kovno.
(By the way, Schicklgruber is erroneously indicated in the TSB as Adolf's original surname, so I used German sources in this case.)

April 20, 1889, the village of Ranshofen (now part of the city of Braunau am Inn), Austria-Hungary - April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany)

Source - Wikipedia

Hitler (Adolf Schicklgruber) - the founder and central figure of National Socialism, the founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, the leader (Führer) of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (1921-1945), the Reich Chancellor of Germany (1933-1945), the Fuhrer of Germany (1934-1945) ), Supreme Commander of the German Armed Forces (since December 19, 1941) in World War II. Hitler is considered the main organizer of the Second World War, numerous crimes of the Nazi regime against citizens of Germany and the territories occupied by it are associated with his name, including Holocaust. Father - Alois Hitler (1837-1903). Mother - Clara Hitler (1860-1907), nee Pölzl. Alois, being illegitimate, until 1876 bore the name of his mother Maria Anna Schicklgruber (German: Schicklgruber). Five years after the birth of Alois, Maria Schicklgruber married the miller Johann Georg Hiedler (Hiedler), who spent his whole life in poverty and did not have his own home. In 1876, three witnesses testified that Giedler, who died in 1857, was the father of Alois, which allowed the latter to change his surname. The change in the spelling of the surname to "Hitler" was allegedly caused by a misprint by the priest when entering the "Birth Registration Book". Modern researchers consider the probable father of Alois not Hidler, but his brother Johann Nepomuk Güttler, who took Alois to his house and raised him. Adolf Hitler himself, contrary to the assertion widespread since the 1920s and even included in the 3rd edition of the TSB, never bore the surname Schicklgruber. On January 7, 1885, Alois married his relative (granddaughter of Johann Nepomuk Güttler) Clara Pelzl. This was his third marriage. By this time, he had a son, Alois, and a daughter, Angela, who later became the mother of Geli Raubal, Hitler's alleged mistress. Due to family ties, Alois had to obtain permission from the Vatican in order to marry Clara. Clara by Alois gave birth to six children, of which Adolf was the third. Hitler knew about inbreeding in his family and therefore always spoke very briefly and vaguely about his parents, although he required others to document their ancestors. From the end of 1921, he began to constantly overestimate and obscure his origins. He wrote only a few sentences about his father and maternal grandfather. On the contrary, he often mentioned his mother in conversations. Because of this, he did not tell anyone that he was related (in a direct line from Johann Nepomuk) to the Austrian historian Rudolf Koppensteiner and the Austrian poet Robert Gamerling. Adolf's direct ancestors, both in the Schicklgruber line and in the Hitler line, were peasants. Only the father made a career and became a government official. Attachment to the places of childhood, Hitler had only to Leonding, where his parents are buried, Spital, where relatives lived on the maternal side, and Linz. He visited them even after coming to power.

Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, in the town of Braunau an der Inn, near the border with Germany, on April 20, 1889 at 18:30 at the Pomeranian Hotel. Two days later he was baptized with the name Adolf. Hitler was very much like his mother. The eyes, shape of the eyebrows, mouth and ears were exactly like hers. His mother, who gave birth to him at the age of 29, loved him very much. Before that, she lost three children. Until 1892, the family lived in Branau at the Pomeranian Hotel, the most representative house in the suburbs. In addition to Adolf, his half-blooded (half-blooded) brother Alois and sister Angela lived in the family. In August 1892, my father was promoted and the family moved to Passau. On March 24, brother Edmund (1894-1900) was born, and Adolf for some time ceased to be the center of attention of the family. On April 1, my father received a new appointment in Linz. But the family remained in Passau for another year so as not to move with a newborn baby. In April 1895, the family gathers in Linz. On May 1, at the age of six, Adolf entered the one-year public school in Fischlgam near Lambach. And on June 25, my father unexpectedly retires early for health reasons. In July 1895, the family moved to Gafeld near Lambach an der Traun, where the father bought a house with a plot of land of 38,000 sq.m. In elementary school, Adolf studied well and received only excellent marks. In 1939 he visited a school in Fischlham where he learned to read and write and bought it. After the purchase, he gave the order to build a new school building nearby. On January 21, 1896, Adolf's sister Paula was born. He was especially attached to her all his life and always took care of her. In 1896, Hitler entered the second grade of the Lambach School of the old Benedictine Catholic monastery, which he attended until the spring of 1898. Here, too, he received only good marks. He sang in a boys' choir and was an assistant priest during Mass. Here he first saw the swastika on the coat of arms of Abbot Hagen. He later ordered the same one to be carved from wood in his office. In the same year, due to the constant nit-picking of his father, his half-brother Alois left the house. After that, Adolf became the central figure of his father's concerns and constant pressure, as his father was afraid that Adolf would grow up to be the same idler as his brother. In November 1897, my father bought a house in the village of Leonding near Linz, where the whole family moved in February 1898. The house was near the cemetery. Adolf changed schools for the third time and went to the fourth grade here. He attended the folk school in Leonding until September 1900. After the death of his brother Edmund on February 2, 1900, Adolf remained the only son of Clara Hitler. It was in Leonding that his critical attitude towards the church was born under the influence of his father's statements. In September 1900, Adolf entered the first class of the state real school in Linz. Adolf did not like the change of a rural school to a large and alien real school in the city. He only liked to walk the 6 km distance from home to school. From that time on, Adolf began to learn only what he liked - history, geography, and especially drawing. Everything else was ignored. As a result of this attitude to study, he stayed for the second year in the first grade of a real school.

Youth
At the age of 13, when Adolf was in the second grade of a real school in Linz, on January 3, 1903, his father died unexpectedly. Despite the incessant disputes and strained relations, Adolf still loved his father and sobbed uncontrollably at the coffin. At the request of his mother, he continued to go to school, but finally decided for himself that he would be an artist, and not an official, as his father wanted. In the spring of 1903 he moved into a school dormitory in Linz. Lessons at school began to attend irregularly. Angela got married on September 14, 1903, and now only Adolf, his sister Paula and mother's sister Johanna Pölzl remained in the house with her mother. When Adolf was 15 years old and he was finishing the third grade of a real school, on May 22, 1904, he was confirmed in Linz. During this period, he composed a play, wrote poetry and short stories, and also composed the libretto for Wagner's opera based on the Wieland legend and the overture. He still went to school with disgust, and he disliked French most of all. In the autumn of 1904, he passed the exam in this subject the second time, but they took a promise from him that in the fourth grade he would go to another school. Gemer, who at that time taught Adolf French and other subjects, said at the trial of Hitler in 1924: “Hitler was undoubtedly gifted, although one-sided. diligent." According to numerous testimonies, it can be concluded that already in his youth, Hitler showed pronounced psychopathic traits. In September 1904, Hitler, fulfilling this promise, entered the state real school in Steyr in the fourth grade and studied there until September 1905. In Steyr, he lived in the house of the merchant Ignaz Kammerhofer at Grünmarket 19. Subsequently, this place was renamed Adolf Hitlerplatz. On February 11, 1905, Adolf received a certificate of completion of the fourth grade of a real school. The grade "excellent" there was only in drawing and physical education; in German, French, mathematics, shorthand - unsatisfactory, in the rest - satisfactory. On June 21, 1905, the mother sold the house in Leonding and moved with the children to Linz at 31 Humboldt Street. In the autumn of 1905, at the request of his mother, with great reluctance, Hitler began to attend school in Steyr again and retake exams to receive a certificate for the fourth grade. At this time, he was diagnosed with a serious lung disease, and the doctor advised his mother to postpone his schooling for at least a year and recommended that he never work in an office in the future. Mother took Adolf from school and took him to Spital to relatives. On January 18, 1907, the mother underwent a complex operation (breast cancer). In September, as his mother's health improved, the 18-year-old Hitler traveled to Vienna to take the entrance exam to the general art school, but failed the second round of the exams. After the exams, Hitler managed to get a meeting with the rector. At this meeting, the rector advised him to take up architecture, since it is obvious from his drawings that he has an ability for this. In November 1907, Hitler returned to Linz and took over the care of his terminally ill mother. On December 21, 1907, her mother died, and on December 23, Adolf buried her next to her father.

In February 1908, after settling matters related to the inheritance and drawing up pensions for himself and his sister Paula as orphans, Hitler left for Vienna. A friend of his youth Kubicek and other associates of Hitler testify that he was constantly at knives with everyone and felt hatred for everything that surrounded him. Therefore, his biographer Joachim Fest admits that Hitler's anti-Semitism was a focused form of hatred, which until then raged in the dark and finally found its object in the Jew. In September 1908, Hitler made another attempt to enter the Vienna Art Academy, but failed in the first round. After the failure, Hitler changed his place of residence several times without giving anyone new addresses. Avoided service in the Austrian army. He does not want to serve in the same army with the Czechs and Jews, to fight "for the Habsburg state", but at the same time he was ready to die for the German Reich. He got a job as an "academic artist", and since 1909 as a writer. In 1909, Hitler met Reinhold Ganish, who began to successfully sell his paintings. Until the middle of 1910, Hitler painted a lot of small-format paintings in Vienna. They were mostly copies from postcards and old engravings depicting all sorts of historical buildings in Vienna. In addition, he drew all kinds of advertisements. In August 1910, Hitler told the Vienna police that Ganish had withheld part of the proceeds from him and had stolen a painting. Ganish was sent to prison for seven days. Since that time, he himself sold his paintings. The work brought him such a large income that in May 1911 he waived his monthly pension as an orphan in favor of his sister Paula. In addition, in the same year he received most of the inheritance of his aunt Johanna Peltz. During this period, Hitler began to intensively engage in self-education. Subsequently, he was able to communicate freely and read literature and newspapers in the original French and English. During the war he liked to watch French and English films without translation. He was very well versed in arming the armies of the world, history, etc. At the same time, he showed an interest in politics.

In May 1913, Hitler moved from Vienna to Munich at the age of 24 and took up residence in the apartment of tailor and shop owner Josef Popp on Schleisheimer Street. Here he lived until the outbreak of the First World War, working as an artist. On December 29, 1913, the Austrian police asked the Munich police to establish the address of the hiding Hitler. On January 19, 1914, the Munich criminal police brought Hitler to the Austrian consulate. On February 5, 1914, Hitler went to Salzburg for an examination, where he was declared unfit for military service.

Participation in World War I
On August 1, 1914, the First World War began. Hitler was delighted by the news of the war. He immediately applied to Ludwig III for permission to serve in the Bavarian army. The very next day he was offered to report to any Bavarian regiment. He chose the 16th Reserve Bavarian Regiment ("Liszt Regiment", after the name of the commander). On August 16, he was assigned to the 6th reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment No. 16, consisting of volunteers. On September 1, he was transferred to the 1st company of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 16. On October 8, he swore allegiance to the King of Bavaria and Emperor Franz Joseph. In October 1914 he was sent to the Western Front and on October 29 he participated in the Battle of the Yser, and from October 30 to November 24 - near Ypres. November 1, 1914 was awarded the rank of corporal. On November 9, he was transferred to the regimental headquarters as a liaison officer. From November 25 to December 13, he participated in a positional war in Flanders. December 2, 1914 was awarded the Iron Cross of the second degree. From December 14 to 24, he participated in the battle in French Flanders, and from December 25, 1914 to March 9, 1915, in positional battles in French Flanders. In 1915 he participated in the battles of Nave Chapelle, near La Basset and Arras. In 1916, he participated in reconnaissance and demonstration battles of the 6th Army in connection with the Battle of the Somme, as well as in the Battle of Fromel and directly in the Battle of the Somme.

In April 1916, he met Charlotte Lobjoie. Wounded in the left thigh by a fragment of a grenade near Le Bargur in the first battle of the Somme. I ended up in the Red Cross infirmary in Beelitz. Upon leaving the hospital (March 1917), he returned to the regiment in the 2nd company of the 1st reserve battalion. In 1917 - the spring battle of Arras. Participated in battles in Artois, Flanders, in Upper Alsace. On September 17, 1917, he was awarded the Cross with Swords for military merit, III degree. In 1918 he participated in the great battle in France, in the battles of Evreux and Montdidier. On May 9, 1918, he was awarded a regimental diploma for outstanding bravery near Fontane. May 18 receives the insignia of the wounded (black). From May 27 to June 13 - battles near Soissons and Reims. From June 14 to July 14 - positional battles between the Oise, Marne and Aisne. In the period from July 15 to 17 - participation in offensive battles on the Marne and in Champagne, and from July 18 to 29 - participation in defensive battles on Soissonnes, Reims and Marne. He was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, for delivering reports to artillery positions under particularly difficult conditions, which saved the German infantry from shelling by their own artillery. August 21-23, 1918 - participation in the battle of Monsi-Bap. On August 25, 1918, Hitler received the 3rd Class Service Commendation. According to numerous testimonies, he was prudent, very brave and an excellent soldier. October 15, 1918 gassing near La Montaigne as a result of the explosion of a chemical projectile next to it. Eye damage. Temporary loss of vision. Treatment in the Bavarian field infirmary in Udenard, then in the Prussian rear infirmary in Pasewalk. While recovering in the hospital, he learned about the surrender of Germany and the overthrow of the Kaiser, which was a great shock to him.

Creation of the NSDAP
Hitler considered the defeat in the war of the German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918 to be the offspring of traitors who inflicted a "stab in the back" of the victorious German army. In early February 1919, Hitler signed up as a volunteer in the security service of a prisoner of war camp located near Traunstein near the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp, along with its guards, was disbanded. On March 7, 1919, Hitler returned to Munich, to the 7th company of the 1st reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian infantry regiment. At this time, he had not yet decided whether he would be an architect or a politician. In Munich, during the stormy days, he did not bind himself with any obligations, he simply watched and took care of his own safety. He was in Max's barracks in Munich-Oberwiesenfeld until the day that von Epp's and Noske's troops drove the Communist Soviets out of Munich. At the same time, he gave his work to the prominent artist Max Zeper for evaluation. He handed over the paintings for conclusion to Ferdinand Steger. Steger wrote: "... a completely outstanding talent." From June 5 to June 12, 1919, the authorities sent him to agitator courses (Vertrauensmann). The courses were designed to train agitators who were to conduct explanatory talks against the Bolsheviks among soldiers returning from the front. The lecturers were dominated by ultra-right views, among others lectures were given by Gottfried Feder, the future economic theorist of the NSDAP. During one of the discussions, Hitler made a very strong impression with his anti-Semitic monologue on the head of the agitation department of the 4th Bavarian command of the Reichswehr, and he invited him to take on political functions on an army scale. A few days later he was appointed an officer of education (confidant). Hitler turned out to be a bright and temperamental speaker and attracted the attention of listeners. The decisive moment in Hitler's life was the moment of his unshakable recognition by the supporters of anti-Semitism. In the period from 1919 to 1921, Hitler intensively read books from the library of Friedrich Kohn. This library was clearly anti-Semitic in content, which left a deep mark on Hitler's beliefs. On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler, on instructions from the military, came to the Sterneckerbray beer hall for a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) - founded in early 1919 by locksmith Anton Drexler and numbering about 40 people. During the debate, Hitler, speaking from a pan-Germanist position, won a landslide victory over the supporter of the independence of Bavaria and accepted the impressed Drexler's offer to join the party. Hitler immediately made himself responsible for party propaganda and soon began to determine the activities of the entire party. Until April 1, 1920, Hitler continued to serve in the Reichswehr. On February 24, 1920, Hitler organized the first of many large public events for the Nazi Party in the beer hall of the Hofbräuhaus. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points compiled by him, Drexler and Feder, which became the program of the Nazi Party. The "Twenty-Five Points" combined Pan-Germanism, demands for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitism, demands for socialist change and a strong central government. At the initiative of Hitler, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party (in the German transcription NSDAP). In political journalism, they began to be called Nazis, by analogy with the socialists - Soci.

In July, a conflict broke out in the leadership of the NSDAP: Hitler, who wanted dictatorial powers in the party, was outraged by the negotiations with other groups that took place while Hitler was in Berlin, without his participation. On July 11, he announced his withdrawal from the NSDAP. Since Hitler was at that time the most active public politician and the most successful orator of the party, other leaders were forced to ask him to return. Hitler returned to the party and on July 29 was elected its chairman with unlimited power. Drexler was left with the post of honorary chairman with no real powers, but his role in the NSDAP has since declined sharply. For disrupting the speech of the Bavarian separatist politician Otto Ballerstedt, Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison, but he served only a month in the Stadelheim prison in Munich - from June 26 to July 27, 1922. On January 27, 1923, Hitler held the first congress of the NSDAP; 5,000 stormtroopers marched through Munich.

"Beer coup"
By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. At the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA) stood Ernst Rehm. Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria. In 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, the cause of which was the French occupation of the Ruhr. The Social Democratic government, which first called on the Germans to resist and plunged the country into an economic crisis, and then accepted all the demands of France, was attacked by both the right and the communists. Under these conditions, the Nazis entered into an alliance with the separatist right-wing conservatives who were in power in Bavaria, jointly preparing a speech against the Social Democratic government in Berlin. However, the strategic goals of the allies differed sharply: the former sought to restore the pre-revolutionary Wittelsbach monarchy, while the Nazis sought to create a strong Reich. The leader of the Bavarian right, Gustav von Kahr, who was proclaimed a land commissar with dictatorial powers, refused to carry out a number of orders from Berlin and, in particular, to disband the Nazi detachments and close the Völkischer Beobachter. However, faced with the firm position of the Berlin General Staff, the leaders of Bavaria (Kar, Lossow and Seiser) hesitated and told Hitler that they did not intend to openly oppose Berlin for the time being. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative in his own hands. On November 8, 1923, at about 9 pm, Hitler and Erich Ludendorff, at the head of armed attack aircraft, appeared at the Burgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich, where a rally was held with the participation of Kahr, Lossow and Seiser. Going inside, Hitler announced "the overthrow of the government of the traitors in Berlin." However, soon the Bavarian leaders managed to leave the beer house, after which Carr issued a proclamation dissolving the NSDAP and the assault squads. For their part, attack aircraft under the command of Ryoma occupied the building of the headquarters of the ground forces in the War Ministry; there they, in turn, were surrounded by soldiers of the Reichswehr. On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of storm troopers, moved to the Ministry of Defense, but on Residenzstraße they were blocked by a police detachment that opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode entered the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch". In February - March 1924, a trial took place over the leaders of the putsch. Only Hitler and a few of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler for high treason to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks. Hitler was serving his sentence in Landsberg Prison. However, after 9 months, in December 1924, he was released.

On the way to power

During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start everything from scratch. He was greatly assisted by Rem, who began the restoration of the assault squads. However, Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in North and Northwest Germany, played a decisive role in the revival of the NSDAP. Bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a nationwide political force. In April 1925, Hitler renounced his Austrian citizenship and was stateless until February 1932. In 1926, the Hitler Youth was founded, the top leadership of the SA was established, the conquest of "red Berlin" by Goebbels began. In the meantime, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of a part of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates. At the same time, Hitler wrote his work "My Struggle". In 1930-1945 he was the Supreme Fuhrer of the SA. When the parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a serious increase in deputy mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and to stake on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and deprive him of any influence in the party. In the end, it was decided in the German leadership to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from the traditional conservative parties. In February 1932, Hitler decided to put forward his candidacy for the election of the Reich President of Germany. On February 25, the Minister of the Interior of Braunschweig appointed him to the post of attaché at the Braunschweig representation in Berlin. This did not impose any official duties on Hitler, but automatically gave German citizenship and allowed him to participate in elections. Hitler took lessons in oratory and acting from the opera singer Paul Devrient, the Nazis organized a grandiose propaganda campaign, in particular, Hitler became the first German politician to make election trips by plane. In the first round on March 13, Paul von Hindenburg won 49.6% of the vote, while Hitler came in second with 30.1%. On April 10, in the second vote, Hindenburg won 53%, and Hitler - 36.8%. Third place was taken both times by the communist Thälmann. On June 4, 1932, the Reichstag was dissolved. In the next month's elections, the NSDAP won a landslide victory with 37.8% of the vote and received 230 seats in the Reichstag instead of the previous 143. Second place went to the Social Democrats - 21.9% and 133 seats in the Reichstag. On November 6, 1932, early elections to the Reichstag were again held. The NSDAP received only 196 seats instead of the previous 230. December 3, 1932 Kurt von Schleicher was appointed Reich Chancellor.

Reich Chancellor and Head of State, Domestic Policy

Beginning of territorial expansion

Shortly after coming to power, Hitler announced Germany's withdrawal from the war clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany's war effort. The 100,000th Reichswehr was turned into a millionth Wehrmacht, tank troops were created, and military aviation was restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhineland was abolished. In 1936-1939, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, provided significant assistance to the Francoists during the Spanish Civil War. At this time, Hitler believed that he was seriously ill and would die soon. He began to hurry with the implementation of his plans. On November 5, 1937, he wrote a political testament, and on May 2, 1938, a personal one. In March 1938 Austria was annexed. In the autumn of 1938, in accordance with the Munich Agreement, part of Czechoslovakia was annexed - the Sudetenland (Reichsgau). Time Magazine, January 2, 1939, called Hitler "Man of the Year 1938". The article dedicated to "Man of the Year" began with Hitler's title, which, according to the magazine, reads as follows: "Fuhrer of the German people, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Navy & Air Force, Chancellor of the Third Reich , Herr Hitler". The closing sentence of a very lengthy article proclaimed: To those who followed the closing events of the year, it seemed more than likely that the Man of 1938 could make the year 1939 unforgettable. In March 1939, the rest of Czechoslovakia was occupied, turned into a satellite state of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and part of the territory of Lithuania near Klaipeda (Memel region) was annexed.

After that, Hitler made territorial claims to Poland (first - on the provision of an extraterritorial road to East Prussia, and then - on holding a referendum on the ownership of the "Polish Corridor", in which people who lived in this territory as of 1918 should have taken part ). The latter requirement was clearly unacceptable to Poland's allies - Great Britain and France - which could serve as a basis for the brewing of a conflict.

The Second World War

These claims are met with a sharp rebuff. On April 3, 1939, Hitler approved a plan for an armed attack on Poland (Operation Weiss). August 23, 1939 Hitler concludes a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, the secret appendix to which contained a plan for the division of spheres of influence in Europe. On September 1, the Gleiwitz incident occurred, which gave rise to the attack on Poland (September 1), which marked the beginning of World War II. Having defeated Poland during September, Germany in April-May 1940 occupied Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium and broke through the front in France. In June, Wehrmacht forces occupied Paris and France capitulated. In the spring of 1941, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 attacked the USSR.

The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the western part of the RSFSR by German and allied troops. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which destroyed many millions of people. However, since the end of 1942, the German armies began to suffer major defeats both in the USSR (Stalingrad) and in Egypt (El Alamein). The following year, the Red Army went on a broad offensive, while the Anglo-Americans landed in Italy and withdraw it from the war. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation, the Red Army advanced into Poland and the Balkans; at the same time, Anglo-American troops, having landed in Normandy, liberated most of France. With the beginning of 1945, hostilities were transferred to the territory of the Reich.

The first unsuccessful assassination attempt on Hitler took place on November 8, 1939, at the Burgerbräu beer hall in Munich, where he spoke every year to veterans of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Carpenter Johann Georg Elser built an improvised explosive device with a clockwork into the column, in front of which the leader's podium was usually installed. As a result of the explosion, 8 people were killed and 63 injured. However, Hitler was not among the victims. The Fuhrer, this time confining himself to a brief greeting to the audience, left the hall seven minutes before the explosion, as he had to return to Berlin. On the same evening, Elser was captured at the Swiss border and, after several interrogations, confessed to everything. As a "special prisoner" he was placed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then transferred to Dachau. On April 9, 1945, when the Allies were already near the concentration camp, Elser was shot by order of Himmler.

In 1944, a conspiracy was organized against Hitler on July 20, the purpose of which was to physically eliminate him and conclude peace with the advancing allied forces. The bombing killed 4 people, Hitler survived. After the assassination attempt, he was unable to stay on his feet all day, as more than 100 fragments were removed from his legs. In addition, he had a dislocation of his right arm, the hair on the back of his head was scorched, and his eardrums were damaged. I was temporarily deaf in my right ear. He ordered that the execution of the conspirators be turned into humiliating torment, filmed and photographed. Subsequently, he personally watched this film.

Death of Hitler

There is no doubt that Hitler shot himself. With the arrival of the Russians in Berlin, Hitler was afraid that the Reich Chancellery would be bombarded with sleep gas shells, and then paraded in Moscow, in a cage" Traudl Junge

According to the testimonies of witnesses interrogated by both the Soviet counterintelligence agencies and the relevant allied services, on April 30, 1945, in Berlin surrounded by Soviet troops, Hitler, together with his wife Eva Braun, committed suicide, having previously killed his beloved dog Blondie. In Soviet historiography, the point of view was established that Hitler took poison (potassium cyanide, like most Nazis who committed suicide), however, according to eyewitnesses, he shot himself. There is also a version according to which Hitler, having taken an ampoule of poison into his mouth and bit through it, simultaneously shot himself with a pistol (thus using both instruments of death). According to witnesses from among the attendants, even the day before, Hitler gave the order to deliver canisters of gasoline from the garage (to destroy the bodies). On April 30, after dinner, Hitler said goodbye to people from his inner circle and, shaking hands with them, retired to his apartment with Eva Braun, from where the sound of a shot was soon heard. Shortly after 3:15 pm, Hitler's servant Heinz Linge, accompanied by his adjutant Otto Günsche, Goebbels, Bormann and Axmann, entered the Fuhrer's quarters. Dead Hitler sat on the couch; there was a blood stain on his temple. Eva Braun lay next to her, with no visible external injuries. Günsche and Linge wrapped Hitler's body in a soldier's blanket and carried it into the garden of the Reich Chancellery; Eve's body was carried out after him. The corpses were placed near the entrance to the bunker, doused with gasoline and burned. On May 5, the bodies were found on a piece of blanket sticking out of the ground and fell into the hands of the Soviet

Hitler Adolf(German Adolf Hitler [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ]; April 20, 1889, the village of Ranshofen (now part of the city of Braunau an der Inn), Austria-Hungary - April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany) - the founder and central figure of National Socialism, founder totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, leader (Fuhrer) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (1921-1945), Reich Chancellor of Germany (1933-1945), Fuhrer of Germany (1934-1945), Supreme Commander of the armed forces of Germany (from December 19, 1941) in the Second world war.

Most historians believe that Hitler's expansionist policy was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of World War II, numerous crimes of the Nazi regime against citizens of Germany and the territories occupied by it, including the Holocaust, are associated with his name.

Source: Federal Archives of Germany

Biography

Surname etymology

According to the famous German philologist, specialist in onomastics Max Gottschald (1882-1952), the surname "Hitler" (Hittlaer, Hiedler) was identical to the surname Hütler ("caretaker", probably "forester", Waldhütter).

Pedigree

Adolf Hitler's father is Alois Hitler (1837-1903). Mother - Clara Hitler (1860-1907), nee Pölzl.

Alois, being illegitimate, until 1876 bore the name of his mother Maria Anna Schicklgruber (German: Schicklgruber). In 1876, three witnesses testified that Giedler, who died in 1857, was the father of Alois, which allowed the latter to change his surname.

On January 7, 1885, Alois married his relative (niece - granddaughter of Johann Nepomuk Güttler) Clara Pölzl. This was his third marriage. Due to family ties, Alois had to obtain permission from the Vatican in order to marry Clara. Clara by Alois gave birth to six children, of which Adolf was the third.

Adolf's direct ancestors, both in the Schicklgruber line and in the Hitler line, were peasants. Only the father made a career and became a government official.

Childhood

Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, in the town of Braunau an der Inn near the border with Germany on April 20, 1889 at 18:30 at the Pomeranian Hotel. Two days later he was baptized with the name Adolf.

In elementary school, Adolf studied well and received only excellent marks.

In 1896, Hitler entered the second grade of the Lambach School of the old Benedictine Catholic monastery, which he attended until the spring of 1898. Here, too, he received only good marks. He sang in a boys' choir and was an assistant priest during Mass.

In September 1900, Adolf entered the first class of the state real school in Linz. From that time on, Adolf began to learn only what he liked - history, geography, and especially drawing. Everything else was ignored. As a result of this attitude to study, he stayed for the second year in the first grade of a real school.

Youth

At the age of 13, when Adolf was in the second grade of a real school in Linz, on January 3, 1903, his father died unexpectedly. At the request of his mother, he continued to go to school, but finally decided for himself that he would be an artist, and not an official, as his father wanted.

In September 1904, Hitler, fulfilling this promise, entered the state real school in Steyr in the fourth grade and studied there until September 1905.

In November 1907, Hitler returned to Linz and took over the care of his terminally ill mother. On December 21, 1907, her mother died, and on December 23, Adolf buried her next to her father.

Creation of the NSDAP

The decisive moment in Hitler's life was the moment of his unshakable recognition by the supporters of anti-Semitism. In the period from 1919 to 1921, Hitler intensively read books from the library of Friedrich Kohn. This library was clearly anti-Semitic in content, which left a deep mark on Hitler's beliefs.

On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler, on instructions from the military, came to the Sterneckerbräu pub for a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) - founded in early 1919 by locksmith Anton Drexler and numbering about 40 people. During the debate, Hitler, speaking from a pan-German position, won a landslide victory over the supporter of the independence of Bavaria. The speech made a great impression on Drexler and he invited Hitler to join the party. After some deliberation, Hitler decided to accept the offer and at the end of September 1919, having retired from the army, he became a member of the DAP. Hitler immediately made himself responsible for party propaganda and soon began to determine the activities of the entire party.

On February 24, 1920, Hitler organized the first of many large public events for the party in the beer hall of the Hofbräuhaus. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points compiled by him, Drexler and Feder, which became the program of the party. The Twenty-Five Points combined Pan-Germanism, demands for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitism, demands for socialist change and a strong central government. On the same day, at the suggestion of Hitler, the party was renamed the NSDAP (German: Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei - German National Socialist Workers' Party).

By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. Ernst Rohm stood at the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.

On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of storm troopers, moved to the Ministry of Defense, but on Residenzstraße they were blocked by a police detachment that opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode entered the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch".

In February - March 1924, a trial took place over the leaders of the putsch. Only Hitler and a few of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler for high treason to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks. Hitler was serving his sentence in Landsberg Prison. However, after 9 months, on December 20, 1924, he was released.

On the way to power

In February 1932, Hitler decided to put forward his candidacy for the election of the Reich President of Germany. On February 25, the Minister of the Interior of Braunschweig appointed him to the post of attaché at the Braunschweig representation in Berlin.

Beginning of territorial expansion

In 1936-1939, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, provided significant assistance to the Francoists during the Spanish Civil War.

At this time, Hitler believed that he was seriously ill and would die soon. He began to hurry with the implementation of his plans. On November 5, 1937, he wrote a political testament, and on May 2, 1938, a personal one.

In March 1938 Austria was annexed.

In the autumn of 1938, in accordance with the Munich Agreement, part of Czechoslovakia was annexed - the Sudetenland (Reichsgau).

In March 1939, the rest of Czechoslovakia was occupied, turned into a satellite state of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and part of the territory of Lithuania near Klaipeda (Memel region) was annexed. After that, Hitler made territorial claims against Poland (first, on the provision of an extraterritorial road to East Prussia, and then on a referendum on the ownership of the "Polish Corridor", in which people who lived in this territory as of 1918 should have taken part ). The latter requirement was clearly unacceptable to Poland's allies - Great Britain and France - which could serve as a basis for the brewing of a conflict.

The Second World War

These claims are met with a sharp rebuff. On April 3, 1939, Hitler approved a plan for an armed attack on Poland (Operation Weiss).

August 23, 1939 Hitler concludes a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, the secret appendix to which contained a plan for the division of spheres of influence in Europe. On September 1, the Gleiwitz incident occurred, which gave rise to the attack on Poland (September 1), which marked the beginning of World War II. Having defeated Poland during September, Germany in April-May 1940 occupied Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium and broke through the front in France. In June, Wehrmacht forces occupied Paris and France capitulated. In the spring of 1941, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 attacked the USSR. The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the western part of the RSFSR by German and allied troops. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which destroyed many millions of people.

However, since the end of 1942, the German armies began to suffer major defeats both in the USSR (Stalingrad) and in Egypt (El Alamein). The following year, the Red Army went on a broad offensive, while the Anglo-Americans landed in Italy and withdraw it from the war. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation, the Red Army advanced into Poland and the Balkans; at the same time, Anglo-American troops, having landed in Normandy, liberated most of France. With the beginning of 1945, hostilities were transferred to the territory of the Reich.

Death of Hitler

According to witnesses from among the attendants, even the day before, Hitler gave the order to deliver canisters of gasoline from the garage (to destroy the bodies). On April 30, after dinner, Hitler said goodbye to people from his inner circle and, shaking hands with them, retired to his apartment with Eva Braun, from where the sound of a shot was soon heard. Shortly after 3:15 pm, Hitler's servant Heinz Linge, accompanied by his adjutant Otto Günsche, Goebbels, Bormann and Axmann, entered the Fuhrer's quarters. Dead Hitler sat on the couch; there was a blood stain on his temple. Eva Braun lay next to her, with no visible external injuries. Günsche and Linge wrapped Hitler's body in a soldier's blanket and carried it into the garden of the Reich Chancellery; Eve's body was carried out after him. The corpses were placed near the entrance to the bunker, doused with gasoline and burned.

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the city of Braunau an der Inn, located on the border of Germany and Austria, in the family of a shoemaker. Hitler's family moved frequently, so he had to change four schools.

In 1905, the young man graduated from school in Linz, having received an incomplete secondary education. Having an outstanding artistic talent, he twice tried to enter the Vienna Academy of Arts. However, in both cases, Adolf Hitler, whose biography could have turned out differently, was refused. In 1908, the young man's mother died. He moved to Vienna, where he lived very poorly, worked as an artist and writer, and was actively engaged in self-education.

World War I. NSDAP

With the outbreak of the First World War, Adolf voluntarily went to the front. In early 1914, he swore allegiance to Emperor Franz Joseph and King Ludwig III of Bavaria. During the war years, Adolf received the rank of corporal, several awards.

In 1919, the founder of the German Workers' Party (DAP) A. Drexler invited Hitler to join them. After leaving the army, Adolf joined the party, taking responsibility for political propaganda. Hitler soon succeeded in transforming the party into a National Socialist party, renaming it the NSDAP. In 1921, a turning point occurred in Hitler's brief biography - he led the workers' party. After the organization in 1923 of the Bavarian Putsch ("Beer Putsch"), Hitler was arrested and sentenced to 5 years.

Political career

Having revived the NSDAP, in 1929 Hitler created the Hitlerjungen organization. In 1932, Adolf met his future wife, Eva Braun.

In the same year, Adolf put forward his candidacy in the elections, they began to reckon with him as a landmark political figure. In 1933, President Gidenburg appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor (Prime Minister of Germany). Having received power in his hands, Adolf banned the activities of all parties except the Nazis, passed a law according to which he became a dictator with unlimited power for 4 years.

In 1934, Hitler took the title of leader of the Third Reich. Assuming even more power for himself, he brought in SS guards, established concentration camps, modernized and equipped the army with weapons.

The Second World War

In 1938, Hitler's troops captured Austria, the western part of Czechoslovakia was annexed to Germany. In 1939, the occupation of Poland began, marking the beginning of World War II. In June 1941, Germany attacked the USSR, led by I. Stalin. During the first year, German troops occupied the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. In 1944, the Soviet army managed to change the course of the war and go on the offensive.

At the beginning of 1945, when the German troops were defeated, the remnants of the army were controlled from Hitler's bunker (underground shelter). Soon Soviet troops surrounded Berlin.

(1889-1945) Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, Chairman (Führer) of the National Socialist Party of Germany (NSDAP) from 1921 to 1945

Adolf Schicklgruber (this is Hitler's real name) was born on April 20, 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau. His father, a petty customs officer, died when his son was 14 years old. Adolf somehow finished school and in 1903 made an attempt to enter the Vienna Academy of Arts, but failed and began to earn his living by drawing advertisements and greeting cards. After burying his mother in 1907, the young artist moved to Vienna and, after a second failure to enter the Academy, began to lead the life of a free artist.

At the same time, he shows an interest in politics, and he begins to attend various meetings of right-wing parties. Here he gets acquainted with the then fashionable concept of Pan-Germanism, which proclaimed the domination of the German nation, and becomes its staunch supporter.

After the outbreak of the First World War, Adolf Hitler receives a summons to be drafted into the Austrian army, but he is declared unfit. Then he leaves for Germany and joins the army as a volunteer. At the front, he receives the rank of corporal and the Iron Cross first class.

In 1919, Adolf Hitler was demobilized. In the autumn of 1919, he joined the NSDAP, and from that time his political career began. He certainly possessed many of the qualities of an outstanding leader. Fanatically devoted to his ideas, he was able to find contact with the audience and "ignite" it with emotional speeches.

Adolf Hitler had a unique ability to arouse unhealthy instincts in the masses and skillfully directed people's discontent against those whom he considered "enemies of the German nation." As such, he declared communists, social democrats, and even entire countries, in particular the victorious powers - England, France and Bolshevik Russia.

In June 1921, Adolf Hitler became the leader (Fuhrer) of the NSDAP, and from that time on, a cult of the “great leader” began to be created around him. On November 8-9, 1923, Hitler and his supporters attempted a coup d'état. It ended in failure, and Adolf Hitler ended up in prison. Although he received a five-year sentence, he spent only nine months in prison. In conclusion, he wrote the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

In December 1924, Adolf Hitler was released from prison and immediately became active in politics. By 1932, his party won a parliamentary majority. On January 30, 1933, German President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor. After Hindenburg's death in 1934, Adolf Hitler becomes president, chancellor and supreme commander, unifying all posts. Thus began the darkest chapter in German history - the fascist dictatorship.

The program of Adolf Hitler consisted of two parts - the defeat of internal enemies and the conquest of world domination. He began with the extermination of political opponents - communists, social democrats and all who opposed his party. All parties except the NSDAP were banned,

The first major act of Adolf Hitler was the persecution of the Jews. On November 9-10, 1938, a wave of Jewish pogroms swept through Germany. Following this, the Jews lost all their civil rights. This is how the "racial cleansing" of Germany announced by Hitler took place.

At the same time, preparations for war began. Adolf Hitler repeatedly stated that he wanted not just war, but the extermination of other peoples that he considered "inferior". At first, he annexed Austria and the Czech Republic to Germany, and in August 1939 he started the Second World War, capturing Poland. By the summer of 1940, Germany had captured most of the countries of Western Europe.

On June 22, 1941, Germany and its allies attacked the USSR. It was Adolf Hitler's biggest miscalculation, which eventually caused the collapse of the entire Nazi state. Just four years later, it collapsed under the blows of the Red Army and its allies.

Surrender, Adolf Hitler preferred death: he bit through an ampoule of poison and at the same time shot himself in the temple with a pistol. His body was burned, and only by the remains it was determined that they belonged to Hitler.

In terms of his way of thinking and the nature of his actions, he was a product of his era. Historians can explain how and why a freelance artist became the "leader of the nation". But there is not and cannot be an excuse for the troubles and suffering that this leader brought to mankind.