Norwegian. What languages ​​are spoken in Norway: Bokmål, Rixmol, Nynoshk

You will need

• - Norwegian language textbooks and manuals;
• - Russian-Norwegian dictionary;
• - the Internet, where you can find audio / video materials and training programs;
• - notebook.

Instruction

Before you start learning Norwegian language but, it is important to take into account one of its features - it contains several written language ov. To begin with, you must decide on the grammar of the written language and you will be: Bokmål, Nynorsk, Rixmol or Samnorsk. The most popular written language in Norway language and these are Bokmål and Rixmol, so it’s better to choose one of them.

Learning the Norwegian alphabetLearning any language and begins with an acquaintance with the letters of the alphabet, their spelling. Learn and write out letters and their transcription in a notebook, and then syllables and transcription of syllables.

Vocabulary work After learning the alphabet, you can gradually build up your vocabulary with Norwegian. Start by learning the simplest words. Write down the learned, their transcription and translation in a notebook and repeat the mastered words each time before learning new ones.

Learning grammarBefore you start learning Norwegian language and you have chosen one of the written language ov, the grammar of which you will study. Now you will need textbooks, manuals and manuals for studying the grammar of a particular written language. language a. Learn the rules, follow the tips in the manuals and reinforce the theoretical in practice by doing exercises and choosing your own.

Use of audio/video materialsWhen learning Norwegian language but you just need to hear the live speech of the native speakers language a. If it is not possible to communicate with a person who knows you are interested in language, then you should find as many audios, movies and TV shows as possible on this language e. When listening, try to understand without a dictionary, according to the meaning, what is being said. For this, it is more convenient to use video materials than audio recordings.

Helpful advice

Don't learn several written Norwegian languages ​​at once - you'll just get confused. Also, it is impossible to use manuals for different types of written languages ​​at the same time. There are many spoken dialects in this language, so when studying videos, try not to pay attention to the differences in the spoken language of different people, otherwise you will get lost.

Sources:

• learning Norwegian

Movies in mkv format weigh quite a lot, but this is due to the fact that this file contains several audio tracks in different languages. For many users, this view option is quite convenient.

You will need

• - a computer;
• - video player.

Instruction

If you are opening your video file using the standard Windows Media Player, press the Alt key during playback. In the menu that appears, set the playback language through the sound and dubbed tracks menu. If you have an English version of the operating system installed, this menu will be called Audio and Language Traks.

If you want to make only one audio track in your video, use special editors that are available for download on the Internet, for example, VirtualDubMod.

Just open your movie in its menu, select unwanted tracks with the mouse and the Ctrl key, then click "Delete Audio Tracks". Here you can also add other audio tracks to the movie, which you can download from the Internet. This is quite convenient when the file does not contain the desired voice acting.

Download a player with a user-friendly interface to view video files and configure it to select tracks when opening files by default. To implement the track management function when playing such media files on various standalone devices, use the instructions. Often, track selection is available only from the remote control. If you are watching a movie disc containing several audio tracks, you usually select the desired one from the main menu when you open the disc.

See the back of the packaging for information on which languages ​​are available for your film. This is usually only available for licensed discs. Always pay attention to the back of the package when buying.

Helpful advice

Download movies only in the translation you need, so that extra audio tracks do not take up extra space.

Sources:

• how to change language in games in 2019

More than nine million people speak Swedish around the world. In addition, it is the most widely spoken language on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Learning Swedish is a difficult but doable task.

You will need

• - a computer with Internet access;
• - Swedish textbook.

Instruction

Start with the Swedish alphabet. It consists of 29 letters. Repeat the pronunciation of certain letters and their combinations over and over again.

Learn the basics of Swedish grammar. In the future, you will understand how complex sentences are formed.

Get a notebook and write down words and phrases in it. As you write, say all the words out loud several times. This will help you remember them faster.

Ask a friend to help you study language. This will be an opportunity for him to gain new knowledge. Learn the words and expressions from a lesson and act out a scene with dialogues.

note

If you are exercising for more than an hour, then every 40 minutes take a break of a few minutes.

Related article

Learning foreign languages became a necessity in connection with the conventionality of borders between countries. It is especially important to know the language of neighboring states, with which economic relations are often maintained. One of them is Estonia.

Instruction

Use tutorials. If you decide to study Estonian, then you cannot do without books. First of all, you need to master the grammar, the construction of phrases, and only then proceed to the teaching of words and phrases. It is advisable to combine several methods, that is, to study at least two books. This approach will bring much better results.

Chat with native speakers. There is nothing better than on Wednesday. If you do not have the opportunity to speak Estonian in his country, do not despair. Install Skype and make Estonian friends. At first, you will understand a minimum of what you hear, but over time, conversations will become clearer and more interesting.

Expand your vocabulary. Once you have mastered the grammar, start learning words. Flip through dictionaries, stick small sheets of paper with new words around the apartment and do not remove them until you remember the spelling and translation.

Sign up for . If it is not always easy to learn a language on your own, then under strict guidance this task is simplified. Choose a training program - group or individual. The second will give results much faster, although it will cost a little more. The advantages of the first one are that you will constantly communicate not only with the teacher, but also with other people on the subject, which will also bear fruit.

Helpful advice

The Estonian language has many features. For example, when reading each word, you need to put stress on the first vowel, and in words where there are two vowels in a row, pronounce both drawlingly.

It is impossible to learn English in a week, as some advertisements promise. Get ready for hard work. Daily classes are not necessarily just studying dictionaries and textbooks. Learning English can be made interesting and more effective than mere cramming.

You will need

• Dictionaries, tutorials, textbooks, literature in English, a notebook for writing words, a computer with Internet access.

Instruction

Properly motivate yourself. It is better to create a goal for yourself than to try to overcome your own laziness every day. Imagine what you can achieve by speaking English. Someone wants to go around the world, someone is attracted by a prestigious job, someone wants to read Shakespeare in the original, but someone liked a foreigner and wants to find a common ground with her. language. Possession of others language om will make you a much more interesting person and provide a lot of opportunities. Don't miss them. Start learning without putting off "until Monday."

Practice regularly. To, it is better to practice for half an hour daily than four hours twice a week. The language requires constant practice. learn language now you can do it without leaving your home, but if you are not sure of the strength of your own will, it is better to sign up for. In addition to streamlining classes, the money spent on non-tuition fees will make you work harder to achieve results.

The modern Norwegian language is a heterogeneous and varied formation with many local dialects. But in order to understand why there is still no single Norwegian language even at the state level, it is necessary to briefly trace its history, starting ... literally - from the very beginning!

Initially, the entire population of the Scandinavian Peninsula used the Old Norse language, at the moment it is a dead proto-language and belongs to the so-called Germanic branch, which is part of the Indo-European language family. However, it must be understood that archaeological artifacts dating from the era preceding the Early Middle Ages are few and fragmentary, so modern linguists do not have a clear language theory regarding this issue. We are talking only about hypotheses that are now well-established in the scientific community.

The Old Norse language, in all its variety of dialect forms, turned into a more or less stable linguistic phenomenon around the 8th century (the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the "Viking Age"). It was spoken by the population of modern Denmark, Sweden and Norway. In other words, it was spoken by the Vikings, who, through their traders and (rarely) warriors, spread it over the vast territories of the European continent (including the regions of Eastern Russia).

In 872, Harald the Fairhair unified Norway, and based on archaeological data (including runestones), it can be judged that the Old Norse language at that time had very few local differences. At the beginning of the 11th century, Christianity came to the region, as a result, the Latin language began to be used everywhere. Some original dialects adapted, others were completely supplanted, but it was at this moment that the Norwegian language began to form into a separate linguistic structure, separating, in particular, from Danish.

The Old Norse language developed in two main dialect directions - eastern (Denmark and Sweden) and western (Iceland, settled in the 9th century, and Norway proper). By the beginning of the 14th century, the Western version of Old Norse had completely transformed into two original forms, which modern linguists call Old Norse and Old Norse. However, in 1397, the Norwegians entered into an alliance with the Danes, which implied the political dominance of Denmark over both regions. The Danish language gradually supplanted Old Norse, primarily at the level of official writing. Danish, borrowing many elements from Low German, spread first among the Norwegian elite, and then among ordinary people.

Everything changed when Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814 (becoming dependent on Sweden instead). For many decades, active work was carried out on the "Norwegianization" of Danish, until in 1899 the Norwegian parliament adopted the single language standard "riksmol" (in translation, "riksmål" means approximately "sovereign speech"). However, due to the active development of nationalist movements, many researchers (some of them self-taught, such as the legendary Ivar Osen) continued to develop a more "original" Norwegian language. This is how "lannsmål" (literally "landsmål" can be translated as "folk language") appeared, it was developed on the basis of Icelandic, which was not directly influenced by other continental languages ​​​​(unlike Norwegian).

In 1929, the authorities decided to rename "riksmol" to "bokmål" ("bokmål" can be loosely translated as "bookish language"). In turn, "lannsmål" received the more tolerant name "nynorsk" ("nynorsk" means "new Norwegian"). Even earlier, they tried to bring both languages ​​together at the state level, later two similar reforms were carried out (1938 and 1959), they set as their goal the formation of a universal Norwegian language that could become generally accepted.

This (potentially unified) language was called “samnoshk” (“samnorsk” is translated as “single Norwegian”), by the end of the 1950s it was supported by almost 80% of the country's population. However, radical groups (who advocated the complete ridding of the Norwegian language of the influence of Danish in favor of the original version of "lannsmål") created active resistance to the authorities, and from the 1960s the spread of "samnoshka" gradually decreased until the very concept of this hybrid language disappeared in 2002. systems.

The Norwegian language now is Bokmål, Nynoshk, Rixmol, Högnoshk...

To date, in Norway, Bokmål and Nynoshk have been adopted at the state level, both language systems can rightfully be called the Norwegian language. Their grammar and syntax have a number of differences (not always conceptual ones). For example, in "Bokmål" the phrase "this is a horse" would be written like this: "Dette er en hest". On "nanny" the same phrase looks a little different - "Dette er ein hest". At the same time, the phrase "I'm from Norway" in "Bokmål" is written like this - "Jeg kommer fra Norge", and in "nunnery" like this - "Eg kjem frå Noreg". That is, sometimes the differences are really great, which also applies to oral speech.

According to official polls, "Bukmal" is used by about 90% of the country's population, but this does not mean at all that the same percentage of the population recognizes this form of the language. In Norway, there are many who seek to bring Bokmål and Nyunoshk together, so Rixmaul, which includes many linguistic features of both forms, does not lose, and in some regions even gains popularity. Some variants of "bokmål" are extremely close to "riksmol" and over the past hundred years both forms have been used at the official level - in the media and government documentation.

At the same time, the key block of differences between these languages ​​\u200b\u200b(meaning "Bokmål" and "Riksmol") is not in oral, but in written form, but they are not as significant as it might seem at first glance, and are quite comparable with the difference between American and traditional English. "Nyunoshk" in this regard differs significantly from both forms, although some of its variants (which are called moderate) are quite close to "Bokmål". In turn, there are variants of "bokmål" that strongly resemble "nunoshk" (such forms are called radical).

In addition, at an unofficial level, a form of the Norwegian language called "høgnorsk" ("høgnorsk" literally translates as "high Norwegian") continues to exist. This variant is closer than all other forms to the original Lannsmol and, apparently, it really retained a maximum of original linguistic elements and norms from Old Norse. However, among all the Norwegian languages ​​\u200b\u200bnow used - "bokmål", "riksmol", "nynoshk" and "högnoshk" - the latter is less common than others.

But here it is more important to note another point. Each of the listed forms of the Norwegian language has dozens (this is true!) of local variants, some of them are dialectal in the full sense, but others are modern reconstructions and developments of lone linguists. "Estlannsk" (east), "westlannsk" (west), "tröndeshk" (central part) and "nurnoshk" (north) are the main groups of dialect forms by regions of the country.

Features of Modern Norwegian

Thus, the Norwegian language differs significantly depending on the region, however, as already noted, 90% of the population know "Buksmol", so this form and its dialects can be called the most widespread. The pronunciation of the Norwegian language in the context of "Boksmål" has a considerable similarity with the Danish language and, obviously, there is a minimal influence of the original Old Norse language here.

However, you need to understand that the differences come down to transcription and rules, but not to the alphabet. The Norwegian language in any of its forms uses 29 letters. It is curious to note that these are all letters of the traditional Danish language. Today the Norwegian alphabet looks like this: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, I, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u , v, w, x, y, z, æ, ø, å. That is, we see in front of us an almost completely Latinized series of language units, which has nothing to do with the original runic writing of the Scandinavian region.

The grammar of the Norwegian language at the present stage of its development is quite stable, in particular, the following basic rules are typical for "Buxmol". The noun has a static basis, the endings change, indicating the number, case and gender. However, there are bases that make up a group of exceptions that change with declension.

Adjectives always correspond to nouns, agreeing with them in number and gender. At the same time, regardless of the gender, the form of the adjective is unchanged. Verbs in Norwegian change according to moods and tenses, they are divided into weak and strong. Weak ones obey special rules and have 4 form-building classes in their composition.

Adverbs, like adjectives, change only in degrees of comparison and almost always correspond to adjectives in the neuter gender. Pronouns are used to refer to objects, but do not say anything about their qualities. Numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal, in the Norwegian language two forms of counting are accepted.

Of course, these are only the most general indications that will say little to a person who is far from linguistics and philology. However, this article does not pursue didactic purposes, it only talks about what a difficult path the Norwegian language has gone through and what it is turning into today.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that many conceptual moments in the modern Norwegian language still remain the same, regardless of the context - whether it is “boksmol” or “nunoshk”. For example, Mandag, Tirsdag, Onsdag, Torsdag, Fredag, Lørdag, Søndag. These are the days of the week in Norwegian, from Monday to Sunday, they are spelled and sound the same in all forms and dialects. And those who are at least a little familiar with the culture of Ancient Scandinavia, calling on their powers of observation, can easily notice that Wednesday is still Odin's day, Thursday is Thor's day, Friday is Freya's day, and so on. In other words, a small fragment of the original tradition is still alive in the Norwegian language. It is a pity that such examples are rare.

Norway, due to the fact that there is a polar day from May to July, is sometimes called the "Land of the Midnight Sun". This, of course, is a mysterious and even somewhat romantic name, but it does not cause a strong desire to come to this country. However, Norway is not only the Land of the Midnight Sun. First of all, Norway is the Vikings, amazingly beautiful fjords, some of which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and, of course, prestigious ski resorts.

Norway is located in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. In the northeast, Norway borders on Finland and Russia, in the east - on Sweden. In the northeast, Norway is washed by the Barents Sea, in the southwest by the North Sea, and in the west by the Norwegian Sea. The Skagerrak Strait separates Norway from Denmark.

The total territory of Norway, including the islands of Svalbard, Jan Mayen and Bear in the Arctic Ocean, is 385,186 square kilometers.

A significant part of the territory of Norway is occupied by mountains. The highest of them are Mount Gallhöppigen (2469 m) and Mount Glittertinn (2452 m).

There are a lot of rivers in Norway, the longest of which are Glomma (604 km), Logen (359 km), and Otra (245 km).

Norway is sometimes referred to as the "Lakeland". This is not surprising, given that there are several hundred lakes in it. The largest of these are Mjøsa, Rösvatn, Femunn, and Hornindalsvatnet.

The capital of Norway is Oslo, which is now home to more than 620 thousand people. It is believed that Oslo was founded in 1048 by the Norwegian king Harald III.

The official language in Norway is Norwegian, which consists of two dialects (Bokmål and Nynorsk). Most often, Norwegians speak Bukol, but for some reason Nynorsk is popular with Norwegian Internet users.

More than 80% of Norwegians are Lutherans (Protestants) belonging to the Church of Norway. However, only about 5% of Norwegians go to church every week. In addition, 1.69% of Norwegians are Muslims and 1.1% are Catholics.

Norway is a constitutional monarchy in which the head of state, according to the Constitution of 1814, is the King.

The executive power in Norway belongs to the King, and the legislative power belongs to the local unicameral parliament - the Storting (169 deputies).

The main political parties in Norway are the liberal-conservative Progress Party, the social democratic Norwegian Labor Party, the Christian Democratic Party and the Social Left Party.

Norway is at the same latitude as Alaska and Siberia, but this Scandinavian country has a much milder climate. In late June - early August in Norway, the weather is warm and the days are long. At this time, the average air temperature reaches + 25-30C, and the average sea temperature - + 18C.

The warmest and most stable weather is always observed on the southern coast of Norway. However, even in the north of Norway in summer the air temperature can exceed +25C. However, in the central regions and in the north of Norway, the weather often changes.

In winter, most of Norway tends to turn into a real snow paradise. In winter in Norway, the air temperature can even drop to -40C.

In the northeast, Norway is washed by the Barents Sea, in the southwest by the North Sea, and in the west by the Norwegian Sea. The Skagerrak Strait separates Norway from Denmark. The total coastline of Norway is 25,148 km.

Average sea temperature in Oslo:

January – +4C
- February - +3C
- March - +3С
- April - +6С
- May - +11С
- June - +14С
- July - +17C
- August - +18С
- September - +15C
- October - +12C
- November - +9С
- December - +5С

The real beauty of Norway is the Norwegian fjords. The most beautiful of them are Naeroyfjord, Sognefjord, Geirangerfjord, Hardangerfjord, Lysefjord, and Aurlandsfjord.

There are a lot of rivers in Norway, the longest of which are Glomma in the east (604 km), Logen in the southeast (359 km), and Otra in Serland (245 km). The largest Norwegian lakes are Mjøsa, Rösvatn, Femunn, and Hornindalsvatnet.

Many tourists come to Norway to fish. In Norwegian rivers and lakes, salmon, trout, whitefish, pike, perch and grayling are found in large numbers.

Archaeologists have proven that people on the territory of modern Norway lived as early as the 10th millennium BC. But the real history of Norway began in the Viking Age, whose cruelty is still legendary on the coast of Great Britain, for example.

From 800-1066, the Norse Vikings became known throughout Europe as brave warriors, ruthless invaders, cunning merchants and inquisitive seafarers. The history of the Vikings ended in 1066, when the Norwegian king Harald III died in England. Olaf III became King of Norway after him. It was under Olaf III that Christianity began to spread rapidly in Norway.

In the XII century, Norway captured part of the British Isles, Iceland and Greenland. It was the time of the greatest prosperity of the Norwegian kingdom. However, the country was greatly weakened by competition from the Hanseatic League and the plague epidemic.

In 1380, Norway and Denmark entered into an alliance and became one country. The union of these states lasted more than four centuries.

In 1814, Norway, according to the Treaty of Kiel, became part of Sweden. However, Norway did not submit to this and the Swedes invaded its territory. In the end, Norway agreed to be part of Sweden if they were left with the constitution.

Throughout the 19th century, nationalism grew in Norway, and this led to a referendum in 1905. According to the results of this referendum, Norway became an independent state.

During the First World War, Norway remained neutral. During the Second World War, Norway also declared its neutrality, but it was nevertheless occupied by German troops (for Germany, this was a strategic move).

After the end of the Second World War, Norway suddenly forgot about its neutrality, and became one of the founders of the NATO military bloc.

The culture of Norway differs markedly from the cultures of other peoples of Europe. The fact is that this Scandinavian country is located far from such European cultural centers as Florence, Rome and Paris. However, tourists will be pleasantly impressed by the Norwegian culture.

Many Norwegian cities host annual music, dance and folklore festivals. The most popular of them is the international cultural festival in Bergen (music, dance, theater).

It cannot be said that the Norwegians have made a huge contribution to world culture, but the fact that it was significant is undeniable. The most famous Norwegians are polar explorers Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen, composers Varg Vikernes and Edvard Grieg, artist Edvard Munch, writers and playwrights Henrik Ibsen and Knut Hamsun, and traveler Thor Heyerdahl.

The main products of Norwegian cuisine are fish, meat, potatoes and other vegetables, and cheese. Norwegians' favorite traditional snack is pölse (potato cake with sausage).

Fenalår - dried lamb
- Fårikål - lamb stew with cabbage
- Pinnekjøtt - salted ribs
- Roast wild elk or deer
- Kjøttkaker - fried beef meatballs
- Laks og eggerøre - smoked salmon omelet
- Lutefisk - baked cod
- Rømmegrøt - sour cream porridge
- Multekrem - cloudberry cream for dessert

The traditional alcoholic drink in Norway is Aquavit, which is usually 40% ABV. The production of aquavita in Scandinavia began in the 15th century.

Norwegians have always been distinguished by the fact that they are very careful about their history. Therefore, we advise tourists to visit Norway to see:

North Cape

norwegian fjords

Changing of the guard ceremony at the Royal Palace in Oslo

Bryggen wooden quarter in Bergen

Sculpture park in Oslo

Holmenkolle Ski Jump

Snow hotel in Kirkenes

Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim

Viking ships in the maritime museum in Oslo

National Historical Museum in Oslo

The largest Norwegian cities are Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, and Stavanger.

Norway is famous for its great ski resorts. Every winter in Norway there are different championships in skiing. The top ten Norwegian ski resorts include, in our opinion, the following:

1. Trysil (Trisil)
2. Hemsedal (Hemsedal)
3. Hafjell (Hafjell)
4. Geilo (Geilo)
5. Tryvann
6. Norefjell
7. Oppdal (Oppdal)
8. Hovden (Hovden)
9. Kvitfjell (Kvitfjell)
10. Kongsberg (Consberg)

We advise tourists from Norway to bring a real Norwegian wool sweater, toy trolls, modern dishes, wooden kitchen utensils, silverware, ceramics, jerky, brown goat cheese, and Norwegian vodka - aquavit.

Stores open:

Mon-Wed and Fri: 09:00-17.00/18:00
Thu: 09:00-20.00
Sat: 10:00-18.00
Supermarkets are usually open on Mon-Fri from 09:00 to 20.00, and on Sat from 10:00-18.00.

Banks:
Mon-Fri - 08:00-15.30

Most hotels, restaurants and large shops accept major international credit cards.