One of the types of human activity. Types of human activity and their forms

What is human activity? Think about it, because a person is constantly busy with something, be it a game or some useful action. But then the thought comes that not only a person is constantly in a state of employment, animals, for example, are also almost constantly in motion. It should be understood that these are two employments of a different kind. What is the difference?

Almost everything that surrounds us is man-made: clothes, food, buildings, household items. Of course, there are corners of nature that have not been touched by man, but we prefer to live in a more comfortable man-made world. Even the way of human existence is artificial, i.e. created by him. This process of creation is called activity.

Activity - it is a conscious human activity aimed at satisfying our needs.

Needs- this is the main motivating force of a person, group or society.

So, at the heart of everything are the needs that motivate a person to activity. Speaking about the personality, we concluded that it is formed in the process of human life, i.e. our personality, our character is manifested in the actions we perform. And this means that human activity - it is a manifestation of character. Since the characters of all people are different, there are people-creators (those who build something, create) and people-destroyers (those who destroy what has been created). Both are necessary for a fulfilling existence. Activity is not only the result of the manifestation of the qualities of our personalities, but also to some extent forms a personality. This is one of the main features of man: by acting, we form ourselves. For example, in sports, to achieve the desired result, you need to train a lot, repeating the same action many times, bringing the technique to perfection.

Rice. 1. Success in sports is achieved by hard training ()

Activity is a very broad concept, therefore it cannot be defined only as a manifestation of a person’s character.

2. The difference between instinct and activity

Thinking about activity in general, one may wonder whether human activity is only aimed at some goals. You can recall a lot of examples from the animal world, when living beings act with a specific goal. For example, social insects such as bees and ants, or birds that collect material for building nests, constructing unique structures. But this animal activity is instinctive, repetitive; they can only do what is originally given to them by nature. Suppose an ant knows how to build an anthill, but it can no longer build a termite mound, the same applies to a termite, which is only capable of building a termite mound. Bees build honeycombs that are ideal in terms of geometry, but the construction of other figures is not available to them.

Social insects outside their society are not even capable of survival, and even more so are not able to create something unique. A person, even left alone, is capable of creative activity. Remember the story of Robinson Crusoe from the novel of the same name by D. Defoe: he was able to build a whole world on a desert island, a human world in which, as far as circumstances allowed, it was comfortable.

4. Conditions for achieving goals

Man is constantly creating something. Why is he doing this? Let's try to figure it out: people are quite limited in physical terms compared to some animals. For example, an eagle has the sharpest vision, a cheetah is called the fastest, fish live under water. Man cannot compare with animals in some of their abilities, but he has a developed brain. Thanks to their mental faculties, mankind has invented means to move faster than a cheetah; see further than a falcon; to move under water and on it. Imagine a walking tour of our Motherland, which has 9 time zones, for example, from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka, it would take a lot of time. But thanks to human activity, planes have appeared that will very quickly take you from one end of the country to the other.

All the greatest inventions were made with one goal - to compensate for the imperfection of man.

All human activity is subject to goals.

Remember the wonderful fairy tale by Lewis Carroll "Alice in Wonderland" a girl asked the Cheshire Cat:

Tell me, please, where should I go from here?

Where do you want to go? - answered the Cat.

I don't care… - Alice said.

Then it doesn't matter where you go, - said the Cat.

This means that any action is performed with a specific purpose. That is why it is so important to be able to define these goals for yourself. For example, the goal of a doctor is to cure a patient, the goal of an athlete is to set a record, the goal of a seller is to sell a product. An example of less global goals may be the desire to correct handwriting, for which the student writes a lot in copybooks; or the desire to be an excellent student, which encourages the student to study harder. Goals are what we want to achieve as a result of our activities, i.e. goals determine activities.

There are people who set themselves global goals to improve the quality of human life, they are very important for humanity, but other people who seem to have less important goals are also very necessary. Each person, performing everyday actions, helps to move forward to all mankind. This predestination of human life is the basis of our existence.

3. Goals

Whatever goal a person sets for himself, certain skills and abilities are necessary for its implementation. There are situations when everything works out at once, but most often this is not the case. Very rarely, our goals coincide with our inclinations, most likely, we will have to learn something, and then we will be able to achieve our goals. A person, as we have already said, tends to develop throughout his life. We are constantly learning something, acquiring new skills. Teaching is a natural form of human existence. Therefore, you should not be complex if something does not work out the first time: any new action should become a habit, and this is possible only as a result of repetition. The entire human civilization was formed on the basis of learning, so at this stage you are probably doing the most important thing in life - you are learning.

Certain conditions are necessary for the effective achievement of goals. First, you need a plan to achieve the goal. A person gradually, as if on steps, achieves small goals, moving towards one big one. Through gradual movement, we can be sure that our activities do not infringe on the rights of anyone and that our activities do not harm anyone, and we will also be able to see intermediate stages in achieving our goals.

Not all human goals are practical. Human activity is not always aimed at the production of material things (computer, table, dress). Not only labor is an indispensable element of human existence, other manifestations of it are also important, for example, play, recreation, entertainment.

5. Play as an activity

An example of a game that soon developed into a serious occupation is the historical fact about the "fun regiments" of Peter the Great. At an early age, becoming emperor, the sovereign ordered to organize for himself a funny army, which at first had toy guns and cannons, and soon a fortress with a moat and even barracks for soldiers appeared. It was these "amusing regiments" that later turned into the Russian guard and made up the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments. Thus, what was originally conceived as a game, soon became quite a serious occupation. It is also interesting that the main enemy of Peter - the Swedish king Charles XII - also had a similar "toy" army. When the Northern War began, Karl was still very young and his peers, who later became the elite of the Swedish army, played war with him, thus forming the knowledge and skills that later became professionalism.

The Swedish guards were made up of people who had played with the king as children. It turns out that two forces formed in the game met. We know about the outcome of this war - Karl lost, therefore, his game was less serious. Thus, we can say that even a game can be useful and important.

6. Game as an example of activity

For example, a game that may seem useless has its benefits because it simulates adult life: the game also has rules, it requires the application of certain efforts to achieve the desired result, which can be either positive or negative.

Let's say you wanted to mold a plasticine robot, but it turned out not at all what you wanted. If you are interested, you will try again to create a robot, and if you are not interested, leave this game and do what you are best at.

And this does not mean that someone is better, because he is persistent, and someone is worse, because he has a softer character. This means that all people are different and each is valuable in its own way. When playing, a person not only manifests himself and his character traits, he also forms them. School classes in primary school also resemble a game, but schoolchildren already have a small but important goal - a good grade. Trying to achieve this goal, students form knowledge, gradually achieving the goal becomes more difficult (you need to learn the rules, solve complex equations), and thanks to this, knowledge becomes deeper. The purpose of your school education is to form you as a full-fledged, self-sufficient person who sets goals for himself and achieves them.

1. Answer questions #1,2 on pages 53-54. Vinogradova N.F., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. and others / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. Social science grade 6. Education.

2. Complete Task No. 7 on page 54. Vinogradova N.F., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. and others / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. Social science grade 6. Education.

3. *Write an essay on the topic “Working on yourself is the most important activity”, using an example from literature or your own life.

PRACTICAL WORK #1

"ACTIVITIES"

GOALS:

Describe the motives for the implementation of activities.

Get to know the main activities.

Highlight the differences between practical and spiritual activities.

Determine the differences in the classifications of activities.

5. Develop skills in working with text, highlighting the main thing, systematization, working with diagrams, tables, develop skills in establishing cause-and-effect relationships

Activity in philosophy and social psychology is called purposeful activity, characterized by the transformation of the environment and the person himself.

Thus, the activity must necessarily imply a goal. Non-purposeful actions cannot be considered activities. For example, during a panic, people take actions that are in no way justified from the point of view of reason; one can say "panic action", but one cannot say "panic activity". In turn, if the goal is set, but no active actions are taken, this cannot be considered an activity either.

It is important to note that any activity must be transformative. If no changes have occurred as a result of actions, this also cannot be considered an activity.

There is another, less common definition: "Activity is a set of interrelated actions prompted by needs and aimed at achieving a goal."

TASK 1 Consider the information and typology of M. Weber, make a table "Motives for the implementation of activities"

According to the ratio of subject and object, one can single out subject-object, subject-subject and inverse activities. Communication and communication (presence and absence of feedback). Communication is the process of interaction between two or more subjects for the purpose of one-way transfer of information.

Secondly, in the structure of activity, the goal, the means to achieve it and the results are distinguished. The means must necessarily correspond to the goal; no sane person under normal circumstances would hammer nails with a microscope. After the completion of the activity, its results must be compared with the goal; in case of coincidence between them, the activity is recognized as successful.

Finally, thirdly, separate actions are distinguished in the structure of activity. The most famous typology of social action was proposed by Max Weber.

Based on the implementation motives, he singled out goal-oriented, value-rational, traditional and affective actions. Purposeful rational actions are characterized by the clarity of understanding the goal and the means to achieve it; the indicator of the effectiveness of an action is the result achieved. Value-rational actions are characterized by belief in the unconditional value (moral, religious, political) of the action itself, regardless of possible results and benefits. Such an action is based on certain "commandments", in following which a person sees his duty. There is no specific goal and a definite result, but there is a motive, meaning, orientation to others.

Traditional (habitual) actions do not have a conscious motive, they are performed automatically, by force of habit. A person does not analyze these actions and, even if the conditions for their implementation have changed, continues to act in the usual way. For example, it is difficult for a typist who has started working on a computer to break the habit of manually translating the carriage of a typewriter.

Finally, affective actions have no purpose at all and are performed under the influence of strong emotional excitement - positive, such as joy, or negative, such as anger. For example, a woman saw a mouse; her reaction is irrational, since the mouse will not harm her, but it is very difficult for a woman to cope with her emotions. On one of the TV shows, participants were asked to identify the contents of the box by touch.

In fact, only the first two types of actions can be classified as social actions, since they are rational in nature. Traditional and affective actions belong to the realm of the unconscious, but they also play a role in the activity. In order to study at school, you must first come to it, and walking in children older than 4-5 years is already a traditional action.

TASK 2 Study the material, the diagram and draw a conclusion about the differences between practical and spiritual activities, draw up a diagram "Practical activity"

In modern philosophy, several types of activity are also distinguished. According to the first reason, it can be divided into practical and spiritual. Practical activity is aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society, while spiritual activity is aimed at changing people's consciousness.

Practical activity, in turn, is divided into material production and social transformation.

They are distinguished by the object of activity: if material objects (both natural and man-made) change as a result, then this is a material production activity; if, as a result, changes occur in society, then this is a socially transformative activity.

Cooking, making tools, building houses are related to material and production activities, and reforms, revolutions, and the learning process are socially transformative.

TASK 3 Using the table, draw up a diagram of "Activities"

TASK 4 Using the illustrations, make a chart "Activities"

Manifestations of human essence are diverse. However, the distinguishing feature for a person, which distinguishes him from the whole world of living beings, which determines his essence, is human activity.

Activity- a way of relating to the world inherent only to a person, which is a process during which a person consciously and purposefully changes the world and himself. It is human activity that is the basis of the unity of the biological and social in man.

Through activity, a person changes the conditions of his existence, transforms the world around him in accordance with his constantly developing needs. Human activity is impossible in a single manifestation and from the very beginning acts as a collective, social one. Without activity, neither the life of society nor the existence of each individual person is possible. In the process of human activity, the world of material and spiritual culture is created, and at the same time, the activity itself is a phenomenon of human culture.

The main types of human activity are labor and creativity. Work- this is the expedient material and objective activity of people, which has as its content the development and transformation of the natural and social environment to meet the historical needs of man and society. Labor is the production of material goods, and the education of a person, and healing, and managing people.

Creative activity is closely connected with labor activity. Creation- the ability of a person to create qualitatively new material and spiritual values, to create a new reality that meets social needs. Creative activities include scientific research, the creation of works of literature and art, etc.

Labor and creativity are inextricably linked: material labor contains an intellectual component, moral and aesthetic aspects, i.e. elements of creativity. Human activity plays a crucial role in the formation of personality.

4. The concepts of "man", "individual", "personality". The structure of personality.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality".

« Man"- this is a general, generic concept, it indicates the presence in the world of such a historically developing community as the human race (homo sapiens), which differs in its own way of life.

The concept of " individual" indicates a separate, specific representative of the human race, with its unique biological, mental and social characteristics.

The concept of " personality emphasizes the social essence of the individual. The concept of "personality" denotes the integrity of the social properties of a person, characterizes the individual as a product of social development, the result of inclusion in the system of social relations through communication and vigorous activity. Personality is the bearer of legal, ethical, aesthetic and other social norms, it is the subject of knowledge and transformation of the world.

The concepts of "man" - "individual" - "personality" are dialectically interconnected: they correlate, respectively, as general – singular – special .

The concept of "personality" is integrating, uniting into a single whole and biological, and mental, and social in a person. So in the structure of personality three levels can be distinguished: biological, mental, social.

A personality has morphological differences, features of its bodily organization: figure, gait, facial expression, manner of speaking. The biological level of personality also emphasizes the close connection of man with his natural environment. The biological component is a necessary condition for ensuring the integrity of the personality, its manifestation.

The psychological core of the personality is its character, will. The nature of the personality is manifested in the achievement of socially significant goals, in accordance with the ideals developed by society. Without will, neither morality nor citizenship is possible, the social self-affirmation of the individual as a person is impossible.

At the same time, a person is a person not by his bodily or mental organization, but by his social qualities. Personality is formed in the process of collective activity and communication. These factors are manifested in the process of socialization. Socialization- this is the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social norms and values, the process of formation of social qualities, knowledge and skills necessary for the successful realization of oneself in a given society. Socialization is a process that plays a huge role in the life of both the individual and society. The success of socialization depends on how much a person will be able to realize himself, his abilities in society. For society, the success of the socialization process depends on whether the new generation will be able to adopt the experience, skills, values, achievements of the culture of older generations, whether continuity in the development of society will be preserved.

A necessary condition for the formation of a personality is the formation of a worldview - a system of views on the world and a person's place in it. Only having developed a certain worldview, a person gets the opportunity to realize the meaning of his being in the world, the possibility of self-determination in life, the realization of his essence.

Personality includes:

Common features inherent in her as a representative of the human race,

Special signs as a representative of a certain society with its specific national features, socio-political characteristics, cultural traditions,

Unique individual characteristics due to hereditary traits, unique conditions of the microenvironment in which the personality is formed (family, friends, educational or work team, etc.), as well as unique individual experience.

Human activities- a rather subjective concept, since, if desired, they can be described on more than one page, but most psychologists and sociologists have decided on three main specific types: learning, play and work. Each age has its own main activity, but this does not mean that adults do not play, and schoolchildren do not work.

Labor activity.

Labor activity ( work) is the transformation by a person of both material and intangible objects, in order to use them in the future to meet their needs. By the nature of the applied actions, labor activity is divided into:

• practical activities(or productive activity - changing objects of nature, or changing society);
• spiritual activity(intellectual, creativity, etc.).

It is this type of activity, according to most anthropologists, that is the driving force behind the evolution of people. Thus, in the process of labor, the purpose of which is the production of a product, the worker himself is formed. Perhaps labor is one of the main types of activity, but there would be no effective labor activity without one more of its types - teaching, or training.

Educational activity.

Learning activities ( training, education) is an activity aimed at obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities. The value of this type of activity is that it prepares a person for work. Teaching is a broad concept that has many varieties. This is not necessarily sitting out your pants at school at your desk. This includes sports training, and reading books, and movies, and TV shows (not all TV shows, of course). Self-education as a type of learning can take place in a passive, unconscious form throughout a person's life. For example, you were flipping through channels on TV and accidentally heard a recipe on a cooking show, and then it suddenly came in handy for you.

Game activity.

Game activity ( a game) - a type of activity, the purpose of which is the activity itself, and not the result. The case when the main thing is participation, that is, the process itself is important. This is the classic definition. Nevertheless, the game, in my opinion, is, if not a kind of training, then its offshoot, because it, like training, is a preparation for work. A sort of spin-off of study, if you will. A game of dice, Cossack robbers, "Call of Duty" or "Who wants to become a millionaire" - all these games, to one degree or another, teach some kind of mental or physical activity, bring some skills, knowledge, abilities. Develop logic, erudition, reaction, physical condition of the body and so on. There are many types of games: individual and group, subject and story, role-playing, intellectual, etc.

Variety of activities.

The above classification of human activity is generally accepted, but not the only one. Sociologists single out some types of activity as the main ones, psychologists others, historians the third, and culturologists the fourth. They characterize activity in terms of its usefulness/uselessness, morality/immorality, creation/destruction, etc. Human activity can be labor and leisure, creative and consumer, creative and destructive, cognitive and value-oriented, and so on.

Activity- this is the process of a person's active attitude to reality, during which the subject achieves the goals set earlier, the satisfaction of various needs and the development of social experience.

Activity structure:

1) Subject - the one who carries out activities (a person, a group of people, an organization, a state body);

2) The object is what it is aimed at (natural materials, various objects, spheres or areas of people's lives);

3) Motives - those internal forces that are associated with the needs of the individual and encourage her to a certain activity;

4) Goals - the most significant objects, phenomena, tasks and objects for a person, the achievement and possession of which constitute the essence of his activity. The purpose of an activity is an ideal representation of its future result;

5) Methods and techniques (actions) - relatively complete elements of activity aimed at achieving intermediate goals subordinate to a common motive.

Any activity includes internal and external components. Initially, objective actions are performed, and only then, as experience accumulates, a person acquires the ability to perform the same actions in the mind. The translation of an external action into an internal plan is called internalization. The realization of mental action outside, in the form of actions with objects, is called exteriorization. The activity is carried out in the form of a system of actions.

Action- the main structural unit of activity, which is defined as a process aimed at achieving the goal. Allocate practical (objective) and mental actions.

Skills and skills as structural elements of activity:

1) Human knowledge about the world arises initially in the form of images, sensations and perceptions. The processing of sensory data about consciousness leads to the formation of representations and concepts. Actions with objects give a person knowledge at the same time about their properties and about the possibilities of handling them;

2) A skill is a stereotyped way of performing individual actions - operations, formed as a result of their repeated repetition and characterized by curtailment (reduction) of its conscious control. Skills are formed as a result of exercises, i.e. purposeful and systematic repetition of actions. To save a skill, it should be used systematically, otherwise de-automation occurs, i.e. weakening or almost complete destruction of developed automatisms;

3) Skill is a method of performing actions mastered by the subject, provided by a set of acquired knowledge and skills. Skills are formed as a result of the coordination of skills, their combination into systems with the help of actions that are under conscious control. Skills are based on active intellectual activity and necessarily include thinking processes. Conscious intellectual control is the main thing that distinguishes skills from skills.

Types of human activity, their classification:

1) Game - a form of human activity in conditional situations, aimed at recreating and assimilating social experience, fixed in socially fixed ways of implementing objective actions;

2) Teaching is a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. The main goal of the teaching is preparation for future independent labor activity;

3) Labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material or spiritual needs of people.