Description of allergic rash in children. Allergic rash in children

Poor ecology, low-quality products, polluted water significantly increase the risk of allergic reactions. Frequent illnesses require taking medications, immunity weakens, sensitization of the body increases.

Unfortunately, allergic rashes are not uncommon in young children. The release of histamine to fight allergens causes skin reactions of a different nature. Detailed information about an allergic rash will help distinguish a pronounced reaction to an irritant from signs of infectious diseases.

Reasons for the appearance

Doctors have found that a rash, as a manifestation of an allergy, is a signal of disorders of the immune system. With increased sensitization of the body, negative reactions appear even when in contact with harmless substances: pollen, products. Sometimes irritants are pets (or rather, their hair), cold and sunlight.

Main reasons:

• household chemicals, baby care cosmetics. The reaction appears almost instantly or occurs as the wrong composition accumulates;
• products. Main allergens: chocolate, honey, citrus fruits, fruits, red and orange vegetables. A skin rash often occurs after eating fatty cow's milk, strawberries, nuts, seafood. Acute / chronic urticaria, Quincke's edema (the most severe form) - forms of food allergies; (You can read more about food allergies in articles);
• pet hair. The smallest scales, gradually falling off the cat's skin, dry up, spread around the room. Indoors, a high concentration of the allergen was noted. That is why there are no negative reactions if the child strokes the cat on the street, but when communicating with the pet Murzik, lacrimation, a rash on the face, and sneezing appear;
• dry fish food is another common allergen. Small particles penetrate the respiratory tract, larynx, cause swelling, rash on the face, cough, allergic rhinitis. For this reason, it is forbidden to keep an aquarium in the bedroom. If you are allergic to dry food, replace it with live food or give the aquarium to relatives;
• medicines. It is not always possible to determine which medications provoke allergies in a particular child. Most often it is antibiotics. If serious, long-term treatment with the use of potent drugs is required, the doctor will definitely prescribe antihistamines. These funds will protect the body from possible negative reactions;
• pollen. Seasonal allergies often occur in late spring (poplar fluff, “earrings” near birch) and late summer (ragweed). The main symptoms are allergic rhinitis, skin rashes, swelling of the face, lacrimation, sneezing. In severe cases, allergists strongly recommend taking children out of the city until the flowering period of dangerous plants is over.

Provoking factors:

• toxicosis at various stages of pregnancy;
• severe viral infections in early childhood;
• artificial feeding (since birth or early refusal of breast milk);
• autoimmune pathologies;
• weakened immunity after serious illnesses, with malnutrition, lack of vitamins; (For more information on how to strengthen the child's immunity, read the article);
• bad ecology;
• malnutrition of a woman during pregnancy, the use of foods that provoke allergies;
• hereditary predisposition;
• long-term use of potent drugs.

Note! Children with weak immunity are more susceptible to harmful factors. Often, allergists note the interaction of many causes that provoke the active release of histamine into the blood, severe forms of the disease.

Types of allergic rash

Increased sensitization (sensitivity) of the body is of two types:

• hereditary. Are your parents (mum or dad) allergic? The baby is highly likely to inherit a tendency to allergic reactions;
• acquired. The problem arises when the body's defenses are reduced after an illness, due to malnutrition. The immune system reacts sharply to potential irritants, with pronounced skin symptoms. Sometimes an allergy provokes the use of a large amount of a certain product.

An allergic rash on the body has a different localization, manifests itself both in the form of light, pinkish spots, and large red formations with an uneven, rough surface, as in eczema.

According to the nature of the clinical manifestations, rashes with allergies in children are divided into three groups. Each variety has characteristic symptoms.

Dermatitis

Kinds:

• Contact dermatitis occurs when you come into contact with a potential allergen. The affected area itches badly, the child rubs, combs the skin until it bleeds. Rashes are often complicated by secondary infection;
• atopic or . Vivid manifestations: red crusts are visible on the folds of the legs and arms, cheeks. Formations protrude above the skin, coarsen, ichor appears from the edges.

Hives

A common form of allergic rashes. This type of disease looks like reddish / red-orange spots of various shapes and sizes. After pressing in the center of the problem area, whitish blotches are noticeable.

There are acute and chronic. Symptoms occur immediately after contact with an irritant, especially when antibiotics are used. In some forms, symptoms appear gradually.

Forms:

• light;
• medium heavy;
• heavy.

With dangerous angioedema (giant urticaria), not only spots are observed, but also swelling of the face, lips, larynx, which threatens with suffocation. An immediate ambulance call is required.

Advice! If your child has chronic urticaria that recurs after taking illegal drugs or foods, always keep effective antihistamines on hand. Before medical manipulations requiring anesthesia, when prescribing antibiotics, always warn the doctor about an allergy to a particular drug.

Exudative diathesis

When rashes most often occur in babies aged 6 months to a year. Manifestations resemble childhood eczema, occur with a certain frequency. Often the problem is hereditary. The danger of this type of allergic reaction is damage to the nervous system.

In addition to itchy foci filled with exudate, other signs are noticeable:

• irritability;
• causeless crying;
• sleep problems.

baby eczema

This type of allergic rash causes a lot of suffering to the baby:

• on the ankles, face, hands, neck, there are multiple foci that rise above the surface;
• inside there is a liquid (exudate) with irritating properties;
• gradually the affected areas dry up, crusts appear, the surface cracks, itches a lot;
• when combing, a secondary infection easily penetrates into the wounds, the condition of deep tissues worsens;
• damage to the nervous system is added to the foci of inflammation, the condition of the sick child becomes critical;
• in severe cases, neglected eczema can lead to sad consequences.

Characteristics

How not to confuse an allergic rash with other diseases? Perhaps the child has rubella or, and parents in vain “blame” oranges or a couple of chocolates for the problem.

Look at the table. Find out which symptoms are typical for infectious diseases, which ones are for allergic rashes.

You can learn more about childhood infectious diseases on our website. For example, it is written about scarlet fever; about chickenpox, read the page.

Diagnostics

A timely, accurate diagnosis allows you to immediately begin the fight against allergies. Do not confuse viral infections and rashes of an allergic nature.

Main researches:

• skin test for allergies;
• general blood analysis.

Effective Treatments

How to treat an allergic rash? Most types of rashes respond well to treatment, if the influence of harmful factors is excluded, and a chronic course is prevented. With a hereditary form accompanied by relapses, it is important to follow preventive measures in order to minimize the influence of negative factors.

In the absence of control over the child's nutrition, frequent medication, weak immunity, the risk of an allergic rash and other symptoms increases dramatically.

How to eliminate skin rashes and other signs of allergies:

• first rule. After identifying the irritant, protect the child from contact with him;
• sedatives. Relieve irritation, itching of the skin. Give the children motherwort, a decoction of lemon balm, valerian tablets;
• antihistamines. Remove the manifestations of allergies, block the flow of histamine into the blood. The doctor will prescribe Erius, Tsetrin, Zirtek, Diazolin, Suprastin, Claritin;
• sorbents. Effective means for removing toxins and allergic components from the body. Recommended Enterosgel, Polysorb, activated or white coal, Laktofiltrum;
• antihistamine ointments. With abundant rashes, cracked surfaces, smear problem areas with Fenistil-gel, Advantan;
• severe forms of allergies. The doctor will add potent drugs: Hydrocortisone or Prednisolone. Use for a limited time as directed by the allergist, never buy hormonal ointments on your own to avoid side effects;
• cleansing the body, relieving stress of the nervous system. Diphenhydramine, calcium chloride;
• herbal decoctions. Be sure to make lotions, bathe a small allergic person with the addition of healing infusions and decoctions. Relieve itching, swelling, soothe irritated areas of chamomile, string, sage. Be sure to consult your doctor;
• blood purification. With frequent bouts of allergies, brew nettle decoction for children. 1 tsp is enough for a glass of boiling water. dry leaves. After 40 minutes, remove the greens, strain, give the little patient ½ cup twice a day;
• diuretic drugs. Tablets, decoctions are recommended for severe tissue swelling, for the speedy removal of the allergen from the body. Brew juniper twigs, lingonberry leaves, bearberry, give Furosemide. Always consult about diuretic herbs: the doctor will tell you if folk remedies are allowed, taking into account the age of the young patient.

• strengthening the immune system;
• refusal to contact with the allergen;
• proper nutrition, restriction (exclusion from the menu of potentially dangerous foods);
• hardening, healthy sleep, daily routine;
• vitamin therapy, intake of mineral complexes, nutritional supplements according to age;
• destruction of weeds in the area adjacent to the house, refusal to walk in places where "dangerous" trees and shrubs grow;
• temporary removal of the baby from the settlement in case of a severe reaction to plant pollen. It is important to know the exact period of seasonal allergies;
• minimal use of household chemicals, the use of powders suitable for washing baby clothes;
• baby care using only high-quality, hypoallergenic creams, shampoos, soaps without dyes and irritating components;
• if there is a newborn or young children in the house, refrain from using strong perfumes, deodorants: substances in the form of a spray often provoke allergic reactions;
• make sure that the baby does not come into contact with metals, synthetic fabrics, cannot get to the packages of washing powder, cleaning products, varnishes, cosmetics;
• regular visits to the pediatrician. At the slightest suspicion of sensitization of the body, ask for a referral to a consultation with an allergist.

An allergic rash is one of the most common symptoms with pronounced reactions of the body to a certain irritant. It is useful for parents to know why an allergy occurs, how to identify a negative factor. Do not panic if the child has a rash, lacrimation, allergic rhinitis, cough, swelling develops. Competent actions before the arrival of a doctor or the arrival of an ambulance will prevent dangerous complications.

Video. Children's doctor Komarovsky about children's allergic rash:

Any person, sometimes even without realizing it, faces various types of rashes in his life. And this is not necessarily the body's reaction to any disease, since there are about several hundred types of ailments in which rashes can appear.

And only a few dozen really dangerous cases, when rashes are a symptom of serious health problems. Therefore, with such a phenomenon as a rash, you need to be, as they say, "on the alert." The truth and a mosquito bite or contact with nettles also leave marks on the human body.

We think that it will not be superfluous for everyone to be able to distinguish between types of rash, and most importantly, to know its causes. This is especially true for parents. After all, sometimes it is by rashes that you can find out in time that the child is sick, which means helping him and preventing the development of complications.

Skin rashes. Types, causes and localization

Let's start talking about rashes on the human body with a definition. Rash are pathological changes mucous membranes or skin , which are elements of various colors, shapes and textures that differ sharply from the normal state of the skin or mucous membranes.

Skin rashes in children, as well as in adults, appear under the influence of various factors and can be triggered by both the disease and the body, for example, medicines, food or an insect bite. It is worth noting that there is indeed a considerable number of adult and childhood diseases with skin rashes, which can be both harmless and really dangerous to life and health.

Distinguish rash primary , i.e. rash that first appeared on healthy skin and secondary , i.e. rash, which is localized at the site of the primary. According to experts, the appearance of a rash can be caused by a variety of ailments, for example, infectious diseases in children and adults, problems with vascular and circulatory system, allergic reactions and dermatological diseases .

However, there are cases in which there may or may not be changes in the skin, although they are characteristic of this disease. This is important to remember, because sometimes, expecting the first characteristic symptoms from childhood diseases with skin rashes, i.e. rashes, parents overlook other important signs that their child is not feeling well, such as being unwell or lethargic.

The rash itself is not a disease, but only a symptom of malaise. This means that the treatment of rashes on the body depends directly on the cause of their occurrence. In addition, other symptoms that accompany the rash play an important role in the diagnosis, for example, the presence of temperature or, as well as the location of the rashes, their frequency and intensity.

Rash, of course, can be attributed to the causes of body itching. However, it often happens that the whole body itches, but there is no rash. In essence, such a phenomenon as itch, - this is a signal of the nerve endings of the skin that react to external (insect bite) or internal (ejection histamine with allergies) irritants.

Itching of the whole body without rashes is characteristic of a number of serious ailments, for example, such as:

• blockage bile duct ;
• chronic ;
• cholangitis ;
• oncology of the pancreas ;
• disease endocrine system ;
• mental disorders ;
• infectious invasion (intestinal,) .

Therefore, you should immediately seek the advice of a doctor and in cases where the rash on the body itches and in the presence of severe itching without rashes on the skin. It is worth noting that in some cases, for example, in old age or during the time, there is no need for drug treatment of itching all over the body without a rash, since this may be a variant of the norm.

As we age, the skin can suffer from dryness and require more hydration. The same can be true for the skin of a pregnant woman due to the hormonal changes that occur in her body during the period of bearing a child. In addition, there is such a thing as psychogenic itching .

This condition is most common in people over the age of forty. In such cases, there is no rash, and severe itching is the result of extreme stress. Nervous environment, lack of proper physical and psychological rest, crazy work schedule and other life circumstances of a modern person can bring him to a breakdown and depression.

Types of rash, description and photo

So, to summarize and outline the main causes of a rash on the skin and mucous membranes:

• infectious diseases , For example, , , for which, in addition to rashes on the body, other symptoms are also characteristic ( fever, runny nose etc);
• on food, medicines, chemicals, animals, and so on;
• diseases or vascular system often accompanied by rashes on the body, if disturbed vascular permeability or reduced the number that are involved in the process blood clotting .

Signs of a rash are the presence of rashes on the human body in the form blisters, bubbles or bubbles larger size, nodes or nodules, spots, as well as abscesses. When identifying the cause of the rash, the doctor analyzes not only the appearance of the rashes, but also their localization, as well as other symptoms that the patient has.

In medicine, the following primary morphological elements or types of rash (i.e. those that first appeared on previously healthy human skin):

tubercle it is an element without a cavity, deeply lying in the subcutaneous layers, up to one centimeter in diameter, leaves a scar after healing, without appropriate treatment it can degenerate into ulcers.

Blister - this is a type of rash without a cavity, the color of which can be from whitish to pink, occurs due to swelling of the papillary layer of the skin, it is characteristic of it, and does not leave marks during healing. As a rule, such rashes appear when toxidermia (inflammation of the skin due to an allergen entering the body), with hives or bites insects.

Papule (papular rash) - this is also a stripless type of rash, which can be caused by both inflammatory processes and other factors, depending on the depth in the subcutaneous layers, it is divided into epidermal, epidermal and dermal nodules , the size of papules can reach three centimeters in diameter. Cause papular rash diseases such as , or (abbreviated HPV ).

Subtypes of papular rash: erythematous-papular (, Crosti-Janott syndrome, trichinosis), maculo-papular (, adenoviruses, sudden exanthema, allergies) and maculopapular rash (urticaria, mononucleosis, rubella, drug taxidermy, measles, rickettsiosis).

bubble - this is a type of rash that has a bottom, a cavity and a tire, such a rash is filled with serous-hemorrhagic or serous contents. The size of such a rash does not exceed, as a rule, 0.5 centimeters in diameter. This type of rash usually appears when allergic dermatitis, at or .

Bubble - This is a larger bubble, the diameter of which exceeds 0.5 centimeters.

Pustule or abscess - this is a type of rash that is located in deep () or superficial follicular, as well as superficial non-follicular ( conflicts look like pimples) or deep non-follicular ( ecthymes or purulent ulcers ) layers of the dermis and is filled with purulent contents. A healing field of pustules forms a scar.

Spot - a kind of rash, is a local discoloration of the skin in the form of a spot. This type is typical for dermatitis, leukoderma, (skin pigmentation disorder) or roseola (an infectious disease in children caused by herpes virus 6 or 7 types). It is noteworthy that harmless freckles, as well as moles, are an example of a rash in the form of pigmented spots.

The appearance of red spots on the body of a child is a signal to parents to act. Of course, the causes of such rashes on the back, on the head, on the stomach, as well as on the arms and legs can be allergic reaction or for example prickly heat in children of the first year of life.

However, if red spots appear on the child’s body and there are other symptoms ( fever, cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, severe itching ), then, most likely, the point here is not individual intolerance or non-compliance with the temperature regime and overheating.

A red spot on the cheek of a child may be a consequence of insect bites or diathesis . In any case, if any changes appear on the skin of the baby, you should immediately call a doctor.

Red rashes on the body, as well as on the face and neck in adults, in addition to the above reasons, may occur due to cardiovascular disease , malnutrition and bad habits, as well as due to a decrease. In addition, stressful situations often have a negative effect on the skin and provoke the appearance of rashes.

Autoimmune pathologies (psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus ) and dermatological diseases proceed with the formation of a rash. It is noteworthy that red spots may appear in the sky in the mouth, as well as in the throat. This phenomenon usually indicates mucosal infection (bubbles in the throat are characteristic of scarlet fever , and red spots - for sore throats ), about an allergic reaction or about a violation in the work of the circulatory and vascular system.

Measles symptoms in order of occurrence:

• a sharp jump in temperature (38-40 C);
• dry cough;
• photosensitivity;
• runny nose and sneezing;
• headaches;
• measles enanthema;
• measles exanthema.

One of the main signs of the disease is measles viral exanthema in children and adults, and enanthema . The first term in medicine is called a rash on the skin, and the second is understood as a rash on the mucous membranes. The peak of the disease falls precisely on the appearance of a rash that initially affects the mucous membranes in the mouth (red spots on the soft and hard palate and whitish spots on the mucous cheeks with a red border).

Then maculopapular rashes become noticeable along the hairline on the head and behind the ears. A day later, small red dots appear on the face and gradually cover the entire body of a person with measles.

The sequence of rashes with measles is as follows:

• first day: mucous membranes of the oral cavity, as well as the area of ​​the head and behind the ears;
• second day: face;
• third day: torso;
• fourth day: limbs.

In the process of healing measles rashes, age spots remain, which, by the way, disappear by themselves after some time. With this disease, moderate itching can be observed.

A disease caused by a harmful effect on the human body Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci ). The carrier of the disease can be a person who is sick himself scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis or .

In addition, you can get infected from someone who has recently been ill himself, but there are still harmful bacteria in the body that spread by airborne droplets.

What is most interesting, pick up scarlet fever it is possible even from an absolutely healthy person, on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx of which group A streptococci . In medicine, this phenomenon is called a "healthy carrier."

According to statistics, about 15% of the world's population can be safely classified as healthy carriers. streptococci A . In the treatment of scarlet fever, they are used, which kill streptococcal bacteria. In especially severe cases, patients are prescribed infusion therapy to reduce the severity of symptoms of general intoxication .

It should be emphasized that quite often this disease is confused with purulent tonsillitis , which is really present, though only as one of the symptoms of scarlet fever. The misdiagnosis situation can be fatal in some cases. Since especially severe septic cases of scarlet fever are accompanied by severe focal lesions of streptococcal bacteria throughout the body.

Scarlet fever is more common in children, but adults can also be easily infected. It is believed that people who have had the disease receive lifelong immunity. However, in medical practice there are many cases of re-infection. The incubation period lasts on average about 2-3 days.

Microbes begin to multiply on the tonsils located in the nasopharynx and oral cavity of a person, and when they enter the blood, they affect the internal organs. The first symptom of the disease is the general intoxication organism. A person can rise temperature , be present severe headaches, general weakness, nausea or vomit and other features characteristic of bacterial infection .

Rashes appear on the second or third day of the course of the disease. Soon after this, a rash on the tongue, the so-called "scarlet tongue", can be noticed. The disease almost always goes along with acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis) . Rashes with this disease look like small pinkish-red dots or pimples one to two millimeters in size. The rash is rough to the touch.

Initially, a rash appears on the neck and face, usually on the cheeks. In an adult on the cheeks, the cause of rashes can be not only scarlet fever, but also other ailments. However, it is with this disease that due to the multiple accumulation of pimples, the cheeks are painted in a crimson hue, while the nasolabial triangle remains pale in color.

In addition to the face, the rash with scarlet fever is localized mainly in the groin area, lower abdomen, back, buttocks folds, as well as on the sides of the body and on the folds of the limbs (in the armpits, under the knees, on the elbows). On the tongue, sores appear approximately 2-4 days after the onset of the acute phase of the disease. If you press on the rash, then it becomes colorless, i.e. as if disappearing.

Usually, rashes with scarlet fever disappear without a trace in a week. However, after the same seven days, peeling appears at the site of the rash. On the skin of the legs and arms, the upper layer of the dermis comes off in plates, and on the trunk and face there is a small peeling. Due to the localization of the rash in scarlet fever, it seems that large red spots form on the cheeks of an infant or an adult.

True, there are not isolated cases when the disease proceeds without the appearance of rashes on the skin. It is important to note that, as a rule, there is no rash in severe forms of the disease: septic, erased or toxic scarlet fever. In the above forms of the disease, other symptoms come to the fore, for example, the so-called "scarlet" heart (a significant increase in the size of the organ) with a toxic form or multiple lesions of connective tissues and internal organs with septic scarlet fever.

Viral disease, the incubation period in which can last from 15 to 24 days. It is transmitted from an infected person by airborne droplets. In the vast majority of cases, this disease affects children. Moreover, the chances of getting infected in infancy, as a rule, are negligible, unlike a child at 2-4 years old. The thing is that newborns from the mother (if she had been ill at one time with this disease) get innate immunity.

Scientists attribute rubella to diseases, having been ill with which the human body receives a strong immunity. Although the disease is more common in children, adults can also contract it.

Rubella is especially dangerous for women during. The thing is that the infection can be transmitted to the fetus and provoke the development of complex malformations ( deafness, skin lesions, brain damage or eye ).

In addition, even after birth, the child continues to get sick ( congenital rubella ) and is considered a carrier of the disease. There is no specific medicine for the treatment of rubella, as in the case of measles, at the moment.

Doctors use the so-called symptomatic treatment, i.e. alleviate the patient's condition while the body is fighting the virus. The most effective means of controlling rubella is vaccination. The incubation period for rubella can pass unnoticed by a person.

However, upon its completion, symptoms such as:

• slight increase in body temperature;
• pharyngitis;
• headaches;
• conjunctivitis;
• adenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes in the neck);
• macular eruptions.

With rubella, a small spotted rash initially appears on the face, which quickly spreads throughout the body and predominates in the buttocks, lower back, and on the folds of the arms and legs. As a rule, this occurs within 48 hours after the onset of the acute phase of the disease. Rash in a child rubella at first it looks like a measles rash. Then it may resemble a rash when scarlet fever .

This similarity of both the primary symptoms themselves and the rashes during measles, scarlet fever and rubella may confuse parents, which will affect treatment. Therefore, you should immediately seek medical help, especially if a rash appears on the face of a one-month-old baby. After all, only a doctor can correctly diagnose, "calculating" the real cause of the rash.

On average, skin rashes disappear on the fourth day after the onset, leaving no peeling or pigmentation behind. Rubella rash can be moderately itchy. There are also cases when the disease proceeds without the appearance of the main symptom - rashes.

(better known to the common people as chickenpox) is a viral disease that is transmitted by airborne droplets through direct contact with an infected person. This disease is characterized feverish state , as well as the presence papulovesicular rash , which is usually localized in all parts of the body.

Notably, the virus Varicella Zoster (varicella zoste) , causing chickenpox, as a rule, in childhood in adults provokes the development of an equally serious ailment - shingles or .

The risk group for chickenpox is children aged six months to seven years. The incubation period for chickenpox usually does not exceed three weeks, according to statistics, on average, after 14 days, the disease enters the acute phase.

First, a sick person has a feverish condition, and after a maximum of two days, rashes appear. It is believed that children tolerate the symptoms of the disease much better than adults.

This is primarily due to the fact that in adults, in the vast majority of cases, the disease proceeds in a complicated form. Usually, the period of a feverish state lasts no more than five days, and in especially serious cases it can reach ten days. The rash usually heals in 6-7 days.

In the vast majority of cases chickenpox passes without complications. However, there are exceptions when the disease is more severe ( gangrenous, bullous or hemorrhagic form ), then complications are inevitable in the form lymphadenitis, encephalitis, pyoderma or myocardium .

Since there is no single drug to combat chickenpox, this disease is treated symptomatically, i.e. alleviate the condition of the patient while his body is fighting the virus. In a feverish state, patients are shown bed rest, if severe itching is observed, then it is relieved with the help of antihistamines.

For faster healing of rashes, they can be treated with Castellani's solution, brilliant green ("brilliant green"), or use ultraviolet radiation, which will "dry" the rash and accelerate the formation of crusts. Currently, there is a vaccine that helps develop your own immunity against the disease.

At chicken pox Initially, a watery blistering rash appears in the form roseol . Within a few hours after the appearance of rashes, they change their appearance and transform into papules , some of which will develop into vesicles surrounded by a halo hyperemia . On the third day, the rash dries up and a dark red crust forms on its surface, which disappears by itself in the second or third week of the disease.

It is noteworthy that with chickenpox the nature of the rash is polymorphic, since on the same area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin can be observed as rashes in the form spots , and vesicles, papules and secondary elements, i.e. crusts. With this disease, there may be enanthema on the mucous membranes in the form of bubbles that turn into sores and heal within a few days.

The rash is accompanied by intense itching. If the rash is not combed, then it will pass without a trace, because. does not affect the germ layer of the dermis. However, if this layer is damaged (due to a permanent violation of the integrity of the skin surface), atrophic scars may remain at the site of the rash due to severe itching.

The occurrence of this disease provokes a harmful effect on the human body parvovirus B19 . Erythema It is transmitted by airborne droplets, in addition, the risk of contracting this disease is high during organ transplantation from an infected donor or during blood transfusion.

It is worth noting that infectious erythema belongs to the group of understudied diseases. It is believed that people who are prone to allergies .

In addition, erythema often occurs against the background of diseases such as , or tularemia . There are several main forms of the disease:

• sudden exanthema , children's roseola or "sixth" disease is considered the mildest form of erythema, the cause of which is herpes virus person;
• Chamer's erythema , a disease for which, in addition to rashes on the face, swelling of the joints is characteristic;
• erythema rosenberg characterized by an acute onset with fever and symptoms of general intoxication of the body, as in, for example. With this form of the disease, there is abundant maculopapular rash mainly on the limbs (extensor surfaces of the arms and legs), on the buttocks, as well as in the area of ​​large joints;
• is a type of disease that accompanies tuberculosis or rheumatism , rashes with it are localized on the forearms, on the legs, a little less often on the feet and thighs;
• exudative erythema accompanied by the appearance papules, spots , as well as a blistering rash with a clear liquid inside on the limbs and trunk. After the rashes go away, abrasions form in their place, and then crusts. With complicated exudative erythema ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome ) in addition to skin rashes on the genitals and in the anus, nasopharynx, mouth and tongue develop erosive sores.

The incubation period at infectious erythema may take up to two weeks. The first symptoms to appear intoxication organism. A sick person may complain about cough, diarrhea, headaches and nausea , as well as runny nose and pain in the throat. Usually increases temperature body and maybe fever.

It is noteworthy that this condition can last long enough, because the incubation period infectious erythema may be up to several weeks. Therefore, this disease is often confused with SARS or cold . When conventional methods of treatment do not bring the desired relief, and besides, a rash appeared on the body, this indicates the development of a disease of a completely different kind than acute respiratory viral diseases.

It is better to ask a doctor about how to treat viral erythema. Although it is known that for this disease there is no specific drug. Specialists use symptomatic treatment. Initially at infectious erythema rashes are localized on the face, namely on the cheeks and resemble a butterfly in their shape. After a maximum of five days, the rash will occupy the surface of the arms, legs, entire torso and buttocks.

Usually rashes do not form on the hands and feet. First, separate nodules and red spots form on the skin, which gradually merge with each other. Over time, the rash takes on a rounded shape, with a lighter middle and well-defined edges.

This disease belongs to the group of acute viral diseases, which, among other things, are characterized by a change in the composition of the blood and damage lymph nodes of the spleen and liver . get infected mononucleosis it is possible from a sick person, as well as from the so-called virus carrier, i.e. a person in whose body the virus “dozes”, but he himself does not get sick yet.

Often this ailment is called "kissing disease." It indicates the distribution mononucleosis - airborne.

Most often, the virus is transmitted with saliva when kissing or when sharing bed linen, dishes or personal hygiene items with an infected person.

Children and young people usually get mononucleosis.

Distinguish sharp and chronic form of discomfort. To diagnose mononucleosis, a blood test is used, which may contain antibodies to the virus or atypical mononuclear cells .

As a rule, the incubation period of the disease does not exceed 21 days, on average, the first signs mononucleosis appear within a week after infection.

The main symptoms of the virus include:

• general weakness of the body;
• dizziness;
• headaches;
• catarrhal tracheitis;
• muscle aches;
• increased body temperature;
• angina;
• inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• an increase in the size of the spleen and liver;
• skin rashes (For example, herpes first type).

A rash with mononucleosis usually appears with the first signs of the disease and looks like small red spots in size. In some cases, in addition to spots on the skin, roseolous rashes may be present. At mononucleosis the rashes usually do not itch. After healing, the rash disappears without a trace. In addition to skin rashes infectious mononucleosis white spots may appear on the larynx.

Meningococcal infection

Meningococcal infection is a disease caused by the harmful effects of bacteria on the human body meningococcus . The disease can be asymptomatic, and can be expressed in (inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx) or purulent. In addition, there is a danger of damage to various internal organs, as a result meningococcemia or meningoencephalitis .

The causative agent of the disease is Gram-negative meningococcus Neisseria meningitides, which is transmitted by airborne droplets from an infected person.

The infection penetrates through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. This means that the person simply inhales meningococcus nose and automatically becomes a carrier of the disease.

It is noteworthy that with a high degree of immune protection, no changes may occur, the body itself will defeat the infection. However, young children, whose immune system, however, as well as the whole body as a whole, are still too weak or the elderly can immediately feel the signs nasopharyngitis .

If bacteria meningococcus succeeds in penetrating the blood, then more severe consequences of the disease are inevitable. In such cases, it may develop meningococcal sepsis. In addition, bacteria are carried with the bloodstream and enter the kidneys and adrenal glands , and also affects the lungs and skin. Meningococcus without appropriate treatment is able to penetrate through blood-brain barrier and destroy brain .

Symptoms of this form meningococcus as nasopharyngitis similar to the beginning of the current SARS . In a sick person, there is a sharp increase temperature body, he suffers from strong headaches, sore throat, stuffy nose , when swallowing, pain is also present. Against the background of general intoxication in the throat appears hyperemia .

Meningococcal sepsis begins with a sharp jump in temperature up to 41 C. At the same time, the person feels extremely unwell, there are symptoms of a general intoxication organism. Small children can vomit, and infants are observed convulsions. Roseolous-papular or roseola rash appears on the second day.

When pressed, the rash disappears. After a few hours, hemorrhagic elements of the rash (bluish purple-red) appear, rising above the surface of the skin. The rash is localized in the buttocks, on the thighs, as well as on the legs and heels. If a rash appears in the first hours of the disease not in the lower, but in the upper part of the body and on the face, then this indicates a possible unfavorable prognosis for the course of the disease (ears, fingers, hands).

With lightning or hyprtoxic form meningococcal sepsis against the background of the rapid development of the disease appears hemorrhagic rash , which, right before our eyes, merges into vast formations in size, resembling in their appearance cadaveric spots . Without surgical treatment, this form of the disease leads to infectious-toxic shock which is incompatible with life.

At meningitis body temperature also rises sharply, chills are felt. The patient is tormented by severe headaches, which are aggravated by any movement of the head, he cannot tolerate sound or light stimuli. This disease is characterized vomit and young children develop seizures. In addition, children can take a specific “pointing dog” position with meningitis, when the child lies on his side, his head is strongly thrown back, his legs are bent, and his arms are brought to the body.

A rash with meningitis (red-violet or red hue) appears, as a rule, already on the first day of the acute phase of the disease. Eruptions are localized on the limbs, as well as on the sides. It is believed that the larger the area of ​​distribution of the rashes and the brighter their color, the more serious the patient's condition.

The cause of this pustular disease are streptococci (hemolytic streptococcus) and staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) , as well as their combinations. The causative agents of impetigo penetrate the hair follicles, causing the formation of a pustular rash, in place of which abscesses appear.

This disease usually affects children, people who frequent public places, as well as those who have recently suffered severe dermatological or infectious diseases .

Harmful microorganisms enter the human body through microcracks in the skin, as well as through abrasions and through insect bites. At impetigo rashes are localized on the face, namely near the mouth, in the nasolabial triangle or on the chin.

There are the following forms of the disease:

• or streptococcal impetigo , For example, lichen in which dry spots appear on the skin with a red rim or diaper rash;
• annular impetigo affects the legs, hands, and feet;
• bullous impetigo in which bubbles with liquid appear on the skin (with traces of blood);
• ostiofolliculitis is a type of disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus , rashes with such impetigo are localized in the thighs, neck, forearms and face;
• slit impetigo - this is a disease in which linear cracks can form in the corners of the mouth, at the wings of the nose, as well as at the eye fissures;
• herpetiformis a variety of impetigo is characterized by the presence of a rash in the armpits, under the breasts, and also in the groin.

Treatment of impetigo depends primarily on the type of disease. If the disease is caused by harmful bacteria, then antibiotics are prescribed. A sick person should have individual personal hygiene products so as not to infect others. Eruptions can be treated or biomycin ointment .

It is important to remember that the presence of any rashes on the body of a person, and especially children, is a reason to see a doctor. In the case when the rash covers the entire surface of the body in a matter of hours, it is accompanied by feverish state , a temperature rises above 39 C, while there are symptoms such as severe headache, vomiting and confusion, difficulty breathing, swelling , you should immediately call an ambulance.

To avoid more serious complications, do not injure areas of the body with rashes, for example, open blisters or comb the rash. As many experts warn, including the well-known pediatrician Dr. Komarovsky, you should not self-medicate, and even more so, postpone calling a doctor to check the effectiveness of alternative methods of treatment.

Education: Graduated from Vitebsk State Medical University with a degree in Surgery. At the university, he headed the Council of the Student Scientific Society. Advanced training in 2010 - in the specialty "Oncology" and in 2011 - in the specialty "Mammology, visual forms of oncology".

Experience: Work in the general medical network for 3 years as a surgeon (Vitebsk Emergency Hospital, Liozno Central District Hospital) and part-time as a district oncologist and traumatologist. Work as a pharmaceutical representative for a year in the Rubicon company.

He presented 3 rationalization proposals on the topic “Optimization of antibiotic therapy depending on the species composition of microflora”, 2 works won prizes in the republican competition-review of student scientific works (categories 1 and 3).

An allergic rash in children is a skin manifestation of a pathological immune response of the body to an external stimulus. The rash is often accompanied by itching, sneezing, coughing, or a runny nose. Young children are most susceptible to the disease, since their protective system is still being formed.

Causes of allergic rashes on the body in children

One of the main causes of hypersensitivity to antigen proteins is hereditary predisposition. If parents show signs of atopic dermatitis, the likelihood of an allergic rash in a child increases to 80%.

Allergy risk factors are laid during fetal development. The development of the pathological process is facilitated by:

• unfavorable course of pregnancy, complicated by toxicosis, oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios;
• exposure through the placenta of toxic substances: nicotine, alcohol, narcotic analgesics;
• bacterial or viral intrauterine infections;
• malnutrition of a pregnant woman (high-calorie and allergenic foods);
• negative impact of the environment, especially products of harmful production.

After birth, provoking factors can become:

The cause of a rash in children under one year old is most often a food allergy (reaction to cow's milk, eggs, cereals).

Clinical manifestations of dermatoses differ in the duration of the course, the nature (permanent or recurrent), and the intensity of manifestation of the elements of the rash.

Hives

Rashes in the form of bright pink blisters appear suddenly on different parts of the body, including the palms, soles, scalp. Bubbles can merge into a whole spot. The skin around is hyperemic and edematous.

The child is worried about severe itching; possible fever, vomiting, diarrhea, headache. Sometimes the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, larynx and nasopharynx are affected. Such localization is dangerous for the development of a severe complication - Quincke's edema.

The reaction can last from a few minutes to 4-5 days. Symptoms disappear as quickly as they appear.

Rash in atopic dermatitis

Reddening of the skin and papular rash are localized on the face and neck, in the area of ​​the knee and elbow joints. Small vesicles and serous papules appear on the cheeks.

Dry skin flakes, rashes are observed in the form of red spots, seals, acne and pustules. Children scratch the unbearably itchy skin, and the wounds serve as the entrance gate for a secondary infection.

Allergic dermatitis

Spotted rashes in a child under 2 years of age are localized on the face, behind the ear, in the groin, on the bends of the elbow and knee joints.

In older children, the neck area and the inner part of the elbow joints are more often affected. The skin looks edematous, cracks, crusts, erosion appear on the surface.

In adolescents, rashes appear on the back of the hands, on the forearms, face and neck. In severe cases, the rash covers the entire body.

baby eczema

Chronic skin disease is characterized by alternating periods of exacerbations and remissions. In the acute stage, a small rash and blisters appear on the skin. Opening, the latter secrete exudate, weeping erosions are formed.

After drying, crusts and scales form. At the same time, various elements can be observed: vesicles, erosions and crusts, which alternate with areas of healthy skin. Parts of the body are often affected symmetrically, inflammation and swelling are clearly delimited.

Toxidermia

Allergy manifestations are more often associated with taking medications (antibiotics or any syrups with flavors and dyes).

At the initial stage, erythematous spots, nodules appear.

With a moderate degree, small vesicles and single large blisters are added to the rashes by the type of urticaria.

A severe degree is characterized by a sharp violation of the patient's condition with complications in the form of anaphylactic shock or allergic vasculitis.

cold allergy

An atypical reaction of the immune system can develop immediately or some time after cold exposure. The intensity of skin manifestations depends on the individual characteristics of the child's body.

The rash is combined with signs of weathering of the face (peeling, swelling), as well as pain.

Neurodermatitis

Pathology is observed in children from 2 years of age. The diffuse form is characterized by the appearance of pale pink nodular rashes that can merge and form continuous zones of infiltration. The face, neck, folds of the arms and legs, the scalp, and the inguinal region are most often affected. Inflamed areas do not have clear boundaries.

Gradually, the skin thickens, flakes, skin pattern appears. There is a zone of hyperpigmentation along the perimeter.

Severe itching leads to scratching and the appearance of weeping erosions and crusts. Secondary infection can lead to chronic furunculosis.

A feature of neurodermatitis is a symptom of white dermographism (with weak pressure, a white mark remains on the skin).

Less common in children is limited neurodermatitis. Rashes in this form are observed in the groin, in the area of ​​​​the ankles and the lateral surfaces of the neck. The focus consists of a central scaly zone, a middle zone consisting of small red-brown shiny nodules, and an outer zone with increased pigmentation.

How to diagnose an allergy?

Sometimes, to make a diagnosis, it is enough for a pediatrician to examine the child and collect a detailed history. However, the symptoms of different types of allergic dermatitis are similar, atypical forms of the disease are often found.

In such cases, it is necessary to consult an allergist, who prescribes additional studies:

• general and biochemical blood tests;
• a blood test for specific immunoglobulins E, which determines the likely common group of allergens;
• skin allergy tests, which reveal the type of irritant.

How to distinguish an allergy from an infection?

To prescribe the correct treatment, it is important to differentiate between an allergic rash and manifestations of a viral (infectious) exanthema in scarlet fever, measles, chicken pox and other infections.

There are a number of characteristic features that distinguish diseases.

In addition, with an infectious disease, contact with a patient or a carrier of the pathogen is detected.

What medicines are used to treat allergic rashes in children?

Therapy of allergic conditions depends on the age of the child, the form and severity of the disease. The duration of treatment and dosage is determined by the attending physician.

External Therapy

Hormonal ointments (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone) are effective in the treatment of dermatitis, but have a number of contraindications. They should be used with caution under the supervision of a physician.

Corticosteroid drugs (Lokoid, Advantan, Elokom) reduce burning, redness, weeping. Children are assigned short courses.

Antihistamines

Medicines help reduce itching, redness, and swelling. Children are prescribed drugs based on loratadine, ceterizine or desloratadine. Erius, Zirtek, Claritin are effective. Reception of tablets is appointed 1 time per day.

Membrane stabilizing agents

Medicines relieve swelling and spasm of smooth muscles of blood vessels and bronchioles. Montelukast, Monax, Singular, Singlon are used to treat bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Eliminate pet allergens

If a child has an allergy to wool, biological secretions, or animal food, doctors advise relocating the pet.

In cases where this is not possible, contact with the protein irritant should be minimized:

• ventilate the room more often and carry out wet cleaning;
• for pet hygiene, use special anti-allergic products;
• install special air filters;
• explain that you should not kiss and bring the pet to your face, and wash your hands more often;
• do not let the animal into bed;
• do not involve the child in cleaning the cage or toilet.

What should I do if my child has a food allergy?

After determining the protein allergen, it is completely excluded from the diet. If necessary, the doctor recommends a replacement.

A hypoallergenic diet is selected individually based on the tests carried out and is introduced for 7-10 days. As the status improves, the menu expands. Ready meals are introduced with care, checking each ingredient.

The scheme of drug therapy includes the intake of antihistamines, sorbents and agents to normalize the functions of the gastrointestinal tract.

How many days does an allergic rash go away in children?

The speed of recovery depends on many factors: the duration of contact with the irritant, the degree of skin damage, the presence of complications, etc. In some cases (for example, when exposed to cold), the rash disappears quickly.

Food allergy in the initial stage in a child up to a year passes in 2-5 days (subject to the immediate elimination of the allergen from the diet).

Uncomplicated dermatitis or urticaria is cured in 7-10 days.

Children's eczema or neurodermatitis can be cured in 2 weeks, but often these diseases become chronic.

Prevention of allergic rash

Pediatricians advise first of all to strengthen the child's immunity: walk more often in the fresh air, exercise and adhere to the rules of rational nutrition.

It is important to observe hygiene - careful care of the baby's skin will prevent the appearance of diaper rash.

Medicines should be used as prescribed by the doctor and in accordance with the instructions.

Young children often encounter diseases due to weak immune systems. Some of them do not pose a serious threat to health, others require immediate treatment. Currently, many babies have pathological reactions to certain stimuli. Allergies can manifest themselves in different ways. Parents should be able to distinguish the first signs of an allergic reaction from dangerous diseases in order to provide the child with the necessary assistance.

Causes of a rash on the body of a child

Allergy is the body's response to an irritant. Children with a weakened immune system are most susceptible to allergies. Most often, it manifests itself in the form of a rash on the body; in addition, lacrimation and nasal congestion may occur. It should be noted that allergies are most dangerous for newborns; the older the child, the less harm it causes to health.

A pathological condition can be caused by any irritant that has entered the body or has an external influence. The main causes of the rash:

Types of allergic rash

An allergic rash looks like small red spots that affect the baby's cheeks, forehead, legs and arms. Manifestations of allergies, depending on the irritant (what the rash looks like, see the photo below with a description and explanations) can be as follows:

During fetal development, the baby's skin does not come into contact with external irritants. After birth, the upper layer of the epidermis encounters an aggressive environment. At the same time, the body does not yet have a strong immunity to allergens. During the period of establishing the work of the immune system, spots, peeling and cracks appear on the skin. In newborns, dermatitis most often occurs, which has the following varieties:

• Contact. Occurs when the epidermis comes into contact with various irritants. Most often it is wool, creams, washing powder. It is characterized by the appearance of swelling and redness on the skin. Sometimes characteristic vesicles filled with liquid form. There are cases of re-infection after bursting of the bubbles. The affected areas itch, which makes the child scratch the skin until it bleeds.
• Atopic. It has a chronic character with exacerbations in winter and periods of remission in summer. It is distinguished by the appearance of bright red spots, covered with a dense crust and protruding above the skin. The formations look like lichen or spots with liquid. Formed on the folds of the arms and legs, in the groin, on the cheeks, forehead and head.

Urticaria is a form of allergic rashes in which red spots of various sizes and shapes appear (we recommend reading:). If you press on the problem area, white blotches form on it. In appearance, the spots are similar to nettle burns and are very itchy, which is why the rash got its name. Localization is constantly changing, staying in one place for 1-2 days.

Urticaria occurs when taking inappropriate medications or foods that can cause allergies.

It can proceed in several stages:

• mild (initial) - characterized by the formation of a small number of spots that disappear after a few days;
• medium - rashes last for several weeks;
• severe - swelling of the face and larynx is added to the spots, which is dangerous for the development of suffocation.

Exudative diathesis affects babies from 6 months to a year. At the same time, red spots appear on the skin of the face (cheeks and forehead) and body (we recommend reading:). As the disease progresses, a hard crust forms on them. Pimples itch and cause severe discomfort to the baby. In addition to spots, the child's irritability, crying for no apparent reason, and sleep disturbance are observed. Diathesis is dangerous with damage to the nervous system, so it is necessary to start therapy when the first spots are already detected.

Eczema - characterized by the presence of fluid in small pimples. The first spots affect the face, then go to the whole body. They are very itchy, scratching increases the risk of developing a secondary infection. A few days after the appearance, crusts form. Eczema is chronic.

Characteristics

If spots are found on the skin, it is necessary to exclude the development of infectious diseases, the main signs of which are a rash. First of all, you need to consult with a pediatrician and pass the necessary tests. If a child has an allergy, he will show the following symptoms:

• redness of the skin;
• puffiness;
• the formation of blisters and papules (we recommend reading:);
• inflammation;
• severe itching.

With the development of an allergic rash in a child, the body temperature does not rise. The appearance of heat is possible in the case of secondary infection due to severe scratching of the spots.

A change in general well-being, body aches and weakness indicate an infectious disease. Allergies are often accompanied by liquid discharge from the nose, with other pathologies, the mucus thickens and changes color after a few days.

Depending on the location of the spots, you can determine the type of disease:

Diagnostic methods

To determine the exact diagnosis, you must contact an immunologist, dermatologist or allergist. The doctor will examine the rash and send you for the necessary tests. Basic diagnostic methods:

• complete blood count;
• blood test for immunostimulants;
• samples of the upper layers of the epidermis for the presence of an allergen.

There are cases when test results are false negative. This is due to the fact that allergies may not appear immediately after contact with an irritant. How long acne persists depends on the therapy chosen.

Skin rash treatment

The methods of therapy are selected by the doctor individually, taking into account the nature of the spots, their number and the age of the patient. You can not use drugs on your own, as the use of certain drugs can aggravate the situation and cause serious harm to the health of the child. Parents should treat the child, following all the recommendations of the doctor, it is forbidden to increase and decrease the dosage of medications and the course of treatment.

In infants

The main rule of therapy is to exclude contact with the allergen. It is necessary to find out to which irritant the body reacted with the appearance of a rash. Attentive parents quickly cope with this task.

If the allergen cannot be identified, you must:

• adhere to a special diet, do not introduce new dishes into the diet;
• refuse to use household chemicals;
• when bathing a child, use proven products.

Used drugs:

• antihistamines - against itching and swelling (Suprastin, Zirtek, Claritin) (we recommend reading:);
• sedatives - soothe the nervous system (infusion of valerian and motherwort);
• diuretics - to relieve swelling and remove the allergen (Furosemide);
• antihistamine ointments - reduce itching with heavy rashes (Advantan, Fenistil-gel);
• sorbents - for the rapid removal of toxins (Enterosgel, Polisorb, Laktofiltrum);
• corticosteroid ointments - used in extreme cases (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone).

In older children

Treatment methods for allergic rashes in older children do not differ from those used for infants, but other drugs are used. For the treatment of older children, stronger agents can be used. As a rule, such drugs can cause side effects, so you must strictly follow the dosage prescribed by your doctor.

If the allergy does not go away for a long time, children over 3 years old are prescribed a solution of Diphenhydramine and calcium chloride to relieve tension of the nervous system and cleanse the body. For newborns and one-year-old babies, this drug is prescribed only in extreme cases, for example, with the development of swelling of the face and larynx.

Folk recipes

You can use traditional medicine only after consulting a pediatrician. Many herbs are strong allergens, therefore, before using recipes, a pathological reaction of the baby's body to this irritant should be excluded. So, a few effective folk remedies:

• Bathing in a decoction of medicinal herbs speeds up the healing process. Adding string, chamomile, calendula to the water helps to dry the stains and disinfect their surface. Herbs must be poured with boiling water and insisted for 30 minutes. Strain the broth and add to the water.
• Nettle infusion is used to purify the blood. To prepare, you need to pour a teaspoon of the leaves of the plant with a glass of boiling water, leave for 2-3 hours, cool and strain. Give your child half a glass every day for a month.
• A few dry calendula leaves must be boiled for 3 minutes and insisted for about half an hour. Drink the child three times a day before meals. The decoction will help remove stains from the body.
• Rubbing the affected areas with a decoction of chamomile, celandine, hawthorn, birch, succession. It is necessary to do compresses on the affected areas - this will help to quickly remove the rash.

What can't be done?

Parents should remember that an allergic rash may not cause discomfort to the child, but it needs treatment. Without the necessary therapy, rashes can develop into a chronic form and harm the entire body. When stains appear, it is absolutely impossible:

• Lubricate the rash with skin-coloring agents. So you can hide the true nature of the rash, which will affect the diagnosis.
• Comb. It is difficult for babies to explain that it is impossible to scratch an itchy place. The cleanliness and length of the nails should be monitored so that the child does not infect the open wound.
• Squeeze out the pustules. It is dangerous secondary infection.

Preventive measures

In order for the allergy not to disturb the baby, the following rules of prevention must be observed:

• protect the baby from allergens: wipe the dust daily without using household chemicals, refuse to have pets;
• follow a special diet while breastfeeding;
• stick to natural feeding (how long to breastfeed, the pediatrician will tell you);
• strengthen the child's immunity (walk in the fresh air every day, carry out hardening procedures);
• correctly introduce complementary foods and monitor the reaction to products;
• dress the child in clothes made from natural fabrics;
• carefully change bathing and care products;
• use special detergents for washing children's things and washing dishes;
• take vitamins allowed at a certain age;
• do not smoke while in the same room with the baby.

Concept definition

From a medical point of view, a rash is defined as a variety of skin changes that occur as part of many skin diseases, diseases of internal organs, infectious and allergic processes.
In fact, almost any skin change can be called a rash or a rash. Currently, a huge number of the most diverse forms of rash that occur in a wide variety of diseases have been described.

The rash itself is not a disease per se and should always be considered as a manifestation of some other disease. In other words, a rash is a reaction of the skin to some kind of disease or the result of exposure to some kind of irritant or disease on the skin. Treatment for a rash naturally depends on the cause of the rash.

Causes of the disease

First of all, it is necessary to determine whether this rash is infectious (i.e., a rash that occurs with an infectious disease - measles, rubella, chicken pox) or non-infectious (with allergic diseases), children have rashes that cannot be attributed to either infectious or allergic.

Mechanisms of occurrence and development of the disease (Pathogenesis)

Before turning to the consideration of specific forms of rash and their characteristics within certain diseases, we would like to draw the attention of readers to some practical points related to determining the nature of the rash. Determining the nature of the rash is a key moment in correctly deciphering the nature of the rash and providing adequate assistance to a sick child. Far from always, patients with a rash need the help of a doctor, and, unfortunately, far from always they can quickly get qualified medical help, even if they need it. In this regard, it is extremely important to be able to recognize which disease is causing the rash, as well as how to help the patient and treat the rash? Except in cases of widespread burns or a severe allergic rash, in which large areas of skin are evenly inflamed, the rash almost always consists of so-called "elements" - individual areas of inflamed or altered skin that alternate with healthy areas of skin or cover healthy skin like a grain, scattered on the canvas.

The main types of rash elements are:

• A spot is an area of ​​skin of various sizes and shapes with a changed color, which is on the same level with the surrounding skin.
• Papule - an area of ​​skin of various sizes and shapes (usually rounded), elevated above the level of the surrounding skin
• Plaques are the result of the fusion of several papules
• Pustule - an area of ​​skin of various sizes and shapes (usually rounded), elevated above the level of the surrounding skin, in the center of which suppuration can be seen
• A vesicle is an area of ​​skin covered with a thin film under which liquid can be seen.
• Scales are exfoliating fragments of the top layer of the skin.
• Crusts are dense brown or black formations that cover areas of the skin that previously had open wounds.
• Erosion is a superficial manifestation of the skin that remains after opening the bubble
• An ulcer is a more or less deep wound on the skin.
• Lichenification is an area of ​​skin roughened from inflammation and scratching.

Most often, the rash consists of the same type of elements, however, there are also cases when, within the same disease, various elements of the rash occur on the skin, which may represent different stages of development of the same element. For example, with chickenpox on the patient's skin, there may be blisters filled with liquid and crusts that cover the places where the burst blisters used to be.

Clinical picture of the disease (symptoms and syndromes)

Rash in infectious diseases. In infectious diseases, the rash is accompanied by other symptoms, such as fever or itching of the skin. In some cases, the cause of the rash is not clear and further testing is required. may be with the following infectious diseases: chicken pox; infectious erythema; measles; rubella; fever three days; meningitis; rheumatic fever; scarlet fever. If a child has skin rashes accompanied by an increase in body temperature, this is a sign of an infectious disease. Symptoms of diseases in many cases are very similar, so even a doctor can not always immediately make a diagnosis. For the final diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct blood tests and other tests (for example, discharge from the nasopharynx). This is a laborious and unpleasant process for the child, but, fortunately, not always necessary. Nevertheless, in each case, it is necessary to carefully diagnose, since it is very important for the future to know what diseases were transferred in childhood.

Chickenpox (chickenpox)- one of the most common childhood infections, against which vaccinations have not yet been carried out. The incubation (hidden) period of chickenpox lasts from 11 to 21 days. By the end of it, some children have a fever or a headache. The first sign of the disease is a rash on the skin and mucous membranes. Small round red spots quickly become like pimples, in the center of which, after a few hours, blisters form, filling with a yellowish transparent liquid. The blisters burst, dry up, and a crust forms in their place. The rash is accompanied by itching, especially in sensitive areas such as the inner surface of the eyelids, mouth and vagina, and lasts 3-5 days. The child is contagious until the last crusts dry out. Some blisters can be large and scarred if the child has scratched the blister and introduced an infection. Remember the main symptoms and the main thing to be aware of when treating chickenpox:
the main symptom is a rash in the form of small, fluid-filled bubbles;
the most unpleasant symptom is itching in sensitive places;
in case of infection of the vesicles, the use of antibiotics is necessary.

Infectious erythema- the least studied childhood infection caused by a virus. It usually develops in winter and spring. This infectious disease, the existence of which is still denied by many non-progressive district pediatricians, is also called "sudden exanthema." It affects only children under 2 years of age. Roseola has surprisingly specific symptoms - at the beginning of the disease, the child has a strong and inexplicable fever, which falls exactly on the third day. With a decrease in temperature, the baby suddenly becomes covered with a pink-red focal rash. It passes without a trace in 4-7 days. Drug treatment, especially anti-allergic, most often prescribed in this case by the district, does not make any sense. When the temperature rises, you can use paracetamol, ibuprofen. Roseola is caused by certain types of the herpes simplex virus.

Measles. Since the introduction of measles, mumps and rubella vaccines, cases of measles have become quite rare. The disease is caused by a highly contagious virus. The first signs of measles are the same as the common cold (coughing, sneezing, watery eyes, puffy face). Then the body temperature rises to 40 ° C. On the second day of illness, white spots resembling salt crystals (Velsky-Filatov-Koplik spots) can be seen on the inner surface of the cheeks. The child has discharge from the nose, the eyes turn red, photophobia develops, the facial expression becomes suffering, the signs of the disease increase. Within 2-3 days from the moment the body temperature rises, first on the face, then on the body, red spots of various shapes appear, gradually merging and spreading to the entire body. The rash usually lasts 3 days, during which time the body temperature remains very high, then the condition begins to improve. Infection with the measles virus is especially dangerous for weakened children. Remember that other children in the family can get measles if they are not vaccinated. A sick child is contagious within a week of the onset of signs of the disease. Until complete recovery, he should not be sent to a kindergarten or school. Babies under 8 months old very rarely get measles, as they have immunity transmitted from their mother. Although children rarely get measles due to vaccinations, it is a rather serious disease. The danger of measles is that it can be complicated by inflammation of the middle ear, lungs or meningitis. There are cases of deafness, brain damage and even death. The older the child, the more severe the disease. A child can go to kindergarten (school) 10 days after the rash appears. Assume measles and call a doctor if: after the signs characteristic of a common viral disease, the child's condition worsens, the body temperature rises to 40 ° C; a rash (red spots) appears, which starts from the face, then is noted near the ears, on the border of the scalp, neck, after which it spreads to the area of ​​​​the trunk, arms, legs.

Rubella in children it is much easier than measles. In many cases, it is accompanied by a violation of well-being. Sometimes the body temperature rises slightly. Small-pointed, pinhead-sized rash appears first behind the ears, then on the face and the whole body. A characteristic sign is an increase and slight soreness of the cervical and parotid lymph nodes. To the touch they are pear-shaped, mobile, doughy (juicy). Sometimes there may be itching and swelling in the joints. The incubation (hidden) period lasts 2-3 weeks. Rubella is very dangerous for women in early pregnancy. Infection of the mother in the first 3 months of pregnancy causes severe congenital malformations in the child. The disease of children with rubella is not severe. Older children and adolescents may experience complications. Be sure to isolate the sick child from pregnant women, as well as from unvaccinated children. If the child does not feel well, vomiting or excessive drowsiness occurs, call a doctor. congenital rubella. Children with congenital rubella (congenital rubella syndrome) may develop progressive panencephalitis (generalized encephalitis). It is assumed that the cause is the persistence or reactivation of the virus. The so-called congenital rubella syndrome also includes deafness, cataracts, microcephaly (malformation of the brain and skull) and mental retardation.

Difference between measles and rubella. Unlike measles, rubella has little effect on the general well-being of patients. However, the clinical picture of the disease may resemble measles. An increase in lymph nodes in the occipital region, in most cases noticeable to the eye, is more pronounced with rubella. The elements of the rash that form the exanthema are, on average, smaller and paler than with measles. Separate elements of rashes exist for a very short time. From the point of view of differential diagnosis - just as with scarlet fever and measles - it may be difficult to distinguish between rubella and drug exanthema.

Scarlet fever begins suddenly with sore throat, fever. When examining the throat, enlarged tonsils are visible, in some cases with raids, the pharynx is red. Then a small punctate rash appears on the inner surface of the thighs, forearms, in places of natural skin folds (groin, armpits, knees, elbows), on the neck and upper body. The rash quickly spreads to the face, against the background of which a pale nasolabial triangle is clearly visible. The rash is caused by a toxin (poison) secreted by streptococcus, the source of infection. The tongue in the first 3-4 days is covered with a grayish-white coating, from the second day it becomes bright red with enlarged papillae - the so-called "crimson tongue". When body temperature drops, lamellar peeling of the skin appears on the fingers and toes. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between a sore throat in scarlet fever and a viral infection. In this case, you need to pay attention to the state of the language. The sick child must be isolated. Scarlet fever is characterized by high body temperature, sore throat and a bright red punctate rash on the flexor surfaces, lateral parts of the chest, abdomen, inner thighs, in natural skin folds. The area around the mouth remains white.

Meningitis(inflammation of the meninges) differ depending on the microorganisms that caused them. Rashes with meningitis in young children are rare, they are observed mainly on the back of the throat. They are usually caused by pathogenic microorganisms called meningococci. If the bacteria with the bloodstream got into other organs, that is, there is meningococcal sepsis, or meningococcemia, a purplish-red rash under the skin may occur. The cause of the rash is bleeding from small blood vessels, which is a characteristic sign of meningococcemia. Urgently seek medical help if the child has such signs as: neck muscle tension, high body temperature, frequent vomiting, increasing drowsiness, photophobia. In this case, the child must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible, only timely assistance can save his life. Very important: meningococcemia lesions are flat, purplish red, star-shaped or irregular in shape, primarily on the thighs, buttocks, and back. Typical manifestations of meningitis are not always observed, and the child does not always give the impression of being sick. Therefore, in case of any doubts and suspicions, it is better to call a doctor.

Hemorrhagic diathesis often develops in severe infectious diseases. In addition to vascular damage, thrombocytopenia as well as consumption coagulopathy can be causes. Infectious-toxic forms of purpura are characterized by intrafocal petechial pinpoint bleeding (see photo). Also known is lightning-fast fulminant purpura after scarlet fever or chickenpox in children, which is accompanied by hematuria and melena, as well as the Waterhouse-Fridrichsen syndrome with meningo-pneumococcal sepsis. In children and adolescents, less often in adults, with meningococcal sepsis, about three-quarters of cases develop a combination of purpura and maculopapular exanthema. With a fulminant course - the Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome - skin hemorrhages merge. In subacute bacterial endocarditis, petechial bleeding (infected microemboli) develops primarily at the fingertips, under the nails, or under the tongue as round, blueberry-black, and slightly tender, pinhead-to-lentil-grain-sized lesions (Osler's nodules or Janeway's spots).

streptoderma- A skin infection that often affects the area around the nose and mouth. It is caused by bacteria that penetrate when the epidermis is damaged (scratches, herpes or eczema). Sometimes streptoderma occurs when the skin is damaged, if the child sucks his finger, bites his nails or picks his nose. Infection can be caused by bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and in the nose. The first signal of streptoderma is redness of the skin around the nose and lips. Then small, fluid-filled blisters appear that burst, forming a honey-yellow scab. Infected fluid can cause further spread of the infection through the lymphatic vessels, while the lymph nodes of the neck and face increase. Sometimes the body temperature rises.

Desquamative erythroderma Leiner - Myssu. This disease occurs in children of the first 3 months of life. It is characterized by bright hyperemia, infiltration and peeling of the entire skin. On the face, scaly scales of a dirty yellow color merge and form a shell. After peeling of the scales on the body, maceration, cracks, and secondary infection appear in the folds. In most children, the initial localization of the lesion is the buttocks, inguinal folds. Much less often the upper body, scalp, face, armpits. In addition to skin changes, dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting, flatulence, constipation, diarrhea) are typical, leading to hypovitaminosis, malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, and septic complications.

Kawasaki disease– The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is not known, but it is believed that the disease is caused by a post-infectious autoimmune reaction. As a rule, the disease affects young children under 5 years of age. In case of inappropriate treatment, the disease can give serious complications to the heart. The diagnosis of Kawasaki disease is based on the following five symptoms:

1. fever that lasts more than 5 days;

2. redness of the eyes (painless conjunctivitis);

3. swollen lymph nodes in the neck;

4. red throat, red tongue or cracked lips, redness or swelling of the hands and feet.

5. the appearance of a rash, in the form of red flat or raised spots or blisters.

If you think your child may have Kawasaki disease, call 911 immediately.

Acute rheumatic fever(previously this disease was called rheumatism) is a common cause of heart disease. Most often, children from 5 to 15 years old get sick. The disease always develops after an infection caused by streptococcus (often after a sore throat). The infection triggers an auto-aggression response in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissue. This leads to an increase in body temperature, soreness and swelling of the joints. In the acute course of rheumatism, a roseolous-erythematous rash is observed. The rash usually appears in the first days of the disease. Represents multiple superficial spots of various sizes, located on the lateral surfaces of the body and the inner surface of the upper and lower extremities. The rash is ephemeral, not flaky. The general state of health is poor, there is rapid fatigue, loss of appetite, an annular red rash is observed on the trunk, arms and legs. If a child has recently suffered a sore throat or inflammation of the ear, complains of pain and swelling of the joints, it is necessary to examine him to rule out rheumatism. The examination is especially carefully carried out if a ring-shaped red rash appears on the trunk and limbs. It should be remembered that early diagnosis reduces the risk of developing heart disease. The examination must be carried out in a hospital. Patients usually have specific antirheumatic antibodies in their blood. The diagnosis is confirmed by the following criteria:

main: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, rheumatic nodules;

additional:

clinical: previous rheumatic attack or rheumatic heart disease, arthralgia, fever, fatigue, abdominal pain;

laboratory: acute phase reactions, confirmation of a previous streptococcal infection, prolongation of the P-Q interval on the ECG, etc.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. One of the clinical manifestations of the articular-visceral form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis may be a maculopapular, measles-like rash. Skin manifestations coincide with the onset of the disease or precede it. The rash is characterized by polymorphism of primary elements, symmetry of localization and the absence of secondary elements. The nature of the rash: it is more often maculopapular and urticarial, less often macular and annular, but more rough than in rheumatism. Urticaria-like elements can be combined with angioedema. The rash is localized most often on the limbs, trunk, rarely on the face, sometimes only over some of the affected joints. The duration of the rash is individual: from several hours to several days, repeated relapses are possible.

A special form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a disease Wissler-Fanconi. The disease begins acutely with high, sometimes up to 39 - 40 ° C, temperature, articular syndrome, skin lesions in the form of polymorphic rashes. The nature of the rash: maculopapular, sometimes urticarial. Predominant localization on the lateral surfaces of the chest, face, inner surface of the arms and legs. The rash is usually profuse and lasts for a long time, sometimes for several months, permanently or at intervals. The intensity of the rash corresponds to the severity of the process. There may be an increase in lymph nodes, liver and spleen.

The following criteria are used in the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis:

1. Clinical

• arthritis lasting 3 months or longer;
• arthritis of the second joint, which occurred 3 months or later, after the defeat of the first;
• symmetrical damage to small joints;
• effusion in the joint cavity;
• persistent stiffness of the joint;
• tendosynovitis or bursitis;
• muscle atrophy;
• morning stiffness;
• rheumatoid eye disease;
• rheumatoid nodules;
• radiological
• osteoporosis, small cystic restructuring of the bone structure of the epiphyses;
• narrowing of the joint spaces, bone erosion, ankylosis of the joints;
• violation of bone growth;
• damage to the cervical spine.

2. Laboratory

• the presence of a positive rheumatoid factor;
• positive biopsy of the synovial membrane.

Identification of 3 of the listed signs in a patient with the mandatory presence of arthritis allows diagnosing “probable”, 4 signs “definite”, 8 signs of “classic” juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Herpes often appears on the lips, usually in children between the first and fourth years of life. It is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, and bubbles appear in the oral cavity. The child complains of a sore throat. After a few days, these phenomena disappear, but excessive exposure to the sun, cold, wind, and high temperature can provoke an exacerbation.

Shingles. During the course of the disease, on a small surface on one side of the body, groups of small bubbles appear on a red background. First, itching occurs, and later, when bubbles form and last 2-3 weeks, a sharp soreness. When the bubbles burst and dry crusts appear, a secondary bacterial infection may join. Herpes and shingles are types of herpes infections. Considering that the virus is located in the nerve nodes and can cause serious consequences when the immune system is weakened, if these diseases appear, you should see a doctor who will prescribe the necessary treatment.

acne vulgaris occur sometimes in children from 4 months to 15 years, very often in adolescents. In most cases, they go away on their own within a few years, but in some children they appear quite strongly. To prevent acne, you must thoroughly wash your face with soap and wipe the skin in the acne area with special lotions. There are special creams for teenagers, which are selected by a dermatologist or cosmetologist. Sunburn is also useful - the sun dries out oily skin. If necessary, use antibiotics and other means. You should never squeeze inflamed acne, especially on the face and neck - this can lead to blood poisoning. With a small rash, frequent washing with warm water and soap and the use of special lotions helps. If there are a lot of acne and they become inflamed, the treatment should be prescribed by a dermatologist or cosmetologist.

Furuncle- this is an acute purulent-necrotic inflammation around the hair follicle (the place where the hair grows from) and the sebaceous gland associated with it with its surrounding fiber, which is accompanied by painful swelling. The skin around the hair follicle turns red, a purulent core forms at the top of the swelling. A few days later, the boil bursts and pus is released. Furuncles easily occur in other places on the skin, since the hair follicles are easily infected when the infection is transferred. Especially quickly they occur in places where clothing rubs against the skin. The most painful boils in the joints, ear canal, nose.

Allergic rash. The most common cause of an itchy, short-lived rash or patch is an allergy. Rash or spots can appear on any part of the body, often in places of pressure of tight clothing - belts, elastic bands. It is usually a pinkish-red, uneven rash that bulges when touched. Often accompanied by scratching of the site of irritation. Even if there is no rash, the skin is irritated, red, swollen. An allergic rash can be caused by environmental or food allergens. There are many "culprits" of allergies (allergens), but often they cannot be identified, even with maximum effort. The most common allergens are house dust, animal hair, plant pollen, food, laundry detergents, especially at low water temperatures, natural wool, some metals (for example, nickel buttons, zippers, locks, buckles). Food allergies can be caused by preservatives, dyes, chocolate, shellfish, fish, eggs, strawberries, nuts, and tomatoes. Generally speaking, any food can be an allergen, except maybe table salt. Drug allergies are also possible, 10% of people are sensitive to penicillin, the most commonly used antibiotic, and other penicillin antibiotics. An important sign that distinguishes allergies from infectious rashes is the good general condition of the child. The child may be irritable because of itching, but not drowsy, there is no loss of appetite and fever. If the rash is accompanied by swelling (especially on the face around the lips and eyes), be very careful and see a doctor right away. This may be a sign of a formidable complication - Quincke's edema or even allergic shock. The spread of edema to the area of ​​​​the tongue and upper respiratory tract leads to suffocation. This condition requires urgent treatment in a hospital, sometimes even in the intensive care unit.

food allergy. The reason for the occurrence of an allergic rash in an infant, if he is breastfed, may be the mother's diet. The most common reaction is to red fish, whole milk, veal, citrus fruits, nuts, tomatoes. Therefore, nursing is advised to exclude a suspicious product from their diet. Artificial animals are also not immune from manifestations of food allergies - the proteins contained in the feeding mixture can cause a skin reaction. If the rash does not go away or, God forbid, gets worse, you need to choose another product for artificial feeding. Too early or incorrectly started complementary foods also have a dangerous allergic potential. By the way, persistent prickly heat or persistent diaper rash can also be allergic.

contact allergy. Skin rashes in infants can be caused by allergens that act not only from the inside, but also from the outside. Contact allergy or dermatitis looks like a small rash or chafing of the skin. Most often, it occurs in response to the use of laundry products enriched with fragrances - especially rinses. Therefore, when washing baby clothes, especially in the first months of a child's life, it is better to give preference to specialized hypoallergenic products. In addition, the materials that children's clothing is made from (especially wool and synthetic fibers) can also trigger rashes.

Atopic or infantile eczema is the most common type of eczema in children. It usually appears in the first two years of a child's life, often first manifesting itself at two or three months, when the child begins to be weaned and accustomed to the nipple. It happens that atopic eczema appears later, at the age of four or five months, when the child is finally weaned. The spread of the rash is always characteristic - on the face, head, neck, in the folds of the skin and in places of contact with diapers. Very painful rash in the folds of the limbs. Sometimes it is called so - fold eczema. The rash is most severe on the wrists and elbows, under the knees, and around the ankles. It often rashes on the fingers and toes. The skin with eczema becomes very dry, flaky, reddened, cracked and thickened. In places of scratching, it can bleed, and if an infection enters, the occurrence of suppuration is not ruled out. The genetic component of atopic eczema makes the child much more vulnerable to many triggers, but why this happens remains a mystery. However, it is clear that if certain triggers are avoided, the severity and duration of the disease can be reduced.



Hives- This is a disease in which itching occurs in certain areas of the skin, and after blisters. The blisters are first located on any specific areas of the skin and are located separately from each other, and then merge, and a whole area of ​​​​inflammation is obtained. If this area is too large, then the body temperature rises, chills occur, and malfunctions in the gastrointestinal tract are possible. Symptoms of hives are blisters and a red rash that itches and itchs. It can appear around the lips, on the cheeks, and on other areas of the body. In general, these rashes and blisters are not so dangerous - they are mostly small in size and disappear quickly. But the whole trouble is that they do not appear in a single copy, after one disappears, others appear in their place. For this reason, urticaria lingers on the skin for a long time, it can bother for several hours or several days. Urticaria is an allergic reaction that can occur, for example, due to an insect bite. The blisters disappear after three hours. Also, urticaria is formed if the skin has been affected by any chemical substance. Urticaria can be the result of certain diseases, for example, a malfunction of the thyroid gland or a malfunction of the kidneys and liver. But mostly urticaria happens due to the influence of any products on the body. If a person ate a lot of citrus fruits, fish, chocolate. There is type of urticaria, which is formed when a person was first in the cold and abruptly entered the heat. There is also hives from sunlight. Sometimes the disease occurs due to the fact that a person has suffered stress depression. Urticaria can develop into Quincke's edema, when severe swelling appears on the skin, which are located in large areas. Also, urticaria is acute and chronic. In chronic disease, itching can last more than six months. This leads to sleep disturbances, a decrease in the overall performance of the body. And with acute urticaria, itching disappears within a few hours. To cure hives, it is necessary to identify the cause, due to which the disease arose.



Steven Johnson Syndrome. Refers to the variants of the course of erythema multiforme exudative. The mechanism of development is associated with allergic reactions of an immediate type, proceeding according to the type of the Arthus phenomenon, to taking medications: sulfa drugs, pyrazolone derivatives, antibiotics, etc. The onset is acute, stormy with fever lasting from several days to 2-3 weeks, sore throats are noted , hyperemia of the mucous membranes, runny nose, conjunctivitis, hypersalivation, joint pain. From the first hours there is a progressive lesion of the skin and mucous membranes: painless dark red spots on the neck, face, chest, limbs (even the palms and soles are affected); along with this, papules, vesicles, blisters appear. The rash tends to coalesce, although large serosanguineous blisters rarely form (this is typical of Lyell's syndrome).

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Lyell's syndrome(toxic epidermal necrolysis). An allergic reaction to an infectious, predominantly staphylococcal, process and to medication (antibiotics, sulfonamides, analgesics) or to blood transfusion and its components. In the pathogenesis of the disease, the "explosive" release of isosomal enzymes in the skin (not always of immune origin) is of primary importance. The disease begins acutely with chills, fever, sore throat, lower back, joints, burning and soreness of the skin. Large erythematous spots of various sizes appear, often merging and spreading throughout the body in a few hours. On some areas of the skin, vesicles, papules, blisters and then large, flat, flabby blisters appear at the site of the spots, on others - hemorrhages. As a result of severe epidermolysis, the child looks like a second-degree burn. In areas subjected to friction with clothing, the surface layers of the skin peel off, regardless of the presence or absence of blisters. Nikolsky's symptom is positive. With this syndrome, mucous membranes can also be affected. In contrast to the Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxicosis is pronounced, the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes are affected, myocarditis, nephritis, and hepatitis often develop.

Hill's erythroderma. One of the most severe variants of the course of neurodermatitis. The skin of the whole body becomes red, reminiscent of a goose, lichenized in many places, flaky with bran-like scales, but there is no tendency to vesiculation and weeping. Excruciating itching is characteristic, a sharp eosinophilia is detected in the blood.



Nodular erythema. The causes of its development are diverse and can be both infectious and non-infectious. There is an association of erythema nodosum with HLA-Bg, and cases of familial erythema nodosum have also been described. The onset of the disease is usually acute, but relapses are often observed at intervals of several months or even years. Chronic forms of the disease, in which nodules persist for several years, are rare. The general condition of children with erythema nodosum can be very different. Some patients, despite common skin manifestations, feel quite well. Others have general malaise, fever, chills, anorexia, weight loss. Body temperature often rises slightly, but can reach 40.5 ° C. Sometimes the fever lasts more than 2 weeks. Skin rashes usually appear suddenly, in the form of erythematous, painful, slightly raised spots on the anterior surfaces of both legs, itching is absent. Sometimes the rashes are single, located on one side or capture the extensor surface of the forearms. Skin elements can be located in all places where there is subcutaneous fatty tissue, including calves, thighs, buttocks, as well as in inconspicuous areas, such as the episclera of the eyeball. The diameter of each nodule ranges from 0.5 to 5 cm. The skin over the nodule is reddish, smooth and shiny. Individual nodules coalesce to form areas of induration that can cause significant swelling of the affected limb. Within 1–3 weeks, the nodules usually resolve spontaneously without ulceration, scarring, or permanent pigmentation. During this time, the color of the nodules changes from bright red, becoming blue, green, yellow, to dark red or purple (the change in skin color in the projection of the nodes is similar to that during the evolution of a bruise). For erythema nodosum, a certain dynamics of the process is characteristic: the distribution of nodules goes from the central element to the periphery, and their disappearance begins from the central part with a rapid change in the color of the skin elements. However, these clinical features are not consistent, as there are other variants of the clinical course of erythema nodosum. Every third patient has signs of arthritis. Usually, large joints of the extremities (knee, elbow, wrist and tarsal joints) are symmetrically affected, less often small joints of the hands and feet. Most children experience arthralgia, which often accompanies the febrile period of the disease, but sometimes may precede it for several weeks. Arthropathy may last for several months, but there is no deformity of the joints. A characteristic sign of erythema nodosum is adenopathy of the roots of the lungs on one or both sides. It is usually asymptomatic, found incidentally on chest x-ray, and may persist for months.

Rashes that are not related to infectious and allergic. There are rashes that do not fit into the group of infectious or allergic. These are rashes in diseases such as: diaper erythema; prickly heat; acne of newborns, purpura. In these diseases, rashes occupy a significant part of the body and in each case require appropriate treatment.

Domestic pediatricians consider diaper erythema manifestation of exudative-catarrhal diathesis. This is not an allergic disease in the full sense of the word, it is more correct to talk about the tendency of the child's skin to allergic reactions. It appears quite often and is easy to recognize. Erythema occurs regardless of which diapers are used: cloth or disposable. The rashes are located in those places that are covered with diapers, their appearance varies: from a small number of spots around the genitals in mild cases to widespread bright redness under the entire surface of the diaper with vesicles and ulcers in severe cases. The reason is that a baby's skin is very sensitive to moisture and chemicals found in urine and feces. Between the excreted feces and urine, a reaction occurs, ammonia is formed, which irritates the skin of the child. The skin of formula-fed children is especially sensitive to such irritation, since in these cases the feces often have an alkaline reaction and promote the growth of bacteria. Places of rashes with diaper erythema are usually as follows:

• Genital organs are the most common localization. Bright red spots are seen around the urethra in boys and on the labia in girls. The skin in these places is bright in color and shiny. A strong ammonia-like odor may be felt. Children often cry during urination and in warm baths.

  Skin folds. If the rash is limited to skin folds in the upper thighs and groin areas, excess moisture may be the cause of the problem. Provide proper care, remove excess moisture in a timely manner, and the rash will go away on its own.

  Buttocks and anus. Rashes in these places are a sign of thrush. If thrush has appeared in places covered with diapers, look into the baby's mouth and make sure that there are white spots of fungi on the inside of the cheeks or tongue. Do not confuse them with milk droplets, which are easily removed after feeding. Especially often thrush appears after treating a child with antibiotics.

  the entire surface of the body. Such a rash is often associated with a general allergic reaction or skin inflammation - dermatitis. It can be an early manifestation of atopic dermatitis, especially in children with a burdened heredity for this disease. It often occurs when using washing powders with bioadditives or rinsing liquids for fabrics. In this situation, two causes of rashes: the very sensitive skin of the child and exposure to chemical ammonia-like substances.

  

  Prickly heat very often develops when young children overheat, if they are swaddled and wrapped up too tightly, and the room is hot. This is the usual small itchy rash and blisters that, bursting, form a pale red rash in places where sweat glands accumulate: on the face, neck, shoulders, chest, in the elbows, inguinal folds, under the knees.

  Newborn acne- These are the smallest white rashes located under the skin in the nose and cheeks of newborns. They do not itch and do not interfere with the baby. Newborn acne is a sign of blockage of the sebaceous glands with a thick discharge. This is a common occurrence in newborns and does not require additional treatment. This type of rash is also known as neonatal acne or (if it's quite scientifically) neonatal cephalic pustulosis. It affects about 20-30% of children in the first weeks and months of life. Neonatal acne is not a contagious disease, it is not dangerous and does not require medication or other specific treatment. These pimples, which are concentrated on the face, neck and scalp, do not have a comedone - a clogged pore. They rarely fester and form pronounced foci of inflammation, and most often look like changes in skin relief (in some cases they can only be detected by touch) or reddish pustules. Doctors attribute the occurrence of neonatal cephalic pustulosis to the improvement of the hormonal background of a newborn child, as well as excessive colonization of the skin by certain types of yeast fungi, which are normally part of the microflora. Newborn acne does not need to be “dry” or poisoned with folk remedies such as calendula tincture - firstly, it damages delicate infant skin, and secondly, it can cause an allergic reaction that will aggravate the lesion. Normal regular hygiene is usually sufficient. In most cases, the disease resolves on its own and without a trace within 1 to 3 months. If healing is slower than usual, the doctor will prescribe ointments that speed it up.

  But be careful - the appearance of pimples in a child of 3-16 months, more common in boys, can mean a symptom of a more complex and unpleasant disease, acne babies. These pimples look almost "like adults" - they distinguish between a greasy or black head of an eel, a focus of inflammation that can lead to a scar. Acne in babies, which occurs due to increased production of androgens, requires careful professional treatment.

  Purpura. Unlike other rashes, a purplish-red-brown rash is a small hemorrhage in the skin and mucous membranes. Their size can be from the size of a pinhead to 2-3 cm. Purpura almost always indicates a serious illness. Excessive bleeding is associated with a violation of the structure of platelets, insufficiency of blood clotting factors, or pathology of the walls of blood vessels under the skin (capillaries). A violation of the structure or a decrease in the number of platelets can occur as a result of the use of drugs, with allergies, a viral infection, or the formation of antibodies in the blood against one's own tissues and cells. Such hemorrhages also occur with meningococcal sepsis. Another cause of thrombocytopenia may be damage to the bone marrow.

  Rash from insect bites.

  Insect bites. Most often, children are bitten by blood-sucking insects: mosquitoes, bedbugs, fleas, horseflies, ticks, as well as wasps, bees, bumblebees, sometimes ants, some beetles. Some children do not react at all to an insect bite, while others have a violent reaction. Bite marks usually disappear after 2-3 days. However, some children may develop an allergic reaction to insect secretions. In these cases, large, intensely itchy redness forms on the skin, which can become infected when scratched. In our climatic zone, children suffer most from mosquito bites, midges, and often also from fleas. To avoid insect bites in the summer, wear socks, long-sleeved blouses, and thin pants, especially in the evening. Mosquito repellents can be used. Treat pets for fleas. Homes can use mosquito sprays and cover windows with screens.

  Scabies. This disease is quite common. Infection occurs from a patient with scabies. The scabies mite penetrates the skin and lays eggs there. As a result, itchy rashes appear, similar to eczema. Usually they are small, gray-pearl, often localized between the fingers, on the front surface of the wrist, under the armpits, on the skin of the abdomen, around the genitals. Itching is especially severe at night when the skin is warm. Intense itching during scratching contributes to infection. Infection with scabies occurs through direct close physical contact or through the patient's bed.

  lice. If itching appears in the scalp area, lice may be the cause. Recently, the defeat of lice (pediculosis) has become more common.

  Skin formations.

  Warts. These are small hard formations that appear on the surface of the skin single or in groups. They are caused by a virus that infects the cells of the upper layers of the skin, leading to their overgrowth. Usually warts are found on the fingers, soles of the feet, knees, on the face. They are most common in children and young people. Sometimes in children, warts disappear within 3 years, which is how long it takes the immune system to cope with them. Warts on the soles can be painful. The virus is transmitted by direct contact, but not as easily as other viral infections. Therefore, in the presence of warts, the child should not be forbidden to swim in the pool or take any additional safety measures other than personal hygiene.

  Diagnosis of the disease

  Determination of the appearance of the rash.

  In the event of a rash, carefully examine it and try to determine the following parameters: Attention! Due to the fact that some types of rashes can be a sign of contagious diseases, do not touch the rash without special gloves. After examining a patient with a rash, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.

  So, with an external examination of the rash, you should determine:

  1. The ratio of the element of the rash to the surrounding skin: on the same level with the skin, raised or concave.

  2. Color (coloration) of rash spots. In the case when the skin has spots of a rash of various colors - determine the color options.

  3. Dimensions, clarity and shape of the boundaries of the rash element

  4. Lightly press on the rash element and quickly remove your finger - try to notice whether the rash fades when pressed or whether its color remains unchanged when pressed.

  Re-examine the rash after 1-2 hours, and continue to monitor it for the following days. At each new examination, try to notice how the previous elements of the rash have changed. At the doctor's appointment, it is very important to tell about all the changes in the rash that you notice.

  In addition to external signs of a rash, you should evaluate:

  1. The general condition of the patient and the presence of other symptoms of the disease: fever, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, drowsiness, apathy

  2. Determine whether in the recent past the sick person had contacts with patients with infectious diseases, toxic substances, and drugs.

  It is urgent to call a doctor in case of a rash: In all cases of a rash in which there is a high temperature (above 39 C), progressive deterioration of the patient's condition, severe shortness of breath (breathing difficulties), swelling of the face or tongue, severe headache, vomiting, drowsiness or loss of consciousness, or in cases when the element of the rash has a dark burgundy, brown or black color, is located, as it were, a little deeper in the skin and does not turn pale when pressed, the patient should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible!

  It is customary to distinguish six "primary" common "spotted" rashes:

  • the first disease is measles,
  • the second disease is scarlet fever,
  • the third disease is rubella,
  • the fourth disease is infectious mononucleosis,
  • fifth disease - infectious erythema,
  • the sixth disease is infantile roseola (sudden exanthema).

  In some cases, for the retrospective diagnosis of infectious diseases in children, it is necessary to take into account the secondary elements of the rash. So, with measles, after the primary elements of the rash fade, pigmentation is observed, and then pityriasis peeling, with scarlet fever, lamellar peeling of the skin of the palms and feet appears on the 2nd week of the disease, when the rash has already disappeared. The nature of the spots can also be of great diagnostic value. So, small foci of necrosis on the mucous membrane in the cheek area in the form of spots - Velsky-Filatov-Koplik spots - are characteristic of measles. Small hemorrhages on the transitional fold of the conjunctiva (a symptom of Chiari-Avtsyn) and at the base of a small uvula (Rosenberg's enanthema) are observed in typhus. Scarlet fever is characterized by delimited hyperemia in the pharynx, reaching to the hard palate. Aphthae - superficial sores formed from vesicles and localized on the oral mucosa - are more common in young children and are characteristic of a herpes infection (aphthous stomatitis).

  Treatment of the disease

  Urgent care

  Please, if a rash appears in a child that seems suspicious to you, and especially if it is combined with other symptoms (lethargy, fever, diarrhea, vomiting), call a doctor immediately!

  In some cases, the rash will go away on its own - viral infectious diseases, such as measles, rubella, chickenpox. In the case of scarlet fever, it is necessary to prescribe antibacterial drugs. If a scabies mite is found, a simple treatment is necessary. If the rash is of an allergic nature, then the allergen should be determined using skin tests and its effect on the body should be excluded. In the case of skin diseases, it is necessary to be treated, they will not go away on their own, but only a doctor can prescribe treatment, taking into account the general condition of the body. In any case, before contacting a doctor, self-treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms - with an increase in temperature, it is necessary to give the child antipyretic drugs, with severe itching - antihistamines. Be careful with the rash, because in some cases antibiotics and specific treatment are necessary.

  Conservative treatment

  Chickenpox. With an increase in body temperature, the child can be given paracetamol. However, the main problem with chickenpox is itching. Anti-allergic drugs, which are used only on the recommendation of a doctor, will help reduce its severity. Spots and bubbles are smeared with brilliant green (brilliant green). Small children can wear cotton mittens and cut their nails short. The child must be isolated from other children until the crusts dry. He cannot attend kindergarten or school. It should be emphasized that in young children the risk of infection of the vesicles is much higher than in older ones. If a milky or yellowish liquid is released from the vesicles, this is a sign of infection. In this case, antibiotics should be used. If, in addition to the rash, there are other symptoms, such as a very high body temperature or muscle tension in the back of the head, appropriate treatment is necessary before a doctor's prescription.

  Infectious erythema. With an increase in body temperature, paracetamol and plenty of fluids should be given to the child in order to improve well-being and reduce body temperature. The doctor must confirm the diagnosis and clarify if there are any other complications. Treatment of erythema infectiosum is symptomatic and aims to reduce body temperature and improve well-being.

  Measles. To reduce the temperature, you can use paracetamol, rub down with cool wet wipes, and also give the child plenty to drink. Until the body temperature normalizes and the rash disappears, the child should lie in bed. The room should not have bright light that irritates the eye, but it does not need to be darkened either. The child should not strain his eyesight - read, watch TV. The doctor should always confirm the diagnosis of measles and, taking into account possible complications, decide on the use of antibiotics. The doctor also, if necessary, prescribes additional studies.

  Rubella. With rubella, no therapeutic measures are required, except for lowering body temperature, especially in older children. Bed rest for the duration of the rash and an increase in body temperature will not interfere either.

  Meningitis. Treatment for meningococcal sepsis (blood poisoning) or meningococcal meningitis should be started immediately after diagnosis in a hospital. The disease is accompanied by high mortality.

  Scarlet fever. A sick child with scarlet fever should observe bed rest and drink plenty of fluids. Paracetamol will lower your body temperature and relieve a sore throat. Since scarlet fever is a bacterial infection, antibiotics are used in the treatment: penicillin, erythromycin, etc. Children over 2 years old are usually treated at home, but if there are other children in the family who cannot be isolated, then the patient is placed in a hospital.

  Streptoderma. It is necessary to immediately prescribe treatment, as it spreads very quickly and can cause illness to other family members through direct contact or the use of one towel.

  Acute rheumaticesky feveradka. Treatment is carried out for a long time, for 1.5-2 months, with the use of antibiotics, hormones and other drugs.

  Herpes, shingles. With these diseases, it is important to keep the skin clean so that infection does not occur. You can wash the skin with soap and water at the site of the rash, in addition, use some disinfectants (antiseptics), but they cause a burning sensation. For treatment, special ointments, creams or tablets are also used. They should be applied as soon as a burning sensation appears. If the blisters burst, then antibiotics should be used as prescribed by the doctor to prevent their infection.

  Furuncle. The site of the boil should be covered with a sterile bandage, where possible, or a bandage with an appropriate drug as recommended by the doctor. The child should use a separate towel to reduce the risk of infection to other family members. You can not squeeze, pierce, cut off the top of the boil - this contributes to the spread of infection deep into the body. You can also not put warm compresses on boils. A furuncle causes severe inflammation, swelling and pain. Deeply located boils require surgical intervention. Treatment should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor.

  Allergic rash in a child. If an allergic rash appears, make sure that the baby's body temperature has not risen, he breathes freely, and his health has not been disturbed. Try to remember what new dishes you have introduced to the child's menu in recent days, what powder was used in the laundry, especially if the rash is on the site of belts, elastic bands, clothes - have you used any medications, such as antibiotics or aspirin? Aspirin should not be given to children under 12 years of age. If you think a medicine is causing the allergy, stop taking it and call your local doctor. If your child is prone to allergic reactions, reacts painfully to various environmental factors, limit to a minimum the amount of chemicals that the child's skin may come into contact with, as well as cosmetics, soaps and creams. Use soaps with a neutral effect on the skin, moisturizing, not drying the baby's skin. These funds can be bought at a pharmacy. If, despite your efforts, the rash persists, antihistamine tablets and creams can be used as directed by your doctor. The task of the doctor is to establish the type of allergy and its cause. This can be done using allergy tests with the most common allergens (grass, pollen from flowers, pet dander, dust, mold). Tests are carried out by an allergist.

  Allergic manifestations in one way or another are observed in 50-60% of children. Your task is to prevent allergies from developing to a strong degree, to prevent diseases such as bronchial asthma, asthmatic dermatitis, hay fever, which can appear if you do not pay attention to an allergic rash. All questions on the diagnosis and treatment of allergies are decided only by a doctor. From him you can get advice on nutrition for food allergies, as well as on climate therapy - for pollen. If an allergic rash is accompanied by shortness of breath, call an ambulance immediately - it is life-threatening! Learn more about the mechanisms of occurrence, manifestations and treatment of allergies

  Diaper erythema. To prevent diaper erythema, it is necessary to keep the baby's skin perfectly clean. After each excretion of urine or feces, you need to wash the child with warm water and soap, lubricate the skin with baby cream so that it repels moisture. Do not use diapers or panties made of synthetic materials. Do not use talc or powders as they stick together and irritate the skin. It is very good to leave the child in a warm room without diapers so that the skin breathes (air baths). Wash diapers only with products intended for children's clothing, rinse them well in clean water, dry and iron with a hot iron. Do not use laundry detergents. If the rash persists for more than 2-3 days, you should consult a doctor. Swaddle the baby as often as possible and leave without diapers for as long as possible.

  Prickly heat. To prevent prickly heat, dress children appropriately for the weather, use cotton instead of synthetic fabrics. If the child sweats, bathe him and change his clothes. Don't overheat your baby. If necessary, on the recommendation of a doctor, use medicines in the form of ointments. After a hygienic toilet of the skin (bath, air bath), the rash usually disappears without a trace.

  Purpura. If the rash does not disappear with pressure, it is a sign of purpura. In all cases, if it is present, you should consult a doctor. Treatment is prescribed only by a doctor after special blood tests.

  Insect bites. Wash the bite site with soap and water, and then treat with brilliant green or a special cream. To reduce itching, use antihistamines (suprastin, etc.) in tablets or syrup. If there are many bites or a severe reaction (itching and swelling) has developed, you should consult a doctor to get recommendations for treatment.

  Scabies. Treatment of scabies is carried out with special ointments on the recommendation of a doctor. All family members should be treated at the same time, and the bed and clothes should be washed well and boiled or ironed with a hot iron.

  lice. For the treatment of pediculosis, in addition to special pastes and ointments that the doctor will recommend to you, you can use a kerosene-oil compress. To do this, kerosene and oil are mixed in a 1: 1 ratio, applied to the skin of the scalp and hair, cover the head with plastic wrap, tie a scarf over it and leave for 30 minutes.

  Warts. If the child has only one small wart, do not touch it, it will disappear spontaneously. If the wart is large, painful (on the sole) or there are several of them, or located in a place where it is subjected to friction, you should contact a dermatologist or a cosmetologist, where a qualified consultation will be given and treatment will be carried out. Do not self-medicate warts, especially on the face or around the genitals, it can lead to dangerous complications.

  Atopic eczema. While infantile eczema is highly treatable, you are unfortunately powerless over a child's hereditary predisposition to it. If your child has inherited a tendency to eczema, hay fever, asthma, your task is to avoid environmental factors that can aggravate the disease, regardless of the treatment prescribed. Breastfeeding for up to six months will delay the onset of seborrhea symptoms and alleviate them. You should also eliminate cow's milk, eggs, orange juice, and wheat from your diet until your child is one year old. These allergens aggravate eczema. When buying baby food, keep an eye on the content of the listed products as ingredients. It is necessary to transfer the child to artificial nutrition gradually, starting with vegetables, fruits, meat, buckwheat baby cereals without milk. Finally, some children do not react well to food additives and colors, so check the content of the ingredients marked with the letter E on the labels.

  Dust mite allergy often causes eczema and asthma, so you should take the necessary measures against this allergen. Patches for minor skin injuries should be hypoallergenic. Woolen fabrics in direct contact with the skin can also cause eczema, so if you can't do without woolen clothes, wear them over cotton underwear. Unfortunately, pet hair and dander are also potential causes of allergies. However, it is very difficult to separate a child from his pet, so think carefully before you bring any animal or bird into the house. Emotional stress can do more harm than good when, on the advice of a doctor, you have to get rid of a pet. Of the many causative agents of eczema, the most powerful are washing powders, rinses, scented soaps, bath foams and shampoos. Although many of these funds have more inert substitutes. It happens that the child itches badly at night when the skin is warm. Then you can put on special mittens for him, after cutting his nails short. And finally, parents should strictly follow the advice of the doctor and use only those ointments that he prescribed.

  Of course, every parent wants his child to have healthy, clean and tender skin, so that he does not have any eczema. Therefore, know that over time the baby will outgrow this unpleasant condition. And if not, then modern methods of treatment will come to his aid. In addition, everyone should know that eczema is not contagious and the child does not need to be isolated or treated in any special way. Of all the variety of types of eczema, the doctor must determine exactly which one the child suffers in order to prescribe the correct treatment. For intolerable itching, the doctor can prescribe an antihistamine, constantly observing the child. In general, treatment for eczema consists of a combination of emollients (oils, fat, water) and steroids.

  Emollients are a combination of oil, fat and water. These include ointments, creams, lotions, or liquid water supplements. Emollients are designed for daily skin care. They protect it from drying out, maintain its softness and elasticity. Emollients prevent itching and further inflammation. These are the most gentle drugs, unlike the steroids used in the treatment. This is especially important to consider in severe cases of eczema, when steroids absorbed by the skin can have an undesirable side effect. When applying emollients, parents must be very careful not to put any other chemicals that they may have on their hands on the skin of the child, even in microdoses. The emollient is best used after bathing. Rub it into the skin of the child should be circular, gentle movements. Babies react differently to different types of emollients, so try to find the best one for your child. If your child is sensitive to lanolin, for example, avoid products that contain it. Emollients can be used continuously. Sometimes it is recommended to close this area of ​​skin with a soft oilcloth after applying the product in order to improve the absorption process. In addition, in this way, soiling of bed linen can be prevented. Water emollients are especially needed. Usually, water has a high degree of hardness and therefore dries out the skin a lot. It also happens that a simple refusal of baths for some time relieves dry skin and significantly improves the well-being of the child. But it is useful to sit in water with a softening additive for 15-30 minutes. However, try to avoid scented cleansers such as soap and shampoo as they destroy the natural oils on your baby's skin. The alternative are moisturizers or oils, which are completely inert but very effective. But I want to warn you: they, like emollients, make the bath very slippery, so do not leave the child in the bath alone unattended. After the bath, the baby does not need to be wiped, but simply blotted with a soft towel, then a moisturizer or oil should be applied to the baby's skin.

  Steroid creams relieve skin inflammation and prevent itching. Their effectiveness depends on the concentration of the drug. Remember the general rule: you should use the mildest steroid creams that only control the disease. Too strong a steroid agent can penetrate the skin into the bloodstream and theoretically lead to unpredictable consequences after prolonged use. The safest is 1% hydrocortisone ointment. It can be used every day and on the face. Sometimes stronger steroid creams are used for severe eczema, but only briefly and under strict control, periodically alternating with fairly weak steroid drugs. If, after applying the cream to the skin, make a thin compress from the film, the medicine is absorbed better. Sometimes, in the most severe cases, weak oral steroids are used, such as prednisolone, which is almost harmless but very effective. Although anti-itch antihistamines are usually available as creams, they are best avoided as they are ineffective. In addition, they may contain additives that cause allergies in children. Non-sedating antihistamine tablets and syrups, used only once a day, are quite good at relieving skin irritation.

  Which doctors to contact in the event of a disease

  emergency doctor

  Family doctor

  Infectionist

  Allergist

  Dermatologist

  Immunologist

  Rheumatologist