Features of oratory. Oratory: rhetoric lessons Oratory speech on the topic of what a person is

Oratorical speech

- a type of oral form of literary language that finds expression in various types of public speeches. In modern practice of public communication, depending on the sphere of communication, the following types of OR are distinguished: socio-political, academic, judicial, social and everyday, spiritual (church-theological), therefore many researchers of OR. is considered as an oral form of implementation of known functions. styles: public, scientific, office, casual, religious ( N.N. Kokhtev, E.N. Shiryaev and etc.). Sometimes the oratorical style is distinguished from others, but in this case we should not be talking about a separate function. style, because there is no separate oratorical sphere of activity and a corresponding form of consciousness ( V.P. Murat), here “style” means “features of speech presented in the totality of oratorical works, characterized by the unity of stylistic qualities.” The result of further differentiation of O. r. based on more specific characteristics are its genres.

Scientific The style is represented by such genres of educational literature as university lecture, scientific. report, scientific message, popular science lecture. Publ. style - such genres as speeches on socio-political, political-economic, socio-cultural, ethical and moral topics, reports at congresses, meetings, conferences, political, military-patriotic, rally, agitation, parliamentary speeches. Official business style - judicial, diplomatic speeches, speeches and presentations. Conversational style - the genres of an anniversary speech dedicated to a significant date or delivered in honor of an individual and of a solemn nature; welcome speech; table speech, funeral speech dedicated to the deceased. The religious style is represented by the sermon genre. This is, in general terms, the genre and stylistic picture of O. R. See also .

The stylistics of these genres is determined by their belonging to the corresponding function. style. So, for example, genres serving the field of science, with the main goal of proving the truth of the proposed concept, communicating information, actualize the features of scientific. style of speech, but endowed with specific oratorical techniques and means.

In addition to the specific features inherent in the genres of O. R. and due to belonging to different spheres of communication, genres of O. R. are characterized by a number of common features. Indeed, in the process of preparation and delivery, an internal contradiction constantly arises between book speech, since the speech is carefully prepared, and oral embodiment, which is influenced by spoken language. Such performances depart from strict bookishness and turn out to be partially or completely uniquely prepared improvisation and the expression of spontaneous oral speech with an improvisational manner of presentation. A.M. Peshkovsky noted: “This is a special type of literary speech itself - a type that I would call, in a certain sense, a counterfeit of written speech as oral. Such counterfeiting is indeed necessary to one degree or another in all public speeches, but it has nothing to do with the case when the speaker does not know how to cope with the elements of oral speech or does not know how to properly focus on written speech" ( Favorite tr., 1959). The degree of bookishness/colloquialism depends on the method of presentation (reading the text, reproducing it from memory (with varying degrees of reliance on it), improvisation), as well as on the individual skills of the speaker and his oratory experience. A rejection of bookish and written forms and a desire for lively oral speech are characteristic of all outstanding speakers. To create the effect of ease, they use colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, especially colloquial language. syntax: interrogative, connecting constructions, addresses, etc.

The oral form and auditory perception determine the presence of a large number of colloquial means (among them a relatively small volume and clear syntactic structure of the sentence, dividing the phrase into intonation parts, completing the phrase “on the fly”, lexical and other repetitions, associative insertions, direct appeal to the addressee), including paralinguistic (gestures, facial expressions, etc.) (T.V. Matveeva).

Another feature that distinguishes the style of O. R. is polemical. Specially persuasive O. r. make a complex and systematic organization of counter-directional meaning, expressiveness, and argumentative structure. Thus, the semantic plan in O. r. is built as a holistic opposition, the movement of speech is organized as the deployment of a complex thought, starting from the opposite meaning.

Researchers talk about two types of polemics: 1) implicit (or hidden, internal) and 2) explicit (or open, external). The first type occurs when the speaker has to convince the audience that he is right without naming possible dissenting listeners or opponents who may be in or outside the audience. Explicit polemics are associated with open defense of one's views and refutation of opponents. At the same time, the speaker, expressing his views, refutes the views of his opponents, fights with an imaginary opponent.

Polemics between a speaker and an opponent arise when explicit polemics are directed at a specific, real person, when the speaker publicly defends his views. Controversy involves a thorough analysis of the original factual material, statistical data, scientific problems, opinions of various people, etc., a strict argument based on this, as well as an emotional impact on the listener necessary in the persuasion process. Speakers use tools from a rich polemical arsenal: hints, irony, sarcasm, significant omissions, sharp value judgments, antithesis, comparisons, remarks, “picturesque” speech, proverbs, sayings and other classical oratorical techniques associated with the speech counterplan. The persuasiveness of a polemical speech largely depends on the arguments with which the truth of the main idea is substantiated, as well as on the degree to which facts and provisions that do not require justification, previously made generalizations, exact quotes and statements are used as evidence. As a result, the analytical side of speech is enhanced, its informative significance and the speaker’s commentary position is revealed ( N.N. Kokhtev).

All parts of oratorical speech are intertwined and interconnected, its coherence is ensured by cohesion, retrospection and prospection. Availability in O. r. integration, i.e. cohesive (connecting), retrospective, prospective linguistic elements and many other features of its construction and perception are explained by the absence of a visible sequence of elements that could be covered, like a written text, with a glance. Cohesion is expressed by various repetitions, words denoting temporal, spatial and cause-and-effect relationships: thus, so, firstly, secondly, thirdly, the next question, at this time, is quite obvious, let's look further, let's move on to the next one. Words and phrases such as taking into account, on the one hand, on the other hand, meanwhile, despite this, as it turns out, in all likelihood, as it turned out later. Retrospection is expressed in references to information that is available in addition to his speeches (thus the connection of this speech with the general information context), references by listeners to information contained in his previous speeches or in this speech, but stated earlier (this is how the speech is connected with previous speeches). Prospection is one of the elements of speech that relates meaningful information to what will be discussed in subsequent parts of the speech. Cohesion, prospection and retrospection in O. r. help the audience navigate the “route” of joint promotion with it. This allows the listener to more clearly imagine the connection and interdependence of thoughts and ideas expressed in the speech.

The subjectivity of speech and its contact, which are formed by personal pronouns, make it possible to create and convey an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the speaker and the audience. For example, with the help of “we are together,” the speaker invites listeners to jointly reflect on certain facts and creates an atmosphere of relaxed conversation. Other techniques are also used to establish contact with the audience and attract attention to information - verbal forms denoting joint action, introductory constructions containing appeals to listeners: as you understand, as you guess, as you see, as you know, as we know, as you are convinced etc., incentive sentences, etiquette speech formulas, question-answer unity, some constructions with explanatory clauses that have an imperative connotation: it is clear that... it is known that... it is clear that... The use of such means and techniques creates a situation of direct communication with listeners and gives the message a relaxed, conversational character. The effect of speech depends precisely on how the speaker performs one of his communicative tasks - bridging the distance between himself and the listeners. Thanks to these techniques, a confidential conversation is established between the speaker and the audience, the position of the speaker and listeners is united, and their unique dialogue arises.

The best examples of O. r. typical use tropes(see) and figures of speech, i.e. such imagery that promotes emotionality, ease of memorization of content, and greater accessibility of presentation.

Lit.: Apresyan G.Z. Oratory. – 2nd ed. – M., 1972; Vompersky V.P., Rhetoric in Russia in the 17th–18th centuries. – M., 1988; Kokhtev N.N. Rosenthal D.E., The art of public speaking. – M., 1988; Sergeich P. The art of speech in court. – M., 1988; Nozhin E.A. Oral presentation skills. – 3rd ed. – M., 1989; Graudina L.K., Miskevich G.I. Theory and practice Russian. eloquence. – M., 1989; Kokhtev N.N. Oratory: and composition. – M., 1992; His: Fundamentals of oratory. – M., 1992; His same: . – M., 1994; Soper P.L. Fundamentals of the art of speech: Trans. from English – 2nd ed. – M., 1992; Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech. – Rostov-on-Don, 1995; Matveeva T.V. Oral public speech // Dictionary-reference book on the culture of Russian speech. – M., 2002.

L.R. Duskaeva

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

See what “Oratory” is in other dictionaries:

ORATOR'S SPEECH- An essay written for public reading. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

oratory speech- 1. Speech addressed to a large audience and therefore requiring special qualities: ensuring a certain and uniform volume, special syntactic structure, special lexical means, etc. 2. Productive speech addressed to... ... Explanatory translation dictionary

Oratorical speech- a type of monologue speech (see Monologue), used in a situation where the speaker addresses a large audience with the aim of persuasion or suggestion. O. r. characterized by traditional features of composition, style (and in general... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Oratorical speech- a type of public speech, functionally and structurally opposed to colloquial speech, private, “everyday” communication. In contrast to colloquial speech, the exchange of more or less uncomplicated and short remarks (individual fragmentary... ... Literary encyclopedia

ORATORIC PROSE- (eloquence) live public speech that has received artistic treatment. Since ancient times, various forms of eloquence have developed: solemn (on the occasion of holidays), judicial and political speeches, sermons, teachings. Many genres of radio and... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

oratorical prose- (eloquence), live public speech that has received artistic treatment. Since ancient times, various forms of eloquence have developed: solemn (on the occasion of holidays), judicial and political speeches, sermons, teachings. Many genres of radio and... encyclopedic Dictionary

oratorical prose- an artistically crafted speech designed to persuade an audience. In antiquity there was solemn, judicial and deliberative eloquence. In Ancient Greece, for a long time, the main type remained deliberative (political) eloquence... ... Literary encyclopedia

oratorical prose- (from Latin orare to speak) one of the rhetorical (see rhetoric) genres: artistically processed and recorded live speech addressed to listeners; speaker's speech. O.'s works have been known since ancient times. Oratory, reaching... ... Dictionary of literary terms

ORATORIC PROSE- ORATORIC PROSE, living speech that has received artistic development, thanks to which it influences the development of all types of prose (see Poetry and prose). Developed canons of oratorical speech etiquette were found among many tribes at the stage ... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Monologue speech- (from the Greek μόνος one and λόγος word, speech) a form (type) of speech formed as a result of active speech activity, designed for passive and indirect perception. Sometimes M. r. are also defined as an intrapersonal speech act. For M. r.... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

1. Oratory. Oratorical speech.

Groups of speeches

10 elements of good speech

5 characterizing elements

3 “pillars” on which the speaker rests

2. Aesthetics of speech.

3. Logic of speech.

Logical laws

4. Argumentation.

Order of argument

Types of argumentation

5. Speech presentation techniques.

6. Composition of a public speech.

7. Types and genres of public speaking.

Socio-political speeches

Academic performances

Court appearances

Social performances

Theological and church performances

8. Contact between the speaker and the audience.

9. How to prepare for a performance.

Oratory– this is a high degree of mastery of public speaking; a qualitative characteristic of oratory; skillful mastery of the living word.

Oratory and the science of it originated in Ancient Greece. The rise of democracy in the Athenian polis (city-state) coincided with the rise of rhetoric. Speaking in the national assembly required the ability to make persuasive speeches.

Oratorical speech- influencing, persuasive speech, which is addressed to a wide audience; delivering professional speeches aims to change the behavior of the audience, their views, beliefs, and mood. Speaker(from the Latin ORARE - to speak) - a person making a public speech. The people to whom his words are addressed - audience(from Latin AUDIRE - to hear). The speaker and the audience interact with each other in the process of oral public speaking, where oratory is possible only if both elements are present: the speaker and the listeners.

A speech, as a rule, is not prepared in advance, but is expressed as a spontaneous reaction to everything heard from the speaker or speaker. During a speech, the speaker can raise one or two questions, give a frank answer to them, without departing from the topic of the agenda.

All speeches are divided into 3 main groups:

Deliberative – the desire to encourage the audience to make a decision that it needs to implement in the future.

Condemnatory - evaluative speech, analysis, of some existing fact.

Demonstrative is a speech designed to create public opinion about someone or something.

There are 10 elements that characterize good speech:

Objectivity,

Clarity,

Imagery,

Determination,

Increase in voltage,

Repetition,

semantic richness,

Conciseness (brevity),

Exists 5 elements of public speaking :

INVENTIO - finding what to say.

DISPOSITIO - the location of the invention.

ELOKUTIO - decoration with words.

MEMORY - remembering.

ACTIO - utterance, action.

3 “pillars” on which a good speaker rests:

it with- ethical qualities of the speaker.

logo- the science of argumentation.

pathos- how the speaker makes the audience feel

Aesthetics of speech.

A good performance must be integral in rhythmic and intonation terms. The expressiveness of speech, its influencing power increases if the speaker uses a variety of figurative and expressive means, because they appeal to the world of feelings and emotions of the audience.

· Metaphor - transfer of a name based on similarity.

· Epithet is a figurative definition expressed by an adjective (sad and trusting eyes).

· Personification is a phenomenon, event, quality that is likened to a living being.

· Hyperbole - a quantitative increase in intensity, behavioral characteristics.

· Comparison - likening one thing to another based on identifying a common feature.

· Antithesis - opposition.

· Oxymoron – a comparison at first glance……

· Gradation – reception of sequential,

· Picking up - repetition at the beginning of the next construction of words standing at the end of the previous construction. (Tired, tired of heavy thoughts)

· Pun - a play on the meanings of words

· A rhetorical question is a question that does not require an answer.

· Question-answer unity is a way of dialogizing the text.

· Multi-union - emphasizes the importance of each component of the design.

· Repetition, verbosity, word play, syntactic parallelism.

Logic of oratorical speech.

When preparing a speech, you need to consider the following logical laws :

Law of identity (every thought in the process of reasoning must be identical to itself)

Law of non-contradiction (two propositions that are incompatible with each other cannot be true at the same time: at least one of them is false)

Law of exclusion of the third (a statement or denial cannot be both true and false, one is and, the other is l)

Law of Sufficient Reason (every thought is true if it has sufficient reason)

Typical situations in a public speaking give rise to typical patterns of argumentation. Not all of them are logically correct. Errors:

Incomplete analogy (when drawing conclusions based on analogy, remember that the analogy is not always complete)

Identification of the temporal sequence of events with their causal relationship (temporal sequence does not always imply the presence of cause-and-effect relationships between them)

Association errors (this newspaper is for the homeless, therefore it is published by homeless people)

Disconnections (the company's board of directors has exhausted its capabilities - the people on it have also exhausted them)

Argumentation.

The vast majority of speech acts contain argumentation. Order of argumentation:

A strong argument.

A group of weak people.

Strongest.

Argumentation is a logical-communicative process aimed at justifying the position of one person with the goal of subsequent understanding and acceptance by another person. The one who justifies his position - arguer, the one to whom the position is addressed – recipient. As part of the argumentation, a selection occurs from already known provisions of those that are necessary to substantiate this position; in argumentation, both sides are active, there is both direct and feedback between them. The structure of argumentation includes a thesis, arguments (grounds, arguments) and demonstration. Thesis- this is a position, a position that is subject to justification.

Arguments- these are known, pre-obtained provisions with the help of which the validity and persuasiveness of theses are achieved. Factors influencing the process of choosing arguments: worldview, level of education, specific circumstances.

Types of argumentation:

Arguments to the merits of the case;

b) to the individual;

c) to the public;

d) to pity;

d) to vanity.

Demonstration– logical connection between thesis and arguments (in the form of deductive conclusions)

Types of argumentation according to the form of demonstration (deductive, inductive, in the form of analogy, comparison, metaphor)

Proof- a type of argumentation in which the truth of the thesis is directly or indirectly derived from the truth of the arguments. The goal is to eliminate any doubt about the truth of the thesis. Direct evidence (the thesis is directly derived from the arguments) and indirect (the thesis is established indirectly, the argumentation process is carried out in a roundabout way). Proof by contradiction (if not, then would, then yes), dividing evidence (method of elimination).

Refutation– substantiation of the falsity of the thesis or demonstration of its groundlessness. Three ways of refutation: criticism of the thesis, criticism of the argument, criticism of the demonstration. Refutation with facts - facts are put forward that are opposite to the thesis. Proving the truth of the antithesis, establishing the falsity of the consequences is a reduction to the absurd. Criticism of arguments: show their falsity, demonstrate the insufficiency of the arguments given, point out the dubiousness of the origin of the arguments (rumors, gossip). Criticism of the demonstration is to point out the lack of the necessary logical connection between the thesis and arguments (violation of the laws and rules of logic). Confirmation.

The thesis must be formulated precisely and clearly, identically, that is, it must not change. Arguments must not contradict each other and be true, sufficient (not too broad or narrow), must be judgments, the sources of the arguments must be known and reliable.

Types of arguments - from the general to the particular, to the person, to the common benefit, analogy, refutation (reduction to absurdity, trap, boomerang).

Three possible arguments in the debate: sophisms, syllogisms, heuristic tricks.

Heuristic tricks include: multiple questions (a question from a fool), destruction of the subject of discussion (objection in advance, false suspicion, categorical disagreement), change of modality (authoritarian style, transition to personalities, substitution of one topic for another), imposition of consequences, playing with hyperbole and litotes, ironic repetition, discussion is forbidden, trapping. Syllogism - a logical conclusion is drawn based on 2 premises.

Speech presentation techniques.

Analysis– allows, by dismembering concepts or phenomena, to penetrate deeper into its essence.

Synthesis– mental connection of concepts or phenomena.

Induction– a logical method consisting of generalizing partial cases to obtain a general conclusion made on the basis of generalization and study of individual factors.

Deduction– logical inference from general to particular conclusion.

Analogy- belonging of an object, phenomenon, certain characteristics based on similarity with other characteristics of these objects.

Historical method– presentation of the material in chronological order, analysis and description of changes.

Concentric method– arrangement of material around the main topic. The speaker moves from a general consideration of the issue to a more specific, in-depth analysis of it.

Step method– sequential presentation of one issue after another.

Composition of a public speech.

The composition of a speech - that is, the sequential arrangement of all its parts in accordance with the content and intention of the speaker - must be transparent.

· Introduction. There are two types:

Normal - you can prepare in advance;

Sudden - improvisation.

Introduction with oratorical caution - you cannot completely take the position of the audience, you cannot put pressure on the audience with your authority, you cannot talk to the audience about the benefits of the consequences.

Any introduction should end with the main thesis (exposition, confirmation, refutation).

· Main part

· Conclusion

To attract the attention of listeners, the beginning of a speech is of particular importance; it should intrigue the listener and arouse further interest in the speaker’s further train of thought. Famous Russian speaker lawyer A.F. Koni emphasized that at the beginning of a speech it is important to “catch the attention” of the audience. There are many ways to achieve this: you can remember some moment in life that will interest everyone, because many people have experienced something similar; you can ask an unexpected question or surprise your listeners with a paradox, some oddity that seems to have nothing to do with the topic but is actually connected to the whole speech.

For example, at an evening dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the dissident writer Boris Antonenko-Davidovich, his biographer began his speech like this:

The writer did not like his birthdays; moreover, each of his anniversaries was a difficult test for Boris Dmitrievich, threatening new inevitable blows of fate...

Such a beginning cannot but surprise the listener, and they eagerly await an explanation. The speaker will begin the introduction to the speech with it:

With the approach of each “round date,” the writer waited for the arrival of “uninvited guests” (KGB agents) and the new repressions that followed: they carried out searches, took away his manuscripts, even “arrested” his typewriter and prophesied the author’s name with the publication of anonymous statements from hired scribes.

This introduction maintained the interest of listeners, who now want to know more about the persecuted writer and are ready to empathize with him. Here the speaker moves on to the main part of his speech; its content should not dull the interest of the audience.

But the more brazenly the authorities expressed their disrespect for Boris Dmitrievich, the more interest his work aroused among readers, the more friends and admirers rallied around the writer, and the more invulnerable he became to the punitive authorities...

When concluding your speech, you need to clearly highlight the conclusion. You can’t cut off your speech mid-sentence. By activating the attention of the audience, you can appeal to it, for example: - Read writers unknown to you, whose names were hushed up until recently; Study the work of authors who have a lot to learn from and who wrote for future generations, for you and me! An indirect summary of your speech can be summed up by quoting a statement that is important for understanding the speech or by drawing an artistic image that reflects the main idea of your speech. You just shouldn’t go back to what was said (even if there is time left), you shouldn’t “say goodbye too many times.”

Types and genres of public speaking

I. Social and political types of speech

Report contains objectively illuminated facts and realities of the life and activities of a leader, deputy, organization, its subsection, and the like. In the process of preparing a report, the speaker must clearly outline the type and task, select reasoned facts, verified figures, convincing examples, clear and relevant quotes for each position. You should also draw up a general plan and comprehensive provisions and link their parts into one harmonious system.

Business report contains a number of specific questions with conclusions and suggestions. The information contained in the report is intended for a prepared audience, ready to perceive, discuss and judge problems. The maximum result will be achieved by the meeting participants after familiarizing themselves with the contents of the report. Then you can begin an active discussion, reasoned criticism, related additions and evaluation of the expressed decision.

Diplomatic speech- a purely official speech by a person representing a particular state.

A military-patriotic speech is usually delivered by a commander before a decisive battle. Of course, in the field of military art, various types of eloquence are used. But in their form and genre features they do not differ significantly from socio-political and academic eloquence. An extremely short speech is of an appealing patriotic nature, stern in essence and always inspired by the idea of heroism, requiring the accomplishment of a personal feat, the manifestation of mass courage. One of the features of such speech is determined by the fact that it is not subject to discussion, much less criticism. Pathetic in character, courageous in its appealing intonation structure, laconic in form, clear and precise in its attitudes, military-patriotic speech is not only a call to feat and heroism, but also an order. Such a speech is especially impressive and inspiring to its listeners when delivered by a person known for his courage, courage and popularity.

Political review– a public speech that highlights and briefly evaluates mainly current socio-political events. Such a speech is of an informational and commentary nature.

Rally speech usually pronounced on a topical topic, which is a socially significant problem and which concerns the general public. This is a short, emotional speech, designed for direct perception by listeners. The speaker’s task is to identify new, non-standard aspects of the topic, encouraging those gathered to perceive already known facts and realities in a new way. The success of a rally speech depends on the individual style of the speaker, his ability to appropriately express an assortment of verbal and non-verbal means of communication and the ability to improvise depending on the reaction of the audience. An ardent, inviting, relevant, skillfully delivered rally speech, as history shows, is an effective reason for influencing understanding.

Propaganda speech Almost all aspects of rally speech are inherent. Starting from current socio-political problems, actively influencing consciousness, the speaker encourages the listener to a certain activity, to the urgent need to take a certain civic position, change views or collect new ones. In a campaign speech, as a rule, they explain or ask questions, promote certain thoughts, beliefs, ideas, theories and the like, actively campaigning for their implementation or implementation.

Business speech- characterized by laconicism, criticality, direction, polemicalness and argumentation of the facts presented in it. Compared to rally and campaign speech, business speech is focused on the logical expressed rather than emotionally excited perception of the listener. More often than not, this speech has no independent meaning; it is understandable and perceived only in the context of the problem that is discussed at a specific meeting.

II. Academic performances

The presentation at the seminar includes:

Description of the essence of a particular issue;

Focus on the essentials;

Expressing your attitude and assessment;

Emphasizing significance, importance and relevance;

Support with examples of your evidence (links to sources).

Lecture- is one of the forms of propaganda, transmission, explanation of purely scientific, scientific-educational, popular science knowledge, oral presentation of educational material, scientific topics, which is systematic.

Educational and program lectures- constitute a systematic pen of a certain scientific discipline. An obligatory component of these lectures is a review and explanation of scientific literature, focusing on secondary issues and problems.

Initial program lecture- aims to introduce the listener to the range of issues of a particular discipline, familiarize them with its subject, and interest listeners in the subsequent study of the proposed material.

Review lectures, as a rule, read after studying the entire course. They pursue the goal of systematizing the listeners’ knowledge on a certain subject, suggesting a problem for subsequent independent study, and activating thought.

Lectures provide ample opportunities to introduce students to science and awaken their thoughts. It is much easier to construct problems in such lectures compared to initial program ones. As a rule, a lecture has a traditionally clear structure - introduction, main part, conclusions.

Introduction– the introduction to the topic of the selected lecture, its relevance in time, place and audience, should be concise and suitably intriguing. Having united and interested the audience, the lecturer should make an effort to keep their attention.

IN main parts The meaning of the lecture should be logically revealed, emphasizing all the cause-and-effect relationships of each independent semantic part.

conclusions should flow logically from the entire content of the lecture: summarize the main points and capture about 5% of the time and volume of the entire speech.

The lecturer should listen to listeners’ questions about the topic of the speech. His answers should be correct, balanced and concise.

III. Court appearances

Judicial eloquence is one of the oldest types of oratory. Both prosecutor's and lawyer's speeches are evaluative in nature and differ in their moral and legal orientation. Extreme objectivity, argumentation and evidence in detail are necessary conditions for speaking.

Prosecutor's office(indictment) and lawyer(defensive) speeches, however, differ from each other.

Advocate speech- the defense attorney not only operates with paragraphs of codes, but also turns to the moral principles and norms of society, seeking a fair court verdict.

Prosecutor's speech, no matter how harsh it may be, cannot be devoid of a sense of tact and utmost objectivity. In the prosecutor's speech, not only a mocking tone, teasing towards the accused, but even humor are inappropriate.

Self-defense speech, or the speech of the defendant permitted by law is the third main type of judicial eloquence. Although it is essentially adjacent to lawyer speech, it is conducted in a different form and under more difficult conditions.

IV. Social performances

Social and everyday eloquence is an anniversary or commendable speech, a table speech or toast, as well as a funeral or funeral speech. It reflects certain social relations, representing at the same time well-known everyday phenomena and long-established customs and folk traditions. Moreover, the toast and funeral speech are the most ancient phenomena; they arose among most peoples of the world along with the formation of a certain way of life. And the fact that anniversary, table and memorial speeches do not play such a role in public and state life as other types of eloquence does not at all detract from their importance, since social and everyday eloquence is an integral part of the spiritual culture of society no less than others types of oratory.

Anniversary or commendable, there are two subtypes of speech: dedicated to a significant date, the anniversary of an enterprise or organization, and a speech delivered in honor of an individual person honored by society. Both speeches are of a festive nature, always solemn. At the same time, they are to a certain extent summarizing in nature. It happens, however, that an anniversary speech dedicated to the holiday of an organization, especially a commercial one, is also of a purely business nature. Impromptu and improvisations, tactful jokes and witty focusing of listeners' attention on the peculiar features of the hero of the day, composing interesting and little-known facts from his life and work would be suitable for an anniversary speech. The form and meaning of the anniversary speech, despite the ease and wit of its presentation, must be morally and ethically weighed by the speaker so as not to offend either the hero of the day, his loved ones, or his listeners.

Another thing is a speech dedicated to an individual, for example, in connection with her 70th birthday and 50th anniversary of scientific, artistic or other activity. Such as propilo, short speeches delivered in a semi-solemn and friendly atmosphere, are invariably of a commendable nature. They express respect and honor to the hero of the day, are filled with good feelings and good wishes for him. In such speeches, the main advantage is joke, humor, apt description of the hero of the day, memories of important facts of his life. They are often combined with reading addresses, friendly collective letters, and even specially written poems. Impromptu, impromptu speeches are especially well received. And, on the contrary, anniversary speeches that are written or memorized in advance cause a feeling of annoyance. It is good if the anniversary word spoken to the honored artist is accompanied by comic improvisations, staged (in costumes and even scenery) collective performances by artists, solo singing, and sometimes even a ballet number. In them, eloquence is organically combined with different types of art, becoming part of the artistic presentation.

Table speech– toast is also divided into two subtypes. This is a word spoken at official, especially diplomatic, receptions. Filled with a certain elation and often friendly feelings, such speech is of a business and political nature and rarely differs from socio-political eloquence.

Toast- part of folklore, a centuries-old folk creation. Even some commendable exaggerations in assessments are quite acceptable in it, praises are appropriate, but any kind of critical note is contraindicated in the toast. Heartfelt feelings, wishes for health, goodness and success in everything invariably determine the intonation of such a table speech and are its attribute.

Experienced toastmaster- a master of such speech. He always knows what and when, about whom and how to say. His word can be picked up and continued by others. There are, of course, talkers, the colorful type of which was sculpted by A.P. Chekhov in the story “The Orator” (1886) in the image of Zapoikin. This drunkard had a “rare talent for delivering impromptu wedding, anniversary and funeral speeches.” But decent society will not choose such types as their toastmaster; the dan is unlikely to want to be allowed to the table.

Tombstone or memorial a speech dedicated to someone who has passed away is always evaluative. Filled with sadness and sometimes tragic intonation, such a speech is always impressive. In the word about the departed, as people say, it is customary to “remember with kindness.” In ancient times, many peoples had a custom of hiring mourners in order to express grief as clearly as possible.

This ancient custom then gave way in many countries to the word, speech about the deceased. Every funeral eulogy not only expresses sadness, but also contains a brief description of the deceased person and his accomplishments. Such speeches are necessarily made in cases where the deceased has left a noticeable mark on public life, in science, technology, and art with his hard work and talent. The word spoken over the coffin of a brilliant man, and said by his faithful friend is a fact. itself significant enough to have a strong emotional impact on its listeners and even readers. Moreover, the strength of the emotional impact of a public word is often determined both by its object and the specific situation, and by who speaks and how.

V. Theological and church performances

Theological-ecclesiastical eloquence is also one of the ancient ones, having considerable experience of influencing the masses. We are talking mainly about the Christian religion and especially about such most influential varieties as Orthodoxy and Catholicism.

The main type of theological and church eloquence is sermon, invariably filled with the belief that it embodies the “absolute truth,” although it does not exclude listeners from thinking about the “meaning of life.” Its most characteristic feature is moral and ethical edification. The rhetorician does not see the need to argue and accurately prove his thoughts. He speaks “by the word of God,” and it, as is customary according to the church catechism, “is not subject to verification.” Any desire for real knowledge and even “excessive curiosity” have always been condemned by the church. That is why every church sermon is built, first of all, on the fact that everything in the world is “in the hand of God.”

Contact between the speaker and the audience.

The speaker must address his appeal not only to the speaker or the presidium, but first of all to all those present, constructing it in such a way that the information they received is understandable and forms the basis for their own thoughts and conclusions.

The speaker's attitude towards the audience should be absolutely friendly and professional. Goodwill presupposes the impossibility of aggressive behavior (reproaches, threats, insults) and demagoguery (lies). A professional attitude, the ability to work with an audience, does not depend on its disposition towards the speaker. Ethical qualities of a speaker: honesty, modesty, benevolence, discretion. Speech is given to man to hide his thoughts. Honest speaker: conscientious, competent, principled, self-critical. Modesty: equality with the audience, attention to what others say. Goodwill is proof of benefit, benefit for the audience. It is forbidden:

Present them as stupid, dishonest, weak-willed. those people whose opinions you are challenging

Appealing to the feelings of the audience should not develop into manipulation

Identify a person’s views with the views of the group or party to which he belongs

Distort the opinions of opponents

Flaunt personal qualities

Refuse the original theses

Audience sense, or communication skills, arises only when the speaker manages to create a “communication effect” in the audience, talking to listeners the way they usually talk to close, familiar people who have something to say and who will willingly listen to you.

Simulation of conversation- the speaker creates the impression of live communication. To do this, he communicates with the audience, asks questions (to which he answers), confronting opinions, showing the inconsistency of his opponents, etc.

An important means of achieving communication skills is eye contact with listeners. Correctly directed gaze of the speaker is an indispensable condition for achieving the feeling of the audience, therefore, during a speech, it is necessary to learn to control your gaze so as not to look at the ceiling, or into space with a “blind gaze,” or even at one of those present in the hall, without making him yours. interlocutor. “It is recommended otherwise,” writes A.K. Michalska. – Try to look into the eyes of the listeners, moving your gaze from one to another, but so that your eyes do not seem to be “running.”

Will come to the rescue and voice contact, which complements eye contact: the speaker’s voice is directed along with his gaze to one of the listeners, and he gets the impression that you are talking to him and for him.

How to prepare for a performance.

1 prepare, should not improvise

A lecture, report, political review, etc., as a rule, require careful preparation.

2 choose a topic

The topic should be interesting and relevant to the given audience. When choosing a topic, you should think about the title of the lecture (report, message); it should not only reflect the content of the speech, but also attract the attention of future listeners and affect their interests.

Adviсe when choosing topics:

The topic should be relevant to the speaker’s knowledge and interests.

You can’t follow the audience’s lead, don’t tell the audience only what they would like to hear.

Talk about what you know better than the audience.

Take into account the main interests of the audience (life, death, health, money, peace, war).

3 set a goal

The speaker must clearly define for himself the purpose of the upcoming speech: he not only informs the audience by talking about certain events and facts, but also tries to form in them certain ideas and beliefs. Any speech must pursue educational goals, and the speaker must, unnoticed by the listeners, introduce them to his moral ideals. Any speaker must clearly define the purpose of the speech:

Entertain

Satisfy curiosity

Convince

Call to action

4 introduction to the audience

When preparing for a speech, the lecturer must find out who will come to listen to him (adults or children, young or old, educated or not, the advantage of a female or male composition of the audience, its nationality and religious characteristics)

5 search and selection of material

Even if the speaker knows the topic of the upcoming speech well, he still prepares for it: he looks through literature and periodicals to connect the topic with modern times and find out the latest facts.

6 keywords (“cheat sheets”)

On the sheet of paper you need to allocate large fields for such words. These can also be proverbs, paradoxes, aphorisms, anecdotes, which can be useful to maintain the interest of the audience.

7 mannerisms (throwing hair away from the forehead, scratching the back of the head, swaying, moving shoulders, gesturing, etc.)

8 Gestures and facial expressions of the speaker

The speaker's gestures and facial expressions must be natural and varied, and most importantly, they must be motivated by the content of the speech.

Bibliography:

Mikhalskaya A.K. - “Fundamentals of rhetoric. Thought and word.” – M., 1996.

Golub I.B. - textbook “Russian language and culture of speech.” - M., 2002

Graudina L.K. – “Russian rhetoric.” - M. Education, 1996.

Russian rhetoric. "Anthology". - M., 1996.

Formanovskaya N.I. – “Speech etiquette and culture of communication” M., 1989.

The ability to speak in public has been a useful skill at all times. People who have excellent public speaking skills will always be in demand by society and will be able to find work. It's no secret that there are few such people; they always stand out among others. They turn out to be successful leaders, politicians, businessmen, journalists, writers, teachers, since in many professions knowledge of rhetoric plays a vital role. The purpose of this public speaking course is to provide everyone with the opportunity to learn free online materials, lessons, exercises, techniques and rules for mastering the basics of rhetoric.

What is rhetoric?

This is a word that has ancient Greek origin ( Greek rhetorike), and literally means “ oratory" What is “oratory”? And how to develop your abilities for it?

Each of us has had the opportunity to speak in public at least several times in our lives. And, for sure, no one doubts that To be fluent in public speaking, you need to know and be able to do a lot. It can be said that the ability to speak in public reflects our intellectual development and our social skills.

Martin Luther King's famous speech

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, “ oratory speech"is a type of monologue speech used in a situation where the speaker addresses a large audience with the aim of persuasion or suggestion. Oratory is often identified with eloquence, so a good speaker must be well-read, have competent speech, and be able to clearly express his thoughts. But the speaker also needs to be able to cope with his anxiety, control his diction and have a well-trained voice. In addition, it is important to master speech improvisation, be able to answer questions, maintain contact with the audience, pronounce the text with the necessary intonation, and much, much more.

Most of the skills described, which together form public speaking, can be learned. To do this, it is important to work on yourself, to realize, analyze and correct the unsuccessful moments of your own and others’ public speaking, and most importantly, to train your skills in practice. Our training will help you work through all of these difficult steps towards developing excellent public speaking skills.

Want to test your knowledge?

If you want to test your theoretical knowledge on the topic of the course and understand how suitable it is for you, you can take our test. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question.

Online Rhetoric Lessons

The public speaking training posted on this website is an integration of many techniques described by public speaking experts. Each of the lessons involves the development of a specific skill that contributes to the development of your public speaking abilities. Naturally, each person can master these skills differently, so try to pay attention to those lessons that seem most useful to you.

Video

In this section of the training on public speaking skills, you can watch videos of famous speeches by outstanding speakers: Martin Luther King, Steve Jobs, Vladimir Lenin and others. Also here you can find videos from various competitions, presentations and speeches of people to investors. In addition, the section contains video lessons from leading experts in the field of public speaking.

4 rules of rhetoric

First rule. Start any speech with a strong desire to achieve your goal.
Second rule. Try to always prepare for your performance.
Third rule. Show confidence even if you don't feel confident.
Fourth rule. Practice more (this is true for any other skill).

These four rules of public speaking are essentially the foundation of any good speech. If you do not set yourself the goal of achieving great success in rhetoric, but are only trying to prepare for a specific speech, then they may be useful to you.

If you plan to take a more detailed approach to studying the art of oratory, then we will be happy to provide you with useful and interesting information in the lessons on our website.

We wish you success in mastering the art of public speaking!

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Educational Institution "Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University"

Branch of the Russian State Pedagogical University in Berezovsky

Department of Vocational Pedagogical Education

Examination on the discipline

"Business conversation"

On the topic of Oratory

Completed by: S.A. Alekseeva

Group: Bz 211 STG

Checked by: St. teacher Loshakova L.P.

Berezovsky 2013

Introduction

1. The concept of oratory

3. Functional speech styles

Conclusion

Introduction

The ability to influence people has been considered one of the highest talents since ancient times. Without entering into a debate about the role of personality in history, it should be noted that there are a huge number of historical events that would never have happened if people had not appeared who directed their development in a certain direction. And one of the main tools for influencing people was oratory.

Oratorical speech is an influential, persuasive speech that is addressed to a wide audience, delivered by a speech professional (speaker) and aims to change the behavior of the audience, its views, beliefs, moods, etc. The speaker’s desire to change the listener’s behavior can concern various aspects of his life: to convince him to vote for the right deputy, to persuade him to make the right decision in the field of commercial activity, to encourage him to buy certain goods, products, etc. There are countless such specific goals, but in any case, the influencing speech is aimed at extra-linguistic reality, in the sphere of vital interests and needs of the listener. The ability to persuade has always been valued by society. The role of a speech professional in the sphere of politics and social activities is especially great. The increasing role of influencing speech in the life of society led to the emergence of a doctrine that developed the root of this type of speech activity. This teaching is called rhetoric (In the Russian tradition, the words “oratorio” and “eloquence” are also used as synonyms).

The purpose of this work is to consider the structure of oratorical speech, and for this you need to get acquainted with the basic rules that should be followed when developing the content of a speech, what you need to pay attention to when developing material, what ways to improve oratorical speech and, of course, with the lexical and syntactic features of the structure oratorical speech.

The objectives of the work are to define oratory as a type of speech.

1. The concept of oratory

Oratory is a type of oral form of literary language that finds expression in various types of public speeches on socially significant topics. Oratory is informative, addressed to a specific audience, and is a special form of speech activity in conditions of direct communication. This is an oral, usually prepared speech, following communicative speech and stylistic and compositional norms corresponding to the type of oratorical speech, with the aim of informing listeners and influencing them to obtain the desired effect by the speaker.

Oratorical speeches are the most common pronunciation, lexical, morphological, syntactic options accepted in the practice of exemplary use and regulated by rules, with the help of which the correctness of speech, its purity, accuracy, logic and accessibility are achieved. In oratory speeches the following are also used: stylistic and compositional norms. A stylistic norm is a set of stable implementations of linguistic means, characteristic of various functional styles, functional-semantic types, figurative and expressive means, leading to the stylistic appropriateness of speech and its richness. A compositional norm is a system of semantic structures and individual elements used to develop a presentation that affects listeners, which is characterized by semantic and stylistic integrity, structural completeness and unity, structural and connectedness of speech components.

Oratorical speech requires precise focus on the topic, contact, the presence of elements of dialogue, time duration, dynamism, the integrity of the oratorical speech lies in the unity of its theme and semantic parts of different structure and length that make up its composition. On the one hand, oratory is a linear sequence, and here the means of forming coherence come to the fore; on the other hand, oratory is a unity that goes from concept to its implementation, i.e. speech that is subject to certain rules of organization, presupposing the implementation of a certain general model for each of its types. The peculiarity of Oratorical speech also lies in its irreversibility, in the absence of a visible sequence of elements that could be covered, like a written text, with a glance, which determines a lot in the nature of its construction and perception, in particular the presence in it of integration, i.e. connecting linguistic elements.

Speaking at a meeting, conference, meeting, or in the media is a type of oratorical prose. The speaker's task is never limited to presenting a certain amount of information. The speaker is forced, as a rule, to defend his point of view, persuade others to accept it, convince others that he is right, etc. Speeches vary in topic and volume, the goals of the speakers are different, and the audiences to whom they speak are different. However, there are stable, standard methods of speech development of the text of a speech. The combination of these techniques can be presented in the form of a set of the following recommendations:

1. You definitely need to prepare for the performance. You should not count on successful improvisation if there is even the slightest opportunity for preparation.

2. First of all, you should clearly formulate the topic of your speech by asking yourself: what do I want to say? One should not arrogantly assume that this is always clear to the speaker.

3. Determine the purpose of the speech. What would you like to achieve? Refute someone else's point of view? Convince the audience? Change the course of the discussion? Make significant additions to the problem under discussion?

4. At the beginning of the speech, immediately formulate the main idea of the speech, the main thesis. You should not delay the introduction of the thesis. Until the listeners understand what you are going to talk about, their attention will be scattered and unfocused. Remember that if you delay the presentation of the essence of the matter, then the irritation of the audience grows exponentially.

5. Determine the main idea, break it down into separate components. This division must be carried out consistently on the basis of one principle. The components that make up the main idea must be proportionate in importance and interconnected into one whole. Each component of your main point will represent a different part of your speech, which can be named after the keyword of that part of the speech.

6. Start presenting the content with the most important, fundamental theses. Leave the minor, additional components for the end.

7. If necessary, select the appropriate information for each thesis: statistical data, information on the history of the issue, results of sociological surveys, etc.

9. The idea expressed will be more convincing if you support it with examples.

10. When giving arguments to support your opinion, arrange them in such a way that their evidential power increases. Put your strongest arguments at the end. The final argument is recorded in memory better than the first.

11. Assess the consistency of the entire text as a whole. Check how well the sequence of presentation of the material corresponds to the set goal, the nature of the audience, and the specific speech situation that had developed at the time of the start of your speech.

The most typical errors in a presentation: significant deviations from the main content, inconsistency, disproportion of individual parts, unconvincing examples, repetitions.

Each speech has its own specific preparation, but this does not mean that there are no general principles for working on the text of the speech.

3. Functional speech styles

Functional speech styles are a historically established system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

There are five functional styles:

1. Scientific - its meaning is to give an accurate and clear idea of scientific concepts (for example, terminological vocabulary).

2. Official - business - official correspondence, government acts, speeches; vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations (session, decision, decree, resolution).

3. Journalistic - characterized by abstract words with socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, openness, peace-loving).

4. Conversational - distinguished by great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives liveliness and expressiveness to speech;

5. Fiction - used in fiction.

Scientific style is the style of scientific communications. The scope of use of this style is science; the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, or simply anyone interested in a particular scientific field; The authors of texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of style can be described as describing laws, identifying patterns, describing discoveries, teaching, etc. Its main function is communicating information, as well as proving its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, and many abstract and real nouns. The scientific style exists primarily in written monologue speech. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguousness), abstraction, and generality.

The official business style is one of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language: a set of linguistic means, the purpose of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations (business relations between organizations, within them, between legal entities and individuals). Business speech is implemented in the form of written documents, constructed according to rules that are uniform for each of their genre varieties. Types of documents differ in the specifics of their content (which official business situations are reflected in them), and, accordingly, in their form (the set and arrangement of details - the content elements of the text of the document); They are united by a set of language tools traditionally used to convey business information.

The journalistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of articles, essays, reports, interviews, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, and emotionality. This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.

The conversational style is used for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment. Linguistic means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with suffixes of subjective assessment; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions, inversion, etc.

Artistic style influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.

4. The influence of functional styles on public speaking

Live verbal communication is a science and an art. They represent two sides of the coin. And only in interaction, in the combination of one and the other, is it possible for that part of culture called oratory to flourish. Arguments are the basis of oratory. And not just arguments, but those whose choice is motivated by the communication situation and the composition of the audience. The speaker's speech must be prepared. It is prepared according to book and written sources that have a direct and immediate impact on the structure of speech.

Functional speech styles make oratory more rich and convincing. In order for a speech to move and interest an audience, it is important to use them to motivate listeners to take action. Official business style affects the scope of official business relations; its main function is informative. Scientific style influences the scope of scientific knowledge; its main function is to communicate information, as well as to prove its truth. The journalistic style serves the sphere of socio-economic, socio-cultural and other public relations; its main functions are communication and influence; this style uses all linguistic means; it is characterized by economy of linguistic means.

The artistic and fictional style has an impact and aesthetic function; it most densely and vividly reflects the literary and, more broadly, popular language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery; in this style all structural aspects of the language are most widely represented. The speaker’s desire to influence the psyche of listeners also influences speech.

Conversational style is opposed to book styles, it serves the sphere of everyday and professional relations; Its main function is to influence communication, which manifests itself in oral form.

So, we can note the stylistic polyphony of oratorical speech. This polyphony arises as a result of the influence on oratory, on the one hand, of various functional styles, and on the other hand, elements of different stylistic colors.

5. Ethics of public speaking

oratorical speech audience composition

The speaker's attitude towards the audience should be absolutely friendly and professional.

Goodwill presupposes the impossibility of such forms of verbal behavior as aggressiveness in its various manifestations (reproaches, threats, insults) and demagoguery (lies).

A professional attitude towards the audience presupposes the ability to work with any audience: one that is friendly, one that is aggressive, and one that expresses indifference to the speaker.

Let us note some typical mistakes that speakers make (even against their will).

1. You should not portray or present as stupid, dishonest, inconsistent, or weak-willed those persons whose opinions you are challenging.

2. Appealing to the feelings of the audience should not develop into manipulation of the audience.

3. One should not identify a person’s views with the views of the group or party to which he belongs.

4. You cannot distort the opinions of opponents with whom you argue or on whose opinions you rely. Particular care should be taken when handling quotations.

5. Do not flaunt your personal qualities, do not exaggerate your role in any events, joint activities, etc.

6. Having expressed the starting points of your point of view, concept , protect them, justify them, prove them.

7. During the speech, you cannot abandon the original (expressed or unspoken) theses, pretending that you “didn’t think so.” You will lose trust.

8. You should not demand that your concept be recognized as correct only on the basis that you think your rationale is convincing.

Conclusion

The word has always been a powerful tool that should be handled very carefully, since it can not only inspire great deeds and actions, but also lead to the destruction of entire nations.

But without knowledge of the rules for constructing a public speaking speech, the effectiveness of influencing the audience quickly decreases. We also must not forget about lexical and syntactic features, which also help to construct your speech competently, correctly and professionally.

Thus, when preparing for a speech, we must take care of a convincing, meaningful development of the topic and its good information support. The speech format of the speech should ensure constant contact with the audience and contribute to the rapid and reliable assimilation of the content.

So, the oratory must be logically structured; the author has no right to violate the ethical standards of speech behavior accepted in this group. The use of expressive means embellishes the speech, enhances its impact on listeners, and helps to more accurately and vividly express the author’s attitude to the problem posed.

Separating truth from opinion, well-founded argument from unfounded, reliable from plausible is one of the main tasks of argumentation, which can be successfully solved through a careful and conscientious analysis of the statements and opinions put forward, and evaluation and justification of the arguments on which they rely.

It is not possible to build a prosperous and worthy society, relying not only on material wealth, but also on speech, and especially oratory. Oratory has led, and will continue to lead, to new changes and beginnings, which gives society the opportunity to harmoniously develop and move forward.

List of sources used

1. Skazhenik E.N. Workshop on business communication. Tutorial. Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2005.

2. Koltunova M.V. Business conversation. Norms. Rhetoric. Etiquette. Textbook manual for universities. Recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. M.: Logos, 2005.

3. Psychology and ethics of business communication / Ed. V.N. Lavrinenko, 4th ed., M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005.

4. Borozdina G.V. Psychology of business communication. M.: Infra-M, 2006.

5. Golub I.B. Learn to speak correctly and beautifully: textbook / I.B. Blue M.: OMEGA-L, 2009.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Disadvantages of oratory

The following disadvantages of oratory speech can be identified:

Dictionary too poor. Most often, public speakers have to use a small number of words and phrases. This leads to the fact that quite often many of them are repeated in his speech, and this is reflected in its quality. A depressing impression is created, indicating the speaker’s lack of education and low intellectual development. Such speeches stand out for their verbal monotony and banality of style, and accordingly, the content of the text is just as poor. It is possible to correct the situation with the help of synonyms, comparisons and eloquent phrases, which must necessarily be present in public speeches.
Lengths. Public speaking often consists of long and convoluted sentences, descriptions, and evidence. It is imperative to shorten them, and break complex sentences into several simple ones.
Style mismatch. It is necessary to understand that objects of spiritual and moral dignity require the use of different styles. This means that you cannot use cheerful words at a wake; a sad tone is unlikely to be appropriate at a wedding. In addition, during a speech you are not allowed to speak too sweetly or pompously, as this greatly distorts the speech and makes it unnatural.
Excessive brevity. Often, speakers leave out certain information during a speech, which makes their speech not entirely clear to the assembled audience. When speaking key thoughts and reasoning, it is necessary to give certain explanations and highlight the most important thing in your speeches.
Speech is unclear. Occurs when little-known foreign or outdated words, as well as dialects, are present in the speaker’s text. Such communication becomes unclear to listeners. In order to avoid an inadequate reaction from the audience, it is necessary to explain the knowledge of such words and give them a brief definition.
Cacophony. During public speaking, long sound pauses should be avoided in speech. In addition, you need to try to ensure that the speaker’s text does not contain dissonant combinations.

It is determined by the type of text, the size of the audience, the speaker’s task and a set of other circumstances. Certain rules are formed already at the preparation stage, taking into account the prevailing conditions and the above factors. In order for statements to be literate and well received by listeners, it is necessary to master the concept of oratory and the characteristics of public speaking.