Pneumonia in a newborn baby chances of surviving rehabilitation. Types and features of pneumonia in newborns

Pneumonia in a newborn baby is an inflammation of the lungs that develops immediately after birth or in the first twenty-eight days of a baby's life. A feature of pneumonia in such young children is that the inflammatory process quickly spreads to both lungs, and the child's condition worsens every minute. Complications of the disease are very serious, so it is necessary to know the main symptoms and principles of treatment of such a pathology.

ICD-10 code

J10-J18 Influenza and pneumonia

Epidemiology

Pneumonia statistics indicate a high percentage of the disease in children who are born from pathological pregnancy and childbirth. In mothers who are active carriers of dangerous viral and bacterial infections, pneumonia, as a manifestation of generalized infection, occurs in 78% of cases. Among the total number of patients, premature babies are 40% more likely to have congenital pneumonia, even with uncomplicated pregnancy.

Causes of pneumonia in a newborn baby

Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory process of the lung tissue, which is accompanied by the accumulation of inflammatory exudate inside the alveoli and symptoms from the respiratory system. Despite such a small age, pneumonia in newborns can also often be the same as in older children. This is due to many factors and reasons. In the development of different types of pneumonia in newborns, different pathogens play a role. Therefore, in order to understand the etiology of pneumonia, you must first consider what types there are.

According to the time of onset of symptoms, congenital and neonatal pneumonia are distinguished. Congenital pneumonia manifests itself in the first three days after birth. The cause of such pneumonia is viruses that penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, the main causative agents of such pneumonia are systemic viruses from the TORCH group - this is the rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpesviruses, toxoplasmosis and syphilis. If we are talking about such infection, then the infection occurred in the early stages of pregnancy transplacentally and pneumonia may be one of the manifestations of intrauterine infection. The cause of congenital pneumonia can also be bacteria - chlamydia, mycoplasma, listeria, ureaplasma, candida, Trichomonas. Then it is more likely that the infection occurred already during childbirth or before the birth itself.

The causes of neonatal pneumonia depend on the period of occurrence: there are early (up to 7 days) pneumonia and late (from 7 to 28 days of life). Early pneumonias are among those whose pathogens can be stationary flora - infection occurs in the delivery room, in the premature ward, during mechanical ventilation. Then the probable causes can be considered staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiela. Late pneumonia occurs already when infected with home flora and more often it is an association of viruses with bacteria.

Risk factors

Such a precise division into etiological factors is very important, since the approaches to the treatment of such pneumonias differ. But fortunately, not all children get sick, there are risk factors for this pathology, which include:

1. complicated pregnancy and diseases of the mother lead to disruption of the formation of a normal protective barrier - the placenta;
2. pathological childbirth - caesarean section, the use of obstetric forceps - all this increases the risk of additional infection;
3. chronic or acute infectious diseases of the mother with damage to the reproductive system and urinary tract increase the risk of infection during passage through the birth canal;
4. meconium aspiration during childbirth;
5. application of resuscitation measures for the child or mechanical ventilation;
6. prematurity, birth trauma or damage to the central nervous system;
7. improper sanitary and epidemiological situation in the delivery room.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of pneumonia in a newborn is associated precisely with the immaturity of his respiratory system, which increases the risk of infection and the rapid development of the infectious process. Under the influence of pathogenic flora that penetrates into the lungs, due to the presence of an intensive blood supply, pathogens quickly spread through the bloodstream to both lungs. In this case, an inflammatory process occurs in the alveoli, the severity of which develops over minutes and hours. This disrupts the gas composition of the blood and there is a pronounced hypoxia of the cells - they do not have enough oxygen at the very moment when they need it most after birth. Lack of oxygen quickly disrupts the functioning of the brain, and then other internal organs, so intoxication develops very quickly. Such features of pathogenesis affect the clinical course of pneumonia in newborns.

Symptoms of pneumonia in a newborn baby

Clinical manifestations of congenital pneumonia appear immediately after birth or several hours later. As a rule, even before birth, pneumonia is slightly compensated due to the fact that there is food for the baby through the placenta. When a baby is born, two circles of blood circulation begin to function and the lungs straighten out after the first breath. And then, a few hours after birth, tissue hypoxia builds up and symptoms of congenital pneumonia appear. The first signs of the disease are manifested by a general serious condition - the child is born with a cyanotic or pale gray complexion, there may be a petechial rash against the background of intoxication. The child has a weak cry and depressed congenital reflexes against the background of hypoxia of the central nervous system. Respiratory disturbances are also expressed, as the body tries to restore the necessary amount of oxygen in the lungs by increasing breathing. This is manifested by shortness of breath, and when examining a baby, attention is drawn to the retraction of the intercostal spaces and areas above and below the collarbones, retraction of the sternum during breathing. Against the background of respiratory failure, tachypnea and palpitations are determined. This is accompanied by a loss of body weight against the background of refusal of the breast, which further complicates the situation. All symptoms increase very quickly and convulsions often occur against the background of an increase in body temperature.

Features of the course of neonatal pneumonia, especially the community-acquired form, are in its easier course. The lungs are affected, but already against the background of the relative compensation of the child's body to the external environment. During the period when there were no symptoms, the child managed to breastfeed a little, which gave not only strength, but also factors of immune protection against infections. Therefore, the symptoms of neonatal pneumonia are not so pronounced, but they are similar. The child becomes restless, the body temperature rises. Against this background, shortness of breath appears with the participation of additional muscles in this. Intoxication grows more slowly, but it is also pronounced and depends on the rate of infection.

Bilateral pneumonia in a newborn is very common. This is due to the fact that the child's body is not able to limit the inflammatory process within one segment, as in an older child. In addition, the constant horizontal position and wide bronchi with thin alveolar septa only contribute to the rapid spread of infection further to new areas. Therefore, it is not necessary to talk about focal pneumonia of the newborn. But unilateral pneumonia can be in the initial stages of the disease, and especially when it comes to late neonatal pneumonia. Then it often has a right-sided character due to the fact that the right bronchus is wider and shorter than the left. But the process quickly spreads to another lung, which is important in treatment.

stages

During a clinical examination, the degree of respiratory failure is determined in order to accurately speak about the severity and the need for oxygen support or mechanical ventilation. The degree of respiratory failure can be equated with severity, taking into account other clinical symptoms. A mild form of pneumonia in newborns is accompanied by shortness of breath and cyanosis, which appear when the child is anxious, there are no symptoms from other organs, since the acidosis is moderate.

Moderate pneumonia is characterized by shortness of breath and cyanosis at rest, generalized cyanosis with anxiety, tachycardia, tachypnea, and a decrease in the level of oxygen saturation of cells.

Severe neonatal pneumonia is accompanied by severe respiratory disorders, convulsions, CNS symptoms, and the need for mandatory mechanical ventilation.

The stages of pneumonia do not differ from those in adults, the only thing is that inflammation spreads quickly and some pathogens quickly cause necrosis (staphylococcus aureus, influenza virus, pneumocystis).

Forms

The main types of pneumonia depend on the time of infection and the onset of symptoms.

So congenital pneumonia has its manifestations immediately after birth - the child has a low degree of adaptation (low Apgar score) and manifestations of respiratory failure are immediately visible. Intrauterine pneumonia in a newborn is characterized by systemic symptoms, since the virus passes through the placenta and has the ability to penetrate into many internal organs. Therefore, against the background of respiratory symptoms, other manifestations are also expressed - there may be a generalized rash on the child's body, congenital heart malformations, blindness, damage to the brain or ventricles, an enlarged liver.

Pneumonia in newborns after a caesarean section is caused by bacteria that are on the instruments or in the delivery room. Therefore, it has principles of diagnosis and treatment close to early neonatal.

Aspiration pneumonia in a newborn develops against the background of meconium aspiration in a child. This may be with a post-term pregnancy or a long anhydrous period. The microflora of such pneumonia can be not only conditionally pathogenic, but also anaerobic. In addition, meconium itself is an aggressive substance that can damage the lung tissue itself.

Pneumonia in a premature newborn has its own characteristics, because his body is underdeveloped, including the respiratory and immune systems, which cannot respond to infection so quickly. Therefore, in preterm infants, the onset of pneumonia is gradual with an increase in general weakness, hypotension, and hyporeflexia. Then the symptoms of intoxication and respiratory failure come to the fore, while other symptoms are not very pronounced. Due to the underdevelopment of the thermoregulation center, premature babies have a tendency to low temperature, and they cannot have fever. In addition, objective and laboratory data do not indicate the presence of pneumonia. Premature babies have a very high risk of complications after pneumonia and the development of sepsis.

There are some features of the course of viral and bacterial pneumonia. Viral pneumonia of newborns is more often catarrhal in nature, but with a pronounced intoxication syndrome, and bacterial pneumonia is purulent in nature. Purulent pneumonia in a newborn is caused more often by intracellular pathogens, such as chlamydia. At the same time, it is very difficult for the cells of the immune system to get the bacteria, which is accompanied by the formation of a large amount of pus. This is accompanied by symptoms from the respiratory system and severe destructive processes in the lungs.

Complications and consequences

The body of the newborn has a low level of protective forces, which contributes to the rapid spread of infection in the body of the child. Therefore, complications can develop over several hours with serious consequences. All complications of pneumonia can be divided into pulmonary and extrapulmonary. Pulmonary complications include pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura), atelectasis (collapse of a lung particle), pneumothorax (accumulation of air in the chest cavity, which compresses the lungs from the outside). These complications can be as early as the second day of untreated pneumonia. Extrapulmonary complications develop due to the spread of infection by the lymphogenous or hematogenous route. These include acute otitis media, hemorrhagic syndrome, DIC, hemodynamic disturbances, persistence of fetal communications, and sepsis. Such a common infection in the lungs can quickly cause the pathogen to enter the bloodstream and develop bacteremia. Sepsis for such a small child is fatal, since the removal of bacteria in this case is a very difficult task.

Among the later consequences in children who have had pneumonia, there is a more frequent development of rickets and anemia, which must be taken into account in the further care of the child after discharge from the hospital.

Diagnosis of pneumonia in a newborn baby

The mother's history of pregnancy and childbirth can give a lot of information about what type of pneumonia and what etiological factors may be. Therefore, it is necessary to interrogate in detail about all episodes of the mother's illness, chronic infections and studies during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of pneumonia by external symptoms should also include an objective examination. In the case of pneumonia, percussion of the chest will show a shortened percussion sound. During auscultation of the lungs, there may be weakened breathing, but moist rales and crepitus are observed only in 10-15% of cases of children with pneumonia. Therefore, one should not rely so much on objective symptoms, and visual changes from other systems play an important role here. Therefore, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods play a key role in confirming the diagnosis.

Analyzes that could confirm the etiology of pneumonia in newborns are not so informative. This is due to the fact that immediately after birth, the child undergoes physiological adaptation of all organs and systems, including the circulatory system. The number of blood cells is increased, and on the fifth day there is a physiological leukocyte decussation. Therefore, changes in laboratory data that may indicate pneumonia are not as specific as in older children. But the main changes are an increase in the number of leukocytes in dynamics and the absence of a leukocyte decussation on the fifth day of a child's life.

If it is necessary to carry out a specific treatment for pneumonia in a child or the therapy is ineffective, then it is possible to examine the mother for viruses and bacteria that could cause the baby to become ill. For this purpose, a serological blood test is carried out with the determination of antibodies to certain pathogens.

Instrumental diagnostics is of priority importance in confirming the diagnosis of pneumonia. To date, no doctor can make such a diagnosis without a chest X-ray. This method allows you to clearly establish the degree of lung damage and the localization of the process. X-ray signs of pneumonia in a newborn are deflation of the lungs and an increase in the vascular pattern in the initial stages of the disease, and then inflammatory-infiltrative changes in the confluent character already appear.

Differential Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis of pneumonia should be carried out with hyaline membrane disease, with aspiration syndrome, congenital malformations of the lungs, diaphragmatic hernia, heart pathology and CNS injuries, which are accompanied by respiratory failure.

The symptoms of congenital pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome are very similar, so radiography can be considered the main diagnostic method. With RDS, the lungs look like "cotton wool", while with pneumonia, the foci are more confluent and clear. But all the same, it is difficult to differentiate these pathologies, therefore the principles of treatment of both pathologies are not particularly different.

Cardiac pathology can be excluded according to ultrasound, which makes it possible to assess the condition and function of the heart. Congenital malformations of the lungs on radiographs can also be diagnosed, as well as diaphragmatic hernia.

It is very important to differentiate the etiology of pneumonia, because the approach to treatment is different.

Treatment of pneumonia in a newborn baby

A feature of the treatment of pneumonia in newborns is that it is necessary to use not only etiological methods, but also pathogenetic, symptomatic ones. Indeed, for such a baby, even the air temperature matters, since hypothermia threatens a sharp deterioration in the condition. Therefore, you need to start treatment with a regimen.

The incubator regimen is considered the most acceptable for a newborn with pneumonia, since the correct temperature regimen can be used. The average temperature in the incubator for babies is 32-34 degrees, and the air humidity is 80-90% in the first days. It is very important to supply oxygen support, which can also be done directly into the incubator.

The nutrition of a child with pneumonia should be continued with breast milk, the total calorie intake should be limited, but with an increase in the frequency of feeding. Only after such measures can we talk about other drug therapy.

The terms of treatment of pneumonia in newborns range from 14 to 20 days, depending on the severity of the process. Antibiotics for pneumonia in newborns are considered the main and mandatory means of treatment. In this case, the treatment is carried out with two drugs, the methods of application of which are only parenteral (intramuscular and intravenous).
Treatment is carried out in stages: there are several courses of treatment depending on the type of antibiotic used. For the first course, a b-lactam antibiotic (semisynthetic penicillin or 2nd generation cephalosporin) is prescribed in combination with aminoglycosides. If such a combination of drugs is ineffective, second-course drugs are prescribed - cephalosporins 3-4 with amikacin or vancomycin.

What indicators are important in the treatment of neonatal pneumonia? First of all, they are guided by the severity of shortness of breath, blood saturation and intoxication syndrome. The effect of the treatment is evaluated 48-72 hours after the start of therapy, and if there is no effect, then another line of therapy is used.

Together with antibiotics, the use of probiotic preparations is mandatory, since dysbiosis in such children can cause diarrhea and dehydration, which will further worsen the condition.

Detoxification therapy should be carried out to correct hemodynamic disorders and restore metabolic systems. To do this, the infusion is calculated for the weight of the child, taking into account all losses and needs. If it is necessary to correct the function of vital organs, inotropic, antispasmodic and other drugs are added to the treatment.

Oxygen support for the child is mandatory, since metabolic disorders have a very bad effect on the cardiovascular system. If the child is in an incubator, then there may be a supply of free oxygen or through a mask. If the child is weak or premature and correction of the very act of breathing is necessary, then special oxygen supply devices with constant positive airway pressure are connected. IVL for pneumonia in a newborn is used when the degree of respiratory failure is extremely severe and the child needs support for the very act of breathing.

The main drugs that are used in the treatment of pneumonia in newborns are as follows:

1. Cefuroxime acetyl is a second-generation beta-lactam antibiotic that is used because of its bactericidal effect on many extracellular opportunistic microorganisms. In the treatment of pneumonia, this drug is used intravenously or intramuscularly. The dosage of the drug is from 50 to 100 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. Side effects are possible when affecting the stomach - colitis or dysbacteriosis develops, which is manifested by bloating, impaired stool. Precautions - you can not use the drug if you are allergic to penicillin antibiotics in your mother or close relatives.
2. Amikacin is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, which is effective against staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and some other bacteria that play a significant role in lung damage in utero. In the treatment of neonatal pneumonia, a dosage of 15 mg / kg / day in 2 doses is used. Side effects - sleep disturbance, drowsiness or lethargy, damage to the renal parenchyma, stool disorders. Precautions - do not use in case of kidney damage.
3. Vancomycin is a glycopetide antibiotic that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria as well as some anaerobes. It can be used for allergies to penicillin antibiotics. The dosage of the drug on the first day is 15, and then 10 mg / kg / day in 2 doses for children of the first seven days, and for older children the same dosage three times a day. Side effects may appear with rapid administration in the form of anaphylactic reactions, or there may be further hearing impairment or effects on the kidneys. Precautionary measures - the drug can cause inflammatory changes in the veins, so slow administration with a change in the injection site is recommended.
4. Laktovit is a drug that contains lactobacilli, which form lactic acid and prevent pathogenic bacteria from multiplying. Due to this, the drug creates favorable conditions for the development of beneficial intestinal microflora. At the same time, an important factor is that such bacteria are completely resistant to antibiotics, so they can be used against the background of antibiotic therapy. The dosage sufficient to restore the microflora and normalize the function of intestinal peristalsis in children is half a sachet per day in two divided doses. The powder can be dissolved in milk and given to the child before feeding. Side effects - diarrhea, a violation of the color of the stool, rumbling in the intestines.

Vitamins and physiotherapy with pneumonia in a newborn, they are not used in the acute period. When recovering a child after an illness, you can use massage and some procedures aimed at resolving adhesions.

Vitamins can be taken by a nursing mother, which improves the processes of regeneration of lung tissue in a baby and speeds up recovery.

Alternative treatment of pneumonia in a newborn

It must be said that the treatment of a newborn at home is not carried out in any case, therefore, folk remedies for such babies are not used. But given that the mother feeds the child with breast milk, with which the transfer of many useful substances and immune factors is possible, the mother can use folk methods. Knowing about women at risk who have had similar cases in history or with a complicated pregnancy, it is possible to take some homeopathic remedies for the purpose of prevention. But any appointment should be only on the recommendation of a doctor.

Mom can use herbal teas that help eliminate toxins:

1. Tea from linden leaves and viburnum fruits can be used in a small amount after each feeding. For such tea, you need to take thirty grams of linden leaves and the same number of viburnum berries per liter of water. You need to drink 50 grams of tea, so by the next feeding the child will receive such useful substances.
2. Raspberry has a high antiviral and antibacterial activity as a natural antioxidant. But she has a high degree of allergization of the body, so raspberry tea can be taken no more than twice a day. It is better to use fresh raspberries for tea, if the season permits. But raspberries from a jar should be given less preference than pods from a raspberry bush, which has more useful properties. Tea should be made ordinary with the addition of a certain amount of either berries or pods.
3. Buckthorn berries can also be used to make a medicinal tea. Before that, you need to let the berries stand in sugar for two weeks, and then add two berries to the water to make such tea. You can drink two or three times a day.
4. A decoction of the leaves of coltsfoot and wild rosemary can be used already during the period of active recovery of the child, which improves the discharge of purulent sputum and improves breathing. For this, tea is made from 60 grams of leaves of both herbs and one liter of water, and mother takes 50 milliliters twice.

Homeopathy it can also be used during pregnancy by the mother, and until the child is fully restored after the disease.

1. Hamamelis is a homeopathic remedy of natural plant origin. The drug can be used for illness in children who are born prematurely with a pathological course of pregnancy. Method of application of the drug - for the mother for three weeks. Dosage - five grains three times a day. Side effects can be in the form of insomnia or a violation of the stool in the form of passage, which requires a dose reduction by half.
2. Phosphorus is a homeopathic remedy of inorganic origin. This tool acts by enhancing the synthesis of immune cells of the non-specific link of immunity. It is used in the treatment of pneumonia in children when the medicine is added to the mother's diet. The dosage of the drug is two drops every six hours in tea or water for mom. Side effects are possible in the form of allergic reactions. Precautions - you can not use the drug if you suspect congenital malformations in the baby.
3. Argentum nitricum is a complex preparation of inorganic origin. It is used to treat babies born at term or after a caesarean section. How to use the drug in tablets. The dosage of the drug for the mother is one tablet every six hours in the acute period. Side effects can only be in the form of allergic manifestations.
4. Thuya compositum is a homeopathic remedy of natural plant origin, which is recommended to be used specifically to normalize the recovery of the body after being discharged home. This plant is an excellent tool for restoring a child's appetite and adapting to the outside world after suffering a pathology of the respiratory system. Method of application - in the form of drops, dissolving them in clean water. Dosage - three drops per fifty grams of water for mom three times a day. Side effects are often observed in the form of stool disorders, insomnia. Precautions - should not be used if there is an allergy in the family to coniferous trees.

The recovery of a newborn after pneumonia is not so fast, since not only clinical recovery with the elimination of the pathogen is necessary, but it is also necessary to restore the normal functioning of the lungs, heart and control of vital functions. With pneumonia, the natural process of synthesis and restoration of the level of surfactant is disrupted, so it takes time for the normal function of the respiratory system. In total, if there are no complications, then the acute period may end after four weeks, but full recovery comes after three to four months. At this time, the child requires the most gentle and attentive home care, adequate nutrition and good care.

Forecast

The prognosis of pneumonia may be favorable when starting treatment on the first day. The longer the diagnosis and treatment is delayed, the less likely it is to avoid all complications. Mortality from pneumonia in newborns is very high, and especially in premature babies.

Pneumonia in a newborn develops more often against the background of the pathology of pregnancy, childbirth or prematurity. This is due to the low immunity of the baby's body, which must be taken into account when treating such children. Complications of pneumonia are very serious, so it is important to prevent the disease. But every mother should remember that the best prevention is the birth of a healthy and strong baby and breastfeeding.

It is important to know!

It is necessary to distinguish the crying of a newborn from colic. Crying only means that the child communicates his discomfort. Causes can be mundane (eg, a newborn accustomed to cramped conditions in utero, frightened by arm and leg movements) or serious (eg, otitis media, abdominal pain). More often than not, there is no objective reason.

• Bilateral pneumonia in newborns
• Treatment of pneumonia in newborns

Pneumonia in a newborn is an inflammation of the lung tissue of an infectious nature. This disease is considered deadly for every baby. According to statistics, in 15% of cases, premature babies are exposed to it, while only 2% of full-term babies suffer from pneumonia.

Pneumonia is of several types:

• transplant centric - congenital pneumonia in newborns;
• antenatal;
• intranatal;
• postnatal.

Factors that cause the disease: toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpetic eruptions, streptococcal and staphylococcal infections of various groups, listeriosis, the presence of bacterial, viral and fungal infections.

The causes of lung inflammation can be very different. Quite often, the disease appears as a complication of acute respiratory diseases and sepsis. A special role can be played by the underdevelopment of the organs of the respiratory system in infants, in which pneumonia manifests itself much more often. Pulmonary inflammation can be caused by prenatal bleeding, premature discharge of amniotic fluid, the presence of diseases in the mother with acute or chronic course.

In medical practice, pathology occurs when pneumonia begins to develop in utero, that is, until the birth of a child. The causes of pneumonia are usually attributed to the illness of the expectant mother during childbearing. Viruses and infections enter through the blood and amniotic fluid. In some cases, the occurrence of pneumonia occurs under the influence of not one, but several factors at once. At this stage, it is possible to distinguish two ways of infection:

• bronchogenic method;
• hematogenous way.

The first method involves the entry of pathogenic microflora through the lungs, which occurs most often during childbirth. As for the second way, the infection occurs directly through the blood from mother to child.

Signs of pneumonia in newborns

Usually, with any degree of pneumonia, there are pronounced symptoms. These include the occurrence of shortness of breath, cough, fever in infants, while the skin color becomes pale gray. A sick baby may vomit right during feeding, there are intestinal cramps, bloating, loose stools, lethargy in behavior, fatigue from breast sucking, obvious disorders of the cardiovascular plan, severe diaper rash. Inflammation of the lungs in infants has a severe course with a high probability of mortality. Babies during this period have not yet fully formed the immune system, because the respiratory system is considered unprotected. Pneumonia is the cause of active inflammatory processes and severe damage to the lung tissue. At the same time, infants always fall into the risk group for the development of complications and various pathologies in the respiratory system.

The occurrence of intrauterine pneumonia in newborns is detected almost immediately after their birth.

In addition, after discharge, a doctor and a nurse will constantly visit the mother and the newborn for a month. If any abnormal behavior is found in the child, they should be reported immediately. The baby is shown in the first days of life to regularly measure body temperature, so even a slight increase should not go unnoticed. Signs of pneumonia of any form in very rare cases are latent and usually appear immediately when infection occurs.

Pneumonia in infants involves the diagnosis of the disease. The doctor makes a conclusion based on a direct examination of a sick child in the presence of pronounced clinical manifestations. In this case, one of the mandatory procedures is an X-ray examination. Children with congenital heart disease, pulmonary pathologies and pneumopathy require a special approach.

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The development of bilateral pneumonia in newborns is characterized by the most complex form of the course and a high probability of mortality. The occurrence of serious consequences is due to an underdeveloped immune system, pulmonary hypertrophy and prematurity.

In some cases, in the absence of the effect of drug therapy, the only method of treatment is to conduct an open sanitation of the formations by surgery. The operation is rather difficult for children, but it is a necessary measure. A complete cure can only be guaranteed if the disease is detected at an early stage. In premature infants, the following complications are observed with bilateral pulmonary inflammation: a violation of cardiovascular activity, a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood, a change in the acid-base balance, pneumocystosis and chlamydia.

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The treatment of pneumonia in newborns is given as much time as is necessary for a full recovery. The acute course of the disease after the start of the complex of therapeutic measures lasts approximately 14 days, after which there is a decrease in respiratory failure, the child's appetite increases and the nervous system stabilizes.

Further treatment is prescribed taking into account the possibility of increasing immunity and stopping all concomitant causative factors. With inflammation of the lungs, complications may develop in the form of abscesses, pleurisy, respiratory system disorders, cardiac pathologies, insufficient weight gain in the child, and acid-base imbalance.

For therapeutic purposes, in this disease, antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action are prescribed in almost every case. In addition, the child during the treatment should be under close supervision. It is impossible to allow hypothermia or overheating of the baby, it is necessary to ensure that the baby maintains hygiene and cleanliness of the skin, change the position of the body in time. In this case, feeding should be carried out through a probe in order to facilitate the process and save the child's strength. Only in the case when the baby's condition is considered satisfactory, in the absence of the slightest signs of intoxication and respiratory pathologies, breastfeeding can be allowed.

In addition to antibiotics, the child is pierced with vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B15 and C, a number of physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed, such as electrophoresis, microwave, hot wraps with and without mustard. In severe cases, blood and plasma transfusions may be performed. Inflammation of the lungs is treated exclusively in stationary conditions under the vigilant supervision of doctors. In this situation, at any time it is possible to correct appointments and procedures.

It should be taken into account that pneumonia, especially bilateral, greatly weakens the child's body and requires increased attention and control of the child's condition. That is why recovered children can get sick again. In order to prevent this, children may be prescribed a course of vitamin therapy lasting 4 months. At the same time, for another whole year, the child should be observed by a specialist.

Pneumonia in newborns

Pneumonia of the lungs in newborns - an infectious inflammation of the lung tissue - is one of the most common infectious diseases. It is dangerous for any baby, especially when it comes to bilateral pneumonia in newborns. Unfortunately, the statistics for today is as follows: pneumonia in newborns is diagnosed in 1% of full-term and 10-15% of premature babies.

Types and causes of pneumonia in newborns

In medicine, the following types of pneumonia are distinguished depending on the cause of the disease:

• congenital transplacental (the pathogen enters the baby through the placenta from the mother);
• intrauterine antenatal, caused by pathogens that have penetrated from the amniotic fluid into the lungs of the fetus;
• intranatal, occurs when the baby passes through the birth canal of the mother, infected with microorganisms;
• postnatal pneumonia, in which infection occurs after birth in a maternity hospital, in the neonatal pathology department (nosocomeal), or at home.

The most common causes of pneumonia in newborns are:

• infections of toxoplasmosis, listeriosis, rubella, herpes (with congenital transplacental pneumonia in newborns);
• streptococci of groups B and O, gestal mycoplasmas, tuberculosis and Haemophilus influenzae (with antenatal and intranatal pneumonia);
• group B streptococci, cytomegaloviruses, chlamydia, fungi of the genus Candida and type II herpes virus (with intranatal pneumonia);
• Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Intestinal Yuchka, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus (with nosocomeal aspiration pneumonia in newborns);
• mixed bacterial-bacterial, viral-bacterial.

Acquired home pneumonia most often occurs against the background of SARS (acute respiratory viral infection) caused by adenoviruses.

Secondary pneumonia, which is a manifestation or complication of sepsis, aspiration syndrome, is often caused in newborns by streptococci, staphylococci or gram-negative flora.

Symptoms of pneumonia in newborns

In the case of intrauterine infection, doctors will detect signs of pneumonia in a newborn even before discharge, because often the first signs of pneumonia begin to appear immediately after the birth of the child.

If a mother with a child was discharged home, during the first month a doctor must come to their house for patronage. He will monitor the condition of the baby, and he needs to talk about all the alarming symptoms, for example, lethargy of the child, frequent regurgitation and loose stools, refusal of the breast, and rapid fatigue when sucking.

If the child has a fever, do not wait for the next visit of the doctor. Urgently call an ambulance. Coughing in babies can be mild, but coughing is important to pay attention to right away. Also alert should be the appearance of nasal discharge in a child and shortness of breath. Shortness of breath leads to blue-tinged symptoms on the feet, face, and hands. In a sick child, diaper rash appears faster.

There is no need to be afraid to miss pneumonia in your child, because signs of the disease rarely occur without fever. And it needs to be measured periodically for prevention purposes.

The doctor, regularly examining and listening to the child, can easily detect pneumonia.

What is the treatment for pneumonia in newborns?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are always used to treat pneumonia. Careful care is needed for the child to avoid hypothermia and overheating. It is important to monitor the hygiene of his skin, often change the position of his body, feed exclusively from the horn or with a probe. Doctors will allow putting a sick baby to the chest only if he is in a satisfactory condition, namely, when intoxication and respiratory failure disappear.

In addition to the listed treatments, physiotherapy (microwave and electrophoresis), vitamins C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B15, the use of immunoglobulins, mustard and hot wraps twice a day, blood plasma transfusions are also prescribed.

Consequences of pneumonia in newborns

Children who have had pneumonia (especially bilateral pneumonia in newborns) are prone to recurrent illnesses. After discharge, they should repeatedly undergo vitamin therapy courses, give bioregulators (aloe and eleutherococcus extract) for 3-4 months. And within 1 year the child will be under dispensary observation.

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Pneumonia in newborns: prognosis, symptoms, causes, treatment

Pneumonia in newborns occurs when infected with pathogenic bacteria in utero or during childbirth. Until a few decades ago, this condition caused high mortality among children, but the pharmaceutical industry has created effective drugs. Modern anti-pneumonia drugs are capable of destroying most pathogens of congenital lung inflammation within a short time.

Congenital pneumonia is diagnosed in 10-15% of children. Very often, the disease can be traced in preterm infants and with fetal malnutrition.

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The prognosis for the life of the child depends on the correctness of the treatment tactics and the timeliness of the detection of pathology. The problem is relevant enough to leave its causes without attention, so we invite readers to read the article to the end.

Lung pathology in preterm infants

The causes of the disease in preterm infants can be divided into the following categories:

• Transplacental - when the pathogen penetrates the mother's placenta if she has bacterial or viral infections;
• Antenatal - bacteria infect the respiratory tract of the fetus by penetrating from the amniotic fluid;
• Intranatal - microorganisms enter the lungs when a child passes through the birth canal or from the environment when a cesarean section is performed on a pregnant woman;
• Postnatal - infection in the maternity ward or at home.

Pneumonia in newborns is caused by a special spectrum of microorganisms, which requires the appointment of a special group of antibiotics in the treatment of the disease. With viral infections, the prognosis of the course of the disease in newborns depends on the state of the baby's immune system and has specific features, which we will consider below.

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Risk of illness after caesarean section

After a caesarean section, congenital pneumonia occurs when infected with the following microorganisms:

• Herpes, rubella, toxoplasmosis, listeriosis viruses;
• Bacterial pathogens: mycoplasmas, streptococci, chlamydia;
• Mushrooms of the genus Candida.

With a long course, congenital pneumonia is caused by combined flora, which is difficult to treat, which in ancient times led to high mortality in newborns.

Inflammation of the lung tissue that occurred after a cesarean section in the mother is due to streptococcus. The causative agent causes purulent foci and sepsis (bacterial infection of the blood) with rapid reproduction, even against the background of antibiotics.

Home types of pneumonia in preterm infants occur against the background of respiratory infections, adenovirus lesions, streptococcal infections.

Pathogenetic signs in newborns

When a baby is born healthy, it does not mean that he has a strong immune system. Some bacteria are antagonists to other pathogens of the respiratory tract. So, Proteus is able to destroy gram-negative bacteria.

Doctor's advice for pneumonia

In premature babies, there is an underdevelopment of the protective factors of the alveolar tissue: defects in the surfactant are traced, there are no alveolar macrophages (cells that destroy microbes in the alveoli), the bronchial wall is weak. Against the background of such changes, it is difficult to assume that a meeting with infectious agents will not cause inflammatory reactions. The only salvation is the struggle of some representatives of the microbial world with others.

With bacterial contamination of the respiratory tract by Proteus, pneumonia caused by gram-negative rods is not traced for several months. Proteus is a pathogenic bacterium and is capable of independently causing pneumonia in infants.

Interaction in the microbial world is a complex mechanism that has not been reliably studied by man. Obviously, the widespread use of antibiotics is not rational. Features of the appointment of these drugs require control of the dosage and course of therapy. Due to the violation of the scheme of treatment of infections with antibacterial agents, many bacteria have developed resistance, which complicates the process of their therapy.

What forms a negative outlook

A negative prognosis for pneumonia in newborns is formed by the following symptoms:

• Hypoxia of the brain with a slowdown in motor function and mental activity;
• Violation of the depth of respiratory movements and disorders of its rhythm;
• Irregularity of heart contractions;
• Enhanced respiratory acts (Cheyne-Stokes);
• The accumulation of toxins in the blood and the appearance of secondary changes in other organs.

If at least one of the above symptoms appears, the child is placed in the intensive care unit, as mechanical ventilation may be necessary.

Pneumonia in premature babies has its own characteristics, unlike infants and infants under 1 year old:

1. The predominance of respiratory symptoms and toxic reactions. With the accumulation of large amounts of carbon dioxide, swelling of the periorbital tissues appears. Over time, hypercapnia leads to depression of the central nervous system, the appearance of Cheyne-Stokes respiration;
2. Increased temperature reaction and pulmonary complications - pneumothorax, atelectasis, pleurisy;
3. Extrapulmonary complications - intestinal paresis, ear inflammation, blood clots, adrenal insufficiency;
4. Premature babies often develop aspiration pneumonia, as they are prone to regurgitation;
5. A typical picture of the formation of pathological changes in the lung tissue: disseminated blood coagulation syndrome, sepsis;
6. Unstable clinical condition of patients with fluctuations in laboratory and clinical tests.

Suffering from pneumonia?

The above signs of pneumonia in newborns depend on the cause of the pathology. If the inflammation is caused by pneumococcus, the likelihood of complications or death is high. With this form, inflammatory foci quickly penetrate from one lung to another.

Congenital pneumonia in newborns is a dangerous condition. If the doctor does not prescribe antibiotics, the child quickly develops the following symptoms:

• respiratory failure;
• Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood;
• Damage to brain tissue;
• Imbalance of water-salt metabolism;
• Heart overload;
• Increased heart rate.

The list of changes that pneumonia causes in premature newborns is endless. The final stage of the pathology is death (without adequate treatment).

How does congenital pneumonia occur in full-term babies?

Pneumonia at birth in term infants is benign. Its duration is 1-2 weeks, and then the patient's condition gradually improves. Signs of respiratory failure rarely require relief with mechanical ventilation.

In a full-term baby, the acute period of inflammatory changes in the lungs lasts 5-7 days. After the use of antibiotics, resorption of infiltrative foci in the alveolar acini is observed, which provides a favorable prognosis.

Segmental pneumonia at birth in premature babies is at best cured after 4 weeks. Due to this course of the disease, it is obvious that the fetus should be preserved in utero until the time of physiological birth, but this is not always possible.

Morphological symptoms

Symptoms of pneumonia in premature newborns can be divided into the following morphological types:

1. Transplacental - the consequences of widespread infection with bacteria. Clinical symptoms of the disease occur due to a generalized infection. Children with pathology are born with asphyxia, cyanosis, respiratory failure;
2. The intranatal type of pneumonia manifests itself in 2 variants. The disease can occur due to intracranial birth trauma, leading to respiratory failure. The second option is accompanied by the presence of a "light gap". The child is born healthy, but after a few days he has bouts of cyanosis, frequent regurgitation, nervous excitement. There may be diarrhea, the appearance of foam from the mouth;
3. Early neonatal - observed in the first days after birth. This type can be determined by the following signs: respiratory failure, lethargy, cyanosis of the skin;
4. Late neonatal - begins with manifestations of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract: fever, anxiety, rhinitis, regurgitation. Over time, other symptoms of inflammation of the lung parenchyma appear: fever, cough, vomiting.

Does the sputum come out badly?

For a quick recovery, it is important that sputum is expectorated and excreted from the body, as Tolbuzina E.V., a pulmonologist, tells how to do this.

In premature babies, any of the above forms progresses rapidly and can cause death, so it is necessary to identify and treat the pathology at an early stage.

The degree of danger of pneumonia

Bilateral pneumonia in preterm infants has a dangerously high mortality rate. Serious consequences also occur against the background of primary immunodeficiency, severe malnutrition and prematurity.

The risk of respiratory failure increases in the presence of infiltrative fluid in the lungs, foreign bodies, liquid sputum (against the background of cystic fibrosis). To empty purulent foci with the ineffectiveness of antibiotics, open sanitation of formations by the operative method is necessary. Surgical intervention in premature babies is very difficult, but it is a necessary measure to save the life of the child.

With bilateral pneumonia in preterm infants, the following complications are often observed:

• Pneumocystosis;
• Chlamydia;
• Violation of cardiac activity;
• Change in acid-base balance;
• Decreased levels of hemoglobin and serum iron;
• Increasing the acidity of the blood.

The consequences of the disease in premature babies are too serious. Only with early detection of signs of infiltrative changes in the lung parenchyma and the absence of provoking factors can a complete cure of the pathology be guaranteed.

Terms of treatment for infants

Congenital pneumonia is treated as long as there are pathogenetic symptoms of the disease. The acute period of the disease lasts about 2 weeks, after which the phenomena of respiratory failure decrease. With the improvement of the condition in premature babies, the appetite increases, the state of the central nervous system is restored. The resolution stage lasts 1-2 weeks.

The prognosis for pneumonia in preterm infants depends on the state of the child's immune system, the presence / absence of provoking factors, and the treatment tactics used.

The development of secondary pathological changes in the lung tissue complicates the course of the pathology:

• Abscesses;
• Pleurisy;
• Respiratory and cardiovascular insufficiency;
• Hypotrophy of premature babies (lack of body weight);
• Violation of the acid-base balance of the blood.

Neonatal pneumonia is a dangerous pathology that requires constant analysis of the baby's condition and immediate medical correction. It can only be treated in a hospital setting.

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Pneumonia in a newborn child: causes, symptoms, consequences

Pneumonia in a newborn baby can occur due to infection with pathogenic microorganisms in utero or during childbirth. This disease used to be a cause of high mortality among infants, but today there are effective drugs that have significantly reduced the mortality rate.

A fairly common problem is congenital pneumonia in newborns, the causes of which are caused by infection with herpes viruses, toxoplasmosis, streptococci, chlamydia, etc. This disease is diagnosed in 10-15% of children.

Causes of pneumonia in newborns

With the transplacental route of infection, the pathogen passes through the maternal placenta. In the antenatal variant of pneumonia, the source of bacteria is amniotic fluid.

The intranatal route involves the entry of microorganisms into the lungs of a child when passing through the birth canal or from the environment (in the case of a Caesarean section). The postnatal variant of pneumonia is caused by infection either in the maternity ward or already at home.

Signs of pneumonia in a newborn

The clinic of the disease that developed in the prenatal period is noticeable immediately after childbirth. Symptoms are most pronounced if the pregnancy lasted less than 37 weeks, as well as in case of asphyxia. If a child was born with pneumonia, the following phenomena take place:

• very weak first cry;
• bluish tint of the skin and mucous membranes (this is very noticeable on the limbs, lips and tongue);
• intermittent noisy breathing with moist rales;
• in term-born children, the temperature is about 40 degrees, and in premature babies - about 35 degrees;
• swelling of the lower extremities is possible;
• weight loss, delayed falling off of the remainder of the umbilical cord, there are cases of inflammation of the umbilical wound;
• frequent regurgitation, vomiting is possible.

If there is pneumonia in a newborn that occurs during childbirth, symptoms appear after about two days. These include an increase in temperature up to 40 degrees, a decrease in appetite, cyanosis of the lips and paranasal region, and drowsiness. In full-term babies, breathing is noisy and frequent, while in premature babies, breathing is weak and rare.

Prognosis of congenital pneumonia in newborns

It is necessary to take into account a complex of factors, including the state of the child's immunity and the applied treatment tactics. Pneumonia in a newborn is treated as long as pathogenetic symptoms persist. The acute period lasts about two weeks, after which the phenomena of respiratory failure decrease. The improvement is accompanied by an increase in appetite. The duration of the resolution stage is usually 1-2 weeks.

The terms of treatment of pneumonia in a newborn child are delayed in the presence of secondary changes in the lung tissue. These include pleurisy, abscesses, respiratory failure. When there is congenital pneumonia in newborns, the consequences are the smaller, the more qualified the doctors.

A competent specialist takes into account the differences in the course of the disease in full-term and premature babies and chooses the appropriate treatment tactics. So, if pneumonia is diagnosed in a newborn, the consequences will not necessarily be severe, so parents should not panic ahead of time. If the disease developed at home, then the main thing is to see a doctor as soon as possible.

Inflammation of the lungs in newborns has a negative prognosis in the presence of factors such as cerebral hypoxia, increased respiratory acts, irregular heartbeats, and accumulation of toxins in the blood. Such symptoms are an indication for placing the child in the intensive care unit, as there may be a need for mechanical ventilation.

In a full-term infant, the duration of the acute period is usually 5-7 days. After the use of antibacterial drugs, resorption of infiltrative foci occurs, which provides a favorable prognosis.

Bilateral pneumonia in newborns

With such pneumonia, the risk of death is high. The situation is especially dangerous if the disease develops against the background of prematurity, severe malnutrition, and primary immunodeficiency.

The risk of respiratory failure is high if foreign bodies, infiltrative fluid, and liquid sputum are present in the lungs. If antibiotics do not give an effect, the emptying of purulent foci is performed by the surgical method. A premature baby is very difficult to tolerate surgery, but this is the only way to save his life.

Among the common complications of bilateral pneumonia in prematurely born babies are chlamydia, pneumocystosis, cardiac disorders, increased blood acidity, and a drop in hemoglobin levels.

Treatment of pneumonia in newborns

A necessary condition for recovery is the hospitalization of a sick infant in a specialized hospital with the maintenance of an optimal temperature and humidity regime. In no case should you rush to be discharged, even if it seems that the child is clearly already better. In a hospital, pneumonia in newborns is treated as much as necessary in order to protect them from serious consequences and complications.

Sometimes there is such a problem as distrust of parents to the attending physician. It is quite natural that against the background of a severe course of the disease in a child, the mother and other family members experience severe stress. They are trying to find out from third-party sources how and how much pneumonia is treated in newborns, for some reason trusting anonymous advisers on forums more than medical staff.

It is important to consider that all cases of this insidious disease are individual. Without knowledge of all aspects of the situation, it is impossible to immediately give an unambiguous answer for how long pneumonia in newborns is treated. One child copes with the disease faster, the other takes longer. Do not immediately blame the medical staff for incompetence if the disease is not treated as quickly as worried parents would like.

Treatment includes measures such as regular monitoring of breathing and body temperature, full fractional nutrition (best of all - breastfeeding), detoxification therapy, oxygen therapy.

Detoxification therapy is carried out by intravenous administration of physiological solutions and diuretics to the infant. This is done in order to speed up the filtration of blood by the kidneys.

Oxygen therapy consists in supplying a sick baby with humidified oxygen through a mask. This is necessary to normalize breathing and oxygen content in the blood. To stimulate the immune system, vitamin therapy is prescribed (large doses of vitamin B and C).

Use folk methods of treatment for pneumonia in newborns should not be. Sometimes honey is recommended as the most effective and safe remedy, but any experiments are unacceptable when it comes to the health of such young children.

Prevention of pneumonia in newborns

The mother of the child can take some steps to reduce the chance of developing this dangerous disease. Preventive measures include:

• planned pregnancy management, including testing for the diagnosis of congenital diseases;
• treatment of foci of chronic infection;
• exclusion of contact with infected patients;
• a well-thought-out diet, the basis of which is fruits, vegetables and herbs;
• fractional nutrition;
• walk in the fresh air for at least 2 hours a day;
• night sleep - at least 8 hours;
• giving up alcohol and smoking.

Prevention of pulmonary pneumonia in newborns is ensured by compliance with sanitary and epidemiological standards in maternity hospitals. In addition, after discharge from the hospital, parents must properly care for the baby. To do this, follow the recommendations of the doctor and protect the child from contact with sources of infection.

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It happens that a newly born baby receives its first diagnosis - pneumonia in a newborn. Parents are at a loss and wonder how this could happen, where did the little man, who barely breathed the air of the new world, get such a serious illness? We invite you to find the answer in this article.

Causes of pneumonia in newborns

Pneumonia in infants, popularly referred to as pneumonia, may be congenital, ie. received while the baby is in the womb, and acquired when infection occurs after birth. The congenital variant of the disease is the result of infection first to the expectant mother, and then to the child through the placenta, amniotic fluid or birth canal. For an already born baby, infection is possible within the walls of a hospital or home. In general, the sources of the disease are divided into three groups:

• bacteria;
• viruses;
• fungal infections.

At the same time, all kinds of complications positively affect the appearance and development of the disease in infants: hypoxia, asphyxia, trauma during childbirth, congenital heart and lung defects, weakened immunity, lack or absence of any vitamins.

Symptoms of pneumonia in newborns

Signs of pneumonia in infants differ depending on the method of infection:

• Intrauterine infection to the baby

1. a bluish tint to the skin, tongue, lips, arms, legs;
2. weak, quiet first cry or its absence due to the presence of inflammatory processes in the lungs;
3. noisy, uneven breathing with wheezing;
4. elevated body temperature (up to 40 degrees);
5. sluggish reflexes;
6. swelling of the legs;
7. frequent regurgitation, vomiting;
8. rapid weight loss;
9. slow healing of the umbilical wound.

• Illness after childbirth (symptoms become noticeable after two days)

1. high temperature (about 40 degrees);
2. decreased appetite, indigestion;
3. bluing of the area around the nose and lips;
4. frequent, noisy breathing;
5. general malaise, weakness.

If other symptoms (hypoxia, malformations, birth injuries, etc.) are added to the inflammation of the lungs in the baby, the baby can be sent to the intensive care unit, and artificial ventilation of the lungs can be shown to him.

Types of pneumonia and special cases of the disease

Unfortunately, babies born prematurely can also suffer from pneumonia. Pneumonia in premature babies has some distinctive features that are not inherent in the disease in older babies. So, the crumbs, who saw the light for up to 37 weeks, experience a decrease in body temperature to 35 degrees, while full-term babies, on the contrary, are characterized by a high temperature. Also, their breathing is weaker and rarer, and there is a risk of impaired functioning of the lung tissue and the reappearance of diseases of the bronchopulmonary apparatus. The tendency to regurgitation and vomiting is more pronounced, the general condition can be unstable and sometimes accompanied by other complications (inflammation of the ears, kidney failure).

Another variant of special cases of the disease in children is bilateral pneumonia. It can cover several segments of one lung or affect both lungs at once. In this case, the condition of the crumbs is under serious threat, and untimely treatment can lead to a sad outcome.

Infection with pneumonia after caesarean section occurs in newborns after contact with the external environment, i.e. immediately after birth and inhalation of hospital air. The causative agent of the disease can be viruses (herpes, rubella, toxoplasmosis), bacteria (chlamydia, streptococci), as well as Candida fungi.

Treatment of pneumonia in newborns

Inflammation of the lungs in infants is subject to immediate treatment, otherwise, the situation threatens to move into a more dangerous stage for the life of the baby. The most difficult period of the course of the disease is the first two weeks, after which the respiratory failure gradually decreases, the child has an appetite and his condition stabilizes.

A mandatory measure for this disease is hospitalization and placement of the crumbs in a special hospital, where certain conditions will be created for his recovery (temperature and humidity). The condition of the newborn is monitored on a regular basis, doctors measure his body temperature, assess breathing and general well-being. The mucous membranes and skin of the baby require special care. Nutrition comes fractionally, and it is desirable that it be mother's breast milk, which can provide the baby with important protective components. If necessary, treatment with antibiotics and drugs to increase immunity is carried out, diuretics and saline are administered intravenously. Oxygen is supplied through a special mask, while the air must have a humidity not lower than a certain level. A course of vitamins, in particular, C and group B, can be prescribed in order to strengthen the immunity of the crumbs.

As medical practice shows, with timely treatment, the prognosis for the development of pneumonia in newborns is favorable.

Very often, the result of a viral or bacterial infection in infants is complications affecting various organs. This is due to the fact that the nasal cavities and airways in infants are very narrow and underdeveloped. The mucous membrane of these organs is susceptible to pathogenic bacteria, quickly swells, because of this, it becomes more difficult to remove microbes. Pneumonia in infants is an inflammatory focus in the lungs.

Children with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to inflammation.

It is important not to passSchedule preventive check-ups with doctors. Even more important is the introduction of vaccines, if there are no contraindications to this. Vaccination can prevent the disease, and if infection occurs, the signs will be mild and will not entail dangerous consequences for the body. There is a vaccine that prevents the occurrence of pneumonia.

The main manifestations of the disease

Inflammation of the lungs is most often the result of a respiratory disease.

If these symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor. The condition of the baby can worsen at any time.

Description of the disease

Lung disease can be caused by various viruses, bacteria, fungi. The most common causative organism is pneumococcal infection.

There are cases when children are already born with pneumonia, or it occurs in the first days after birth. Symptoms are the same as with other pathogens of pneumonia. At risk are, first of all, premature children, since one of the causes of premature birth is infection of the amniotic fluid. In the future, there is a high risk that the lower respiratory tract of the baby will suffer with a cold.

The doctor must prescribe additional examinations to determine the pathogen. From this will depend on the further plan of therapeutic measures. Even if pneumonia was caused by a virus, a bacterial infection very often joins. That is why, especially in the treatment of infants, antibiotics are immediately started along with antiviral drugs.

Inflammation can capture a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe lungs - then they talk about a focal lesion. In the event that the disease covers a whole lobe of the lungs, the diagnosis is made - lobar pneumonia. Symptoms of the disease in the latter case are much more pronounced.

During pneumonia, the function of gas exchange in the lungs is disrupted. The body begins to experience a lack of oxygen necessary for the normal functioning of all organs. In addition, the waste products of harmful microbes poison the child's body. There are symptoms of intoxication: nausea, loss of appetite, pain in the head and abdomen, fever.

During illness, antibodies act to protect the body. One of the symptoms of the "struggle" is an increase in temperature. If it remains high for several days, danger arises. The metabolism in the child's body is disturbed, inflammation can spread to other organs. There are changes in the brain that lead to seizures.

Diagnostic measures

Treatment of pneumonia should be carried out under the strict supervision of medical personnel in a hospital where the necessary examination will be carried out.

• Analysis of blood, urine.
• X-rays of light.
• Abdominal ultrasound.

An additional examination of all organs is necessary in order to determine the extent of the spread of the disease.

Features of therapeutic measures

• Antibiotics are the basis of all therapy. Babies are given injections.
• Inhalation using a nebulizer with the addition of drugs that improve the functioning of the respiratory organs.
• Droppers with intravenous administration of drugs containing glucose, saline solutions and other components may be prescribed.
• Antipyretic drugs.
• Antiviral drugs.
• Drugs that increase immunity.
• Vitamin complex.
• Drugs that improve the intestinal microflora.

The dosage and duration of medication is determined only by the doctor. He, taking into account the condition of the child, the severity of the disease, his age, will determine the plan of therapeutic measures.

Possible complications of the disease

In the event that the treatment was prescribed correctly and on time, the disease gradually disappears. There is no risk of developing an acute form of the disease into a chronic one.

• All areas of the lung, including the pleura, can be involved in the inflammatory process. The pleura is the membrane that covers the lungs. Inflammation of the pleura is called pleurisy.
• There may be swelling of the tissue, which leads to the development of pulmonary insufficiency.
• In rare advanced cases, tissue death occurs.

The acute course of the disease lasts approximately 1 month. Protracted pneumonia lasts more than 1 month.

Preventive measures

Pneumococcal bacteria can cause serious diseases: otitis media, pneumonia, arthritis, pleurisy, meningitis. This bacterium makes itself felt after illnesses (flu, measles). Vaccination, for example, the preventive vaccine Prevenar, acts as a preventive measure.

The vaccine is given from the age of three months of a child's life. In the future - at 4.5 months, 6 months. At 1.5 years - vaccination revaccination.

The vaccine is well combined with other administered drugs, except for BCG. Already by the age of two, a child develops immunity to pneumococcal bacteria.

Side effects after having been vaccinated with Prevenar.

• At the injection site, pain may be felt, there may be induration, swelling, redness.
• In rare cases, there may be an increase in temperature.
• Capriciousness, refusal to eat, sleep disturbance.

All these signs pass quickly, leaving no consequences.

The vaccine should not be given in the following cases.

• Allergic reaction to vaccine components.
• Signs of colds.
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases.
• A slight increase in the temperature of the child.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection in these cases is delayed for some time. Allergy is an exception. In this case, vaccination is cancelled.

Pneumonia is a severe disease that is difficult for infants to tolerate. It is important for parents to protect the child from various kinds of infections. Properly organized daily routine will help to avoid such a problem.

Almost all adults know what pneumonia is. But, not everyone knows what can cause pneumonia in children. How to determine the presence of symptoms of the disease? What are the features of this disease? And how to cure pneumonia in newborns and how long does the treatment take? We will describe this in detail in our article.

Description and main features of the course of the disease in newborns

Pneumonia belongs to the category of acute infectious diseases. During this disease, intraalveolar exudate is formed. The infection affects the respiratory sections of the lungs. The duration of the disease, as well as the overall clinical picture, depends on the age of the patient, the nature of the pathogen and the general condition of the body of the sick person.

Pneumonia is especially dangerous in newborns, since the children's body is not yet able to cope with this kind of infection on its own. But, unfortunately, it is in children that doctors most often diagnose bilateral pneumonia.

Usually in children, pneumonia develops against the background of bronchitis or SARS. At the initial stage of the disease, the child shows the following symptoms:

In infants, bilateral pneumonia is much more severe than in adults. This is due to some features of the child's body:

• lung type of tissue occupies too small an area;
• no naturally acquired immune reserve;
• the trachea has an insignificant length;
• pleural sinuses are not fully disclosed.

Inflammation of the lungs in children is accompanied by mixed or respiratory acidosis, hypercapnia and hypoxia. Due to respiratory disorders in pneumonia in young children, disruptions in homeostasis occur. This, in turn, leads to deterioration of external respiration. The form, depth, and also frequency of breath changes. The baby breathes with wheezing and whistling.

The initial stage of the disease in full-term babies is much more acute than in premature babies. However, in the first and second cases, the likelihood that a baby who has had pneumonia will fall ill again is quite high.

Therefore, immediately after discharge from the hospital, doctors recommend starting a course of vitamin therapy and starting taking bioregulators. For a whole year after recovery, a newborn who has had pneumonia is under dispensary observation.

Signs of the disease and the mechanism of development of pneumonia in infants

Pneumonia is considered a polyetiological disease. For each age group, certain causative agents of this infection are characteristic:

• Viruses;
• bacteria;
• Fungi.

Factors that can provoke the development of the disease are the following:

1. immunodeficiency state.
2. SARS.
3. Stress.
4. Severe hypothermia.
5. Aspiration.
6. Heart disease.
7. Lack of vitamins necessary for the growth and full development of the child.
8. Rickets.

According to statistics, pneumonia most often affects premature babies, as well as infants with pathologies received during childbirth. Against the background of a simple ARVI, pneumonia usually develops in newborns with hypertrophy.

Babies who spit up a lot after feeding are also at risk. This is due to the fact that during regurgitation, vomit enters the respiratory tract.

The sooner the parents of a newborn child identify the initial signs of pneumonia and sound the alarm, the fewer complications the baby will have after recovery. A child under one year old with pneumonia must be in the hospital. You cannot self-medicate. Having identified the first signs of pneumonia in a newborn, you should immediately seek help from a pediatrician.

The main symptoms of pneumonia in children:

In full-term babies, the development of pneumonia is much more acute than in premature newborns. Body temperature rises sharply, and parents cannot bring it down. The child has a fever, he suffers from a strong cough. The baby turns pale, he has a noticeable shortness of breath, breathing becomes difficult.

In premature babies, the symptoms of the disease are not so pronounced. The body temperature does not rise above 38 degrees, the cough is dry, without sputum. The baby is naughty and cries because of the muscle and headache that tormented him. It is quite difficult to diagnose such gradually developing pneumonia. The doctor can make an accurate diagnosis only after passing the X-ray and passing all the tests.

Is it possible to give birth to a baby with pneumonia?

The question of whether a newborn can be born with pneumonia is of interest to many young mothers. Unfortunately, such an infectious disease as intrauterine pneumonia is not uncommon. Most often, this disease manifests itself in premature babies. Its first symptoms are noticeable within a couple of minutes after the birth of the baby.

A child may be born with pneumonia due to a violation of the integrity of the amniotic sac. Since in this case the fetus swallows infected amniotic fluid.

As a result, a newly born baby immediately needs treatment. Often, intrauterine pneumonia develops due to the fact that the expectant mother, shortly before the birth, had ARVI. The development of the disease can also provoke prolonged or premature birth.

Pneumonia in a newborn up to a year must be treated in a hospital. Doctors recommend not only infants, but also young children to undergo treatment under the constant supervision of a doctor. This is due to the fact that children under the age of 3 cannot adequately assess their condition, and parents do not always have time to quickly respond to the deterioration of the baby's condition. Treatment of older children can be carried out at home only if the doctor does not insist on hospitalization.

After the symptoms of the disease have been identified and the doctor has made a diagnosis, the newborn, regardless of his condition, is admitted to the hospital. Inflammation of the lungs in babies is treated with antibiotics. The child is prescribed intramuscular injections, since a baby who has not reached the age of six months cannot swallow a pill. Having identified the causes of the disease and familiarized with the symptoms, the doctor prescribes a specific drug and specific doses.

If a child was born with pneumonia, he needs special conditions and a special temperature regime. Newborns diagnosed with pneumonia are kept in incubators. To maintain the right level of oxygen and stabilize breathing, doctors use some methods of oxygen therapy. The treatment of the disease should be comprehensive, therefore, in addition to taking antibiotics, specialists also prescribe a number of restorative measures for small patients.

During the treatment of pneumonia in newborns, parents should strictly follow all the advice of doctors. Being with the child in the hospital, you need to carefully monitor the condition of his body. If unilateral pneumonia is being treated, then the baby should not lie on the infected side, and if bilateral pneumonia is being treated, this means that every 2 hours the child must be turned over to the other side. The baby's chest should be tapped regularly, as this helps to accelerate the discharge of mucus.

If at birth the baby was diagnosed with pneumonia, then he will be discharged from the hospital only after all the symptoms of the disease disappear and remission occurs. Usually, doctors do not make predictions about how long the baby will have to spend in the hospital. This is due to the fact that the effectiveness of treatment depends on a number of different factors:

• individual features of development;
• congenital diseases;
• breast immunity.

Usually pneumonia in newborns is treated for 4 weeks. Regardless of what causes led to the development of the disease. The first 14 days are considered the most difficult. With the right treatment, after 2 weeks the body begins to recover. The recovery process takes approximately 14 more days.

Parents should be aware that pneumonia in newborns can be fatal. Therefore, the disease should never be allowed to take its course. When the first signs of pneumonia are detected in a baby, you should immediately seek help from a doctor.