Podsochka trees of other conifers. Siberian larch tapping Accounting and acceptance of works

Tapping, or obtaining tree resin (resin) from living growing trees, is a fairly ancient form of forest management. In Europe, tapping of coniferous trees has been carried out since at least the 4th century AD, since the beginning of the 17th century, tree resin has become one of the important products of international trade. In the 17th-18th centuries, the main volume of resin processing products (turpentine and rosin) was supplied to world markets from North America. In Russia at that time, only local handicraft sap fishing was developed.

At the end of the 18th century, due to a disruption in the supply of tapping products from the United States to Great Britain, a shortage of this type of forest product formed on the European forest markets. As one of the measures to overcome it, English entrepreneurs organized pine tapping in the Arkhangelsk province, however, on an industrial scale, this fishery lasted only a few decades. In general, before 1926, tapping in Russia was carried out on a rather insignificant scale.

Since 1926, in the USSR, the industrial development of sowing production began. The volume of extraction of resin grew very quickly, and in 1930, a network of specialized enterprises was created that dealt with the cutting of forests - chemical forestry enterprises. Since 1938, the use of special chemical stimulants for the release of resin began in Russia. The tapping with the use of such stimulants is called chemical tapping.

In the post-war years, the tapping of pine forests not only became very widespread, but also became an obligatory event in most of the accessible territory of the forest fund - in the so-called "obligatory tapping zone". Mandatory tapping of pine forests lasted until the 1990s (and was never formally abolished). Pine forests, suitable for tapping, could be assigned to felling only after its completion. At present, tapping has a rather limited distribution in Russia, in many regions included in the "mandatory tapping zone", this fishery has been completely stopped.

In its modern form, the process of tapping is reduced to the following. In a tapped pine forest, the trunks of all healthy trees (capable of releasing significant amounts of resin) are trimmed at the bottom of the rough outer part of the bark. Then, special grooves are applied to the areas (carr) cleared of bark, in which the resin is released and flows down into a special funnel for collecting resin (Fig. 1). Karr - areas cleared of bark with notched grooves - are divided on a tree trunk by specially left strips of bark, which ensure the normal vital activity of the conductive tissues under them and due to this - the viability of the tree. New strips of grooves are applied to the carr every year, whereby the release of resin continues during the entire period of tapping (usually 5 or 10 years). In the case of chemical tapping, carr is also annually treated with liquid substances - stimulants of the separation resin (usually based on sulfuric acid or strong alkalis).

The use of separation resin stimulants significantly increases the yield of resin from each tree, but reduces the viability of the trees and often leads to the beginning of the drying of the forest even before the process of tapping is completed. In the overwhelming majority of cases, after the end of tapping, the forests almost immediately entered the felling. However, in some cases (for example, in the case of the creation of specially protected natural areas or the transfer of these forests to the first group, or simply with a decrease in logging volumes), significant areas of forests passed through by tapping remained uncut.

The current state of these forests (and many of these areas left the tapping 20-30 years ago) shows that in most cases the forests passed through the tapping are able to live later for many decades. The death of a significant part of the trees can occur directly in the process of tapping or in the first years after its completion. Most of the trees that survived the first few years after cutting, as a rule, restore normal vital activity. Observations of the 1930s on the sites of handicraft tapping at the end of the last century also confirm this.

Carrs created on a tree during tapping are very similar in shape and size to fire cushions formed on pine trees after strong ground fires.

Trees weakened by tapping or trees where the width of the undamaged strips left between the carrions is too small for normal life activity gradually die, just as the trees most damaged by a strong ground fire gradually die. In general, in terms of its impact on a particular area of ​​the forest, tapping is quite comparable to a ground fire.

Apparently, forests that have been cut through by tapping should not always be considered as severely disturbed by human economic activity.

However, the large-scale development of industrial tapping of pine forests is by no means harmless, especially for natural taiga tracts, which were not involved in intensive economic exploitation before the development of tapping. The tapping production is always associated with the development of a temporary, poorly equipped, but highly branched road network, through which the tapping equipment is brought in and the harvested resin is removed. In most cases, temporary bases were created in the forests in the areas of tapping in the forests - huts, in which workers lived during the tapping season. The road network and the huts located along it largely contributed to the penetration of numerous hunters, fishermen and tourists deep into the forests, including during the fire hazard period (moreover, deep into the pine forests, which are the most easily ignited, forests). As a result, the trap fishery was almost always and everywhere accompanied by forest fires, often large and extremely destructive. In general, the increased anthropogenic load as a result of the creation of an extensive road network and temporary bases during tapping is quite comparable with the direct impact of tapping on forests in terms of its environmental consequences.

The history of the development of the sap fishery.

Under tapping is meant the application of systematic incisions on the surface of the trunk of a growing tree in order to cause the outflow of juice - sugar in maple and birch, milky in rubber trees, resinous in conifers.

Of greatest practical importance is the tapping of conifers, mainly pines. The property of coniferous trees to release a resinous substance when injured was known to mankind in ancient times.

The historical date of the emergence of the trap fishery has not been established. In any case, until the 19th century, the world production of turpentine was weak. In Russia, the collection of serka - the influx of resin on coniferous trees from accidental injuries - has been practiced since ancient times, while tapping for the purpose of extracting resin arose at the end of the 18th century. It became widespread in the north, where single handicraftsmen were engaged in it.

Initially, the so-called Welsh podstochka, or pitcher, the purpose of which was the tarring of wood, i.e., obtaining resin pods, used as a raw material for dry distillation.

The country's growing demand for rosin and turpentine and the presence of vast areas of coniferous forests prompted Russian scientists to raise the issue of developing the turpentine industry. However, interest in this case was shown only after D. I. Mendeleev spoke out in 1892 in favor of tapping. In 1896 a book by prof. V. E. Tishchenko "Turpentine and rosin". Soon research work began to study the resin productivity of our pine and to find rational methods of tapping.

From 1895 to 1914, many scientists and forestry practitioners conducted tapping experiments in different parts of the country. They refuted the biased opinion of some forest specialists about the dangers of tapping for the forest and the statements of foreign experts about the unsuitability of Scots pine for extracting resin.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, among other problems of the national economy, the question of the organization of the trap fishery on a scientific basis was also raised. In Ukraine, in Belarus, in the Leningrad region, in the central part of the Union, in the Urals, in Siberia - experimental sites were organized everywhere, on which production and technical issues related to tapping were developed. The experiments were carried out by prominent Soviet scientists and specialists: forester Sedletsky, prof. Pishchuhoy, acad. E. F. Votchalom, prof. V. D. Ogievsky, prof. A. E. Arbuzov and others. Profound theoretical research, which contributed to the development of the domestic turpentine industry, was carried out by prof. L. A. Ivanov and his students.

Since 1928, gum turpentine has already been exported from the USSR abroad. By 1930, the extraction of resin was 82 times higher than that of 1926, and our country was able to export other products of turpentine production, which were previously imported from abroad. At present, the trap fishery has finally disappeared due to the emergence of new synthetic, more advanced technologies.

The production of tapping and its application.

From the resin, by distillation, a solid product, rosin, and liquid turpentine are obtained.

Rosin is consumed in large quantities by the soap and paper industries. It gives the soap good saponification and softness, promotes the preservation of fats in it and partially replaces them. Paper glued with rosin acquires high qualities: ink and paint do not blur on it. Rosin is also required in other industries: rubber, in the manufacture of printing inks, glue, sealing wax, putty, linoleum, insulating material, etc.

Turpentine is used in the paint and varnish industry for the manufacture of turpentine varnishes and dissolution of paints; in the perfumery industry - to obtain aromatic substances; in the textile industry - when printing patterns on cotton fabrics; in medicine - to obtain artificial camphor, for medicinal purposes and disinfection, etc.

Resin formation and resin secretion, the structure of resin passages.

Gum is contained in narrow channels - resin passages. Pine resin ducts form three closed, separate systems: in wood, in needles and in the primary bark. For tapping, only the resin passages of wood matter, its living part - sapwood.

The resin passage consists of an intercellular cavity, the so-called resin channel, and the parenchyma surrounding it, in which there are: 1) lining, or excretory, cells that form the epithelium of the resin passage, 2) a dead layer of cells and 3) accompanying parenchyma cells.

Scheme 1. Cross section of the pine resin passage:

1-lining cells: 2-dead layer; 3-cells of the accompanying parenchyma. 4-tracheids; 5 - intercellular cavity; 6 - cavity of the resin channel.

On a transverse section, the lining cells look like thin-walled bubbles protruding into the canal. The shape of the lining cells is not constant and depends on the degree of canal filling with resin. At the maximum filling of the channel, the lining cells are flat; in the emptied channel, the cell membranes are pressed into it and, touching, close the channel cavity.

Around the lining cells is a layer of dead cells, consisting of one or more rows, between which there are often gaps. The layer of dead cells is followed by the living cells of the accompanying parenchyma. They are arranged in places in several rows, sometimes interrupted. The accompanying parenchyma serves as a reserve tissue, as it contains the substances necessary for the formation of a new resin. The parenchyma is surrounded on all sides by tracheids.

Resin passages are located along the wood fibers (longitudinal, or vertical) and in the core rays (transverse, or horizontal).

The diameter of the longitudinal resin passages is on average 0.1 mm. the diameter of the channel itself depends on the degree of its filling with resin: at the limit of filling it reaches 80% of the diameter of something of the course. The average length of the longitudinal passages is considered to be 50 cm, the longitudinal one is 100 cm. The longest longitudinal passages are located at the butt.

The transverse resin passages are built in the same way as the longitudinal ones, but differ in much smaller sizes. Their diameter is on average 40 microns, the total length is no more than the radius of the tree, and the length of the active moves is no more than the width of the sapwood, since the oleoresin of the kernel is isolated from the oleoresin of the sapwood and is not available for tapping. The volume of transverse resin passages is relatively small, therefore, for the accumulation of resin, they are less significant than longitudinal ones. Their significance lies in the fact that, connecting with the longitudinal ones, they form a communicating system of resin channels, due to which the oleoresin can stand out from distant unopened passages during tapping.

Resin ducts are formed in each annual layer of a tree and are concentrated mainly in late wood. In the butt part of the trunk, near the neck of the root, there are more of them than in other parts. In the apical part, bearing the crown, there are more of them than in the middle, smooth. In the butt part of the tree, vertical resin passages predominate, in the apical part - horizontal resin passages.

When a tree is tapped, the cambium of the annual layer lays a layer of wood under the bark at the place of the incision with an increased number of longitudinal resin passages against the norm. These layers are called pathological or traumatic. Like normal layers, they only begin to develop in mid-summer, when the late wood is set, regardless of when the wound is inflicted.

The formation of pathological passages, increasing the number of the most active peripheral resin passages, increases the yield of resin during sucking. This increase is especially noticeable in the second half of the season and the year following the tapping.

Resin formation

Gum is formed by lining cells, which are therefore called excretory.

In the process of tapping, a new resin is formed in an amount that completely covers what flows out during tapping. In the first year, the tree yields more oleoresin when tapped than it is available in ready-made form in the entire system of resin passages. Thus, pine can be subjected to tapping for many years.

New resin is formed both in the young passages of the last year, and in the taps that were available at the beginning. In old passages, it is formed more slowly than in young ones.

Isolation of resin.

The contents of plant cells, mainly cell sap, put pressure on the cell membrane, which in turn puts pressure on the contents of the cell. This mutual pressure, called turure, creates a state of tension in the plant organism.

Before the incision is made on the trunk, the resin channels are filled with resin, which presses on the excretory cells, pressing them against the dead cells. All the water from the excretory cells is squeezed out into the cavity of the cells of the dead layer. A large resin pressure is created in the channel, and pressed; to the walls of dead cells, excretory cells, having given up water, lose their elasticity. This state is called plasmolysis. When making cuts, the resin channels are opened and resin is abundantly released from them, since the pressure in the resin channel is higher than atmospheric pressure. As the oleoresin flows out of the resin channels, the excretory cells, experiencing less pressure from the outflowing oleoresin, again begin to absorb water from the cavity of dead cells and surrounding tissues. At the same time, the excretory cells expand, become elastic, the state of turgor is restored, due to which they press the resin with great force and thus increase its outflow to the cut surface. After emptying the resin channel, the lining cells are so swollen that they are almost in contact with each other.

Therefore, water supply is very important for the release of resin. The sooner the excretory cells suck up water, the easier and faster they squeeze the resin out of the resin passages. The suction of water by these cells, in turn, depends on its reserves in the tree, soil and air. To resume the stopped release of resin from the old cut, repeated wounds (warps) are applied.

After applying a second incision, first there is a rapid release of resin, after a few hours it slows down and finally stops. In summer, the release of resin practically stops 24 hours after the second incision, in autumn due to a decrease in temperature, after two to three days.

The termination of the expiration of resin is explained by many reasons. One of them was the thickening of resin and the formation of a hard crust on the surface of the wound due to evaporation of turpentine and crystallization of resin acids. However, this assumption is unlikely, since the removal of the hard film from the cut surface does not restore the oleoresin. According to some researchers, the outflow of resin stops due to the narrowing of the resin channel, caused by a strong swelling of the lining cells of the resin passages in the wound area.

The duration of the expiration of resin is lengthened by acting on the wound with chemicals. At the same time, the cells of the resin passages die and shrink, as a result of which the resin channels are completely open. By lubricating the cut with sulfuric acid, it is possible to extend the expiration of resin up to 6-7 days. The oleoresin yield, calculated per one shovel, increases by 2-2.5 times, and the seasonal yield remains approximately the same as with ordinary tapping.

The duration of the expiration of resin is also affected to a large extent by the rate of filling the channel with newly formed resin. This is the most profound and essential reason, determined by the physiological state of the tree. As the nutrient material is consumed, the formation of resin is delayed, and, finally, there is such a significant decrease in yields that the tree requires a more or less long rest.

The duration of the rest is determined by the period during which the normal activity of the channels will be restored and they will be completely filled.

Factors affecting resin productivity

Growing conditions.

Within the same geographical area, the resin productivity of pine forests can vary depending on many reasons. The main ones are climatic and soil factors. Under favorable climatic and soil conditions, the release of resin increases, the dryness of the climate and unfavorable soil and soil conditions adversely affect the release of resin during tapping.

A more or less satisfactory yield of resin during tapping is observed when the air temperature is at least 10°. With a further decrease in temperature, the release of resin decreases sharply, since its viscosity increases. The temperature of 15-25 ° should be considered optimal for the release of resin.

High air temperature enhances resin production only if there is a sufficient supply of moisture in the tree. In hot, but dry weather, the yield of resin not only does not increase, but even decreases.

Pine forests of high yields are characterized by high resin productivity. The pine of I and II yields has the highest resin productivity.

Of great importance is the degree of development of trees. Trees with well-developed trunks and crowns are the richest in resin, poorly developed trees - IV and V classes of development - give so little resin that their tapping is unprofitable. But even within the first three classes, the difference is still significant: class III trees give yields 40% lower than class I trees and 30% lower than class II trees.

Pure pine forests usually grow on less fertile soils where other species do not settle. Therefore, pine growing in mixed stands is more resinous.

The resin productivity of pine is not the same during the sapling season. In the spring, resin flows out less, since at this time the temperature of the air and especially the soil is still low and the water supply of the tree is temporarily interrupted. In the second half of summer, resin yields increase significantly, since by July the growth of shoots and needles usually ends, the formation of late wood and pathological resin passages begins. The temperature during this time is usually higher than in the first half of the season. Increased yields of resin in the second half of the growing season are maintained until the autumn temperature drop begins to affect.

Silvicultural factors of forest tapping

Resinous substances in coniferous trees are formed throughout their entire life, but far from evenly: with age, resin productivity increases and sharply weakens at a certain period of life. The increase in resin productivity with increasing age of the tree is explained, on the one hand, by an increase in the diameter and volume of the tree, and on the other hand, probably by an increase in the number and size of resin passages and their ability to produce resin.

Plantings at the age of 70-80 years enter the tapping. For short-term tapping, practiced in our country, the maximum age of the plantation is limited by the condition of the trees. Any overmature plantation, if the trees in it are viable and their number per unit area is sufficient, is suitable for tapping and guarantees a good yield of resin.

The completeness of the forest stand is of considerable importance: the lower the density, the better developed the crowns of the trees and the more favorable the conditions for the assimilation process, and, consequently, for resin formation.

However, the resin productivity of individual trees does not yet solve the issue of the economics of tapping, since the productivity of the tapping also depends on the number of trees per unit area. The fewer trees per hectare, the more time is spent on unproductive transitions from tree to tree.

Closed forest stands are also unfavorable for tapping, due to the relatively low resin productivity of trees. The most acceptable fullness for tapping is 0.5-0.8.

Technological factors of tapping the forest

One of the most significant and important technological factors, which determine the degree of filling of the channels with resin, and, consequently, the output for each dressing, is the duration of the gaps between the application of repeated wounds. The filling rate of resin canals emptied after dressing is different not only for individual coniferous species, but also for trees of the same species and ranges from 2 to 14 days. With very short, for example, daily, renewing, a decrease in resin yields may soon occur due to a lack of reserve substances for resin formation in the tree.

The resin productivity of succumbed trees is also affected by their load, the width of the area of ​​the wound, its depth, etc., which will be discussed in more detail below, when describing various methods of sapling.

Tapping methods

Depending on the duration and intensity of use, long-term and short-term tapping is distinguished.

For short-term tapping, trees planned for felling in the next 10 years are used. If the felling area is to be cut down in 1-2 years, tapping is carried out more intensively, without fear of weakening the tree.

In those cases when the cutting area is used for 4-10 years, the trees are drained more carefully so as not to weaken them before they go to felling. Tapping, lasting 10 years, is also called elongated.

With prolonged tapping, the same trees are tapped for 25-30 years. The tapping in this case is carried out very carefully. Such tapping, of course, affects the growth of wood, but these losses are covered by income from resin.

In the USSR, mainly short-term tapping is practiced, but along with this, the question of organizing a long-term tapping economy in pine forests is being developed.

The surface area of ​​the trunk intended for inflicting wounds is called karra, the part of the surface on which the cuts are applied is the karra mirror, the untouched strip of bark between the karra is called the belt. The degree of filling of the circumference of the trunk with karrs, expressed as a percentage, is commonly called the load of trees with karrs.

When tapping trees of any species, such a load is rational, which provides the greatest yield of resin throughout the entire season of operation and, at the same time, does not drastically affect the condition of the trees. The percentage of load is set depending on the period of operation of a given cutting area.

Long-term tapping is advisable to produce with a low load and elongated gaps between re-infliction of wounds, short-term - with increased load and smaller gaps.

Production practice and special studies have established that with the broadening of the carra, its productivity increases, although not in proportion to the size. The width of the carra is allowed up to 40 cm with a one-two-year service life and up to 20 cm with a longer tapping. The advantage of wide carr is that the number of vessels for trapping resin, the so-called receivers, is reduced, the cost of carr equipment is reduced and the productivity of workers is increased.

Wide karrs have a negative effect on the vital activity of a tree: the wider they are, the more difficult it is for the movement of soil solutions in the tree. In addition, cracks are more likely to form on a wide carré.

Cutting off the rough, scaly portion of the bark is required before wounding. This process is called browning (see Chapter 2 for more on browning).

Periodically repeated incisions made on the surface of a tree to open new or clogged resin passages are called scuffs, or, as we have already mentioned, undercuts.

When tapping, resin can only stand out from the sapwood, so it makes no sense to make cuts deeper than the sapwood. There is no need to cut the entire sapwood, since the presence of transverse resin passages connecting with longitudinal ones ensures the release of resin from uncut sapwood layers. For the normal release of resin, it is necessary to cut several peripheral annual layers. In practice, when tapping pine, the depth of the cut is taken at 7-10, maximum 13 mm.

The output of resin, calculated per one change, is called the exit to the carro.

It is recommended to make the gaps between the new pieces, called pauses, short, since with an increase in pressure in the channel, resin formation is delayed, due to which the collection of resin decreases during the season. In industrial practice, the tapping of Scots pine, as a rule, is done in two days on the third; i.e. with a pause of three days.
According to the nature of the injury, the existing tapping methods are divided into two types (Fig. 1): with transverse cuts located at a certain angle to the trunk axis (descending and ascending cutting methods), and with cutting along the tree axis (Ural method).

Downward tapping method.

A distinctive feature of the top-down method is that the sections are made from top to bottom.

After browning, a longitudinal (guide) groove is drawn in the middle of the carr to drain the resin into the receiver. The depth and width of the groove is not more than 2 cm, the length is determined by the number of new pieces applied in one cutting season. The first shavings (whiskers) are made at the top of the carr at an angle of 30-35 ° to the groove (Fig. 1, position 2), 0.7-1 cm deep and 0.5-0.7 cm wide, the step of the shaving (chip width at the groove ) - 1-1.5 cm. Subsequent dressings are applied below the previous ones parallel to the first mustache in the upward direction from the groove.

Each season, a new carr is laid below the old one. In the first year of tapping, the carr is placed at the maximum height from the ground, so that the downward order of laying the carr is ensured for the entire period of the tap.

Shovels are made with a chisel of a special shape - a hack, and on high carrers - with a chisel (Fig. 2, positions 3 and 4).

Rice. 1 Prying methods and prying tools:

1 - schematic representation of cuts with different methods of tapping the forest; 2 - carra scheme with a downward tapping method; 3-hack; 4-chisel

The advantages of a downward karra are as follows. As the curry increases, the distance of resin flowing to the receiver decreases, which is very important, since by autumn the resin becomes thicker and, due to the small distance, almost completely flows into the receiver. The presence of a longitudinal groove facilitates the application of dressings and accelerates the runoff of resin, excluding the possibility of its spreading over the curry, due to which turpentine evaporates less. Since the cuts are made from the bottom up when cutting, the chips fly off to the side and do not clog the resin. Karra is in the best conditions of water supply, as the shoes are located towards the flow of water coming from the roots. The productivity of the resin collector increases, since he does not have to clean the hardened resin every time on the entire surface of the curry, and the resin that dries in a small amount in the groove is easily scraped off. The yields and quality of resin are higher than with the upward tapping method.

Ascending tapping method.

The ascending method of tapping differs from the descending one primarily in that the first cuts are made at the bottom of the carr, and the subsequent ones are applied above the previous ones. Karrs also go from bottom to top. The longitudinal groove is not carried out, and the resin flows down the entire square. Shovels are carried out at an angle of 40-45 ° to the axis of the trunk, directing from top to bottom, towards the middle line of the carra. The carra dimensions are the same as for the downward tapping method.

The ascending method of tapping was used in our country in the first years of the development of tapping, but soon it began to be replaced by the descending method and is currently used only occasionally on the upper tier carr (for the location of the carr in two tiers, see Fig. 3). When using the upper tier, this method does not require jumpers between the carr, the edges of the carr are smooth, without burrs, which ensures its better overgrowth, cracks are less likely to form on the carr's mirror.

Significant disadvantages of this method: a significant part of the resin lingers on the ribbed surface of the carr before reaching the receiver, as a result of which the work of the collectors is somewhat difficult due to the low speed of the moaning of the gum on the uneven surface of the carr, a significant part of the turpentine evaporates, which affects the quality of the gum; as the curry increases, the distance of resin flowing to the receiver also lengthens, and part of it, especially in autumn, remains on the curry, not reaching the receiver.

The yields and quality of the resin with the ascending method are somewhat lower than with the descending one.

The Ural method is the most simplified method of short-term tapping, as it does not require special tools and equipment. Its main difference from the previous methods is that with it the receiver is not hung and the product of the tapping is not liquid, but dried fragile resin - barras.

The technique of the Ural tapping method is as follows. A natural receiver is being prepared on the trunk - a threshold mirror (Fig. 2, position 2), limited on the northern side of the trunk in its butt part for about 0.5 m in height by a strip of bark 20 cm wide; on trees with a diameter above 44 cm, two such stripes are left on opposite sides of the trunk. In the butt

Rice. 2 Ural tapping method:

1-carra; 2-scheme of the location of the carr on the trunk; 3-bark scraper

parts of the trunk, at a height of 20 cm from the root neck, with a bow saw or a hacksaw, they washed down between the borders of the bark strip to the wood at an angle of 70 °, with an inclination to the horizon. At a height of 50 cm from the lower gash, the upper one is made at an angle of 90 ° to the axis of the trunk. Between the edges of the upper and lower cuts along the strip of bark, without affecting it, with a scraper (Fig. 2, position 3), two longitudinal strips of bark (spills) are removed to the very wood. The strip of bark thus limited is removed with a spatula, plow or axe.

After preparing the curry, they begin to apply dressings on it with a scraper or debarking plow. The first dressing is applied at the bottom of the carr - above the threshold, making cuts along its entire width, most often 3-5 cm high (but not more than 10 cm) and 2-3 mm deep. Subsequent dressings are applied higher than the previous ones. The oleoresin that is released after applying the dressings spreads throughout the curry and freezes partly on it, partly reaches the threshold.

On trees with a diameter of 20-28 cm, it is allowed to make one carre with a width of 40-60 cm, on trees with a diameter of 29-44 cm - also one with a width of 60-100 cm, on trees with a diameter of 45-60 cm - two with a width of 50-70 cm The width of the belt in all cases is 20 cm.

Pine is currently the main conifer used for tapping. It is also possible to tap other conifers: spruce, fir and larch, but their tapping methods are different. This is explained by the fact that the anatomical structure of the resin passages in spruce and larch is different than that of pine, and in fir resin passages are present only in the primary bark.

Chapter 2 Organization of short-term tapping of pine.

Substrate base.

One of the conditions that ensure the success of work in the tapping industry is the correct choice of forest plantations and individual trees for tapping. For tapping, healthy ripe and overmature pine plantations of the first four quality classes, planned for felling for the current decade, having at least 50 trunks suitable for tapping with a diameter at chest height of 18 cm and above are allocated for tapping.

On cutting areas designated for tapping, it is forbidden to tap seed plants, trees for special purposes, trees with seryanka occupying more than 50% of the trunk circumference, trees of IV and V classes of development.

Plantations reserved for tapping are divided into ribbons (letters) with an area of ​​3-5 hectares in such a way that about 1000 carr are obtained. After breaking down the areas into tapes, work areas are organized, which include several letters. The size of the working area averages 5-8 thousand carr.

Preparatory work.

The preparatory work consists of the following operations: 1) laying the carro, 2) browning, 3) wiring the guide grooves and the first whiskers, 4) installation of the carro equipment. These works are partially carried out in the autumn, which allows starting production work without delay next spring. In autumn, carr is usually marked, browned, and sometimes guide grooves are made. With the onset of cold weather, the wiring of the grooves is stopped.

The plantings allocated for tapping are divided into three categories depending on the period of their entry into felling: I - plantations entering the felling after 1-2 years, II - after 8-5 years, III - after 6-10 years.

The degree of loading of the tree during tapping is determined by the number and width of the laid carr. The width and number of carr, in turn, depend on the diameter of the tree and the life of the cutting area. With a decrease in the period of tapping and with thick trees, a large load of carrs is allowed, and vice versa. The sizes and number of carr for mature and overmature pine plantations are given in Table. one.

Table 1

Dimensions and number of carr, established by the Ministry of Forestry of the USSR for plantations of different categories

Carr is marked on the tree in August-September, incised on the cork part of the bark, conventional signs of the number of carr and their places of origin. Carr is laid on the convex places of the tree, which do not have bumps, damage and knots. Around the circumference of the barrel, the carr is placed as symmetrically as possible, so that the belts left between them are approximately the same width. If it is necessary to lay a carra on an uneven surface of the trunk, their asymmetrical arrangement is allowed, but with the obligatory condition that the width of the belts between the contiguous carra should not be less than 10 cm.

But the height of the carr tree is laid in one or two tiers, depending on the period of operation, but always one above the other. The lower tier is drained first, moreover, only by the method of descending shoveling. The upper tier can be drained using both the descending and ascending shoveling methods. When draining the upper tier using the downward cutting method, jumpers of 20 cm are left between the first and second tiers of carr. The height of the carr is not limited, but their total height for the entire period of tapping should not exceed 4.5 m from ground level.

Browning consists in removing, with a sharply sharpened plow, a coarse scaly layer of bark, to a reddish and denser part of it, without bast and cambium (Fig. 3).

The purpose of browning is to facilitate the application of warping, to reduce the blunting of the tool on the bark during periodic dressing and clogging of receivers.

Browning is carried out on a section of the trunk equal to the width of the curry, with additional stripping of a bark strip of 4 cm on each side of the curry. The bark is removed starting from the upper end of the curry.

Conducting grooves and whiskers.

Grooves are carried out in autumn (in warm weather) or early spring. The direction of the groove is taken strictly vertical, the cut is made smooth and even, to a depth of no more than 2 cm. With uneven cuts, the runoff of resin slows down, it accumulates in the groove and its quality decreases. When cutting grooves in the spring, the first dressing (mustache) is applied at the same time, since it will take twice as long to restore the disturbed water supply for each operation separately, as a result of which the start of production work will be delayed. Simultaneous application of grooves and whiskers is allowed only within a part of the trunk up to the height of the chest. On higher carrahs, the mustache is carried out in a separate technique using a chisel. In this operation, the exact observance of the angle between the whiskers is very important, otherwise the loss of resin is inevitable.

Carro equipment is installed in the spring, simultaneously with the wiring of grooves and whiskers. Carro equipment consists of receiving grooves, receivers and tires.

The receiving groove is a metal or wooden grooved plate, fixed above the receiver to prevent the resin from spreading over the tree when it passes from the carr to the receiver.

Receiving grooves are installed under the lower end of the longitudinal groove with a downward slope at an angle of 45 ° to the axis of the tree.

The length of the receiving grooves is 5-6 cm, the width is 3.5-4 cm, the depth is 1 cm. They are strengthened in the tree to a depth of 0.5 cm with a light hammer blow.

As receivers, mainly metal, glass and eternite funnels are used, and sometimes birch bark boxes. The receivers are mounted on two wooden pegs driven shallowly into the tree.

Rice. 4 Installation of carro equipment with a cone-shaped receiver (left) and a birch bark box (right).

The tires are usually wooden planks 14-17 cm long, 12-15 cm wide and 0.5 cm thick.

Coating technique.

After the receivers are installed at the beginning of the tapping season, the first reshoot is made. The first dressing is given exceptionally great importance, since the angle of application of subsequent dressings and the width of the carr depend on the wiring of the mustache. Shovels are carried out at an angle of not more than 70 °, the depth of cut should not exceed 1 cm. The cut is made in one step, in a straight line, starting from the groove. It must be clean - without nicks, burrs and dents that cover the resin passages. The edges of the curry are made, sheer, all on the same line. With a clean, smooth cut, the protruding resin flows more freely to the guide groove, the resin passages do not close, the resin stands out better from them. The appearance of blue and the death of wood are mainly caused by sloppy cuts, torn edges of the wound, overloading the tree.

Dressings begin to be applied in April or May, as soon as relatively warm weather sets in (with an average daily temperature of 7-10 °), and continue systematically: in spring and autumn on about the fourth day, in summer - on the third.

The number of bypasses per season is determined by the life of the cutting area: with a service life of 2 years, up to 50 bypasses are allowed, 3-5 years - up to 45 bypasses, 6-10 years - up to 40 bypasses. In the last year before felling, the number of rounds is not limited. After 5-6 years of tapping, a break for one year is required. The order of alternation of tapping with years of rest in each case is coordinated by the leshozes with the organizations conducting the tapping.

The length of the carr per season is not limited, but their total length for the entire period of tapping is allowed no more than 4.5 m.

For maximum use of plantings, simultaneous laying of the second tier carr is allowed in the last year of work.

In the last two years, before the appointment of plantings for felling in the stump part of the trunk, stepwise cuttings are allowed (even cuttings are made on fresh sapwood, odd cuttings are made along carr ribs) with a cutting depth of up to 2 cm.

In the last year of tapping, when using downward tapping, it is allowed to produce furrowed blades in one or two tiers with a cutting depth of not more than 1 cm in the same vertical with them in the unused stump of the trunk. of the year. With the furrowed method of cuttings in the stump part no higher than 15 cm from the ground level, it is allowed to install receivers in the form of drilling channels with a diameter of up to 6 cm and a depth of not more than 15 cm.

In the last two years before felling, or in plantations transferred for tapping for 1-2 years, it is possible to use the method of chemical action on the trees being drained by cutting the cambium and pouring it with sulfuric acid.

Resin collection

Gum is periodically selected from the receivers, depending on the intensity of its release, the capacity of the receivers and the time of the cutting season. In the spring and autumn months, when the yields of oleoresin are small, it is harvested after three to four cuts, in the summer months - after two cuts.

Gum is chosen in buckets with a capacity of 8-10 kg with a special spatula: from birch bark receivers - wooden, upholstered in tin, from funnels of all kinds - iron or oak with a pointed end. The end of the handle of the spatula is curved so that it can be used to clean the guide groove. The barras on the upper circle is removed with a scraping device with a long handle and a box into which the barras is poured.

Acceptance and storage of resin

Gum is taken by weight and quality by a special receiver or master. The accepted oleoresin is drained according to grades - into separate barrels made of split aspen riveting with a capacity of 150 - 200 kg. The inner surface of the barrel is covered with a special composition (glue, casein, etc.), so that it is not impregnated with resin.

Barrels of resin are stored in dugouts arranged in a dry and shaded place. The necessary fire-fighting measures are provided for at the storage facilities, since resin is a flammable material.

Resin outlet

The main indicator of the performance of the area where tapping is carried out is the yield of oleoresin in grams per carropod. The initial data for determining the yield of oleoresin from carropodnovka are the number of active karr on the site, the number of bypasses during the slashing season and the amount of oleoresin received at the receiving point.

First, the yield from one carr is determined, then from the carropodnovka according to the following formulas:

• Q - resin yield from one carr per g;
• q - resin output from one carropodnovka in g;
• M - the amount of resin collected in g;
• N is the number of carr;
• n is the number of rounds.

Resin yields from one carro-cutting are considered correct only if changes are made on all carrooks taken into account during each round. With incomplete bypasses, the performance on carropodnovki decreases.

Practical resin yields per season: from carr 600 - 1300 g, from carropodnovka 10 - 30 g.

Method of labor organization and production standards

The most acceptable form of labor organization in the tapping field is a complex through-hole team, leading the tapping all season, from preparatory operations to the curtailment of work. Depending on the working conditions, the team consists of 3 to 6 people, most often 5 people.

The arrangement of workers in the brigade depends on the type of work performed.

When carrying out preparatory work, the division of labor in the brigade for individual operations is specified in accordance with the scope of work and the complexity of the operation being performed. When carrying out production work on the extraction of resin, usually two pickers are attached to three pickers.

The following norms of output per worker for an 8-hour working day are established for digging work:

• Carr marking on trees - 2500 carr
• Browning at a height of 80 cm - 460 trees
• Grooving with whiskers at a height of 55 cm - 550 trees
• Installation of receivers, receiving grooves, holders, crutches, tires with a toe to the trees - 300 sets

Application of dressings with the number of carr per 1 ha:

• up to 250 - 1800 new items
• 250-350 - 2100 new clothes
• more than 350 - 2500 new items

Collection of resin from the receivers with cleaning the groove and adjusting the tire - 1500 receivers

Specifications are made to the indicated production norms (in the direction of increase or decrease) depending on the working conditions: the height of the carr along the trunk, the number of carr per 1 ha, the clutter of the site, etc. (Table 2).

The above table can only serve as an approximate calculation scheme, since it does not cover all the features of the work.

Accounting and acceptance of work

To accurately record the work done, a time sheet is maintained, which later serves as a payroll for payment. The report card is compiled daily and is maintained by the foreman, and in some cases by the foreman.

Chapter 3 Hardwood tapping.

Birch pod.

Birch sap contains sugary substances. Sugar and wine alcohol are obtained from it. The average sugar content of birch sap is about 1%. Sugar and other organic substances that the tree needs for nutrition are produced by the leaves. In the spring, before leafing, solutions of reserve nutrients, mainly sugar, move through the wood, and after the leaves bloom, through the bark.

Birch tapping technique

Birch tapping is possible only in spring, during the growing season, for 35-40 days. In the butt part of the tree, at a low height, the coarse bark is carefully scraped off with a plow so as not to damage the smooth surface of the inner bark. In a cleared place, a hole is drilled with a drill at an angle of 70-80 ° to the axis of the tree for a groove with a diameter of 1.5-2 cm and a depth of 3-4 cm. The groove is made of hazel wood. Its diameter is 2-3 cm, length 12-20 cm. One end of the groove 2 cm long is pointed and drilled. With this end, it is driven into the hole of the trunk to a depth of 2-3 cm.

On trees with a diameter of up to 31 cm, one hole is made, on trees with a diameter of 31-35 cm - two, on thicker trees - three. Juice is collected in glass jars. The yield of juice from one tree per season ranges from 150 to 300 liters.

juice processing

Birch sap is evaporated in tin-plated iron boxes or in tin-plated boilers, smeared into a brick oven. The bottom of the evaporator is insulated from fire. The syrup is adjusted to 65-68% sugar content. From one tree per season, you can get about 2 kg of syrup. It takes about 1.5 m3 of firewood to evaporate 1 ton of water from juice.

The resulting syrup is fermented at a temperature of 28-32 °. When fermented with liquid yeast, 20% more alcohol is obtained than when fermented with pressed yeast.

Alcohol from birch syrup is not inferior in taste to the best varieties of alcohol obtained from wheat. The yield of anhydrous alcohol is 41-48% with respect to the sugar contained in the alcohol solution. About 0.8 liters of alcohol are obtained from one tree per season.

maple tap

The sugar content of maple sap is 1-3%, the specific gravity of fresh sap is 1.008. At room temperature, the juice becomes cloudy and sour after 3-4 days. Fresh maple sap can be preserved with lime (22 g of pure lime per 1 liter of sap). When evaporated from 1 liter of juice, 20 g of pure sugar and 9 g of molasses are obtained. Maple tapping is carried out mainly in Belarus.

Maple tapping technique.

The cutting season lasts 25-30 days. For the middle belt of Belarus, the juicing season begins in mid-March. The maximum juice yields occur at the end of March.

In the butt part of the maple trunk, scheduled for tapping, at a height of 35-50 cm from the soil surface, the coarse bark is scraped off with a plow and in this place one or more holes are drilled with a drill (depending on the thickness of the trunk) with a diameter of 1.2-1.5 cm, a depth 2-3 cm. The hole is tilted down by 75 °. The juice from the hole enters the receiver through the same grooves as when tapping birch. The receivers are glass cylindrical jars installed on the surface of the earth. Juice is collected from the receivers every 2 days, and at maximum yields - daily, pouring it into galvanized or wooden buckets, and from them into aspen barrels.

At the end of the cutting season, the grooves are removed, the holes are clogged with bushings and covered with resin from above. The output of maple sap per season per hole is about 20 liters, the average daily is about 0.5 liters.

Juice processing.

Maple sap is evaporated in the same apparatus as birch sap, bringing the syrup to 66-67% sugar content. The layer of juice in the evaporators is maintained constant, 3-3.5 cm thick. The syrup evaporated to the specified sugar content is well preserved, has a pleasant taste and smell, golden color and the consistency of fresh honey. The sugar crystallized from the syrup, when dissolved with water, gives an even more transparent and fragrant syrup.

Usage: forestry. The essence of the invention: for pine tapping in the presence of nearby trees, the location of carr belts is carried out on parts of the surfaces of tree trunks facing each other and opposite to them, and carr is marked on parts of the surfaces between the belts. 2 ill., 1 tab.

The invention relates to forestry and is intended for the rational use of pine plantations in the form of biogroups of trees by tapping, as well as when obtaining juices from other tree species. There is a known method of tapping a pine tree, which includes a number of successive operations: removing the rough part of the bark on the surface of the trunk, applying carro with special tools, installing receivers and collecting resin. With the simplicity of choosing the place for applying carr, this method does not provide the highest yield of resin, as well as the intensity of the process. In this connection, carropodnovki began to be treated with various solutions, including aggressive stimulants, which is risky and unsafe, and also accelerates the process of tree death and worsens the ecological situation. There is also known a method of tapping a pine, including a visual choice of the location of the carr, basting the carr and subsequent application of the carro. The choice of the location of the carr in it is associated with the greatest illumination of the surface of the trunk, considering that the cardinal points affect the yield of resin. But it was found that there is no regular dependence of the yield of resin on the location of the carr along the cardinal points. This is all the more true for biogroups of trees, where the influence of the biological field of a neighboring tree is manifested. The invention is aimed at ensuring the highest yield of oleoresin in biogroups of trees without the use of stimulants while maintaining the vital activity of overgrown trees. This is achieved by the fact that in the method of tapping a pine tree, which includes visual selection of the location of the carr and bark belts, basting of the carr and subsequent application of carro undercuts, when visually choosing the location of the carr in trees interacting with biofields, the zones of the stimulating physiological process and the zone of its inhibition are determined on the trunk. Karrs are planned in the zones of the stimulating physiological process, leaving the zones of inhibition for the cow belts. In this case, the zones of inhibition are defined as parts of the surface of the trunk of neighboring trees facing each other and opposite to them. The fact is that in the biogroup of trees, in addition to the morphological response of a pine to the field of another tree, a physiological response is also observed. This is clearly illustrated by the energy model of the biogroup of two pines /Fig. 1/, where, according to the nature and range of the ejection of electrical discharges, four specific zones are substantiated on the surface of the trunk: a zone of strong "a", a zone of weak "b" and two zones of stimulating "c" biophysical influence, or otherwise: zones "a" and "b "zones of inhibition of the physiological process, zone "c" zone of the stimulating physiological process. Gum is a product of physiological processes, and the process of resin release is subject to the identified pattern. And since the physiological processes are stronger in the zones of the stimulating process "c", they were chosen for applying carro-cuts during the tapping. The zone of inhibition of the physiological process "a" / zone of strong biophysical influence / is located on the side of the trunk facing the neighboring tree of the biogroup, the zone of inhibition "b" / zone of weak physiological influence / on the opposite side, in these two zones leave cow belts. This arrangement of carr and cow straps allows you to make wide carr. The yield of oleoresin for carropodnovka largely depends on the width of the carr: with the broadening of the carr, its resin production invariably increases. The combination of choosing the location of the carr in the zones of the stimulating physiological process and the possibility of applying wide carropods with this choice ensures a large yield of resin per season with a low load on the tree and without the use of stimulants. The method is illustrated in Fig. 2, which conditionally shows a biogroup of two trees /in plan/, in which "a" and "b" zones of inhibition of the physiological process and "c" zones of the stimulating physiological process. The method is carried out as follows. Trees growing in biogroups are evaluated. For this purpose, the presence of the interaction of trees with biofields is visually assessed by the nature of the location of the branches in the crowns and the presence of zones of inhibition "a" and "b" and zones of stimulation of the physiological process "c" are determined: zones of inhibition in parts of the trunks facing each other and opposite to them, stimulation zones to the left and to the right of them /in the direction of the longest branches of the crown/. In zones "c" the carr is basted, leaving zones "a" and "b" for cow belts. Then the well-known operations are performed: the rough part of the bark is removed, carropods are applied, and receivers are installed to collect the resin. The location of the carr according to the height of the tree and the sequence of carrops are determined in accordance with the Rules for tapping in the forests of the Russian Federation, M. 1994. Example. On a forest plot with a biogroup arrangement of trees, carropods were applied according to three options on 17 trees each: in one group in zone “a”, in another group in zone “b”, and in the third group in zone “c”. The resin was collected without the use of stimulants during the season /May-September/. At the end of the collection, averaged data on the experimental plot were obtained, which are summarized in a table. It can be seen from the table that the yield of oleoresin when carro is located in zone "b" is higher by 39.2% compared to zone "a". due to the wide carr/, eliminates the negative impact on the condition of the trees and the quality of the extracted oleoresin stimulants. Sources of information 1. Ed. certificate of the USSR N 116479, class. A 01 23/00. 2. Mednikov F.A. Podochka forest, M. Goslesbumizdat, 1955, p. 64 /prototype/. 3. Marchenko I.S. Biofield of forest ecosystems. M. VDNH USSR, 1983, p. 17 - 21.

Claim

A method for tapping a pine tree, including visual selection of the location of carr and carr belts, basting carr and subsequent application of carr undercuts, characterized in that the visual choice of the location of carr belts in the presence of adjacent trees is carried out on parts of the surfaces of tree trunks facing each other and opposite to them, and Carrers are marked on parts of the surfaces between the belts.

PIP

Accent placement: PODSO'CHKA

PIPING, arts, wounding growing trees to obtain softwood gum, tropical latex. rubber, sugary juices of birch, maple, etc. To obtain resin, ch. arr. pine, less often spruce, larch, fir. P. conifers usually start for several. years before tree felling. It can be short-term (with a period of up to 5 years), long-term (more than 5 years) and long-term (when reused after the application of overgrown carr dressings).

Technological the process of P. pine consists of preparatory, productions. and conclude. works. Will prepare. The work includes the acceptance of plantings in P., the arrangement of a sap area, the basting of carr on trees, browning, the installation of longitudinal grooves, the installation of receivers for sap, the arrangement of sap stores in the forest, and the provision of sap areas with containers for sap. Production work consists in applying new things, collecting resin, hauling barrels of resin to storage facilities, and transporting resin from the forest to railway stations or processing plants.

In concluding. The work includes the removal of carro-equipment from trees, its conservation for the winter period, and the handing over of logging sites after the expiration of the term to P. leshozes or other forest organizations.

When P. pines use the following methods of applying carr on tree trunks: 2-tier; 2-tier descending or ascending; descending and ascending (more often, only the descending method is used before felling); ascending and descending (in the first years of tapping - only ascending method). P. Siberian cedar pine is carried out in an ascending way, spruce - also in an ascending way or ascending and descending for 3 years. Larch is drained in 2-3-tier ascending way for 3-8 years. P. fir is reduced to the extraction of resin from the resinous places of the bark - nodules. To do this, large nodules (length 2-3 cm and width 1-2 cm) are pierced by a metal. tubes, through which resin is squeezed out into glass bottles or other vessels.

Technique P.: a carr is made on the surface of the trunk, a guide groove is drawn in the center of it, at the end of which a receiver is installed. Since spring, dressings are applied to the carr every 3-4 days.

Distinguish between ordinary P. (i.e., without processing the warp with chemical stimulants) and with the effect on the surface of the warp with chemical stimulants. stimulants (sulphuric acid, sulphite-distillery concentrates, infusions and extracts of fodder yeast, etc.). The collection of resin from the receivers is carried out 1-2 times a month in galvanized buckets with a capacity of 10-12 liters, from which it is transferred through spillway boards into wooden or metal ones. barrels (200 l).

To extract sugary juices, birch and maple are drained, drilling inclined deep holes on tree trunks. 3-4 cm and reinforcing wooden grooves in them that direct the juice into the receivers.

(Ryabov V.P., Theory and practice of tapping the forest, M., 1984.)

Sources:

1. Forest encyclopedia: In 2 volumes, v.2 / Ch.ed. Vorobyov G.I.; Editorial staff: Anuchin N.A., Atrokhin V.G., Vinogradov V.N. and others - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1986.-631 p., ill.

Raw material base of pine tapping.

The raw material base of tapping is made up of pine stands of I-IV quality classes included in the plans for final felling and plans for tapping, which include 50 or more percent of pine.

It is allowed to designate forest stands with less than 50 percent of pine as part of the planting in the following cases:

- single trees and groups of trees on unforested lands;

- seed plants and seed groups of trees that were not previously used by tapping and have fulfilled their purpose;

– trees assigned to selective final felling.

Suitable for tapping are healthy, without significant damage, pine trees with a diameter of 20 cm or more at a height of 1.3 m.

The tapping of maturing pine stands is allowed 5 years before reaching the final felling age to ensure a 15-year tapping period in case of a lack of ripe and significant presence of ripening stands that are intended for final felling and are included in the list of final felling.

Stands designated for gradual felling are handed over for tapping 5 years before the first felling.

In pine stands of different ages, where long-term gradual felling is planned, tapping can be carried out 10 years before the indicated felling. At the same time, only trees that are to be felled in the first step should be involved in tapping.

A tap is not designed in the following cases:

- in the breeding grounds of pests until they are eliminated;

- in stands weakened by fires, pests and diseases;

- in the habitats of animals listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus;

- within a radius of 300 m from capercaillie currents;

– on trees selected for harvesting special assortments;

- with the use of resin release stimulants in areas of plant growth sites listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus;

- with the use of resin release stimulants: sulfuric acid and bleach in the forests of the first group;

- with the use of resin release stimulants: sulfuric acid on waterlogged soils;

– on permanent forest seed plots, forest seed plantations, genetic reserves, plus trees, seed plants, seed clumps and strips, permanent trial plots during the entire period of their operation.

The concept of tapping technology.

Tapping technology - a set of types, varieties, tapping methods, operations and techniques, their sequence when obtaining resin.

Injection production, in addition to the regulation of technological methods, imposes certain requirements on the production technique, which means methods for performing operations, tools, fixtures, and injector equipment.

The tapping technology consists of elements that are used in the most beneficial options and combinations, depending on the biological, climatic and technical factors that affect the resin productivity of stands and their vital activity.

The main elements of tapping technology are depth, angle and step of tapping, carr load of trees, carr width, puff pause and tap method.

Underwater terminology

Karra is a specially prepared section of the trunk surface, on which carro equipment is installed and cuttings are applied during one tapping season. The main elements of the carra are shown in Fig. 5.1.

The working surface of the carra is the part of the carra intended for applying dressings.

Rice. 5.1. carra scheme

The carr mirror is a part of the working surface of the carr, on which carro underlays are applied.

The length of the carra is the size of the working surface of the carra in the vertical direction.

Carr width - the size of the working surface of the carr along the circumference of the trunk.

An intercarrion bar is an untouched section of the trunk that separates the carr in the vertical direction.

Mezhkarr (nutritional) belt - an untouched area of ​​​​the bark that separates the carr around the circumference of the trunk.

Shoe - a cut applied to only one half of the carr.

Carropodnovka - a cut on the carr, applied across its entire width with each bypass.

The length of the undercut is the size of the undercut along the cut line.

Shoe depth - the size of the shoe along the radius of the trunk, or the thickness of the cut chips.

Warp step - the vertical distance between the top or bottom edges of adjacent warps.

Shoe angle - an acute angle between the direction of the shoe and the vertical line.

The angle of the carro is the angle between the right and left halves of the carro.

The guide groove is a vertical cut on the carré for draining resin, 1 ... 2 mm deeper than the new one.

Shchap for the receiver - a special slot in the bark and wood of the trunk under the carr for the installation of the receiver.

Vzdymka is the process of applying new clothes.

Puffing pause - the period of time between applying patches on the same carré.

There are the following types of carr according to the method of adjoining the warp:

- smooth - with a direct adjacency of dressings without pronounced edges between them (currently used on a pitcher);

- corrugated - with a direct adjacency of warts with pronounced edges between them;

- ribbed without grooves - the blades are separated by stripes of the trunk surface.

The cutting period is the number of years of cutting in the same stand. The timing of tapping is set depending on climatic conditions and categories of plantings.

Short-term tapping - a tapping system lasting from 1 to 5 years before felling.

Extended tapping - a system of tapping lasting up to 6 - 10 years before felling (in the forests of the first group, the period of tapping is allowed no more than 10 years).

Long-term tapping - a system of tapping lasting up to 11 - 25 years before felling (in Belarus, in the forests of the second group, no more than 15 years are allowed).

Long-term slash farming - life-time use of the forest for more than 25 years with the use of comprehensive forest care measures (not used in Belarus).

Table 5.1

The duration of tapping and the load of trees with carr by category

The load of trees with karrs is the ratio of the total width of the karr of one tier to the circumference of the trunk at the height of the karr.

where: A is the total width of the carr of one tier, cm; D is the diameter of the trunk at the height of the carra, cm.

According to the “Instruction on the rules for tapping and harvesting resin from pine forest stands”, the load of trees with carrions in categories I and II is regulated by the total width of the intercarr belts.

The load of trees with carr must be strictly observed, since a decrease in this indicator leads to a decrease in the yield of resin from a tree and from 1 ha, and exceeding the load negatively affects the condition of leaking trees.

Tapping methods and their characteristics

All existing methods of tapping can be divided into two groups:

- ordinary - without the use of turpentine exit stimulants;

- chemical (tipping with a chemical effect), when turpentine exit stimulants are used. All of them can be done by:

1) causing open wounds;

2) infliction of closed wounds (drilling channels);

3) without inflicting any injuries (stimulants are applied to the bare bast).

In modern tapping production, chemical methods of tapping with the application of open wounds dominate, since they provide high labor productivity, increased resin yield, simple technology and work technique.

Superficial wounds, depending on the specific technological scheme, can be applied either in an upward or downward direction, together or leaving a rib. In this regard, the following methods of tapping are distinguished according to the method of applying and alternating the patches.

Descending method of tapping - each subsequent recut is applied below the previous one (a groove is drawn). In modern sowing production, ribbed curry with the use of resin stimulants is most often used.

The advantages of this method: the groove makes it easier to drain the resin,

Disadvantages:

- the groove and the receiver cause tarring of the wood (this is a natural process, as a result of which the wood loses its ability to release resin), an inter-carr bridge is required for the next season;

- there is a deformation of the trunk in the upper part of the trunk, above the carrion (the diameter increases, since nutrients accumulate above the wounds, which are not able to move down the trunk, because their path through the phloem is interrupted by the application of dressings).

- not a stable yield of resin over the years.

Ascending method of tapping - each subsequent re-cut is applied above the previous one. The most commonly used grooveless ribbed carr.

The advantages of this method:

- the yield of resin is 10-14% higher than with the downward method;

– the output is more stable, especially when using tar stimulators;

The disadvantage of this method of tapping is that the resin spreads over the surface of the curry, since there is no groove.

Two-tier tapping - during one season, tapping is carried out in two tiers, located vertically one above the other and separated by a section of untouched trunk surface.

The advantage of this method is that the resin yield increases by 20–25% compared to the top-down method.

The disadvantage is the high consumption of the barrel, the number of resin receivers increases by 2 times, the volume of preparatory work increases.

Varieties of a two-tiered tapping:

- alternation in tiers along the bypasses (the new one is applied in one tier, then, at the next approach to the tree, in another tier;

alternation in collection tiers (2-3 weeks in one tier, 2-3 weeks in another);

alternation in tiers for half a season (spring - upper tier, autumn - lower tier);

simultaneous application of dressings in two tiers (used only for short-term tapping);

Influence of technological elements of tapping on the yield of resin and vital activity of pine stands

As noted earlier, the goal of tapping is to obtain the maximum amount of resin with a minimum negative impact on the life of the tree. This is achieved by the most advantageous combination of technology elements in various production conditions. Let us consider the influence of the main elements of the tapping technology on the yield of resin and the vital activity of pine plantations.

Undercut depth. It affects both the physiological processes of the tree and the yield of resin. With an increase in the thickness of the cut layer of wood, the number of cut annual layers and the number of open resin passages increase, which contributes to an increase in resin emission. However, deep cuttings (8-10 mm or more) significantly disrupt the water supply and nutritional regime of the tree, impede the access of water and nutrients to the excretory cells, as a result of which the formation and expiration of resin slows down. To a greater extent, the growth of the trunk in diameter decreases, there is a stronger drying and cracking of this section of the trunk, which leads to a decrease in the quality of wood and the viability of the tree. Small changes (1-5 mm) do not cause a significant deterioration in the water supply of the tree. It has been established that small cuts provide a higher yield of oleoresin with short pauses in the swelling, deep cuts - with long ones. However, this does not exclude the negative impact of deep changes: with each subsequent year, as a rule, the yield of resin decreases. In addition, the use of deep dressings with an increased load of trees with carr significantly reduces the effect of increasing the load.

According to the "Instructions on the rules of tapping ...", the maximum depth of the tapping for ordinary tapping is 4 mm, and only three years before the end it is allowed to increase it to 6 mm. When sulfuric acid is used as a tar stimulator, the maximum depth of dressing is reduced and is 2 mm.

Footstep step.

It has a significant impact on the yield of resin and on the efficiency of using the working shaft in height. The number of opened horizontal resin passages (directly proportional) and the degree of renewal of clogged vertical resin passages depend on the renovating step. Therefore, an increase in the step of the dressing increases, and a decrease reduces the yield of resin, however, no proportional dependence was found here. At the same time, an increase in the step of the dressing leads to excessive consumption of the working surface of the barrel. It has been established that with an increase in the laying height of the carr, the yield of resin decreases by about 3-4% per meter of the trunk height, and the labor intensity of the work increases. Therefore, it is not advisable to increase the footprint step beyond the wood tarring zone, which is 12-15 mm during normal tapping. When using chemical tar stimulators, especially sulfuric acid, the tarring zone increases significantly, and therefore it is necessary to increase the step of the dressing.

According to the "Instructions on the rules of tapping ..." with ordinary tapping, the step of tapping should not exceed 15 mm, when using sulfite-bard concentrates, fodder yeast, it increases depending on the category of tapping up to 20-30 mm, bleach - 25-40 mm, sulfuric acids - 40–50 mm.

Karra width.

The yield of oleoresin, labor productivity and technical qualities of wood largely depend on the width of the carr. The wider the carrah, the more resin passages are opened and the yield of resin increases from the carropod, but decreases from a unit width of the carrah. However, no proportional relationship is observed here. When using wide carr, the total yield of resin from 1 ha is reduced, so their use is justified only for short-term tapping. In addition, with wide caravans, wood is more likely to crack.

Currently, the width of the carr is regulated only for category III tapping - it is equal to the diameter of a tree at a height of 1.3 m. For categories II and I, the total width of the intercarr belts is regulated.

This indicator is closely related to the width of the carra. The greater the load of the tree, the greater the yield of resin from the tree, but less per unit cut. A large load weakens the tree, its fatigue sets in: the yield of resin decreases. It has been established that the load of trees with more than 80% carr leads to the gradual death of all leaking trees in the first 5 years. The magnitude of the load determines the category of tapping: for category III, the load is 33%, for II - 66% and for I - up to 80%.

Karra corner.

The smaller the angle of the curry, the better the resin flows into the receiver. In addition, the pitch of the change depends on the angle: the larger the angle, the smaller the pitch, which means that the barrel consumption decreases. In tapping, it is assumed that in the ascending method, the curry angle is taken equal to 900. This reduces the barrel consumption by 30%. The downward tapping method uses an angle of 600.

Intercarrier jumper.

It has a noticeable effect on the yield of resin. With the downward method, tarring is formed on the barrel caused by the groove and the installation of the receiver. With normal tapping, it is 2-3 cm, with sulfuric acid - up to 10 cm. Therefore, with normal tapping and with non-aggressive stimulants, a jumper is left up to 5 cm, with sulfuric acid tapping - up to 10 cm.