The concept and types of worldview. Human worldview: structure, typology, characteristic features

outlook- it is a system of generalized views on the world, on a person’s place in it and his attitude to this world, as well as beliefs, feelings and ideals based on these views that determine a person’s life position, principles of his behavior and value orientations. Views - it is a certain set (system) of knowledge expressed in representations and concepts; they form the basis of the worldview. This is not all the knowledge that a person has, but only the most general provisions and principles. They become components of the worldview when they turn into beliefs, in firm confidence in the truth of this knowledge, in the readiness to act in accordance with them. Beliefs are not a special kind of knowledge, but their state, a qualitative characteristic. Worldview includes moods, feelings, experiences, constituting its emotional and psychological side and having a significant impact on the worldview position of a person. Two sides of the worldview: emotional-psychological and rational (cognitive-intellectual) are inherent in any worldview to one degree or another, however, in its different types and among different people, as a rule, one of them prevails.

An important component of the worldview are ideals. They contain the highest goal of a person's aspirations for truth, goodness, beauty, and justice.

It is necessary to distinguish between the worldview of a person and the worldview of a social group, social class and society as a whole. The outlook of different people is not the same; it depends not only on many objective factors under the influence of which a personality is formed (life conditions, nationality, etc.), but also on its subjective characteristics, including the emotional and psychological warehouse. An essential role in the formation of a personality is played by its belonging to a certain social group or social class. The worldview of people belonging to the same social group, despite individual differences, has common features and differs from the worldview of representatives of other social groups. Each social group, social class has its own values ​​and ideals, principles and goals towards the implementation of which their activities are aimed, although the worldview of the ruling class is, as a rule, decisive.

At the same time, universal human values ​​are being formed in society - the ideas of humanism common to all people, moral principles, aesthetic and other criteria. The following types of worldview are distinguished as the main ones: mythological, religious, mundane and philosophical.

Historically, the first type - mythological worldview - is formed in the early stages of the development of society and represents the first attempt by a person to explain the origin and structure of the world, the appearance of people and animals on earth, the causes of natural phenomena, and to determine their place in the world around them. Mythology (Greek ptuShoz - narration, - legend) is a fantastic reflection of reality in the form of sensory-visual representations. Generated by the imagination of a primitive man, mythical creatures - gods, spirits, heroes - are endowed with human features, they perform human deeds, and their fates are similar to the fates of mortal people. The myths expressed the unity, inseparability of man and nature; human properties were projected onto natural phenomena. Myths were closely connected with rituals, with the customs of the people, they contained moral norms and aesthetic ideas, included the rudiments of knowledge and religious beliefs, combined reality and fantasy, natural and supernatural, thoughts and feelings.

Reactionary political regimes create myths, introducing them through propaganda into the mass consciousness. Such, for example, are the myths of the German fascists about the superiority of the Aryan race and "inferior" peoples, about world domination, combined with the cult of the "Fuhrer" and ritual torchlight processions.

Religious worldview formed at a relatively high stage of development of ancient society. Being, like mythology, a fantastic reflection of reality, the religious worldview differs from mythology in the belief in the existence of supernatural forces and their dominant role in the universe and people's lives. In the myth, a person does not distinguish himself from nature, the gods live in the natural, “earthly” world, communicate with people. The veracity of the mythical image is self-evident and therefore does not need to be believed. Religious consciousness divides the world into "earthly", natural, comprehended by the senses, and "heavenly", supernatural, supersensible. Religious faith as a special experience is manifested in the worship of some higher supernatural forces, to which the properties of material objects were attributed, the connections between objects (such, for example, is the belief in the blood connection of a tribe with a certain type of animal and race).

shadows), gods and spirits. Later, the image of a single God is formed - the creator of everything that exists, the guardian of custom, traditions, morality, and spiritual values. Monotheistic religions arise - Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism. A qualitatively new type is philosophical outlook. It differs from mythology and religion in its orientation towards a rational explanation of the world. The most general ideas about nature, society, man become the subject of theoretical consideration and logical analysis. The philosophical worldview has inherited from mythology and religion their ideological character, the whole set of questions about the origin of the world, its structure, the place of man in the world, etc., but unlike mythology and religion, which are characterized by a sensory-figurative attitude to reality and contain artistic and cult elements, this type of worldview, is a logically ordered system of knowledge, characterized by the desire to theoretically substantiate their positions and principles.

Describing the philosophical worldview, it should be noted that its content includes not only philosophical problems proper, but also generalized economic, political, legal and natural science ideas, moral, aesthetic, religious (or atheistic) principles.

yucips, views, ideals. Therefore, the philosophical worldview should not be completely identified with philosophy. In a special type should be allocated mundane, or empirical outlook, which is the origin of all its other types. Based on life experience and empirical knowledge, the ordinary worldview serves as a guide in everyday activities, but often experiences difficulties when faced with complex problems, the solution of which requires solid knowledge, a culture of thinking and feelings.

In the modern world, everyday, religious and philosophical worldviews coexist, often representing their complex combination. Elements of the mythological worldview are also preserved.

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Worldview, its structure and main types

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Worldview is an important part of human life. As a rational being, he must have his own thoughts, views, ideas, perform actions and be able to analyze them. What is the essence of this concept? What is its structure and typology?

Man is a rational being, living consciously. It is characterized by mental activity and sensory perception. He is able to set goals and find the means to achieve them. So, he has a certain worldview. This concept is multifaceted, consists of several important definitions.

Worldview is:

• belief system a person to the real, objective world;
• attitude of a rational being to the surrounding reality and to one's own "I";
• life position, beliefs, ideals, demeanor, moral and ethical values ​​and the concept of morality, the spiritual world of the individual, principles of cognition and application of experience related to the perception of the environment and society.

The definition and development of a worldview involves the study and perception of only those views and ideas that have the ultimate generalization.

The subjects of this concept are the individual, the individual, and the social group, society. An indicator of the maturity of both subjects is the formation of a stable, unshakable view of things, which directly depends on the material conditions and social life with which a person is associated.

Levels

Human individuality cannot be the same. And so the outlook is different. It is associated with several levels of self-consciousness.

Its structure consists of a number of important components that have their own characteristics.

1. First level- common world view. Most people are on it, because it is a system of beliefs that is based on common sense, life experience and human instincts.
2. Second level- professional. It is possessed by people employed in a certain field of scientific and practical activity. It arises as a result of gaining knowledge and experience in a particular field of science, politics, creativity. The thoughts and ideas of a person that arise at this level are of an educational nature and are able to influence, be transmitted to other people. Many philosophers, writers, and public figures had this worldview.
3. Third level- the highest point of development - theoretical (philosophy). At this level, the structure and typology of a person's views on the world and himself is created, studied, analyzed and criticized. The specificity of this level is such that especially outstanding personalities, theorists of philosophical science reached it.

Structure

In the structure of the vision of the world, more specific levels are distinguished:

• elemental: the components of the worldview are combined and realized in everyday consciousness;
• conceptual: basis - worldview problems - concepts;
• methodological: concepts and principles that make up the center, the core of the worldview.

These structural components have their own characteristics. According to them, one can judge how complex and contradictory the beliefs of a person who is trying to combine knowledge, feelings, values, actions, and his own character traits coming from outside turn out to be.

Types

Depending on the level of development of a person’s system of views and the characteristics of his individual perception of the world around him, the following types of worldview are distinguished:

1. Ordinary(worldly) arises in the conditions of habitual everyday life. It is usually passed on from the older generation to the younger, from adults to children. This type is characterized by a clear position and ideas about oneself and the environment: people and the environment. From an early age, the individual is aware of what the sun, sky, water, morning, good and evil, etc. are like.
2. mythological implies the presence of uncertainty, the absence of a separation between the subjective and the objective. Man cognizes the world through what he knows by virtue of being. In this type, the worldview ensured the interaction of generations through the mythical connections of the past and the future. The myth became a reality, with it checked their own views and actions.
3. religious- one of the most powerful and effective types, associated with belief in supernatural forces that control the will, knowledge, moral and physical actions of people.
4. Scientific consists of concrete, rational, factual thoughts, ideas, devoid of subjectivity. This type is the most realistic, reasoned and accurate.
5. philosophical includes theoretical concepts and categories that are based on scientific knowledge and substantiation of natural, social and personal phenomena in accordance with logic and objective reality. Philosophy, or "love of wisdom" contains the highest meaning of scientific comprehension of the world and disinterested service to the truth.
6. humanistic stands on the fundamental principles of humanism - humanity, which state that:

• man is the highest world value;
• each person is a self-sufficient person;
• each person has unlimited opportunities for their own development, growth and manifestation of creative abilities;
• each person is able to change himself, his character;
• Each person is capable of self-development and a positive impact on others.

In any type of worldview, the main thing is a person, his attitude towards himself and the world around him.

Despite some differences, the functions of each type are aimed at making a person change and become better, so that his thoughts and ideas do not harm him or those who are close to him.

What role does the vision of the world play in human life

A person goes through different stages in his life. The formation of personality takes place in constant search and doubt, contradictions and finding the truth. If a person is really interested in his own development and wants to reach the highest point of knowledge, he must develop his own personal life position based on his own worldview.

Personal views can bring together different points of view and ideas. Their transformation allows a person to become a personality, an individuality.

Video: Worldview

Philosophy Exam Preparation Questions

1. Worldview, its structure and historical types.

WORLD VIEW - a system of generalized views on the world and a person's place in it, on the attitude of people to the reality around them and to themselves, as well as their beliefs, ideals, principles of knowledge and activity due to these views.
There are three main types of worldview:
worldly (everyday) worldview, which reflects the ideas of common sense, traditional views about the world and man;
religious worldview associated with the recognition of the supernatural world principle;
philosophical outlook, which summarizes the experience of spiritual and practical exploration of the world.
On the basis of a rational understanding of the culture of philosophy, it develops new worldview orientations. The bearer of the worldview is a person and a social group that perceive reality through the prism of a certain system of views. It has a huge practical meaning, influencing the norms of behavior, life aspirations, interests, work and life of people.
The worldview has a certain structure:
Attitude - sensory perception of the surrounding world (for example, an optimist and a pessimist)
Perception of the world - based on the worldview of the surrounding world in ideal images (adequate and inadequate)
Understanding the world is a cognitive-intellectual activity aimed at revealing the essence of ongoing processes.
The worldview has the following forms:
1. myth (mythos - legend) - the very first form (before religion), but now myth also plays an important role. The modern myth is the regulator of people's behavior, their relationships. The moral and aesthetic values ​​of a person are fixed in the myth.
Myths are:
Ideological
Socio-political
Artistic
The myth is actively used as a manipulator of public consciousness.
2. religion - belief in supernatural powers. She has the following functions:
Worldview - helps to build a system of behavior, norms, etc.
Regulatory is the regulator of human interaction
Compensatory - compensates for the lack or insufficiency of knowledge
Consolidating - serves to unite people
Religious beliefs:
- fetishism - (from the French fetiche - idol, talisman), the cult of inanimate objects - fetishes, endowed, according to the beliefs of believers, with supernatural properties. It was common among all primitive peoples. The surviving traits are belief in amulets, amulets, talismans.
- animism - (from lat. anima, animus - soul, spirit), belief in the existence of souls and spirits, an indispensable element of any religion.
- totemism - a set of beliefs and rituals of a primitive society associated with the idea of ​​kinship between groups of people (usually clans), and the so-called. totems - species of animals and plants (less often natural phenomena and inanimate objects); each clan bore the name of its totem. It was not to be killed or eaten.
- magic - (from the Greek mageia) (witchcraft, sorcery), rituals associated with belief in the supernatural ability of a person (sorcerer, magician) to influence people and natural phenomena. Magic arose in primitive society and became an element of rituals.
all these forms existed even before the advent of polytheism (10 thousand years ago), when there was a settled way of life and the need for a social division of labor, the formation of a relationship of domination and subordination
Monotheism is formed when monarchical states are formed (there is one God in heaven and one King on earth). Forms of monotheism:
Judaism (7th century BC)
Buddhism (5th century BC)
Christianity (1st century BC)
Islam (7th century AD)

2. The specifics of the philosophical exploration of reality.

Philosophy is a theoretically formulated worldview. It tries to solve the main worldview problems through thinking based on the concept and judgment, which are connected with each other according to certain logical laws.
A concept is a thought that reflects in a generalized form the objects and phenomena of reality and the connections between them by fixing general and specific features, which are the properties of objects and phenomena and the relationship between them. In philosophy, in contrast to the religious and mythological worldview, abstraction is widely used, i.e. formation of concepts to designate images of reality.
Philosophy brought to the fore the intellectual aspects of the worldview, reflecting the growing need in society to understand the world and man from the standpoint of knowledge. Initially, she acted in the historical arena as a search for worldly wisdom.
A characteristic feature of the philosophical exploration of reality is universalism. Philosophy is a form of knowledge of the universal foundations of being. Throughout the history of culture, it has claimed to develop universal knowledge or universal principles of spiritual and moral life.
Another important feature of the philosophical way of mastering reality is substantialism. Substance, i.e. the underlying essence is the ultimate foundation, which makes it possible to reduce the sensory diversity of things and the variability of their properties to something permanent, relatively stable and independently existing. Substantialism is manifested in the desire of philosophers to explain what is happening, the internal structure and development of the world through a single stable principle.
One of the characteristic features of philosophical reflection is doubt. Philosophy from the very beginning acts as a criticism of customs, everyday consciousness, traditional values ​​and moral norms. Human institutions that have stood the test of strength are placed on a more solid foundation of knowledge, all others are discarded as obsolete.
3. Models of the world in various philosophical directions.

Questions about the essence of the world and the principles of its structure, which were raised in the mythological consciousness, today we can reconstruct in the form of a "mythopoetic model". The integrity of the perception of the world in the myth led to conjectures that could not objectively be implemented in scientific models of the world (at least before the emergence of Einsteinian physics), based more on the "dismemberment" of being than on the perception of it as a single whole.

The world in the mythopoetic model is initially understood as a complex system of relations between man and the surrounding nature. "In this sense, the world is the result of processing information about the environment and the person himself, and "human" structures and schemes are often extrapolated to the environment, which is described in the language of anthropocentric concepts" . As a result, we are faced with a universal picture of the world, built on completely different grounds than it is carried out with the abstract-conceptual perception of the world, which is characteristic of modern thinking. The indicated universality and integrity of ideas about the world in the mythological consciousness were due to the weak separation of subject-object relations or even its complete absence. The world seemed to be one and inseparable from man.

Myth was not just a story about the world, but a kind of ideal model in which events were interpreted through a system of heroes and characters. Therefore, it was the latter that possessed reality, and not the world as such. "Next to myth, there could not be in consciousness a non-myth, some kind of directly given reality. Myth is a cognitive designation." Let us now note the main features of this mythopoetic model of the world.

First of all, it is the complete identity of nature and man, which makes it possible to link together things, phenomena and objects, parts of the human body, which are outwardly far from each other, and so on. This model is characterized by an understanding of the unity of space-time relations, which act as a special ordering beginning of the cosmos. The nodal points of space and time (holy places and holy days) set a special causal determination of all events, again linking together the systems of natural and, for example, ethical norms, developing in each of them a special cosmic measure that a person must follow.

Space understood as both qualitative and quantitative certainty. Quantitative certainty is described by means of special numerical characteristics, through a system of sacred numbers, "cosmologizing the most important parts of the universe and the most responsible (key) moments of life (three, seven, ten, twelve, thirty-three, etc.), and unfavorable numbers, like images of chaos, gracelessness, evil (for example, thirteen) ". Qualitative certainty is manifested in the form of a system of characters of the mythical picture of the world, which are opposed to each other.

This model of the world is based on its own logic - on achieving the goal in a roundabout way, through overcoming some vital opposites, "having respectively a positive and negative value" (heaven-earth, day-night, white-black, ancestors-descendants, even-odd , senior-junior, life-death, etc.). Thus, the world is initially interpreted dialectically and it is impossible to achieve any goal directly (throughout) (in order to enter Baba Yaga's hut, we do not go around the house, which would be logical in our reality, but we ask the house itself to turn around "to us in front, back to the forest"). The dialectic of opposite principles, opposing actions and phenomena makes it possible to create a whole system of world classification (a kind of analogue to the system of categories), which in the mythopoetic model acts as a means of ordering being, "reclaiming new parts of chaos and cosmologizing it. Inside the cosmically organized space, everything is connected with each other (the very act of thinking about such a connection is for the primitive consciousness already the objectification of this connection: a thought is a thing); global and integral determinism dominates here.

All these ideas about the unity of the world, with a certain interpretation, as we will see below, turn into philosophy, which, relying simultaneously on the data of sciences, creates various models of the unity of the world.

So, real-substrate model sees the unity of the world in the unity of the physical and chemical substrate and properties. The data of modern science show that objects of inanimate nature consist of the same chemical elements. The disclosure of the internal structure of the atom and the discovery of ever new elementary particles allow us to raise the question of creating a unified theory of elementary particles that describes the substratum unity of elements. In biology, genetic studies show that all living organisms are based on a genetic code consisting of four amino acids. The identity of the physico-chemical composition of living and non-living matter is established, etc. . Finally, it has been established that all substances and elements of the world are interconnected by means of electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

Substance model assumes the unity of the world through the assumption that the basis of being is a certain single substance, ideal or material, from which all the diversity of the world is derived. For Plato, the unity of the world is due to the demiurge (creator), who created this world, for Hegel - the substantiality of the absolute idea, which is expressed in the presence of universal laws of development. In early materialism, searches were carried out for some lower layer of reality, the primary element from which all the diversity of the world follows. In dialectical materialism, moving matter acts as a substance, which is capable of generating new things, based on itself. In this substantial model, the unity of the world is manifested in a number of ways. First, matter is preserved quantitatively, no matter how it changes, and always has universal attributive properties. Secondly, substantial unity means the conditionality of all processes occurring in the world. An object acts on another, acting as the cause of changes in it, as if transferring the substance into it.

AT functional (or nomological) model the unity of the world is explained by the presence and functioning of uniform laws. It is assumed that some kind of universal connection is realized in the world. At the same time, either a certain mental construction or a connection that is really feasible can act as a universal connection. Thus, Pythagoras believed that the world is governed by the divine mathematical laws of harmony and world order. Leibniz also proceeded from the idea of ​​the existence of unified divine mathematical laws and believed that they can be represented by a system of equations, on the basis of which any phenomena can be explained. Laplace, proceeding from the recognition of universal laws, saw the task in the integration of knowledge, which, in his opinion, would make possible the absolute knowledge of the world. This concept was subsequently called "Laplacian determinism", which means that if it were possible to connect all the knowledge about the world, all the parameters of bodies into a single whole and fix them in single equations, then it would be possible to create a single formula that would cover all manifestations and all diversity of the world. Within the framework of this model, the private laws of individual spheres of being extend to the understanding of the world as a whole. As a result, the Universe appears to be a homogeneous formation, which leads to conclusions about the possibility of its complete and final knowledge. However, this is contrary to scientific facts. In particular, it turns out that the universal connection is really limited by the speed of propagation of interactions (the principle of short-range interaction), the finiteness of the time of existence of objects, the finiteness of the energy of an object, and the absorption factor of physical interactions.

All of the listed models can be called local, since they basically fix one side of being, i.e. interpret, coarsen it in order to reveal the laws of the given area. "Psychologically, such an approach can be easily understood, since we usually imagine all unknown and unknown areas in terms and images of what is already known. This is a known content and extends to all possible scales." This is actually a series of local pictures of the world of one or several sciences, branches of knowledge. Such a picture of the world is obviously incomplete and reflects only a part of being. As soon as such an understanding spreads to the world as a whole, its limitations become obvious.

Why does a person come into this world? What is the purpose of man? What is the sense of life? All ϶ᴛᴏ so-called eternal questions. It is worth noting that they can never be resolved definitively. The world and people are constantly changing. Consequently, people's ideas about the world and man also change. All ideas and knowledge of a person about himself are called his self-awareness.

Worldview is a complex phenomenon of the human spiritual world, and consciousness will be its foundation.

Distinguish between the self-consciousness of the individual and the self-consciousness of the human community, for example, a particular people. The forms of manifestation of the self-consciousness of the people will be myths, fairy tales, anecdotes, songs etc. The most elementary level of self-consciousness is initial self-image. Quite often it is determined by the assessment of a person by other people. The next level of self-consciousness is represented by a deep understanding of oneself, of one's place in society. The most complex form of human self-consciousness is called worldview.

outlook- is a system or set of ideas and knowledge about the world and man, about the relationship between them.

In the worldview, a person realizes himself not through his attitude to individual objects and people, but through a generalized, integrated attitude to the world as a whole, of which he himself will be a part. The worldview of a person reflects not just his individual features, but the main thing in him, which is usually called the essence, which remains the most constant and unchanged, manifesting itself in his thoughts and actions throughout his life.

In reality, the worldview is formed in the minds of specific people. It is worth noting that it is used by individuals and social groups as a general outlook on life. The worldview is an integral formation, in which the connection of its components is fundamentally important. The composition of the worldview includes generalized knowledge, certain value systems, principles, beliefs, ideas. The measure of a person's worldview maturity will be his actions; the guidelines for choosing ways of behavior are beliefs, i.e., views actively perceived by people, especially stable psychological attitudes of a person.

The structure of the worldview

Worldview is a synthesis of various features of a person's spiritual life; ϶ᴛᴏ knowledge and experience of the world by man. Emotional-psychological the side of the worldview at the level of moods and feelings is the attitude. For example, some people have an optimistic attitude, while others have a pessimistic one. Cognitive-intellectual side of the worldview is worldview.

The worldview, like the whole life of people in society, has historical character. The emergence of a worldview is associated with the process of formation of the first stable form of human community - the tribal community. Its appearance was a kind of revolution in the spiritual development of man. The worldview singled out man from the animal world. The history of the spiritual development of mankind knows several basic types of outlook. To them ᴏᴛʜᴏϲᴙ comes mythological, religious, philosophical outlook.

Historically, the first step in the development of a worldview was mythological worldview. Mythology consolidated the system of values ​​accepted in society, supported and encouraged certain forms of behavior. With the extinction of the primitive forms of social life, the myth has become obsolete and has ceased to be the dominant type of worldview.

The fundamental questions of any worldview (the origin of the world, man, the mystery of birth and death, etc.) continued to be resolved, but in other worldview forms, for example, in the forms religious worldview based on the belief in the existence of supernatural beings and the supernatural world, and philosophical worldview that exists as a theoretically formulated system of the most general views on the world, man and their relationships.

It is worth saying that each historical type of worldview has material, social and epistemological prerequisites. It is worth noting that it is a relatively holistic worldview reflection of the world, due to the level of development of society.
It should be noted that the features of various historical types of worldview are preserved in the mass consciousness of modern people.

Components of a person's worldview

Our attitude to the world and to ourselves includes various knowledge. For example, worldly knowledge helps to navigate in everyday life - to communicate, study, build a career, start a family. Scientific knowledge allows you to comprehend facts at a higher level and build theories.

Our interaction with the world is colored emotions, associated with feelings, transformed by passions. For example, a person is able not only to look at nature, dispassionately fixing its useful and useless qualities, but to admire it.

Norms and values will be an important component of the worldview. For the sake of friendship and love, for the sake of family and loved ones, a person can act contrary to common sense, risking his life, overcome fear, doing what he considers his duty. Beliefs and principles are woven into the very fabric of human life and often their influence on actions is much stronger than the influence of knowledge and emotions combined.

deeds of a person are also included in the structure of the worldview, forming its practical level. A person expresses his attitude to the world not only in his thoughts, but also in all his decisive actions.

It is traditionally believed that knowledge and feelings, values ​​and actions are Components worldview - cognitive, emotional, value and activity. Of course, such a division is very arbitrary: the components never exist in their pure form. Thoughts are always emotionally colored, actions embody a person's values, etc. In reality, a worldview is always integrity, and its division into components is applicable only for research purposes.

Worldview types

From the standpoint of the historical process, there are three main historical type of outlook:

• mythological;
• religious;
• philosophical.

Mythological worldview(from the Greek. mythos - a legend, a legend) is based on an emotional-figurative and fantastic attitude to the world. In myth, the emotional component of the worldview prevails over reasonable explanations. Mythology grows primarily out of a person's fear of the unknown and incomprehensible - natural phenomena, illness, death. Since mankind did not yet have enough experience to understand the true causes of many phenomena, they were explained using fantastic assumptions, without taking into account cause and effect relationships.

Religious worldview(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is based on belief in supernatural forces. Religions, in contrast to the more flexible myth, are characterized by rigid dogmatism and a well-developed system of moral precepts. Religion spreads and supports patterns of correct, moral behavior. Religion is also of great importance in uniting people, but here its role is dual: uniting people of the same confession, it often separates people of different faiths.

Philosophical worldview is defined as systems-theoretical. The characteristic features of the philosophical worldview will be logic and consistency, consistency, a high degree of generalization.
It is worth noting that the main difference between the philosophical worldview and mythology will be the high role of reason: if the myth is based on emotions and feelings, then philosophy is primarily on logic and evidence. Philosophy differs from religion in the admissibility of ϲʙᴏ body-thinking: one can remain a philosopher, criticizing any authoritative ideas, while in religion ϶ᴛᴏ it is impossible.

If we consider the structure of the worldview at the present stage of its development, we can talk about the ordinary, religious, scientific and humanistic types of worldview.

Ordinary worldview based on common sense and worldly experience. Such a worldview takes shape spontaneously, in the process of everyday experience, and it is difficult to imagine it in its pure form. As a rule, a person forms ϲʙᴏ and views of the world, relying on clear and harmonious systems of mythology, religion, and science.

Scientific outlook is based on objective knowledge and represents a modern stage in the development of the philosophical worldview. Over the past few centuries, science has been moving further and further away from "nebulous" philosophy in an attempt to achieve exact knowledge. At the same time, in the end, it has also moved far away from a person with his needs: the result of scientific activity will be not only useful products, but also weapons of mass destruction, unpredictable biotechnologies, methods of manipulating the masses, etc.

Humanistic worldview based on the recognition of the value of every human person, all the rights to happiness, prosperity, development. The formula of humanism was expressed by Immanuel Kant, who said that a person can only be an end, and not a mere means for another person. It is immoral to use people in their interests; Every effort should be made to ensure that every person can discover and fully realize himself. Such a worldview, however, should be considered as an ideal, and not as a reality.

The role of worldview in human life

The worldview gives a person an integral system of values, ideals, techniques, models for life. It is worth noting that it streamlines the world around us, makes it understandable, and points to the shortest ways to achieve goals. On the contrary, the absence of a coherent worldview turns life into chaos, and the psyche into a collection of disparate experiences and attitudes. The state when the old worldview is destroyed, and the new one has not yet been formed (for example, disappointment in religion), is called worldview crisis. In such a situation, it is important to restore the ideological integrity of the individual, otherwise his place will be filled with chemical or spiritual surrogates - alcohol and drugs or mysticism and sectarianism.

The concept of “mentality” is similar to the concept of “worldview” (from the French mentalite - mindset) mentality- ϶ᴛᴏ a unique fusion of mental qualities, as well as features of their manifestations. In fact, ϶ᴛᴏ is the spiritual world of a person, passed through the prism of his personal experience. It is worth saying that for the nation ϶ᴛᴏ the spiritual world, passed through the historical experience of the people. In the latter case, the mentality reflects the national character (“the soul of the people”)

outlook is a system of generalized views on the world, on the place of a person in it and his attitude to this world.

Emotional-psychological side consists of feelings, moods, experiences and has a significant impact on a person's life position, defining it as pessimistic or optimistic.

Intellectual-rational side worldview consists of views, beliefs, assessments and ideals. This is the basis of the worldview, human activity relies on it. And since this activity is meaningful and expedient, it is aimed at achieving the ideal as the organizing and guiding principle of human activity.

mindset types:

1) mythological- is formed in the early stages of society and represents the first attempt of a person to explain the origin and structure of the world, the appearance of people and animals on Earth, the causes of natural phenomena, to determine their place in the world around them;

2) religious- formed at a relatively high stage of development of society. Being a fantastic reflection of reality, it is distinguished by a belief in the existence of supernatural forces and their dominant role in the universe and people's lives. Thus, belief in the supernatural is the basis of the religious worldview;

3) philosophical- it differs from mythology and religion in its orientation towards a rational explanation of the world. The most general ideas about nature, society, and man become the subject of theoretical consideration and logical analysis in philosophy.

2. The specifics of the philosophical exploration of reality.

Philosophy is a theoretically formulated worldview. It tries to solve the main worldview problems through thinking based on the concept and judgment, which are connected with each other according to certain logical laws. A concept is a thought that reflects in a generalized form the objects and phenomena of reality and the connections between them by fixing general and specific features, which are the properties of objects and phenomena and the relationship between them. In philosophy, in contrast to the religious and mythological worldview, abstraction is widely used, i.e. formation of concepts to designate images of reality. Philosophy brought to the fore the intellectual aspects of the worldview, reflecting the growing need in society to understand the world and man from the standpoint of knowledge. Initially, she acted in the historical arena as a search for worldly wisdom. A characteristic feature of the philosophical exploration of reality is universalism. Philosophy is a form of knowledge of the universal foundations of being. Throughout the history of culture, it has claimed to develop universal knowledge or universal principles of spiritual and moral life. Another important feature of the philosophical way of mastering reality is substantialism. Substance, i.e. the underlying essence is the ultimate foundation, which makes it possible to reduce the sensory diversity of things and the variability of their properties to something permanent, relatively stable and independently existing. Substantialism is manifested in the desire of philosophers to explain what is happening, the internal structure and development of the world through a single stable principle. One of the characteristic features of philosophical reflection is doubt. Philosophy from the very beginning acts as a criticism of customs, everyday consciousness, traditional values ​​and moral norms. Human institutions that have stood the test of strength are placed on a more solid foundation of knowledge, all others are discarded as obsolete. 3. Models of the world in various philosophical directions.

Myth was not just a story about the world, but a kind of ideal model in which events were interpreted through a system of heroes and characters. Therefore, it was the latter that possessed reality.

First of all, it is the complete identity of nature and man, which makes it possible to link together things, phenomena and objects, parts of the human body, which are outwardly far from each other, and so on. This model is characterized by an understanding of the unity of space-time relations, which act as a special ordering beginning of the cosmos.

Space understood as both qualitative and quantitative certainty. Quantitative certainty is described by means of special numerical characteristics, through a system of sacred numbers, "cosmologizing the most important parts of the universe and the most crucial moments of life and unfavorable numbers, as images of chaos, gracelessness, evil. Qualitative certainty manifests itself in the form of a system of characters of the mythical picture of the world, which are opposed to each other .

This model of the world is based on its own logic - on achieving the goal in a roundabout way, through overcoming some vital opposites, "having respectively a positive and negative value" (heaven-earth, day-night)

Substance model assumes the unity of the world through the assumption that the basis of being is a certain single substance, ideal or material, from which all the diversity of the world is derived. For Plato, the unity of the world is due to the demiurge (creator), who created this world, for Hegel - the substantiality of the absolute idea, which is expressed in the presence of universal laws of development. AT functional model the unity of the world is explained by the presence and functioning of uniform laws. It is assumed that some kind of universal connection is realized in the world. At the same time, either a certain mental construction or a connection that is really feasible can act as a universal connection. All of the listed models can be called local, since they basically fix one side of being, i.e. interpret, coarsen it in order to reveal the laws of the given area. "Psychologically, such an approach can be easily understood, since we usually imagine all unknown and unknown areas in terms and images of what is already known. This is a known content and extends to all possible scales."