The concept of the modern Russian literary language. Literary language, dialects and vernacular

However, for a large part of the inhabitants of Russia, the language of everyday communication is dialect. Dialect, dialect - the smallest territorial variety of the language, which is spoken by the inhabitants of one village or several nearby villages. In dialects, as in the literary language, their own language laws operate. This means that every speaker of a dialect knows how to say in his dialect, and how not. “Our princesses speak like this, but Zhytitskh sausem (completely) has a different gavorka (dialect, dialect),” they notice in the village of Kashkurino, Smolensk region. True, these laws are not clearly understood, especially since they do not have a written set of rules. Russian dialects are characterized by only an oral form of existence, unlike, for example, German dialects and the literary language, which have oral and written forms of existence.

The scope of the dialect is much narrower than that of the literary language, which is a means of communication (communication) for all people who speak Russian. It should be noted that the literary language constantly affects dialects through school, radio, television, and the press. This partly destroys the traditional dialect. In turn, dialect norms influence the literary language, which leads to the emergence of territorial varieties of the literary language.

The opposition of the Moscow and St. Petersburg literary norms is widely known (the latter was formed under the influence of northwestern dialects), for example, the pronunciation of the words [ch'to], horse[ch'n]o in St. Petersburg with [shto], horse[shn]o in Moscow , Petersburgers pronounce hard labials in some words and word forms: se [m], eight [m] ten and other cases. In addition, the North Russian and South Russian versions of the literary pronunciation differ. So, the first is characterized by partial preservation of okanya, and incomplete okanya, that is, the distinction between o and a in the first pre-stressed syllable, in unstressed syllables (for example, in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Vladimir, etc.), and for the second - the pronunciation [g] of the fricative (in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula, etc.) in contrast to the literary [r] explosive.

Sometimes the literary language borrows words and expressions from dialects. This applies primarily to subject-household and industrial-trade vocabulary: jug - “a vessel like a jug with a lid”, gingerbread - “a kind of gingerbread, often on honey”, kosovitsa - “the time when they mow bread, herbs”, a shell - "side wall of various cylindrical or conical vessels, drums, pipes". Especially often, the literary language lacks “its own” words for expressing feelings, that is, expressive vocabulary, which “gets old” faster than other words, losing its original expressiveness. Then dialects come to the rescue. From the southern dialects, the words came to the literary language to wallow - fuss, waste time, grab - grab, eagerly take, from the northeastern - joke, which means talking, joking, and the word goof, which has spread in the colloquial slang language, most likely, origin is northwestern. It matters - razin, varmint.

It should be noted that dialects are heterogeneous in their origin: some are very ancient, while others are younger. The dialects of primary education are those that are common in the territory of the early settlement of the East Slavic tribes from the 6th century to the end of the 16th century, where the language of the Russian nation was formed - in the center of the European part of Russia, including the Arkhangelsk region. In the areas where Russian people moved, as a rule, after the 16th century from various places - the northern, central and southern provinces of Russia, there arose

dialects of secondary education. Here the population was mixed, which means that the local languages \u200b\u200bthat they spoke were also mixed, as a result, a new linguistic unity was obtained. And so new dialects were born in the Middle and Lower Volga regions, in the Urals, Kuban, Siberia and other parts of Russia. The dialects of the Center are "mother" for them.

At present, people who speak dialects tend to have an ambivalent attitude towards their language. Rural residents, on the one hand, evaluate their native language, comparing it with the surrounding dialects, and on the other hand, with the literary language.

In the first case, when one's own dialect is compared with the language of the neighbors, it is assumed to be good, correct, beautiful, and "alien" is usually evaluated as something ridiculous, clumsy, sometimes even funny. This is often reflected in ditties:

Like baranovsky girls

They speak with the letter "c":

"Give me a soap, a towel

And sulotski on the toe!”

Here, attention is drawn to a very common phenomenon in Russian dialects - “clatter”, the essence of which lies in the fact that in place of h, the villagers of a number of places pronounce c.

A large number of sayings are also associated with ridiculing the speech features of neighbors. "Kurisa on the street yaiso demolished" - one of the teasers of this kind. In this case, another dialectal feature is played out: the pronunciation of the sound [c] in place of [ц], inherent in some dialects of the Orel, Kursk, Tambov, Belgorod, Bryansk regions. In Russian, the sound [ts] (affricate) consists of two elements: [t + s] = [ts], if the first element - [t] - is lost in the dialect, [s] remains in place [ts].

Features of the pronunciation of neighbors are sometimes fixed in nicknames. In the village of Popovka, Tambov Region, we happened to hear a saying: “Yes, we call them“ shchemyaki ”, they say: I’ll come right now.” Villagers are keenly aware of the differences between one dialect and another.

But here, when compared with the literary language, one often

the dialect is assessed as bad, gray, incorrect, and the literary language as good, which should be imitated. What a bad language we have - a fur coat (Voronova Valentina Efimovna, born in 1928, the village of Yezhovskaya, Syamzhensky district, Vologda region). We don't speak well here. And not [ce], and not [ch’e]. We both [tse] lost and [h'e] were not found (Kuzmicheva Ekaterina Egorovna, born in 1925, the village of Ulyakhino, Gus-Khrustalny district, Vladimir region).

We find similar observations about dialects in M.V. Panov’s book “The History of Russian Literary Pronunciation of the 18th-20th Centuries”: “Those who speak dialects have become ashamed of their speech. And before, it used to be ashamed if they got into an urban, non-dialect environment. Now, even in their families, the elders hear from the younger ones that they, the elders, say “wrong”, “uncivilized”. The voice of linguists advising to maintain respect for the dialect and use the local speech in the family, among fellow villagers (and in other conditions, use the speech taught by the school) - this voice was not heard. Yes, and it sounded quiet, not broadcast.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that in many Western European countries the study of local dialects is treated with respect and care: in a number of French provinces, the native dialect is taught in optional classes at school and a mark for it is put in the certificate. In Germany, literary-dialect bilingualism is generally accepted. A similar situation was observed in Russia in the 19th century: educated people, coming from the village to the capital, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, when communicating with peasants and neighbors, they used the local dialect. Dialects arose in the process of the historical development of the people, and the basis of any literary language is a dialect. Probably, if Moscow had not become the capital of the Russian state, our literary language would also have been different. Therefore, all dialects are equivalent from a linguistic point of view.

Irina BUKRINSKAYA, researcher at the Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Olga KARMAKOVA, Candidate of Philology, Senior Research Fellow, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian language is rich, but they make it even more colorful dialectic words. Dialects exists in any language. This article by L. Skvortsov from the old magazine "Family and School" (1963) will be useful to everyone who studies linguistics, Russian and foreign languages in depth. The article will discuss the features use of dialectisms will be given examples of dialect words and expressions.

Dialectisms: examples of words

Many of us, especially those who had to live in different regions of the country, noticed, of course, that living Russian speech has local differences.

Examples:

In the Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo regions and in the Upper Volga region, people “okay” (pronounce the end, go, stop). At the same time, they put the stress correctly, but in an unstressed position, a clear, round “O” is pronounced. In some Novgorod and Vologda villages, they “click” and “click” (they say “tsai” instead of tea, “kuricha” instead of chicken, etc.). In the villages of the Kursk or Voronezh regions, you can hear “yakan” (village and trouble are pronounced there as “syalo”, “byada”), a special pronunciation of consonant sounds (“mustache” instead of everything, “lauki” instead of a shop, etc.).

Connoisseurs of Russian dialects, linguists, on the basis of characteristic linguistic features - sometimes very subtle, hardly noticeable - easily establish the region or even the village where the person came from, where he was born. Such local differences exist in many languages and form the basis of those unities that are called dialects or dialects in the science of language.

Modern dialects of the Russian language are divided into two main dialects.

Examples:

To the north of Moscow, there is a North Russian (or North Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by many features, including “okany”, the explosive quality of the sound “g” - mountain, arc - and the firm pronunciation of verb endings in the 3rd person singular. numbers: goes, carries, etc.

To the south of Moscow, the South Russian (or South Great Russian) dialect is observed. It is characterized by “akanye”, a special quality of “g” (fricative, duration) - mountain, arc - and the soft pronunciation of the same verb endings: go, carry, etc. (The language differences of these adverbs are supplemented by ethnographic differences: features and construction dwellings, the originality of clothing, household utensils, etc.).

North Great Russian dialects do not go directly into South Russian dialects in the south. Between these two dialects lie Central Russian (or Middle Great Russian) dialects in a narrow strip, which arose as a result of interaction, "mixing" of North Russian and South Russian dialects in the border zone. A typical Central Russian dialect is the Moscow dialect, which combines the hardness of verb endings (Northern Russian trait) with “akan” (South Russian trait).

There is a fairly widespread opinion that dialects are a local distortion of the language, a "local irregular dialect". In reality, dialects (or dialects) are a historical phenomenon. The special historical-linguistic science of dialectology, based on a thorough study of dialects, restores pictures of the ancient state of the language, helps to reveal the internal laws of language development.

Russian literary language and dialects

In the era of the decomposition of the primitive communal system, the Slavs united in tribal unions (VI - VIII centuries AD). The composition of these unions included tribes who spoke closely related dialects. It is interesting to note that some of the currently existing dialect differences in the Russian language date back to the era of tribal dialects.

In the 9th-10th centuries, the Old Russian nationality was formed. This was due to the transition of the Eastern Slavs to a class society and the formation of the Russian state with its center in Kyiv. The language unit at this time becomes the dialect of a particular region, which gravitates economically and politically towards a certain urban center (for example, Novgorod - on the former land of Slovenes, Pskov - on the land of the Krivichi. Rostov and Suzdal - on the territory of the descendants of the Krivichi and partially Vyatichi) . Subsequently, such a unit was the dialect of the feudal principality - the direct progenitor of modern Russian dialects.

Above the local dialects, uniting all those who speak Russian, stands the literary Russian language, which has developed as a national language at the time of the formation of the Russian nation and statehood. Appearing on the basis of Central Russian dialects and the Moscow dialect, the literary language absorbed the best elements of folk dialects, was processed for centuries by masters of the word - writers and public figures - was fixed in writing, affirmed uniform and binding literary norms for all.

However, having become independent, the literary language was never separated by a blank wall from the dialects. Even now it (albeit to a relatively small extent) is replenished with words and phrases of folk dialects. Not everyone knows, for example, that “kosovitsa”, “farmer”, “plowing”, “steam”, “initiative”, “break wood” are dialectal words and expressions that have now become literary. Some of them came from the north, others from the south. It is interesting, for example, that we now say “hut reading room” and “hut-laboratory” and do not notice that “hut” is a North Russian word, and “hut” is South Russian. For us, both of these combinations are equally literary.

From what has been said, it should be clear that it is impossible to evaluate dialects as "local distortions" of the Russian language. The system of each dialect (features of pronunciation, grammatical structure, vocabulary) is highly stable and, acting within a limited territory, is a generally accepted means of communication for this territory; so that the speakers themselves (especially among the elderly) use it as familiar from childhood and by no means "distorted" Russian.

Russian dialectisms and related languages

Why, after all, dialectal speech is sometimes characterized as corrupted literary? This is explained by the fact that in terms of vocabulary, the general literary language and dialects largely coincide (with the exception of “untranslatable” dialectisms: the names of peculiar household items, clothing, etc.), while the “external design” (sound, morphological) of ordinary words in this or that dialect is unusual. This unusualness of well-known, commonly used (as if simply “warped”) words in the first place attracts attention: “cucumber” or “igurec” (instead of cucumber), “hands”, “rake” (instead of hands, rake), “ ripe apple” (instead of a ripe apple), etc. It is clear that in the literary language such dialectisms have always been considered as violations of the norm.

Everyone who wants to master the correct Russian speech must know the peculiarities of the dialect in which he lives, know his "deviations" from the literary language in order to be able to avoid them,

In Russian dialects bordering on Ukrainian and Belarusian, the picture is complicated by the influence of these related languages. In the Smolensk and Bryansk regions (bordering Belarus), you can hear, for example, “I rush”, “I rush” instead of shave, I shave, “ladder” instead of a rag, “prama” instead of straight, “adzezha” i.e. clothes, clothes and etc. Everyday language environment has a significant impact on the speech of Russian people living on the territory of Ukraine. Elements of the Ukrainian language are widely known, the so-called Ukrainisms that penetrate into the speech of Russian people and often spread beyond the borders of Ukraine: “play” instead of play, “pour” instead of pour, “mark” (tram number), “extreme” instead of the last, “where are you going?" instead of where are you going ?, “I’m going to you” instead of going to you, “at kume” instead of kuma, “sweet jam” instead of sweet jam, “back” instead of again, again, “chicken” instead of chicken and others.

The use of dialectisms. Literary-dialect bilingualism

The question may arise: is there a danger to living Russian speech because of such a wide distribution of dialectisms in it? Will the dialect element overwhelm our language?

There was no such danger. Despite the abundance of dialect deviations, they are all local in nature. We must not forget that the literary Russian language, the guardian and collector of the linguistic values of the people in all periods of its history, stands guard over speech culture. Due to historical changes in the life and way of life of our people, local dialects of the Russian language are disappearing. They are destroyed, dissolved in the literary language, which is becoming more widespread. Nowadays, the broadest masses have joined the literary Russian language - through the press, books, radio, television. A characteristic feature of this active process is a kind of literary-dialect "bilingualism". For example, at school, in the classroom, students speak, focusing on the literary language, and in the family circle, in conversation with elders or among themselves, in a social setting, they use the local dialect, using dialectisms in speech.

It is interesting that the speakers themselves clearly feel their “bilingualism”.

Examples:

“At the school at the Konotop station,” says reader M.F. Ivanenko, “boys and girls, students of the 10th grade, bypassing the swampy place, said to each other:“ Go this way ”or“ go there ”, or“ go for - on me." I asked them, "Will you write like that?" - "How?" - “Yes, like this - here, there, behind me?” - "No, - they answer, - we say so, but we will write - there, here, for me." A similar case is described by the reader P. N. Yakushev: “In the Klepikovskiy district of the Ryazan region, high school students say “he’s going” instead of he’s going, “the wires are buzzing” (i.e., making noise, buzzing), “she’s dressed” instead of dressed, etc. If you ask: “Why do you say that? Is that what they say in Russian?”, then the answer is usually: “We don’t say that at school, but we do at home. That's what everyone says."

Literary and dialectal "bilingualism" is an important intermediate stage in the disappearance, leveling (leveling) of folk dialects. For centuries, a linguistic community that has developed over the centuries subjugates the speech activity of the inhabitants of a particular locality. And, in order not to interfere with communication, not to violate the usual speech skills, people are forced to speak in everyday life, in everyday life, in a dialect - the language of grandfathers and fathers. For each individual person, such bilingualism is in a state of unstable balance: how much a person is “embarrassed” in the conditions of his native dialect to speak literary, “in the city”, just as he is shy in the city or in general in the conditions of literary speech to speak in his own way, “according to - rustic.

HOW DIALECTS DISAPPEAR

“Bilingualism” is an important result of the universal education we have; it helps to quickly get rid of dialectal features in the conditions of literary speech. It must be borne in mind, however, that in dialect-literary bilingualism (and in general when mastering a literary language) people often know only the most characteristic, obvious features of the use of their dialect. They know how to avoid them in literary speech, but they do not notice smaller, “hidden” dialectal features behind them. First of all, this applies to pronunciation and stress. It is known, after all, that pronunciation skills are developed in a person at a relatively early age and usually remain for life. Therefore, having freed, for example, from “okanya” or “yakanya”, a person continues to say “blizzard” (blizzard), “beetroot” (beetroot), “bochka” (barrel), “brooky” (trousers), “mine” and “yours” (mine and yours), “flow” and “run” (flows and runs), etc., without noticing these deviations from the norm.

In our time, local linguistic features are preserved mainly in villages and villages. The speech of the urban population also partly reflects regional dialects. But even before the revolution, the influence of the literary language seized all sections of the urban population and began to penetrate into the countryside. This is especially true for those areas where seasonal industries were highly developed (for example, the northern provinces of pre-revolutionary Russia). At the same time, the influence of "urban" speech was most pronounced among the male population, while the speech of women (who usually worked at home) retained archaic local features.

The destruction of Russian dialects, their dissolution in the literary language of the Soviet era is a complex and uneven process. Due to the stability of certain linguistic phenomena, dialect differences will persist for a long time to come. Therefore, it is impossible, as some people think, to "extirpate" all dialects in one fell swoop. However, it is possible and necessary to fight against dialectal features, dialectisms, penetrating into literary Russian speech and clogging it. The key to success in the fight against dialectisms is an active and deep mastery of the norms of the literary language, a wide promotion of the culture of Russian speech. A special role belongs to the rural school and its teachers. After all, in order to teach students to speak literary and competently, write without errors, the teacher must know what local features can be reflected in the speech of students.

Dialect words can be found in the books of Russian writers - old and modern. Dialectisms are usually used by realist writers only to create local speech coloring. In the author's own narrative, they appear very rarely. And here it all depends on the skill of the artist, on his taste and tact. The wonderful words of M. Gorky to the effect that “local dialects”, “provincialisms” very rarely enrich the literary language, more often litter it by introducing uncharacteristic, incomprehensible words, still remain in force.

Article from the magazine "Family and School", L. Skvortsov.
Researcher at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the department is headed by Professor A. Reformatsky

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Literary language- a processed form of the national language, which has, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form.

Literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. The idea of the “fixedness” of the norms of the literary language has a certain relativity (for all the importance and stability of the norm, it is mobile in time). It is impossible to imagine a developed and rich culture of the people without a developed and rich literary language. This is the great social significance of the very problem of literary language.

There is no consensus among linguists about the complex and multifaceted concept of the literary language. Some researchers prefer to talk not about the literary language as a whole, but about its varieties: either the written literary language, or the colloquial literary language, or the language of fiction, etc.

Literary language cannot be identified with the language of fiction. These are different, though related concepts.

The literary language is the property of all who own its norms. It functions in both written and spoken forms. The language of fiction (the language of writers), although it usually focuses on the same norms, contains a lot of individual, not generally accepted. In different historical epochs and among different peoples, the degree of closeness of the literary language and the language of fiction turned out to be unequal.

Literary language - the common language of writing of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - the language of official business documents, school education, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form, more often written, but sometimes orally. That is why the written and bookish and oral and colloquial forms of the literary language differ, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns. (Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. History of the Russian literary language. - M., 1978. - S. 288-297)

There is a difference between the literary language and the national language. The national language appears in the form of a literary language, but not every literary language immediately becomes a national language.

Literary language, supra-dialect subsystem (form of existence) of the national language, which is characterized by such features as normativity, codification, polyfunctionality, stylistic differentiation, high social prestige among native speakers of this national language. The literary language is the main means of serving the communicative needs of society; it is opposed to non-codified subsystems of the national language - territorial dialects, urban koine (urban vernacular), professional and social jargons.

Language norm- a set of rules that regulate the use of language means in speech.

A language norm is not only a socially approved rule, but also a rule objectified by real speech practice, a rule that reflects the laws of language. systems and confirmed by the word usage of authoritative writers.

The concept of "norm" applies to all levels of the literary language.

1. Lexical norms First of all, they assume the correctness of the choice of the word and the appropriateness of its use in the well-known meaning and in generally accepted combinations. Directly related to them is the stylistic, social and territorial stratification of vocabulary (vernacular and professionalism, jargon and dialectisms). In the field of vocabulary, closely connected with the material and spiritual life of society, and therefore exceptionally permeable from all sorts of extralinguistic influences, the formation and development of norms proceeds in a complex and not always predictable way. The assessment of the acceptability of a word, the correctness of its use is associated with the ideology, worldview of native speakers, therefore it is here that categorical judgments are most often found, often based on the subjective perception of linguistic facts. The most complete and objective description of lexical norms is contained in authoritative explanatory dictionaries.
2. Accent norms provide for the correct placement of stress, which is an important sign of literate, literary speech. Variation and change in accent norms are due to a number of reasons: the influence of territorial dialects ( keta - keta, blizzard - blizzard), interlingual contacts and the influence of a foreign language accent model ( revolver - revolver, industry - industry), socio-professional speech features ( prey - prey, report - report). However, the main factors in the development of stress are reasons of an intra-system nature: the influence of analogy, i.e., the assimilation of individual linguistic facts to a more general structurally similar category of words ( sparkle - sparkle by analogy with whirl, twist, twirl etc.), and a tendency to rhythmic balance, causing the transition of stress in polysyllabic words from extreme syllables closer to the center ( landing stage - landing stage, to accompany - to accompany). The modern Russian literary language is characterized by an increase in the grammatical function of stress. The development of inflective stress ( on the hill - on the hill) eliminates the reduction of the vowel in a grammatically significant position, thereby contributing to the recognition of the word form.
3. Orthoepic norms suggest the correct pronunciation of words, which is an important feature of speech culture. The main features of the development of orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language are: a) the elimination of dialectal pronunciation; b) erasing the differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation; c) convergence of pronunciation with spelling ( bile - bile, boring - boring).
4.Spelling norms- these are officially established rules that fix the uniformity of the transmission of speech in writing. A scientific description of the spelling norms of the Russian language was first carried out by Academician Ya. K. Grot. The regulation of spelling is carried out by legislative procedure, as well as by improving spelling dictionaries.
5. Morphological norms- these are the rules of inflection and word formation, the definition of the generic affiliation of the word, the establishment of the functional specialization of variant word forms. Compared with other language levels, morphological norms are the most formalized and therefore relatively easier to unify and standardize. The fluctuation of morphological norms is caused both by historical reasons (mixing and hybridization of types of declension, conjugation, etc.), and by the influence of enduring intra-system factors: a contradiction between the form and content of language units ( terrible chill and terrible cold), the influence of grammatical analogy ( caplet and dripping- by analogy with the verbs of the 1st productive class of the type: plays, shakes, decides etc.). The morphological norms of the modern Russian literary language are characterized by the dependence of the choice of word form on syntactic constructions ( a bowl of soup but usually pour soup) and the acquisition by variants of functional and stylistic differences ( on vacation and colloquial speech on vacation sons and in solemn speech sons). Morphological norms are described in grammars, and fluctuations of forms with the corresponding recommendation are presented in explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of difficulties.
6. Syntactic norms suggest the correct construction of grammatical structures and compliance with the forms of agreement between the members of the sentence. Fluctuations in the region management (cf.: seek help and help, ask for money and money, afraid of dad and dad, full of courage and courage, production control and over production) are caused both by external factors (syntactic gallicisms, the influence of related languages, etc.) and by internal reasons: a) bringing the form and content of a language unit into line; b) semantic and formal-structural analogy; c) semantic transformation of the components of a phrase; d) the appearance of standardized word blocks, leading to a re-decomposition of the structure of phrases.

Literary language and dialects

Pronunciation features are often fixed in nicknames. So, you can hear: “Yes, we call them schemyaki, they are on sch they say; here, for example, shchichasch(now)". The science that studies territorial varieties of language is local dialects, or dialects, is called dialectology(from the Greek dialektos "dialect, dialect" and logos "word, teaching").

Each national language includes a literary language and territorial dialects. Literary, or "standard", they call the language of everyday communication, official business documents, schooling, writing, science, culture, fiction. Its distinguishing feature is normalization, i.e., the existence of rules, the observance of which is mandatory for all members of society. They are enshrined in grammars, reference books and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. Dialects also have their own language laws. However, they are not clearly understood by the speakers of dialects - rural residents, especially since they do not have a written embodiment in the form of rules. Russian dialects are peculiar only oral form existence, in contrast to the literary language, which has both oral and written forms.

A dialect, or dialect, is one of the basic concepts of dialectology. A dialect is the smallest territorial variety of a language. It is spoken by the inhabitants of one or more villages. The scope of the dialect is the same as the scope of the literary language, which is a means of communication for all who speak Russian.

Literary language and dialects constantly interact and influence each other. The influence of the literary language on dialects is, of course, stronger than dialects on the literary language. His influence spreads through schooling, television, radio. Gradually dialects are destroyed, losing their characteristic features. Many words denoting rituals, customs, concepts, household items of a traditional village have gone and are leaving along with the people of the older generation. That is why it is so important to record the living language of the village as fully and in detail as possible.

In our country, for a long time, a disdainful attitude towards local dialects as a phenomenon that must be fought prevailed. But it was not always so. In the middle of the XIX century. In Russia, there is a peak of public interest in folk speech. At this time, the “Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” (1852) was published, where for the first time dialect words were specially collected, and the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl in 4 volumes (1863-1866), also including a large number of dialect words. The materials for these dictionaries were actively collected by lovers of Russian literature. Magazines, provincial journals of that time from issue to issue published various kinds of ethnographic sketches, dialect descriptions, dictionaries of local sayings.

The opposite attitude towards dialects is observed in the 30s. our century. In the era of breaking up the countryside - the period of collectivization - the destruction of the old ways of doing business, the family way of life, the culture of the peasantry, that is, all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the village, was proclaimed. A negative attitude towards dialects has spread in society. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to escape, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. A whole generation of rural residents, consciously abandoning their language, at the same time failed to perceive a new language system for them - the literary language - and master it. All this led to the decline of linguistic culture in society.

Respectful and careful attitude to dialects is characteristic of many peoples. For us, the experience of Western European countries is interesting and instructive: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France. For example, in the schools of a number of French provinces, an elective in the native dialect has been introduced, a mark for which is put in the certificate. In Germany and Switzerland, literary-dialect bilingualism and constant communication in a dialect in the family are generally accepted. in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. educated people, coming from the village to the capital, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, communicating with neighbors and peasants, they often used the local dialect.

Now people who speak a dialect have an ambiguous attitude towards their language. In their minds, the native dialect is evaluated in two ways: 1) through comparison with other, neighboring dialects, and 2) through comparison with the literary language. The emerging opposition of "one's own" (one's own dialect) - "foreign" has a different meaning. In the first case, when “foreign” is a different dialect, it is often perceived as something bad, ridiculous, something you can laugh at, and “own” as correct, pure. In the second case, "one's own" is assessed as bad, "gray", wrong, and "foreign" - the literary language - as good. Such an attitude towards the literary language is quite justified and understandable: in this way, its cultural value is realized.

Dialectology is the science of territorial varieties of language (dialects). The term "dialectology" comes from the Greek words dialektos "conversation, conversation" and logos "concept, teaching".

In addition to the literary language, which is in principle the same for all Russian speakers, there are other varieties of the Russian language, the use of which is limited to a certain social environment (professional languages, jargons) or a certain territory (folk dialects). The first are called social dialects, and the second - territorial dialects (or simply dialects), as well as dialects.

Dialects must be distinguished from vernacular. Vernacular is the spoken language of people who do not know literary norms, but are not limited to a certain territory.

Social dialects have their own lexical features, but they do not have their own phonetic and grammatical system. The phonetics and grammar of social dialects do not differ from the system of the literary language or dialects, of which they are offshoots.

Territorial dialects, like the literary language, have their own phonetic and grammatical system and, therefore, can serve as the only means of communication for speakers of these dialects. Therefore, territorial dialects (hereinafter referred to as dialects), together with the literary language, are the main varieties of the Russian language. These varieties are in many ways opposite to each other.

The difference between dialects and the literary language lies not only in the territorial confinement of dialects and the non-territoriality of the literary language, they also differ in their functions. The literary language is the language of statehood, politics, science, art - in a word, the language of culture. In its special form, it is also the everyday language of educated people. The dialects serve as the spoken language of the predominantly rural population. Folklore works are also created on a dialect basis.

Other differences in the literary language and dialects are also associated with the difference in functions: 1) the literary language has both written and oral forms, and dialects - only oral; 2) the literary language has strictly binding norms, which are reflected in Russian language textbooks, supported by dictionaries and other reference publications. Therefore, the literary language is also called normalized or codified. Norms of dialects are not so strict and are supported only by tradition; 3) the variety of functions of the literary language corresponds to the richness of its styles. The dialects are characterized by weak stylistic differentiation.

There is an interaction between the literary language and dialects, the nature of which changes throughout history.

The Russian literary language arose on the basis of the Moscow dialect and subsequently experienced the influence of dialects, which became the weaker, the more clearly the norms of the literary language were formalized and strictly protected. Starting from the period when the orthoepic norms of the literary language are formed, the influence of dialects on it is manifested mainly in lexical borrowings from dialects (thus, the words rustle, greenery, taiga, bagel and many others entered the literary language from dialects).

The influence of the literary language on dialects, on the contrary, has increased throughout its history and has become especially intense in our time. Thanks to compulsory secondary education, as well as the spread of radio and television in the modern countryside, the literary language has a strong influence on dialects, which leads to their gradual leveling.

Dialectal features are best preserved in the language of the older generation, especially women. But, changing and losing some of the former features, the dialects are preserved in our time as the spoken language of the rural population.

Russian dialectology / Ed. Kasatkina L.L. - M., 2005

Modern Russian literary language is studied in every school. Literary, or "standard", is the language of everyday communication, official business documents, schooling, writing, science, culture, fiction. Its distinguishing feature is normalization, i.e. the existence of rules, observance of which is mandatory for all members of society. They are fixed (codified) in grammars, reference books, school textbooks, dictionaries of the modern Russian language.

However, for a large part of the inhabitants of Russia, the language of everyday communication is dialect. dialect, or dialect,- the smallest territorial variety of the language, which is spoken by the inhabitants of one village or several nearby villages. In dialects, as in the literary language, their own language laws apply. This means that everyone who speaks a dialect knows how to say in his dialect, and how not. " Our darevnya talk like that, but Zhytitskh sausem(at all) another gavorka(dialect, dialect),” people in the village of Kashkurino in the Smolensk region notice. True, these laws are not clearly understood, especially since they do not have a written set of rules. Russian dialects are characterized by only an oral form of existence, unlike, for example, German dialects and the literary language, which have oral and written forms of existence.

Difference and interaction

The opposition between Moscow and St. Petersburg literary norms is widely known (the latter was formed under the influence of northwestern dialects): for example, the pronunciation [what], horse[ch'n] about in St. Petersburg, unlike Moscow - [what], horse[sn] about, hard labials in some forms: se[m] , vose[m] ten and other cases. In addition, the North Russian and South Russian versions of the literary pronunciation differ: the first is characterized by partial preservation okanya, i.e. distinction about and a, in unstressed syllables (for example, in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Vladimir, etc.), and for the second - the pronunciation of [g] fricative (in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula, etc.) in contrast to the literary [g] explosive.

Sometimes the literary language borrows words and expressions from dialects. This applies primarily to subject-household and production-trade vocabulary: jug -‘kind of a jug with a lid’, gingerbread -‘kind of gingerbread, often on honey’, braid– ‘the time when they mow bread, grass’ , shell– ‘side wall of various cylindrical or conical vessels, drums, pipes’. Especially often the literary language lacks “its own” words for expressing feelings, i.e. expressive vocabulary, which “gets old” faster than other words, losing its original expressiveness. Then dialects come to the rescue. Words came from the southern dialects into the literary language wallow‘fuss, waste of time’, seize‘grab, greedily take’, from the northeastern - joke‘talk, joke’, and the word that has spread in the colloquial slang language goof origin is northwestern. It has the meaning of 'a fool, a fool'.

It should be noted that dialects are heterogeneous in origin: some are very ancient, while others are “younger”. with conversations primary education call those of them that are common in the territory of the early settlement of the East Slavic tribes, from the VI century. until the end of the 16th century, where the language of the Russian nation was formed - in the center of the European part of Russia, including the Arkhangelsk region. In the spaces where Russian people moved, as a rule, after the 16th century. from a variety of places - the northern, central and southern provinces of Russia - dialects arose secondary education. Here the population was mixed, which means that the local languages \u200b\u200bthat they spoke were also mixed, as a result, a new linguistic unity was obtained. And so new dialects were born in the Middle and Lower Volga regions, in the Urals, Kuban, Siberia and other parts of Russia. The dialects of the center are "mother" for them.

Good or bad?

Like baranovsky girls
They speak with a letter c:
"Give me a soap, a towel
And culotsky on the toe!».

Here, attention is drawn to a very common phenomenon in Russian dialects - “clatter”, the essence of which lies in the fact that in place h villagers in a number of places pronounce c. A large number of sayings are also associated with ridiculing the speech features of neighbors. Kurisa on the street yaiso demolished- one of the teasers of this kind. And this is not an exaggeration, not fiction. In this case, another dialectal feature is played out: the pronunciation of the sound [c] in place of [ts], which is inherent in some dialects of the Oryol, Kursk, Tambov, Belgorod, Bryansk regions. In Russian, the sound [ts] (affricate) consists of two elements: [t + s] = [ts], if the first element - [t] is lost in the dialect - [s] appears in place of [ts].

Features of the pronunciation of neighbors are sometimes fixed in nicknames. In the village of Popovka, Tambov Region, we happened to hear a saying: “ yes we call them shemyaki, they on sch they say: right now (now) I will come". Villagers are keenly aware of the differences between one dialect and another. " In Orlovka, the Cossacks lisped more. Proverb(“speaking, pronunciation”) at their friend. The Transbaikal Cossacks also have interesting sayings", - the dialectologists recorded the opinion of the natives with. Albazino Skovorodinsky district of the Amur region about the language of the Cossacks.

But when compared with the literary language, one’s own dialect is already assessed as bad, “gray”, incorrect, and the literary language is assessed as good, which should be imitated.

Similar observations about dialects can be found in the book by M.V. Panov "The History of Russian Literary Pronunciation of the 18th-20th Centuries": "Those who speak dialects have become ashamed of their speech. And before, it used to be ashamed if they got into an urban, non-dialect environment. Now, even in their families, the elders hear from the younger ones that they, the elders, say “wrong”, “uncivilized”. The voice of linguists advising to maintain respect for the dialect and use the local language in the family, among fellow villagers (and in other conditions, use the speech taught by the school) - this voice was not heard. Yes, and it sounded quiet, not broadcast.

A respectful attitude to the literary language is natural and quite understandable: in this way, its value and significance for the whole society is recognized and emphasized. However, a disdainful attitude to one's own dialect and to dialects in general as to "backward" speech is immoral and unfair. Dialects arose in the process of the historical development of the people, and the basis of any literary language is a dialect. Probably, if Moscow had not become the capital of the Russian state, our literary language would also have been different. Therefore, all dialects are equivalent from a linguistic point of view.

The fate of dialects

It is worth paying attention to the fact that in many Western European countries, the study of local dialects is treated with respect and care: in a number of French provinces, the native dialect is taught in optional classes at school and a mark for it is put in the certificate. In Germany, literary-dialect bilingualism is generally accepted. A similar situation was observed in Russia in the 19th century: educated people, coming from the countryside to the capitals, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, when communicating with peasants and neighbors, they used the local dialect.

The reasons for the modern disdain for dialects should be sought in our past, in the ideology of a totalitarian state. At the time of transformations in agriculture (the period of collectivization), all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the old Russian village were declared relics of the past. Entire families were evicted from their homes, they were declared kulaks, a stream of hardworking and economic peasants rushed from Central Russia to Siberia and Transbaikalia, many of them died. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to escape, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. As a result, the traditional culture of the peasantry was largely lost. This also applies to the language. It was predicted, even by linguists, the rapid disappearance of folk dialects. A whole generation of natives of the village, deliberately abandoning their native dialect, failed for many reasons to perceive a new language system for themselves - the literary language, to master it. This led to the decline of linguistic culture in the country.

Linguistic consciousness is part of cultural self-consciousness, and if we want to revive culture, to promote its flourishing, then we must begin with the language. “There is no clearly defined boundary between the self-awareness of the elements of language and other elements of culture ... in critical historical eras, the native language becomes a symbol of national self-awareness,” writes Moscow linguist S.E. Nikitina, who studied the folk picture of the world.

That is why the current moment is favorable for changing attitudes towards dialects in society, for awakening interest in the native language in all its manifestations. In recent decades, research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and many universities in Russia have been collecting and describing dialects; they publish various kinds of dialect dictionaries. Such gathering activity, in which students of the humanities faculties also take part, is important not only for linguistics, but also for studying the culture and history of the people, and, undoubtedly, for the education of young people. The fact is that by exploring dialects, we learn a new wonderful world - the world of folk traditional ideas about life, often very different from modern ones. No wonder N.V. Gogol in "Dead Souls" remarks: "And every nation ... has distinguished itself in its own way by its own word, which ... reflects part of its own character."

What is the fate of dialects at the present time? Have they been preserved or are local dialects - rare exoticisms, for which you have to go far into the outback? It turns out that despite the general literacy, the influence of television, radio, numerous newspapers and magazines has been preserved. And they were preserved not only in hard-to-reach places, but also in areas close to capitals and big cities. Of course, the dialect is spoken by people of the older and middle generation, and by small children, if they are brought up by village grandparents. They, the old-timers, are the keepers of the local language, the necessary source of information that dialectologists are looking for. In the speech of young people leaving the countryside, only certain dialectal features are preserved, but there are also those who stay at home forever. They also use, living in the village, folk-colloquial speech. Although the dialects are largely destroyed, it is impossible to predict their imminent disappearance. Getting acquainted with folk colloquial speech, we get information about the names of household items, the meanings of dialect words, concepts that are not found in the city. But not only that. The dialects reflect the age-old traditions of housekeeping, the peculiarities of the family way of life, ancient rituals, customs, folk calendar and much more. That is why it is so important to record the speech of the villagers for further study. Each dialect has a lot of expressive, vivid verbal images, phraseological units, sayings, riddles:

An affectionate word is not difficult, but quickly(profitable, successful, useful); Lies are not arguable: they will confuse soon; A thin silence is better than a good grumbling; I don’t look, so I don’t see, I don’t want, so I don’t hear; and here are the riddles: What is the sweetest and bitterest of all?(Word); Two mothers have five sons, all in the same name(fingers); I don’t know one, I don’t see the other, I don’t remember the third(death, age and birth).

Dialectisms in fiction

Dialect words are not uncommon in fiction. Usually they are used by those writers who themselves come from the village, or those who are well acquainted with folk speech: A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, S.T. Aksakov I.S. Turgenev, N.S. Leskov, N.A. Nekrasov, I.A. Bunin, S.A. Yesenin, N.A. Klyuev, M.M. Prishvin, S.G. Pisakhov, F.A. Abramov, V.P. Astafiev, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, V.I. Belov, E.I. Nosov, B.A. Mozhaev, V.G. Rasputin and many others.

For a modern urban student, the lines of S. Yesenin from the poem “In the House”, which are given in many textbooks, sound completely mysterious. We will consider it too.

Smells loose brawlers,
At the threshold in bowl kvass,
Above stoves chiselled
Cockroaches climb into the groove.

Soot curls over damper,
Thread in the oven popelits,
And on the bench behind the salt shaker -
Husks of raw eggs.

mother with grips won't get along
bends down low about,
old cat k mahotke kr a goes
For fresh milk

Restless chickens chuckle
Over shafts plows,
In the yard I will have a slender dinner
The roosters are singing.

And in the window in the canopy sloping,
From shy noise,
From the corners puppies are curly
They crawl into collars.

S.A. Yesenin, according to contemporaries, was very fond of reading this poem in 1915–1916. in front of the public. Literary critic V. Chernyavsky recalls: “... He had to explain his vocabulary, - there were “foreigners” around, - and neither the “groove”, nor the “dezhka”, nor the “sloping”, nor the “sloping” were understandable to them. The poet - a native of the village of Konstantinovo, Ryazan province - often used his own, Ryazan words and forms in his works, incomprehensible to the inhabitants of the city, to those who are familiar only with the literary language. Chernyavsky calls them "foreigners". Most of us are foreigners. Therefore, we explain the meaning of the highlighted words. Incomprehensible in the text of the poem are not only Ryazan words, i.e. directly dialectisms, but also such expressions that characterize the life of any village (collar, plow, stove, damper).

Drachona (Jerking) - this is the name of a thick pancake, more often from wheat flour, smeared on top with an egg, or potato pancakes. It is these meanings that are most common in the villages of the Ryazan region. In other Russian dialects, the given word can mean a completely different dish.

dezhka - the word is very widespread in the southern dialect. This wooden tub was made by coopers, there were several bowls on the farm, they were used for pickling cucumbers, mushrooms, and for storing water, kvass, and for making dough. As you can see, kvass is poured in this bowl.

When you ask schoolchildren in a lesson: “What do you think: what does the word stoves ? - in response you hear: "Little stoves." - “But why are there several of them and they are chiseled?” Pechurka - a small recess in the outer or side wall of the oven for drying and storing small items.

popelica - formed from a dialect word sang - ashes.

grip - a device with which the pots are taken out of the oven (see figure) is a curved metal plate - a slingshot, attached to a handle - a long wooden stick. The word, although it denotes an object of peasant life, is included in the literary language, and therefore in dictionaries it is given without a mark of the region. (regional) or dial. (dialect).

mahotka - clay pot.

low, sneaking - these words are given with dialectal stress.

The words shafts ‘element of harness’, as well as plow ‘primitive agricultural tool’, are included in the literary language, we will find them in any explanatory dictionary. It's just that they are not well known, because they are usually associated with an old, bygone village, a traditional peasant economy. And as for the words sloped (probably sloping) and noise (noise), then there is no information about them in dialect dictionaries. And dialectologists, without special research, cannot say whether there are such words in Ryazan dialects or whether they are inventions of the poet himself, i.e. writer's occasionalisms.

So, a dialect word, phrase, construction included in a work of art to convey local color when describing village life, to create a speech characteristic of characters, is called dialectism.

Dialectisms are perceived by us as something outside the literary language, not corresponding to its norms. Dialectisms are different depending on what trait they reflect. Local words that are unknown to the literary language are called lexical dialects. These include the words dezhka, mahotka, drachena, popelitsa. If they are listed in dictionaries, then with a note regional (region).

In our example, the word stove, which in the literary language means a small stove, but in the dialect it has a completely different meaning (see above). This is semantic (semantic) dialectism(from Greek. semanticos- denoting), i.e. the word is known to the literary language, but its meaning is different.

A variety of lexical dialectisms areethnographic dialectisms. They designate the names of objects, foods, clothes, peculiar only to the inhabitants of a certain area - in other words, this is the dialect name of a local thing. “Women in plaid panevs threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs,” writes I.S. Turgenev . Paneva (poneva) - a type of women's clothing such as a skirt, characteristic of peasant women from the south of Russia, they wear it both in Ukraine and in Belarus. Panevs, depending on the area, differ in their material and colors. Here is another example of ethnography from the story of V.G. Rasputin's “French Lessons”: “Even earlier, I noticed with what curiosity Lydia Mikhailovna looks at my shoes. Of the entire class, I was the only one wearing teal.” In Siberian dialects, the word teal means light leather shoes, usually without tops, with trim and ties.

Let us once again pay attention to the fact that many lexical and semantic dialectisms can be found in the explanatory dictionaries of the literary language marked reg. (regional). Why are they included in dictionaries? Because they are often used in fiction, in newspapers, magazines, in colloquial speech, when it comes to village problems.

Often it is important for writers to show not only what the character says, but also how he says it. For this purpose, dialect forms are introduced into the characters' speech. It is impossible to get past them. For example, I.A. Bunin, a native of the Oryol region, who brilliantly knew the dialect of his native places, writes in the story “Tales”: “This Vanya is from the oven, which means getting down, Malachai to myself putting on, sash girded, clade in the bosom kryushechkyu and goes to this very guard ”(emphasis added. - I.B., O.K.). Kushachkyom, kraushechku - convey the peculiarities of the pronunciation of the Oryol peasants.

Varieties of dialectisms

Such dialectisms are called phonetic. In the above words, the sound [k] softens under the influence of the adjacent soft sound [h '] - it is likened to the previous sound on the basis of softness. This phenomenon is called assimilation(from lat. assimilation- assimilation).

Phonetic dialectisms, or rather, accentological ones that convey dialectal stress, include the forms low, sneaking from Yesenin's poem.

There is in Bunin's text and grammatical dialectisms, which reflect the morphological features of the dialect. These include the words put, getting down, putting on. In these verbs, the final was dropped t in the 3rd person singular, followed by the transition of the shock to - instead of gets off - getting down, instead of puts on - putting on.

Grammatical dialectisms are often cited in the speech of heroes, since they do not complicate the understanding of the text and at the same time give it a bright dialectal color. Let's take another interesting example. In Northern Russian dialects, the past tense is preserved - pluperfect: this tense indicates an action that took place in the past before some other specific action. Here is an excerpt from the story of B.V. Shergin: " Was bought I like a silk robe about the holiday. I did not have time to thank, I ran to the chapel to show off my new thing. Tatko was offended." Tatko - father in Pomeranian dialects. Was bought and there is the past tense. First, the father bought a bathrobe (preliminary past), and then the daughter did not have time to thank him (past tense) for the update.

Another type of dialectic derivational dialectisms.

ON THE. Nekrasov in the poem "Peasant Children" writes:

Mushroom time did not have time to depart,
Look - everyone has black lips,
Nabili osmomu: blueberry ripe!
And there are raspberries, lingonberries, walnuts!

There are several dialect words here. Oscom, literary form set on edge, and blueberry, those. blueberry. Both words have the same roots as literary words, but different suffixes.

It is natural that dialect words, phrases, syntactic constructions go beyond the norm of the literary language and therefore have a bright stylistic coloring. But the language of fiction, being a special phenomenon, includes all the existing linguistic diversity. The main thing is that such inclusion should be motivated, justified by artistic goals. Undoubtedly, the very word that came from the dialect should become understandable to the reader. For this purpose, some writers explain dialectisms directly in the text, others give a footnote. These authors include I.S. Turgenev, M.M. Prishvin, F.A. Abramov.

Set word value...

In one of the stories of the "Notes of a Hunter" I. Turgenev remarks: "We went to the forest, or, as we say, to the" order "."

F. Abramov in the novel “Pryasliny” often interprets the meaning of local words in footnotes: “Sister Marfa Pavlovna warmed up, and thank God,” and the footnote states: sister - cousin.

In the story "The pantry of the sun" M. Prishvin repeatedly uses the dialect word elan: “Meanwhile, it was precisely here, in this clearing, that the interlacing of plants ceased altogether, there was spruce, the same thing as an ice hole in a pond in winter. In an ordinary elani, at least a little bit of water is always visible, covered with large, white, beautiful kupava, water lilies. That is why this spruce was called Blind, because it was impossible to recognize it by its appearance. Not only does the meaning of the dialect word become clear to us from the text, the author, at the first mention of it, gives a footnote-explanation: “Elan is a swampy place in a swamp, it’s like a hole in the ice.”

So, in the story of the Siberian writer V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”, the same word is repeatedly found elan, as in Prishvin, but it is given without any explanation, and one can only guess about its meaning: “Guskov went out into the fields and turned to the right, to the distant elani, he had to spend the whole day there.” More likely elan in this case it means "field" or "meadow". And here are other examples from the same work: “The snow in the cold spruce forest almost did not melt, the sun here and in open places was weaker than on the spruce trees, in the clearings lay clear, like squeezed out, open shadows of trees.” “All day long he wandered around the spruces, either going out into open places, or hiding in the forest; sometimes, to passion, to evil impatience, he wanted to see people and to be seen too.

If we now turn to the multi-volume "Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects", which is published by the Institute of Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg and includes dialect words collected throughout Russia, it turns out that elan has ten meanings, and even in close territories they differ. In Siberian dialects alone elan can mean: 1) flat open space; 2) meadow, meadow plain; 3) a place suitable for pastures; 5) field plain, field, arable land; 6) a clearing in the forest, etc. Agree, it is difficult, not being a native of those places about which Valentin Rasputin writes, to say with confidence what the meaning of the word is elan in the passages given.

Especially often writers resort to various kinds of dialectisms, stylizing folk speech, writing in the form of a tale: N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, V.I. Belov. Here is an excerpt from the fairy tale by S.G. Pisakhova “Northern Lights”: “In the summer we have day and night light, we don’t sleep. I work during the day, and at night I run ghouls and race with deer. And from autumn to winter we are preparing. We dry the northern lights.

As you can see, Pisakhov conveys a very striking feature of northern dialects - the loss of j and the subsequent contraction of vowels in the endings of verbs and adjectives: north from north round from round, work from working, ghouls from walking, running from running.

The narrator in such works is most often a joker who looks at the world with irony and optimism. He has a lot of stories and jokes in store for all occasions.

These heroes include the narrator from the wonderful work of V.I. Belova “Vologda Bays”: “It’s good to live while you are Kuzka. As soon as you become Kuzma Ivanovich, it immediately throws you into thoughtfulness. From this thoughtfulness comes the eclipse of life. Here again, you can’t live without a bay. The bay amuses the soul without wine, the heart rejuvenates. Gives brains enlightenment and a new move. With a bay and the stomach feels better. The bay is different and small, but remote ... ". In Vologda dialects bay means ‘fiction, absurdity’, there is even a phraseological unit bays to bend ‘to engage in idle talk, to speak absurdities’. The tale form makes it possible to look at the world differently, to understand the main thing in a person and life, to laugh at oneself, to support others with a funny joke.

Writers subtly feel the brightness and originality of folk speech, from which they draw imagery and inspiration. So, B.V. Shergin in the essay "Dvina Land" writes about one Pomeranian storyteller: "I was eager to listen to Pafnuty Osipovich and later retold his foldable, beautiful word awkwardly."