The village providing housing work caught in a difficult situation. Types of help for a person in a difficult life situation

In modern conditions, the problems of families in a difficult life situation are becoming increasingly acute and relevant, since their number is not decreasing every year, but is continuously growing. This is due to problems of an economic, demographic, socio-political nature. At the same time, perhaps the most vulnerable category are children.

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, children are entitled to special care and assistance. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees state support for the family, motherhood and childhood. By signing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international acts in the field of ensuring the rights of children, the Russian Federation expressed its commitment to participating in the efforts of the world community to create an environment that is comfortable and friendly for children.

The federal laws "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" and "On Additional Guarantees for Social Support for Orphans and Children Left Without Parental Care" establish that the protection of the rights of children in difficult life is carried out by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The regional targeted programs implemented by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are a kind of core for solving the problems of children, families with children in difficult life situations. The effectiveness of the implementation of such programs largely determines the possibility of achieving the goals and objectives of the state's social policy.

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Social support for children in difficult life situations

The child protection system begins with the protection of the family, mother and child. The provision of this social sphere in Russia is one of the most developed. Education in children's institutions is based on proven programs. Its necessary element is teaching children to communicate, activities as part of a group, preparation for entering school.

Social protection of preschoolers is carried out in cooperation with medicine, pedagogy, and production. Social security agencies contribute to the rehabilitation and treatment of preschool children, for which they provide, for example, preferential conditions for the stay of preschool children in sanatoriums. The upbringing of preschool children solves the problems of their socialization. The youngest learn the rules of behavior, are included in group activities, and master the basics of culture.

The system of social protection of schoolchildren organically includes a variety of activities held at school, in extracurricular institutions, work with families and the public. The main result of this activity is the formation of social security for schoolchildren as a stable mental state, including confidence in their successful social and professional self-determination, as well as effective socialization. Social and pedagogical work contributes to the inclusion in productive work, the system of continuous education.

Social protection of childhood also includes the prevention of pedagogical injuries, education without losers, without repeaters, since they are characterized by mental states that depress vital activity. Social work of such a plan is of a preventive and therapeutic nature. Practical socio-psychological work is widely used .

An important direction in the socialization of children and adolescents is their rehabilitation in connection with deprivation (educational, psychological, moral, social, etc.), that is, the loss of important personal qualities. At the same time, personal development is diagnosed, individual plans for the restoration of abilities (perceptual, intellectual, communicative, practical activities) are built, correctional groups are organized, relevant classes are selected that allow one to acquire socially valuable knowledge and the ability to use them in work, communication, and personal life in collective activity. .

The foregoing is closely related to the problem of the so-called "difficult", maladjusted children and adolescents. It should be noted that working with such children requires combining the qualities of a social worker when dealing with those who are involved in helping children (parents, neighbors, friends or officials) and the qualities of a social educator when dealing directly with minors.

Working with "difficult" children, it is necessary to focus on the pragmatism of everyday life. This helps to perceive the child in a specific living space - in the place where he lives, in the family, where his behavior, connections, personal characteristics can be observed, and living conditions, the relationship of psychological, material, social factors become much clearer, since the understanding of the problem does not close only on the personality of this child .

Needy children today can count, first of all, on material assistance. Its main task is to maintain an acceptable (necessary and sufficient) standard of living for the child and the family as a whole, who are in a socially difficult situation. Financial assistance is a lump-sum payment in cash or in kind, expressed as an amount of money, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothes, shoes and other essentials.

The main criterion in establishing the right to material assistance is poverty, as an indicator of need. The bodies of social protection of the population decide on the issue of recognizing the needy as poor and on providing them with material assistance, and the municipal centers of social services are directly involved in providing such assistance. The commissions for the distribution and provision of material assistance, created under the social protection authorities, consider the issues of providing such assistance, taking into account the financial situation of the applicant, the composition and income of the family, the reasons and circumstances that prompted the application for help. Unfortunately, in order to receive material assistance, a whole list of certificates and documents is often required, which creates significant difficulties for low-income citizens.

The increase in government spending to support families with children has played a certain role in improving their financial situation, increasing the birth rate of children. However, the share of spending in GDP on supporting families with children in Russia is still much lower than in developed European countries. It can hardly be expected that monetary regulation can radically eliminate the causes that lead to children's unhappiness.

In search of new ways to manage the process and stimulate the necessary changes in the regions, in 2008, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations was established. The Fund is a new modern tool for conducting social policy in the interests of children and families with children in difficult life situations, in the conditions of division of powers between the center and the regions.

The mission of the Foundation is to create a new management mechanism that, in the conditions of the division of powers between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, will significantly reduce the prevalence of social disadvantage for children and families with children, stimulate the development of effective forms and methods of working with families and children in need of assistance.

Directions of the Fund's activity for 2012-2015:

prevention of family troubles and social orphanhood of children, including prevention of child abuse, restoration of a family environment favorable for raising a child, family placement of orphans and children left without parental care;
social support for families with disabled children to ensure the maximum possible development of such children in the conditions of family education, their socialization, preparation for independent life and integration into society;
social rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law (who have committed offenses and crimes), prevention of neglect and homelessness of children, juvenile delinquency, including repeated.

The Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations focuses the attention of the regions on the need to organize systematic, comprehensive and interdepartmental work with families and children and believes that the program-targeted approach is the most appropriate tool for organizing such work .

The next type of assistance provided by the state is social services for children with disabilities at home. Home assistance is aimed at improving the level and quality of life of people with disabilities, finding children in their usual habitat - at home, protecting their rights and legitimate interests. Social services at home can be provided on a permanent or temporary basis.

At the social service centers, specialized departments are being created that deal with home care. Social workers visit their charges several times a week. The list of services provided in this case is quite wide. It can be, firstly, the organization of food, life and leisure.

Secondly, social - medical, sanitary - hygienic services (assistance in medical care, rehabilitation measures, provision of medicines, psychological assistance, hospitalization, etc.).

Thirdly, assistance in obtaining education for disabled people in accordance with their physical capabilities and mental abilities.

Fourthly, legal services (assistance in paperwork, assistance in obtaining benefits and benefits established by the current legislation, etc.). As well as assistance in organizing funeral services .

Children can receive social services in specialized institutions on a stationary and semi-stationary basis. On the basis of full state support, services are provided to the disabled, orphans, children whose parents are deprived of parental rights, convicted, declared incompetent, are on long-term treatment, as well as in the case when the location of the parents is not established. For a period of not more than one year, children of single mothers, the unemployed, refugees, forced migrants can be admitted to hospitals.

Inpatient care for children is provided in orphanages, boarding schools, sanatorium-type orphanages, correctional orphanages (including correctional and psychological), special orphanages (for children with disabilities). These institutions perform the functions of creating favorable conditions close to home, conducive to the mental, emotional and physical development of the individual. Medical-psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation of children is carried out there; development of educational programs, training and education; ensuring the protection and strengthening of the health of pupils; protection of their interests.

In institutions of social service there are departments of day or night stay. Here, minors can receive semi-stationary social services.

Day care units for children and adolescents are being set up in comprehensive social service centres. In their free time from school, children visit the day care department, where rehabilitation groups of 5 to 10 people are assembled. The activities of rehabilitation groups are carried out on the basis of group programs that take into account individual programs for the rehabilitation of minors.

During the period of stay in the day care department, children and adolescents are provided with hot meals and medicines. In the day care departments there are premises for a medical office and a psychological help office, for conducting training sessions, leisure and circle work, as well as a dining room .

The issue of street children also remains problematic. To solve this problem, the state created specialized institutions that provide children with a temporary shelter.

It is important to note that the provision of temporary shelter to children who find themselves in a difficult life situation contributes to prevention and, in many respects, prevents neglect of minors. For these purposes, specialized institutions for temporary stay are being created - these are social rehabilitation centers for minors, social shelters for children, centers for helping children left without parental care. Minors stay in such institutions for the time necessary to provide social assistance and (or) social rehabilitation and resolve issues of their further placement. Reception of children (from 3 to 18 years old) is carried out around the clock, they can apply on their own, at the initiative of their parents (their legal representatives) .

What are the functions of temporary residence institutions? First of all, this is assistance in restoring the social status of a minor in a group of peers at the place of study, residence. Facilitating the return of children to families, providing social, psychological and other assistance to children and their parents. Organization of medical care and training, assistance in vocational guidance and obtaining a specialty, etc. Institutions such as social shelters, together with the authorities and institutions of education, health care, internal affairs and other organizations, carry out activities to identify children in need of emergency social assistance. Assist guardianship and guardianship authorities in the placement of minors left without parental care .

The next type of social assistance is rehabilitation services. Different categories of children need them: disabled people, juvenile delinquents, street children, homeless children, etc.

The rehabilitation process is a complex process that includes a whole range of measures: medical, psychological, professional rehabilitation. Such measures are aimed at preserving and restoring the health of the child and his life support environment.

One of the main areas of rehabilitation is the preferential provision of disabled children with prostheses, orthopedic products, and means of transportation - wheelchairs. To date, there are about 200 manufacturers of technical equipment necessary for the rehabilitation of disabled people. It is no secret that rehabilitation services in our country are at a rather low level - there are not enough funds to provide free provision to all citizens in need; there are few enterprises specializing in the development and production of prosthetic and orthopedic products; The quality of such products also often leaves much to be desired.

Legislation guarantees disabled children the right to free professions, which is implemented in 42 special educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, where more than 7 thousand people study. Training is also carried out in general educational institutions. Within the framework of secondary vocational education, training is provided in modern specialties related to management, finance, banking, social security organization, etc.

Disabled children of preschool age receive rehabilitation services in preschool institutions of a general type, and if this is excluded for reasons of their health, then in special preschool institutions. The maintenance of disabled children in preschool and educational institutions is carried out at the expense of the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation.

It is important to note that if it is impossible to educate and educate disabled children in general or special preschool and educational institutions, the education of disabled children with the consent of their parents is carried out at home according to a complete general educational or individual program. Training is conducted, as a rule, by the educational institution closest to the place of residence of a disabled child. For the period of study, the educational institution provides free textbooks, educational and reference literature available in the library of the educational institution. Based on the results of the training, a state-recognized document on the corresponding education is issued .

Thus, the principle of giving priority to the provision of social services to minors has been proclaimed at the state level. Obviously, taking care of the younger generation is one of the main tasks of the state. After all, timely assistance helps to return a child who has fallen into a difficult life situation to the mainstream of a normal full life. At the same time, material well-being, spiritual development and moral health of the younger generation are decisive. Ignoring the tasks set is immoral.

Pronin A.A. Socio-legal protection of childhood in Russia // Issues of juvenile justice. - 2009. - N 6. - S. 4.

Omigov V.I. Features of combating juvenile delinquency // Russian justice. - 2012. - N 1. - S. 24.

In the life of each of us there are difficult life situations, and we all react to troubles in our own way and look for a way out of a difficult situation in different ways. Some put up and adapting "go with the flow." Others are looking for a way out of a difficult life situation with the help of actions aimed at overcoming problems and troubles. Someone withdraws into himself and instead of trying to somehow overcome the difficulty, he prefers not to notice it. And many, cursing fate, only complain about a difficult life and, in fact, without solving any problems, fall into depression.

It is possible to generalize the behavior of people in difficult situations and describe ways of overcoming difficulties according to the transformation strategies that are used in these situations: co-ownership (adaptation and overcoming), protection and experience. But before we talk about them in detail, a few words about the concept of "difficult life situation".

So the concept of "difficult life situation" is interpreted by one of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation - " Difficult life situation - this is a situation that directly disrupts the life of a person, which he is not able to overcome on his own". This law also gives several examples of difficult life situations - illness, disability, orphanhood, unemployment, insecurity and poverty, lack of a fixed place of residence, abuse, conflicts, loneliness, etc.

The Russian psychotherapist, Fedor Efimovich Vasilyuk, who studies aspects of difficult life situations, suggests understanding them as situations of impossibility in which a person faces the difficulty of realizing the internal needs of his life (aspirations, motives, values, etc.).

A difficult life situation is always characterized by a discrepancy between what we want (to achieve, do, etc.) and what we can. Such a discrepancy between desires and abilities and capabilities prevents the achievement of goals, and this entails the emergence of negative emotions, which signal the emergence of a difficult situation. A developing person, mastering and learning the world around him, but not possessing enough life experience, inevitably meet with something unexpected, unknown and new. The use of one's own abilities and capabilities in this situation may not be enough, therefore it can cause disappointment. And any difficult life situation leads to disruption of activity, deterioration of existing relations with the people around us, gives rise to experiences and bad emotions, causes various inconveniences, which can have negative consequences for the development of the individual. Therefore, a person should know as much as possible about the possible options and ways.

Behavior Techniques People Most Often Use in Difficult Situations

Defense techniques - a group of non-adaptive (behavior that contributes to the emergence of severe mental distress) reactions to difficulties: depression, silent humility, depression, as well as avoiding difficult life situations and suppressing thoughts about the cause and source of the difficulty.

Overcoming - actions aimed at achieving success, changing and overcoming difficulties. They are associated with the expenditure of energy and with certain efforts; involves intense reflection aimed at solving a difficult situation, high level mental self-regulation, searching for the necessary information and involving other people in solving the problem.

By persistently transforming any difficult situation, a person changes greatly, but often these changes are unconscious and unintentional. However, sometimes the situation requires a conscious change in its characteristics, only in this case it is possible to achieve well-being and overcome difficulty. In this case, changing personal properties and attitudes to a difficult situation becomes the main strategy or an important component of another strategy.

DEVICE RECEPTIONS

Adapting to the Basic Moments of the Situation(social attitudes, social norms, rules of business relations, etc.). Having mastered this technique, a person freely enters the world of morality and law, labor, culture, family relations. In normal social conditions, this technique determines success. For example, it helps to get used to new working conditions (in this case, a person successfully passes a probationary period) or in case of moving to a new place of residence. However, if a person got into a difficult situation, in a situation of upheaval, when something has changed dramatically, where new rules have not yet been formed, and the old ones no longer apply - this technique will not help.
Adaptation to the characteristics and needs of others will be of great importance in a situation of social upheaval. The study of this technique showed that it is most often used in the crisis stages of the development of society. Next to it is another method of adaptation - concern for maintaining the existing establishment of new social contacts.
Choose a role for yourself and act in accordance with it. People use this technique in situations where the source of experiences and difficulties is their personal qualities and properties of their own character (for example, self-doubt or shyness), not allowing them to freely adapt to new living conditions, ask for help, etc. This technique consists in the conscious application of the identification mechanism. A person chooses to imitate a certain behavior model, it can be a movie character or a book character, personifying confidence, well, or a friend who has this missing quality. In a difficult life situation, he tries on the role of this character: he begins to behave differently, his gait, manner of speaking, his speech becomes persuasive He even begins to feel differently. Since he does not fully identify himself with the chosen role, but only “plays it,” he attributes all his failures and awkwardness to the chosen character, and not to himself. It helps to avoid embarrassment, to be more free from the opinions of others and do not reduce self-esteem when misses. With the right choice of role, it helps to cope with a difficult situation that arises in communication, and also causes tangible shifts not only in behavior, but also in one's own life values and attitudes.
A commonly used form of adaptation is identification with more successful people or identification with serious and influential associations and organizations. People who have suffered disappointments and failures, who think they are a loser, sometimes resort to this technique. By identifying with a successful subject, they, as it were, add special abilities to themselves, and becoming an employee of an influential and authoritative organization, they not only get the opportunity to feel that they belong to it and talk about “our successes”, but also really begin to feel strong and act more successfully and effectively. confidently.
Technique for identifying the boundaries of one's own capabilities, as a rule, is used with a sudden change in life circumstances. The most striking example is a person who has become disabled. Once in such a difficult life situation, people are forced to drastically change their established way of life. At first, they learn about their capabilities. As a man walking through a swamp probes the ground, they analyze the measure of their remaining abilities and try to make up for what they have lost. It is worth noting that those who find themselves in unknown or complicated conditions also resort to house tactics.
Foresight and anticipation of events. This technique is used by people who have already had a sad experience of failure or are waiting for the imminent onset of an approaching difficult life situation (for example, a layoff, an upcoming operation, or the death of a sick relative). Anticipatory sadness or preconceived notions are adaptive and allow the person to mentally prepare for possible difficult trials and make a plan to prevent unfortunate circumstances. Like any other method of coping with a difficult situation, anticipatory coping, depending on a particular situation, can be both beneficial and harmful.

(+) An example of the productive use of anticipatory coping is the experience often used in some foreign hospitals in preparing young patients for the intended operation. Medical staff under the guidance of a qualified psychologist arrange special role-playing games, during which the situation of the operation is played. Such psychological preparation reduces the fear of children before the operation and significantly speeds up their recovery.

(-) A clear example of a uniquely unproductive anticipatory coping is the so-called "Saint Lazarus symptom", psychologists have identified it when working with some relatives of HIV-infected people. It consists in such an attitude towards the patient, as if he is already dead and mourned (sometimes it comes to the point that family members avoid all communication with the sick person, openly collect money for a wake and prepare for his funeral).

AUXILIARY METHODS OF SELF-PRESERVATION IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATIONS

These are methods of dealing with emotional failures, which, according to the subject, occur in connection with insurmountable difficult situations.

This is escape from a difficult situation. It occurs not only in physical, but also in a purely psychological form - by suppressing thoughts about the situation and internal alienation from it (this may be a refusal to promotions, from other tempting offers). For people who have experienced a large number of different failures and disappointments, this avoidance of dubious connections and situations often becomes a personality trait. For them, it is the last line of defense.
Rejection and rejection, traumatic, stunning and tragic event - another common method of self-preservation. Getting into a difficult life situation and faced with tragedy, rejection and denial of it, a person builds a psychological barrier on the way of penetration into his inner world of this traumatic and destructive event. He gradually digests it in small doses.

Techniques overcoming difficulties with the help of adaptation and transformation can be both secondary and basic for a person, both situation-specific and characteristic. The situation-specific are: "resistance", "adjustment of one's expectations", "hope", "use of chance", "self-affirmation", "identification with the fates and goals of other people", "relying on other people", "postponing the satisfaction of one's own needs”, “the manifestation of aggression in the form of action or unfounded criticism" and etc.

TECHNIQUES TO USE IN CASES OF FAIL

Here will be given the techniques that people use in the case when for overcoming difficult life situations there is no way to solve them. That is, a person who has fallen into an unpleasant situation has made every effort to somehow solve it, but the problem remains unresolved and he has no other choice but to simply admit that he has failed. He experiences this defeat as a collapse of his personality, because he set himself a difficult task, put so much effort, hoped, and even saw her solution as part of a future life. If a person has not experienced major failures and failures up to this time, he is overly vulnerable. In such a situation, a person tries in any way to maintain or restore a good attitude towards himself, a sense of his own well-being and dignity.

Most often in such cases, people try to discount failure by using psychological defense mechanisms that help reduce the burden of emotional experiences and do not require them to painfully reconsider their attitude towards themselves. Among these methods are:

Object depreciation. Failing to find way out of a difficult situation, in this case, having failed to achieve an important goal (get married, go to college, defend a dissertation, etc.), a person lowers its significance. Thus, he discounts his failure (" Do I need it?», « It's not the most important thing in life”) and writes the difficult situation into his biography as an insignificant episode.
Adjusting your hopes and aspirations. Since failure for most people is an unpleasant and difficult event that deprives a person of what he needs, he can resort to correcting hopes and expectations. Often this leads to minimization of needs. Of course, this method saves from failures, smooths out unpleasant sensations and experiences, but it impoverishes the future and in no way increases self-respect as a person.
Acceptance is the acceptance of a situation as it really is. In psychology, this technique is sometimes called "patience" or even more often they use the phrase "let go of the situation" (i.e. stop actions that do not bring results to change a difficult situation). This is not a silent response to difficult life circumstances, but a conscious decision made after analyzing the life situation and comparing your own plight with the even worse situation of other people. This technique can be applied in a situation of disability or serious illness.
Positive interpretation of your situation. This technique is similar to the previous one. It consists in using comparison options: people compare themselves with someone who is in an even more precarious position (“comparison goes down”), or recalls their merits and successes in other areas: “Yes, I didn’t succeed, but…” (“the comparison goes up”). Remember, one of the heroines of the popular film by E. Ryazanov “Office Romance” had such defensive phrases: “ I live outside the city, but next to the train», « My husband had a stomach ulcer, but Vishnevsky did the operation himself" etc.

In the life of each of us there are difficult life situations. Even in the most serene times, we face difficulties. For one, this is a job search or a change of residence, for another, it is their own illness or the illness of a loved one, divorce or the death of loved ones and relatives. So it was and always will be. Difficult life situations arise in the lives of children and adults, entire families and nations.

This article presents techniques and techniques largely related to adaptation to circumstances that can no longer be changed. There are opinions that such techniques indicate a passive strategy and an inability to cope with one's life. But in reality, everything is not so simple, because sometimes a temporary adaptation acts as a wise strategy for experiencing a difficult life situation, taking into account life prospects with their real features.

The simplest example is probationary period for employment dictates to a person the rules of the game to which he must adapt in order to get a job in a good place and be accepted in a new work collective. He knows, When is it better to be silent?, refuses self-affirmation and certain forms of behavior in favor of its future.

However, everyone has the right to independently choose those techniques and strategies from their repertoire that will help get out of a difficult life situation. Not always and not all of us are able to change. The most we can do is to take a sober look at the situation, focus our best efforts on changing what can be improved, and find ways to coexist with what cannot be changed.

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