Modes in social studies. Synopsis on social studies on the topic Transitional age

- one of the forms of the political system of society with its characteristic goals, means and methods of implementation.

The political regime gives an idea of ​​the essence of state power established in the country in a certain period of its history. Therefore, the structure of the political system or the state is not so important as the ways of interaction between society and the state, the scope of human rights and freedoms, the ways of forming political institutions, the style and methods of political management.

The same type or similar state structures can give rise to essentially different political regimes, and, on the contrary, the same type of regimes can arise in political systems that are different in structure. For example, many European countries are constitutional monarchies (Sweden, Norway, Belgium, etc.), but the political regime in these countries corresponds to a republican power structure with democratic methods of government. At the same time, the Republic of Iran, having a completely democratic political structure of the organization of the state, is actually an authoritarian state.

Distinguishing a truly democratic regime of power from an authoritarian or totalitarian regime can be difficult. The USSR for a long time was for many peoples of the world the personification of real democracy and an oasis of democratic freedoms. The true position of the people, who survived the most terrible totalitarian regime in the history of mankind, was revealed to the world only during the period of glasnost.

The nature and signs of the political regime

Important characteristics of the political regime are the principles of organization of institutions of power, the planned political goals, ways and methods of achieving them. For example, in totalitarian regimes, slogans and attitudes such as “the end justifies the means”, “victory at any cost”, etc. are very popular.

The nature of the political regime is significantly influenced by the historical traditions of the people and the level of political culture of society. A political dictator or ruling political elite can usurp power only to the extent that the masses and institutions of civil society allow them to. It is difficult to imagine that in countries with long democratic traditions and a high level of political culture an authoritarian or totalitarian regime of power would be established. On the other hand, in countries with a predominantly traditional political culture, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes arise naturally.

Forms and types of political regimes

There are countless varieties of political regimes, but political studies usually distinguish three main forms of political regimes: totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.

Totalitarian political regime

(lat. totalis - the whole, whole, complete) - a political regime in which the state completely subjugates all spheres of society and the individual. It is the omnipresence of its supervision that totalitarianism differs from all other forms of state violence - despotism, tyranny, military dictatorship, etc.

The term "totalitarianism" was introduced in the 1920s. critics of B. Mussolini, but since 1925 he himself began to use it to characterize the fascist state. Since 1929, this term has also been used in relation to the regime that has developed in the USSR.

Totalitarianism arose in the 20th century. as a political regime and as a special model of the socio-economic order, characteristic of the stage of industrial development, and as an ideology that gives clear guidelines for the development of the "new man", "new economic and political order". This is a kind of "reaction" of the masses to the accelerated destruction of traditional structures, their desire for unity and consolidation in the face of frightening uncertainty.

In such a state, the masses become easy “prey” for various kinds of political adventurers (leaders, Fuhrers, charismatic leaders), who, relying on the fanaticism of their like-minded people, impose their ideology, their plans for solving the problems that have arisen, on the population.

The political system of totalitarianism, as a rule, is a rigidly centralized party-state structure that exercises control over the entire society, preventing the emergence of any social and political organizations that are outside this control. For example, in the USSR, at every enterprise, in every state or public organization, there was a party cell (CPSU).

Under totalitarianism, civil society is completely absorbed by the state, and the ideological control of the ruling party is established over the state itself. The dominant ideology becomes a powerful unifying and mobilizing force in society. "Whoever is not with us is against us!" - this is one of the slogans that did not allow any pluralism of opinions.

Depending on the ideological currents, it is customary to mean totalitarianism on the "left" and "right". "Left" totalitarianism, based on the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, arose in communist countries (USSR, countries of Eastern Europe, Asia and Cuba). "Right" totalitarianism in fascist Germany was based on the ideology of National Socialism, and in Italy - on the ideas of Italian fascism.

For any totalitarian regime, the characteristic features are: military and paramilitary organization of society; constant search for internal and external "enemies", the periodic creation of extreme situations; permanent mobilization of the masses to carry out the next "urgent" tasks; the requirement of unquestioning obedience to higher management; rigid vertical of power.

Authoritarian political regime

(from Latin auctoritas - power, influence; auctor - initiator, founder, author) - a political regime characterized by the concentration of all power in one person (monarch, dictator) or the ruling group.

Authoritarianism is characterized by high centralization of power; nationalization of many aspects of public life; command-administrative methods of leadership; unconditional submission to power; alienation of the people from power; preventing real political opposition; restriction of freedom of the press.

Under authoritarian regimes, the constitution is preserved, but it is declarative. There is also an election system, but it performs an indicative-fictitious function. Election results are usually predetermined and cannot affect the nature of the political regime.

Unlike totalitarianism, under authoritarianism there is no total control over all public organizations. In ideology, limited pluralism is allowed if it does not harm the system. Mostly active opponents of the regime are subjected to repression. People in neutral positions are not considered enemies. There are certain personal rights and freedoms, but they are limited.

Authoritarianism is one of the most common types of political system. According to its characteristics, it occupies an intermediate position between totalitarianism and democracy. Therefore, it is possible both during the transition from totalitarianism to democracy, and vice versa, from democracy to totalitarianism.

Authoritarian regimes are very diverse. They differ in goals and methods of solving problems, in forms of organization of power, and can be reactionary, conservative or progressive. For example, such countries as Chile, Brazil, South Korea, through authoritarianism came to a democratic regime of power.

Democratic political regime

(from the Greek demos - people and kratos - power) - the power of the people, or democracy. This is a form of state, its political regime, in which the people or the majority is (considered) the bearer of state power.

The concept of "democracy" is multifaceted. Democracy is also understood as the form of the structure of a state or organization, and the principles of governance, and a variety of social movements that involve the implementation of democracy, and the ideal of a social order in which citizens are the main arbiters of their destinies.

Democracy as a way of organizing and a form of management can take place in any organization (family, scientific department, production team, public organization, etc.).

Democracy is associated with freedom, equality, justice, observance of human rights, participation of citizens in governance. Therefore, democracy as a political regime is usually opposed to authoritarian, totalitarian and other dictatorial regimes of power.

The word "democracy" is often used in combination with other words, such as social democrat, Christian democrat, liberal democrat, etc. This is done in order to emphasize the adherence of certain social movements to democratic values.

The most important signs of democracy are:

• legal recognition of the supreme power of the people;
• periodic election of the main authorities;
• universal suffrage, according to which every citizen has the right to take part in the formation of representative institutions of power;
• equality of the rights of citizens to participate in government - every citizen has the right not only to elect, but also to be elected to any elective position;
• making decisions by majority vote and subordinating the minority to the majority;
• control of representative bodies over the activities of the executive power;
• accountability of elected bodies to their constituents.

Depending on how the people exercise their right to power, there are three main ways to implement democracy.

Direct Democracy - the entire people (having the right to vote) directly makes decisions and monitors their implementation. This form of democracy is most characteristic of the early forms of democracy, for example, for a tribal community.

Direct democracy existed in ancient times in Athens. There, the main institution of power was the People's Assembly, which made decisions and often could organize their immediate implementation. This form of democracy sometimes resembled the arbitrariness and lynching of the mob. Obviously, this fact was one of the reasons that Plato and Aristotle had a negative attitude towards democracy, considering it to be a "wrong" form of government.

This kind of democracy existed in ancient Rome, medieval Novgorod, Florence and a number of other city-republics.

Plebiscitary Democracy - the people make a decision only in certain cases, for example, during a referendum on some issue.

Representative Democracy - the people elect their representatives, and they govern the state or some authority on its behalf. Representative democracy is the most widespread and effective form of democracy. The shortcomings of representative democracy lie in the fact that the people's representatives, having received power, do not always fulfill the will of those whom they represent.

Subject: Transitional age. Tasks and difficulties of transitional age.
Purpose: - to give an idea of ​​the basic concepts of the lesson;
- define the boundaries of adolescence and give its general characteristics;
- find out what are the tasks and difficulties of adolescence.
Key concepts: teenager, education.
During the classes
Epigraph: He who does not multiply knowledge multiplies sorrow.
King Solomon
Checking homework, Preparing students for the perception of new material.
The teacher checks whether the students have the necessary notebooks, whether they have chosen topics for essays. It is worth reminding students of the rules for taking notes.
Immediately before explaining new material, it is advisable to conduct a conversation on the epigraph, to find out how students understand its meaning.
Learning new material
1. General characteristics of adolescence.
2. Educational activity and work of a teenager.
3. Tasks and difficulties of adolescence.

1. General characteristics of adolescence. In psychology and pedagogy, adolescence is the age of approximately 11 to 15 years. In most European countries (including ours), the definition of “teenager” includes those who are between 13 and 19 years old. Adolescence is otherwise known as the transitional age from childhood to adulthood. A teenager has recently been called the English word teenager.
Adolescence is a special and very important age for the further development of a person. At this time, a significant restructuring of the entire body of a teenager takes place. This is a period of rapid and at the same time uneven physical development: the body grows rapidly and its proportions change, the muscular apparatus improves. This also causes some psychological manifestations - adolescents realize and experience their angularity, awkwardness.
It is advisable to remind students that it is impossible to criticize, even in a joking manner, the physical defects of a person.
In adolescence, there is also a discrepancy in the development of the cardiovascular system, which results in dizziness, palpitations, headaches, weakness, fatigue, etc. observed in some adolescents.
Adolescence is characterized by irritability, irascibility. The nervous system of a teenager is in the stage of formation and restructuring and does not always cope with the ever-increasing emotional stress.
However, adolescence is not some kind of “disabled” age. On the contrary, this is the age of exuberant energy, an active lifestyle.
So, adolescence is an important period in the formation of a person, a person’s character. However, in connection with the peculiarities of physical development, it should be noted the usual, quite normal for adolescence, increased excitability, which, combined with violent energy and activity with insufficient endurance, often leads to undesirable actions, violations of discipline and even legal violations and crimes.
2. Educational activity and work of a teenager. In adolescence, the nature of educational activity is significantly restructured.
A consciously positive attitude of students to learning appears when the teaching satisfies their cognitive needs, thanks to which knowledge acquires a certain meaning for them as a necessary and important condition for preparing for a future independent life. However, here sometimes there are also negative aspects, that is, a negative attitude towards teaching. This may be a kind of reaction to certain failures in the teachings. A teenager usually acutely experiences failures in studies and because of pride, although he pretends that he is indifferent and indifferent to success in learning.
In order for the teaching to be meaningful and productive, it must be combined with life and practice, constantly setting specific and promising tasks and goals, successfully resolving the problems that arise along the way.
In the process of learning, a teenager must acquire the ability for a complex analytical-synthetic perception (observation) of objects and phenomena.
Significant changes in adolescence undergo memory and attention. Development goes along the path of strengthening their arbitrariness. Teenage students should increase the ability to organize and control their attention, memory processes, manage them. The ability to use special methods of memorization is developed in adolescents to a much greater extent than in younger students.
In adolescence, labor activity increases significantly. It is in serious work that adolescents get the opportunity to realize their growing sense of adulthood. Labor, labor activity of adolescents usually take place in a team, and the significance of life and work in a team for a teenager is very high.
Thus, the labor activity of adolescents is an activity that fully meets their age characteristics and needs. The observed cases of laziness, evasion from work, ignoring one's duties at school and at home, negligent attitude to work assignments are exclusively the result of improper upbringing and self-education and have a negative impact on the formation of a teenager's personality.
3. Tasks and difficulties of adolescence. Growing up, a teenager has to solve a lot of difficult tasks. Among them are both school and life tasks.
The textbook presents the tasks of development and education of a teenager, which were identified by the American psychologist R. Havighurst. The psychologist considers these tasks mandatory, and therefore the teacher instructs the students to write these tasks in a notebook:
acceptance of one's appearance and the ability to effectively control one's body;
the formation of new and more mature relationships with peers of both sexes;
taking on a male or female role;
achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults;
preparation for work activities that could ensure economic independence;
preparation for marriage and family life;
the emergence of a desire to be responsible for oneself and society;
acquiring a system of values ​​and ethical principles that can guide in life.
Psychologists believe that each person has to solve these problems in due time. All the tasks of life must be solved in due time.
You can move on to solving a more complex problem only after solving an easier one.
Next, it is necessary to consider what the fulfillment of each task of the adolescence is, and what difficulties await the teenager in the way of solving these tasks.
The teacher reveals the content of these tasks in a casual conversation with the students, and then offers them, with the help of a textbook, to complete a program (plan) for overcoming difficulties, including also the process of overcoming difficulties in solving problems, which occurs in three stages as follows:
Initial assessment of the situation.
Then their own capabilities are evaluated, including possible support from others.
Based on failures or new information, it is possible to arrive at an assessment of the problem, including a new formulation of the problem and new options for behavior.
For a favorable resolution of all the problems and difficulties of adolescence, it is very important to observe the correct routine of a teenager’s life, a strict regimen of his work, sleep, rest and nutrition, and regularly engage in physical education and sports.
The maximum loading of a teenager with good deeds is very important (including classes in sports sections, in various hobby groups, etc.).
It is extremely important to switch the attention of a teenager from negative moments to activities that are interesting and entertaining for him.
Keeping a personal diary can be an invaluable help in overcoming the difficulties that arise before a teenager.
A personal diary is, as it were, a report to oneself, daily, self-critical and not always partial.
The teacher can give an example of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy keeping a diary. In his diary, Lev Nikolaevich was very critical of his person, he literally scourged himself for promiscuity, weakness, laziness. Tolstoy outlined a tough plan to eliminate his shortcomings, set himself the most difficult tasks, and largely thanks to daily self-control through keeping a diary, he eliminated these shortcomings and achieved all the goals set. This was how the character of the great genius was forged, and Lev Nikolayevich (in his own opinion) had a lot of shortcomings.
The teacher recommends that students keep their diary entries, as well as get acquainted with diaries, biographies of prominent people (for example, from the series “Life of Remarkable People”).
Consolidation of the studied material Questions for consolidation
What are the boundaries of adolescence?
Give a general description of adolescence.
What are the features of the educational activity of a teenager?
What are the features of the work activity of a teenager?
List the tasks that need to be addressed in adolescence.
What are the stages of the process of overcoming the difficulties of adolescence?
Can adolescent problems be avoided?
Using the textbook, define the concepts: minors, minors, young, youth, teenagers.
Homework: §1,2; answer questions, do practice.

Lecture:

Political regime

Political regime- this is a set of methods, forms and means that are used by the ruling bodies to manage society and the state.

• means and methods of exercising political power;
• the level of rights and freedoms of citizens;
• the nature of the relationship between the state and society;
• the procedure for selecting political leaders and the ruling elite;
• ways of regulating social conflicts;
• degree of political activity of the population;
• the degree of publicity of the activities of state bodies, etc.

Based on these differences, political regimes are divided into democratic and anti-democratic. In this lesson, we will consider the types of anti-democratic regimes. There are two of them: totalitarian and authoritarian.

Signs of a totalitarian regime are:

• Full (total) control over all spheres of society (examples: under Stalin in the USSR, Hitler in Germany).
• Mandatory ideology and the only political party (examples: CPSU in the USSR, National Socialist German Workers' Party in Germany).
• The rights and freedoms of citizens are declared, but not respected, the people completely obey orders from above. There is strict censorship, dissent is suppressed, opposition is not allowed, believers are being monitored. Let's remember Stalin's regime. A person was persecuted because he stood out among others with his property. There was no freedom even in choosing the type of occupation, imagine if a guy wanted to play football, and he was forcibly sent to gymnastics. And how could total control over every citizen of a huge country be exercised? To carry out surveillance of everyone, there was a nomenclature - numerous secret workers who encouraged denunciation.
• The execution of orders is ensured by punitive measures and mass repressions (whole families and even nations were punished).
• Monopolization of the economy, state ownership of the means of production.

• Unlike a totalitarian regime, under an authoritarian regime, full control is exercised only over politics, the authorities do not interfere in other areas (examples: the regime of Peter I in Tsarist Russia, the regime of Nicholas II in the Russian Empire, the regime of Augusto Pinochet in Chile of the 1970s).
• The dictatorship of power is carried out by one person or a narrow group of people with minimal participation of the population.
• There is a formal separation of powers that is rejected or ignored.
• The political rights and freedoms of citizens are also of a formal nature.
• The management of society is carried out by command, command methods, but there are no mass repressions characteristic of a totalitarian regime.
• Opposition is banned or censored.
• The role of the army and the church is great.

Democratic regime

Mind map in social studies No. 51

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Which reflects the relationship of power and society, the level of political freedom and the nature of political life in the country.

In many ways, these characteristics are due to specific traditions, culture, historical conditions for the development of the state, so we can say that each country has its own unique political regime. However, many regimes in different countries show similarities.

In the scientific literature there are two types of politics:

• democratic;
• antidemocratic.

Signs of a democratic regime:

• the rule of law;
• separation of powers;
• the existence of real political and social rights and freedoms of citizens;
• election of public authorities;
• existence of opposition and pluralism.

Signs of an anti-democratic regime:

• domination of lawlessness and terror;
• lack of political pluralism;
• absence of opposition parties;

The anti-democratic regime is divided into totalitarian and authoritarian. Therefore, we will consider the characteristics of three political regimes: totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.

Democratic regime based on the principles of equality and freedom; The main source of power here is the people. At authoritarian regime political power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or a group of people, but outside the sphere of politics, relative freedom remains. At totalitarian regime the government strictly controls all spheres of society.

Characteristics of political regimes

Democratic regime(from the Greek demokratia - democracy) is based on the recognition of the people as the main source of power, on the principles of equality and freedom. The features of democracy are:

• electivity - there is an election of citizens to the bodies of state power by universal, equal and direct elections;
• separation of powers - power is divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches, independent of each other;
• civil society - citizens can influence the authorities with the help of a developed network of voluntary public organizations;
• equality - all have equal civil and political
• rights and freedoms, as well as guarantees for their protection;
• pluralism- respect for other people's opinions and ideologies, including oppositional ones, prevails, full transparency and freedom of the press from censorship are ensured;
• agreement - political and other social relations are aimed at finding a compromise, and not at a violent solution to the problem; All conflicts are resolved by legal means.

Democracy is direct and representative. At direct democracy decisions are made directly by all citizens who have the right to vote. Direct democracy was, for example, in Athens, in the Novgorod Republic, where people, gathering in the square, made a common decision on every problem. Now direct democracy is implemented, as a rule, in the form of a referendum - a popular vote on draft laws and important issues of national importance. For example, the current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by referendum on December 12, 1993.

In a large area, direct democracy is too difficult to implement. Therefore, government decisions are made by special elected institutions. Such a democracy is called representative, since the elected body (for example, the State Duma) is represented by the people who elected it.

Authoritarian regime(from the Greek autocritas - power) occurs when power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or group of people. Usually authoritarianism is combined with dictatorship. Political opposition is impossible under authoritarianism, but in non-political spheres, for example, in the economy, culture or private life, individual autonomy and relative freedom are preserved.

Totalitarian regime(from lat. totalis - the whole, whole) occurs when all spheres of society are controlled by the authorities. Power under a totalitarian regime is monopolized (by a party, leader, dictator), a single ideology is obligatory for all citizens. The absence of any dissent is ensured by a powerful apparatus of supervision and control, police repressions, and acts of intimidation. The totalitarian regime forms a non-initiative personality prone to submission.

Totalitarian political regime

Totalitarian political regime- this is the regime of "all-consuming domination", which infinitely interferes in the life of citizens, including all their activities in the scope of its control and coercive regulation.

Signs of a totalitarian political regime:

1. Availabilitythe only mass party led by a charismatic leader, as well as the actual merger of party and state structures. This is a kind of “-”, where the central party apparatus occupies the first place in the power hierarchy, and the state acts as a means of implementing the party program;

2. Monopolizationand centralization of power when such political values ​​as submission and loyalty to the "party-state" are primary in comparison with material, religious, aesthetic values ​​in motivation and evaluation of human actions. Within the framework of this regime, the line between political and non-political spheres of life (“the country as a single camp”) disappears. All life activities, including the level of private, personal life, are strictly regulated. The formation of authorities at all levels is carried out through closed channels, bureaucratically;

3. "Unanimity"official ideology which, through massive and targeted indoctrination (media, education, propaganda) is imposed on society as the only true, true way of thinking. At the same time, the emphasis is not on individual, but on “cathedral” values ​​(state, race, nation, class, clan). The spiritual atmosphere of the society is distinguished by fanatical intolerance towards dissent and "other action" on the principle "who is not with us is against us";

4. Systemphysical and psychological terror, the regime of a police state, where the principle prevails as a basic "legal" principle: "Only what is ordered by the authorities is allowed, everything else is prohibited."

Totalitarian regimes traditionally include communist and fascist.

Authoritarian political regime

The main features of an authoritarian regime:

1. ATpower is unlimited, beyond the control of citizens character and concentrated in the hands of one person or group of people. It can be a tyrant, a military junta, a monarch, etc.;

2. Support(potential or real) for strength. An authoritarian regime may not resort to mass repression and may even be popular among the general population. However, in principle, he can afford any actions in relation to citizens in order to force them into obedience;

3. Monopolization of power and politics, prevention of political opposition, independent legal political activity. This circumstance does not exclude the existence of a limited number of parties, trade unions and some other organizations, but their activities are strictly regulated and controlled by the authorities;

4. Pthe replenishment of leading personnel is carried out by co-optation, and not by pre-election competitive struggle; there are no constitutional mechanisms for succession and transfer of power. Changes of power often occur through military coups and violence;

5. Orenunciation of total control over society, non-intervention or limited intervention in non-political spheres, and, above all, in the economy. The authorities are primarily concerned with issues of ensuring their own security, public order, defense and foreign policy, although it can also influence the strategy of economic development, pursue an active social policy without destroying the mechanisms of market self-regulation.

Authoritarian regimes can be divided into rigidly authoritarian, moderate and liberal. There are also types such as "populist authoritarianism", based on equalization oriented masses, and also "national patriotic" in which the national idea is used by the authorities to create either a totalitarian or a democratic society, etc.

• absolute and dualistic monarchies;
• military dictatorships, or regimes with military rule;
• theocracy;
• personal tyranny.

Democratic political regime

Democratic regime is a regime in which power is exercised by a freely expressing majority. Democracy in Greek means literally "rule of the people" or "rule by the people."

Basic principles of the democratic regime of power:

1. Folksovereignty, i.e. The people are the primary holder of power. All power comes from the people and is delegated to them. This principle does not involve making political decisions directly by the people, as, for example, in a referendum. It only assumes that all holders of state power received their power functions thanks to the people, i.e. directly through elections (deputies of parliament or the president) or indirectly through representatives chosen by the people (a government formed and subordinated to parliament);

2. Free elections representatives of the authorities, who presuppose the existence of at least three conditions: the freedom to nominate candidates as a consequence of the freedom to form and function; freedom of suffrage, i.e. universal and equal suffrage on the principle of "one person - one vote"; freedom of voting, perceived as a means of secret ballot and equality for all in receiving information and the opportunity to carry out propaganda during the election campaign;

3. Subordination of the minority to the majority with strict observance of the rights of the minority. The main and natural duty of the majority in a democracy is respect for the opposition, its right to free criticism and the right to change, following the results of new elections, the former majority in power;

4. Implementationseparation of powers. The three branches of power - legislative, executive and judicial - have such powers and practices that the two "corners" of this kind of "triangle" can, if necessary, block the undemocratic actions of the third "corner" that are contrary to the interests of the nation. The absence of a monopoly on power and the pluralistic nature of all political institutions is a necessary condition for democracy;

5. Constitutionalismand the rule of law in all spheres of life. The law prevails regardless of the person, everyone is equal before the law. Hence the "frigidity", "coldness" of democracy, i.e. she is rational. Legal principle of democracy: “Everything that is not prohibited by law,- permitted."

• presidential republics;
• parliamentary republics;
• parliamentary monarchies.

Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

4.4. Typology of political regimes

Political regime - 1) a set of methods for exercising power and achieving political goals; 2) a set of methods, techniques and forms of implementation of political relations in society, that is, the way the functioning of its political system; 3) a set of means and methods by which the ruling elites exercise economic, political and ideological power in the country.

Institutions of the political regime: the state (methods of forming the highest state power), parties, pressure groups, non-political structures (church, media, etc.).

The concept of "political regime" expresses the nature of the relationship between state power and the individual, which determines the degree of social freedom of the individual, gives an idea of ​​the foundations of the power system.

Types of political regimes:

1) Totalitarian regime. The term "totalitarianism" was introduced into the political lexicon in the 1920s. Italian philosopher J. Gentile, then was used by the leader of the Italian fascists B. Mussolini to characterize the mode he created. In the work of the American political scientists K. Friedrich and Z. Brzezinski "Totalitarian dictatorship and autocracy" (1956), the following main features of a totalitarian regime are formulated:

– The official ideology, i.e., the set of ideas that justifies the right of these regimes to exist, claims to cover all spheres of public and private life without exception and is universally binding. The interests and freedoms of the individual are subordinated to the interests of the state. The society operates on the principle of "everything is prohibited except what is ordered."

- Monopoly on the power of one political party, the party itself - under the rule of one charismatic leader (Fuhrer, Duce, Secretary General); leaderism, the cult of personality. There is a process of merging the ruling party with the state apparatus.

- The system of terrorist police control, which is carried out not only for "enemies of the people", but for the whole society. Individuals, entire classes, ethnic groups are controlled. The state becomes illegal.

- Party control over the media, strict censorship of any information.

- Comprehensive control over the armed forces, the militarization of society, the creation of a military camp environment, the "iron curtain".

– Centralized control of the economy and a system of bureaucratic management of economic activity; planned economy as the most rational and efficient.

Totalitarianism is characterized by the highest degree of regulation and control.

The prerequisites for totalitarianism are: industrial stage of development of society; the growth of rationality and organization in public life; the emergence of monopolies and their merging with the state (totalitarianism - a general state monopoly); statization (statization) of society, especially intensifying during wars; mass collectivist-mechanistic outlook; emotional confidence in the ability to quickly improve life with the help of rational social transformations; psychological dissatisfaction with the social alienation of the individual, his defenselessness and loneliness; acute socio-economic crisis, sharply increasing the troubles and discontent of the population; appearance of numerous marginal layers.

The authorities act as the main guarantor of ideological control over the population. The party-state organization of society is characterized by a rigid hierarchical structure. Any political opposition and the creation of any organizations without the sanction of the authorities are prohibited. Depending on the dominant ideology, totalitarianism is usually divided into communism, fascism and national socialism.

A) communism (socialism) presupposes the absolute power of the state, the complete elimination of private property and any autonomy of the individual. Despite the predominantly totalitarian forms of political organization, humane political goals are also inherent in the socialist system.

B) fascism is a right-wing extremist political movement, it was first established in Italy in 1922. Fascism claims to restore or purify the "people's soul", ensuring a collective identity on cultural or ethnic grounds. With all its national characteristics, fascism expressed the interests of the most reactionary circles of capitalist society, which provided financial and political support to fascist movements, seeking to use them to suppress the revolutionary uprisings of the working masses, preserve the existing system and realize their imperial ambitions in the international arena.

C) National Socialism originated in Germany in 1933. Its goal is the world domination of the Aryan race, and the social preference is the German nation. If in communist systems aggressiveness is directed primarily against its own citizens (class enemy), then in National Socialism it is directed against other peoples.

Totalitarianism is a closed society, not adapted to qualitative renewal, taking into account the new requirements of a continuously changing world.

2) Authoritarianism- a regime characterized by a monopoly on the power of any one party, group, person or social institution; one of the forms of political dictatorship. An authoritarian political system has the following features:

- autocracy (autocracy) - a small number of power holders. They can be one person (monarch, tyrant) or a group of people (military junta, oligarchic group, etc.);

- Unlimited power, its non-control of citizens. Power can rule by laws, but it accepts them at its own discretion;

- reliance (real or potential) on force. An authoritarian regime may not resort to mass repression and be popular among the general population. However, he has sufficient power to force citizens into obedience if necessary;

– monopolization of power and politics, prevention of political opposition and competition. Under authoritarianism, the existence of a limited number of parties, trade unions and other organizations is possible, but only if they are controlled by the authorities;

- refusal of total control over society, non-interference in non-political spheres. The government deals mainly with issues of ensuring its own security, public order, defense, foreign policy, although it can also influence the strategy of economic development, pursue a fairly active social policy without destroying the mechanisms of market self-government;

- characterized by unitary forms of the state with a rigid centralization of power. The rights of national minorities are limited;

- the vast public sector is strictly regulated by the state, it functions within the framework of a market economy and gets along well with private entrepreneurship. The economy can be both highly efficient and inefficient;

- censorship of the media, which is allowed to criticize certain shortcomings of public policy while maintaining loyalty to the system;

- recruitment (formation) of the political elite by introducing new members to the elective body without holding by-elections, by appointment from above, and not as a result of competitive electoral struggle.

Differences from the totalitarian political regime:

* authoritarianism allows limited pluralism if it does not harm the system; a citizen is not subject to repression if he is not an active opponent of the regime (a ritual confirmation of loyalty and the absence of a direct challenge); under authoritarianism, the central role is played not by worldview, but by the preservation of power;

* authoritarian dictatorships prefer to maintain traditional class, estate or tribal barriers, alien to totalitarianism, which breaks traditional social ties, turns "classes into masses";

a) preservation of the traditional type of society with a focus on the usual and sustainable forms of social life and authorities; b) preservation of the patriarchal and subservient types of political culture as predominant; c) significant influence of religious norms (Islam, Buddhism, Confucianism) on the political orientations of the population; d) economic backwardness; e) underdevelopment of civil society; f) high degree of conflict in developing societies.

- party regimes (monopoly power of any party or political group): forms of government of aristocratic (Morocco, Nepal) or family (Guatemala) groups; the rule of the first persons of the state with their cohesive political "teams" (Belarus);

- military-dictatorial regime (most countries of Latin America, South Korea, Portugal, Spain, Greece). Modern military regimes are characterized by the suppression of a large part of political and civil liberties, widespread corruption and internal instability; state resources are used mainly to suppress resistance, reduce the social activity of citizens;

– theocratic regime (Iran since 1979);

- national authoritarianism arises as a result of dominance in an elite grouping of a national or ethnic group (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan). In these countries, an unspoken policy of ousting foreign groups is being pursued;

- corporate regimes embody the power of bureaucratic, oligarchic or shadow (informal, criminal) groups that combine power and property and, on this basis, control the decision-making process;

- despotic regime (the supreme leader relies on arbitrariness and informal clan, family structures);

- personal tyranny (power belongs to the leader and its strong institutions are absent: S. Hussein's regime in Iraq, M. Gaddafi's regime in Libya).

The authoritarian regime has a high ability to ensure political stability and public order, mobilize public resources to solve certain problems, overcome the resistance of political opponents, as well as the ability to solve progressive tasks related to the country's exit from the crisis. Authoritarianism contains certain reformist opportunities. Achieving economic and social efficiency, authoritarian regimes form a democratic system of values, the interest of citizens in political and civil rights and freedoms, the need for freedom of information, independence of thought, intolerance for arbitrariness and violence.