How many days does the wound heal. Wound healing after surgery, drugs, dietary rules

From this article you will learn:

• how the gum heals after tooth extraction: photo,
• why is white plaque formed,
• how to speed up wound healing after tooth extraction.

Immediately after the extraction of the tooth, the hole is filled with blood, which normally immediately folds, forming a blood clot. The latter protects the hole from infection from the oral cavity, and is also the basis for the formation of gums and bone at the site of the extracted tooth. Over time, the surface of the clot epithelializes, becoming indistinguishable from the gingival mucosa.

As a rule, it can be difficult for patients to understand whether they have normal wound healing after tooth extraction or if there is inflammation. The latter can sometimes develop almost asymptomatically, and a white plaque that forms on the surface of a clot or gum after tooth extraction can indicate both normal healing and inflammation.

How does the gum heal after tooth extraction: photo
(dates are indicated in the photo)

Remember that the gums heal properly - immediately after removal, the patient must adhere to those regulating rinsing, oral hygiene and nutritional habits in the first days after removal.

How long does the gum heal after tooth extraction - terms

How much the gum heals after tooth extraction depends on many factors: on the degree of traumatic removal, whether sutures were applied, on the possible attachment of infectious inflammation of the hole, on the age of the patient. Healing of the hole after tooth extraction can be divided into partial and complete.

Partial epithelialization of the wound occurs on average in 12 days (Fig. 5), but complete epithelialization of the clot surface is observed in 20 to 25 days (Fig. 6). However, if inflammation of the hole occurs or after, which is usually accompanied by a large bone injury, the healing time may increase by several days.

Reasons for slow healing –

• significant trauma to the bone and gums during removal (both due to the indifference of the doctor, and due to the sawing of the bone around the tooth with a drill during difficult removal),
• when a clot falls out of the hole (empty hole),
• development ,
• the doctor left fragments or inactive fragments of bone tissue in the hole,
• if sharp bone fragments stick out through the mucous membrane,
• if the gum mucosa around the hole is highly mobile, and the doctor has not stitched,
• antibiotics were not prescribed after complex removal,
• patient's age.

How to speed up wound healing after tooth extraction -

The best tool that can accelerate the healing of the gums after tooth extraction is the suturing of the socket of the extracted tooth by the surgeon immediately after the extraction of the tooth. Moreover, it is necessary that the edges of the mucous membrane of the gums be as close as possible to each other. This will speed up healing and reduce the risk of developing inflammation of the socket of the extracted tooth. But if you've already had a tooth removed without stitches, then topical oral agents can help (see below).

Additional topical agents –
often patients ask if there is an ointment for healing wounds after tooth extraction ... If you are not satisfied with how long the gum heals after tooth extraction, then this process can really be accelerated. Rapid healing of wounds in the oral cavity is possible with the use of agents that accelerate the epithelization of wounds on the mucous membrane. These funds include -

It should be noted that these drugs also have a good analgesic effect. You can read about the features of their use after tooth extraction using the links above, but if you are a fan of folk remedies, then ordinary sea buckthorn oil may come in handy (although its effect will be noticeably more modest).

What does white plaque mean after tooth extraction -

Some patients notice that their gums have turned white after tooth extraction. In the normal course of events, a whitish coating is nothing more than an "effusion" of fibrin from the blood, and indicates the beginning of wound epithelialization. White plaque after tooth extraction usually occurs on the surface of a blood clot (Fig. 8), as well as on the surface of a severely injured mucous membrane.

White plaque on the gum after tooth extraction -

At the same time, the gum surrounding the hole has a pale pink color, when pressing on the gum, there should be no purulent discharge (as in the video below), there should not be an unpleasant smell from the hole, constant aching pain or pain in cold and hot water.

When whitening of the gums indicates inflammation -

The photos above show what a white or yellowish coating can be like in normal conditions. However, very often, necrotic disintegration of a blood clot, or fragments of bone tissue protruding along the edges of the hole or in its depth, covered with a whitish or yellowish coating, can also be taken for such a raid.

White gum after tooth extraction with inflammation (Fig. 10-12) -

Such conditions of the hole after removal are always accompanied by discomfort, constant or recurrent aching pains, an unpleasant odor from the hole, and sometimes suppuration from the hole. In the presence of areas of bone not covered with a clot, there is almost always pain when cold or hot water enters. In all these situations, an urgent visit to the surgeon for (alveolitis) is necessary.

It is not possible to cure alveolitis at home, because. in the presence of a disintegration of a blood clot, it must first be cleaned out of the well, washed with antiseptics, after which the doctor during periodic examinations will initially put anti-inflammatory drugs in the well, and only after the inflammation subsides, means are already laid in the well to accelerate epithelization (such as Solcoseryl).

In video 1 below, you can see that the hole is filled in depth with necrotic disintegration of a white blood clot. In video 2, the patient was removed 8 teeth from both sides, and when you press the gum, you can see how thick pus comes out of the holes.

Body tissues are able to regenerate over time, but this process takes time. How wounds heal and why this can take a long time, we will consider in our article.

How and how long do wounds heal

Wound healing occurs in three stages:

1. Inflammation
2. Proliferation
3. Scar formation

At the stage of inflammation, the body fights against the penetrating infection. A blood clot appears, which stops the bleeding. Edema is also formed. This swelling is capable of putting pressure on the nerve tissue, causing pain. A week later, the wound cavity begins to fill with tissue, which is called granulation tissue.

At the second stage, the wound is actively filled with epithelial tissue. A scar appears, and then capillaries that are saturated with blood, and therefore the scar looks scarlet or has a purple hue.

The third stage starts from the fourth week and can last quite a long time, up to a year. The epithelium is formed, the scar turns pale and the primary collagen, which was formed in the second phase, is replaced by a secondary one. This completes the wound healing process. If you want to learn more about stitches and wounds, then you can read the article.

What determines the rate of healing

The wound can take a very long time to heal. It all depends on a number of factors:

• Depth and length of cut
• Bandage quality
• The use of medicines
• Impact on the wound (movement, pressure).

Complex wounds often require suturing. It would seem that this should accelerate healing, but tissue regeneration depends not only on the presence of a suture, but also on the use of drugs. At the same time, even if the patient receives medication and eliminates the impact on the wound, it will still take time to heal. This is primarily due to the genetic characteristics of the human body.

How to heal a wound faster

There are various methods to speed up wound healing. In addition to drugs, traditional medicine remains effective. For example:

Bee Honey

Thanks to honey, inflammation can be eliminated, blood flow can be improved. This speeds up the healing process. Honey can treat not only cuts, but also burns, as well as festering wounds and frostbite. It is best to use a gauze bandage, which simply needs to be soaked in honey and applied to the wound.

Chamomile

Chamomile also has good properties that can be used for wound healing. It is enough to prepare a solution of chamomile by mixing it with boiled water. Allow to cool, as a result, the tincture should turn out to be warm. Next, moisten with cotton wool and apply to the wound. Wrap with gauze. You need to keep such a compress for half an hour and apply it twice a day every day.

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In medicine, there are three main types of wound healing: healing under the scab, as well as the method of secondary and primary intention. A certain method of healing is always chosen by the doctor, based on the patient's condition and the characteristics of his immune system, the nature of the wound received, and the presence of infection in the affected area. The stages of wound healing, or rather their duration, depends directly on the type of injury and its scale, as well as on the type of healing itself.

In this article, you will learn everything about the type of wound healing and their characteristics, what are the features and how to properly care for an injury after the healing process.

Healing by first intention

This type of regeneration is the most perfect, since the whole process takes place over a short period of time, and a rather thin, but very strong scar is formed.

As a rule, wounds after operations and suturing heal by primary intention, as well as minor injuries after cuts, if the edges of the wound do not have strong discrepancies.

Wound healing in this way is possible in the absence of an inflammatory process accompanied by suppuration. The edges of the wound are tightly connected and fixed, resulting in normal and rapid healing of the wound without the formation of a large amount of coarse scar tissue.

In place of the wound, only a thin scar remains, which at first after formation has a red or pink color, but later gradually brightens and acquires an almost general tone with the skin.

The wound heals by primary intention if its edges are completely close to each other, while between them there are no areas of necrosis, any foreign bodies, there are no signs of inflammation, and the damaged tissues have fully retained their viability.

secondary tension

Secondary intention mainly heals wounds that cannot be sewn up and those that were not sewn up in time due to the fact that the person turned to the doctors late. By secondary intention, wounds also heal, in which the process of inflammation and the formation of pus is actively developing. With this method of healing, granulation tissue first develops in the wound cavity, gradually filling all the available space, while forming a sufficiently large and dense connective tissue scar. Subsequently, this tissue is covered with epithelium from the outside.

The processes of secondary healing usually proceed against the background of a fairly intense inflammation that has arisen due to primary, as well as secondary infection, and is accompanied by the release of pus.

The type of secondary intention can be used for healing wounds with a strong divergence of edges and a significant wound cavity, as well as for those injuries in the cavity of which there are necrotic tissues or foreign bodies, blood clots.

Also, this technique is resorted to in cases where the patient has hypovitaminosis, general exhaustion of the body, metabolic processes are disturbed, due to which not only the body's defenses decrease, but also the intensity of natural tissue regeneration processes.

The granulation tissue that develops in the wound cavity has a very important biological significance for the general healing process and the organism as a whole. It is a kind of physiological as well as a mechanical barrier that creates an obstacle to the absorption of toxins, microbes from the wound cavity and decay products of the inflammatory process into the tissues of the body, which are toxic to the body.

In addition, the granulation tissue secretes a special wound secret, which contributes to faster wound cleansing in mechanical terms, and also has a natural bactericidal effect, which creates an obstacle to the spread of bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms from the damaged area to the skin and healthy tissues.

It is with the help of the process of granulation in the wound cavity that the dead tissues are separated from the living ones while filling the damaged space.

Of course, only granulation tissue, which is not damaged, has all the protective properties, therefore, when changing dressings, it is very important to be extremely careful and careful so as not to cause additional damage to the wound.

Healing under the scab

This type of healing usually restores scratches, small wounds, abrasions, burns, small and shallow wounds, as well as bedsores, ulcers and other skin lesions.

In the process of healing, a crust forms on the surface of the wound or other damage, having at first red, and, then, dark brown color, which is called a scab. Such a formation consists of lymph, clotted blood and wound exudate, mixed together and covering the surface of the injury with the formed substance.

The scab is a fairly dense formation that perfectly protects the wound. from pollution, penetration of harmful microorganisms, mechanical damage, while holding the edges of the injury together, ensuring their relative immobility.

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The eschar also provides the correct balance within the lesion to prevent possible drying of the granulation tissue.

Wounds heal under the scab according to the principle of primary and secondary intention. By primary intention, the wound under the scab heals when the recovery process is not disturbed and the crust falls off on its own in due time. If the scab was damaged and removed forcibly before the restoration of internal tissues, then the re-formation of the crust begins and healing takes place by secondary intention.

Treatment of minor abrasions and cuts

Abrasions and various small wounds can be treated and treated at home, on their own, but be sure to follow all the rules of care and use the right tools.

First of all, when receiving any wound, it must be washed with soap and water to clean it of dirt and microorganisms that have got inside.

After that, the wound should be dried with a napkin and, using a gauze swab, treat the damage with a pharmacy solution of hydrogen peroxide, gently wetting the surface.

It is not necessary to pour hydrogen peroxide directly from the vial onto the wound. This tool allows not only to effectively disinfect the surface of the injury and the skin around it, while eliminating almost all types of harmful microorganisms, but also helps to stop bleeding.

Then it is best to apply a sterile bandage. If the wound is very small or the damage is a scratch or minor abrasion, you can fold a piece of bandage according to the size of the injury or take a cotton pad, soak them with a solution, for example, apply to the wound and secure with a plaster or bandage. If the bandage becomes saturated with blood, it must be changed to a fresh one, repeating the treatment of the wound.

It is necessary to change the bandage soaked in blood so that later, when changing the dressing, you do not accidentally tear off the blood clot that has formed on the surface of the wound, which will later become a scab.

Once a crust has formed, the dressing should be removed and the lesion left open. Wounds under the scab heal best and much faster in the air.

Care after healing

After the formation of a scab on the surface of the damage, which indicates the beginning of the normal healing process, it is very important to ensure that the crust is not injured by any careless movement.

In no case should you try to rip off the scab before the time when new tissues under it have not yet formed. Such actions can lead not only to the penetration of infection and an increase in the recovery time of damaged tissues, but also to the formation of a scar, which in the future will require treatment and adjustment. After the formation of a full-fledged tissue, the scab will fall off on its own.

It is important that the surface of the scab always remains dry. If the crust is wet with water, for example, when washing hands or body, it should be dried immediately with a paper towel.

After the scab has fallen off, various ointments, creams or folk remedies can be used to accelerate the formation of the epithelium at the site of the former injury, as well as to soften and moisturize young tissues and prevent the formation of a serious scar.

Damage recovery

The recovery time for any injury largely depends on its characteristics, location, location, depth, size, healing method used, medications, proper care, timeliness of treatments and dressing changes.

The healing method plays a significant role in the healing process and recovery time.

If the wound heals by the method of primary intention, is clean, there is no inflammatory process in it, then healing occurs in about 7-10 days, and tissue restoration and strengthening occurs within about a month.

If an infection has got into the wound and an inflammatory process develops with severe suppuration, then healing occurs according to the secondary tension method and the recovery time is delayed. In this case, the timing of complete healing will be individual, since much depends on the state and correct functioning of the patient's immune system, the presence of diseases of the endocrine system and any ailments in a chronic form.

If the human body is weakened and there are disturbances in metabolic processes, then the recovery time in the presence of an inflammatory process can be very delayed and amount to several months.

The rate of wound healing under the scab primarily depends on the state of the immune system and on the correct care of the wound site. It is very important not to tear off the formed crust, but to wait until it falls off on its own at the end of the process of regeneration of new tissues.

With the help of special preparations, such as various antiseptic solutions, therapeutic powders in powder form, as well as gels, creams and ointments, in many cases it is possible not only to significantly speed up the recovery time, but also to make the scar after healing much smaller, softer, lighter or not formed at all. For the same purpose, traditional medicine can also be used, but it is important that only a qualified doctor make any appointments in the treatment of wounds.

What to do with suppuration and microbial infection of the wound

If an infection has entered the wound cavity, an inflammatory process will certainly begin in it, the intensity of which primarily depends on the general state of human health, as well as on the type of microorganisms that have penetrated the wound cavity.

When suppuration begins, wounds should be dressed frequently, changing dressings at least twice a day, but if the dressing becomes contaminated more rapidly, dressings should be changed more frequently, as needed, each time the wound is treated.

When changing dressings, the surface of the wound and the skin around it must be treated with an antiseptic solution, after which, if necessary, special ointments are applied to help not only fight microorganisms, but also eliminate inflammation, swelling, accelerate the cleansing of the wound cavity, and also maintain the necessary moisture balance in the wound, without letting it dry out.

It is important to carry out dressings correctly and in a timely manner, using sterile instruments, sterile materials, the right means to eliminate inflammation and accelerate healing, and also by following the rules for changing dressings.

bibliographic description:
To the establishment of the period of healing of abrasions / Kononenko V.I. // Forensic-medical examination. - M., 1959. - No. 1. - S. 19-22.

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In the place of formation of abrasions on the body of a living person, healing processes begin to be detected quite quickly, which, during the examination, can serve as the basis for an approximate determination of the period of occurrence of abrasions. Literature data on this issue are contradictory.

The first signs accompanying an abrasion are redness and swelling, noted by Zablotsky, which, in his opinion, can persist for 8-10 days. However, other authors (A. Shauenstein, A. S. Ignatovsky, A. F. Taikov) indicate other terms for the disappearance of redness and swelling.

The data on the timing of the formation and falling off of the crust at the site of the abrasion, given in the literature, also diverge.

The issue of abrasions A.F. Taikov, who are allocated 4 stages of healing: the first - when the surface of the abrasion is below the level of the surrounding skin (up to a day or more); the second - the formation of a crust that rises above the level of intact skin - from 1 to 3-4 days; the third - the process of epithelialization occurring under the crust, the exfoliation of which begins from the edges and ends on the 7-9th day; the fourth is the disappearance of traces after the crust falls off at the site of the former abrasion (9-12 days).

As you know, there are no scars at the site of abrasions, but a pale pink area that disappears over time is found. Literature data on the terms of preservation of this site are even more contradictory (N.S. Bokarius, Grzhivo-Dombrovsky, Yu. Kratter, E.R. Hoffman, V. Neugebauer, K.I. Tatiev, A.F. Taikov, etc.) .

As can be seen from the above, when determining the timing of the formation and falling off of the crust and in general the healing of abrasions, neither the size, nor the depth, nor their localization, nor the age of the witness and the general condition of his body were taken into account. Only A.F. Taikov points out the need to take into account the state of the central nervous system and speaks of its suppression in fatal injuries, which affects the healing process of abrasions.

It seems to us that with the division of the process of healing abrasions into stages, proposed by A.F. Taikov, we cannot agree. The healing process itself proceeds and develops gradually and cannot be limited by the listed stages. In addition, the division into stages makes it difficult for experts to establish the time period for the formation of abrasions.

Our observations have shown that during the healing of abrasions, changes occur in them continuously, for short periods of time, especially in the initial period of healing, and these changes can be used as the basis for establishing the timing of their formation.

24 abrasions were observed in people aged 11 to 56 years (mainly 11, 25, 30 and 56 years old). On the first day, the observation was carried out 4 times, on the second and third - 2 times, on the rest - 1 time every day. Localization of abrasions was different: lower leg, thigh, forearms, hands, neck and chest.

The table below shows signs of various terms of intravital healing of abrasions. A fresh abrasion in 3/4 of all cases lies below the level of the surrounding skin, but sometimes at the level with the surrounding skin. Its surface is moist, soft to the touch, in most cases pinkish-red in color, but shades can vary from pale pink, brown to dark tones. During the first day, there is a slight soreness and the influence of infection can be observed.

On the second day, in 3/4 of all cases, the deposited surface is located on the same level with the surrounding skin, but sometimes it already begins to rise, and only single abrasions are below the level of the skin.

On the third day, almost all abrasions are covered with a raised crust of brown-red color, but shades of pink-red color, sometimes dark, brown and yellowish, can also be noted.

After 4 days, the crust, as a rule, is higher than the level of the skin, and only in those rare cases when the reactivity of the body is weakened or depressed as a result of extensive trauma: (severe bodily injury), it does not rise above the level of the surrounding skin. By the end of the 8-11th day, the crust is easily separated, but it can fall off even earlier, especially in cases where the abrasion was first smeared with iodine or brilliant green, as well as in cases of superficial abrasions of small size and when they are localized on the neck.

Of course, one cannot think that the signs and terms given in the table are absolute for all cases (sometimes the crusts fall off on the 6th day), but this does not exclude the possibility of using these data in the practice of a forensic expert.

The duration of healing also depends on the size of the abrasion. At the same time, the following regularity should be noted: in superficial abrasions 0.5×0.3 cm in size, other things being equal, the crusts were separated on the 6th day, and in abrasions 2×1 cm in size, on the 8th day. Localization also matters: with the location of abrasions on the neck, the time for separation of the crust is reduced. So, with abrasions measuring 6 × 1 cm on the neck, the crusts fell off already on the 8th day.

Infection of abrasions has a significant impact on the healing process. In one case, with an abrasion size of 2×1 cm, when an infection was added on the 4th day (suppuration), the crust separated only on the 15th day.

When determining the duration of an abrasion, a forensic medical expert should take into account such points as the localization of the abrasion, the depth of skin integument (superficial or deep abrasion), size, infection, lubrication with iodine, brilliant green of the abrasion surface, as well as the individual properties of the victim.

We studied the certificates of examination in the Kharkov forensic outpatient clinic for the 1st half of 1957, in which there was a description of 1270 abrasions. At the same time, it turned out that in 75% of cases the expert sees an abrasion on the 2nd day of its formation. In 81.4% of these cases, abrasions were located on the same level with the surrounding skin, in 66.5% they were brown-red, in 31.2% - reddish, in 2.3% - yellowish-red, in all cases there was redness of the skin around the abrasion. On the 3rd day, abrasions were examined in 14.6% of cases, and on the 4th day - in 7.2%, etc. The sizes of the abrasions were different: the color of the crust on the 3rd day was mostly red-brown ( 71.9%) and only in 18.1% of cases - brown-red.

Comparison of our data on the healing of abrasions with those from the practice of the Kharkov forensic outpatient clinic showed the coincidence of the detected signs during healing.

Thus, the given data, it seems to us, can be used to judge the timing of the formation of abrasions in the practice of a forensic expert.

A simple wound is not so terrible - many people think so. But if it's not handled well, it can quickly turn into a serious problem. Here's how to identify the signs of a developing infection so you can get rid of it before it causes real trouble.

Dirt and particles are still on your skin

Depending on the circumstances that caused the scratch (for example, you fell on a sandy pavement), various small particles could get into the wound. It is extremely important to treat it immediately and remove any debris or dirt to prevent infection from entering the wound. However, if you find that a splinter or dirt has penetrated too deep under the skin and you yourself can not get it, see a doctor. Do not think that if you wash the wound, then the development of infection can be avoided.

Do you use soap in the treatment of microtraumas?

Surprised to see soap on this list? This is just one of the common health products that can be dangerous for you and your family. Ordinary hand soap can sometimes irritate the skin, which can slow down the healing process and, in turn, lead to infection of the wound. Of course, each person reacts differently to different cleansers, all this is purely individual. But why take the risk and use soap to treat microtrauma? It is best to abandon the use of coarse ingredients, namely soaps, and use soft moisturizing gels and ointments. They are much more useful than soap.

Neglect bandages

If you think it's a good idea to let your skin breathe after the initial treatment of any microtrauma, think again. By not dressing the wound, you expose the skin to infection. New cells must migrate to the appropriate areas in order for the wound to heal faster. Covering it with a bandage, you facilitate and speed up this process. The best way to help prevent infection is to apply an ointment to the wound, which should always be in your home. If you haven't been to a doctor, keep at least Vaseline in your first aid kit. As you know, it prevents the wound from drying out and the formation of scabs, respectively, it heals faster.

You cut yourself on rusty metal, the cut is too deep

Do you have a deep cut, as the skin was damaged by a rusty blade or any other metal? This does not guarantee that after you treat the wound, you will not get an infection. But this means that you should immediately consult a doctor. Do not attempt to heal deep cuts or scrapes yourself. You are not a doctor, and a simple bandage and Vaseline will not save you, as in such situations, you will probably need to put stitches on the wound. And only a doctor can do this.

Redness and swelling around the wound

It is quite normal for the skin around a wound or scratch to look a little different. There is redness, swelling and even a small bruise. The main thing is not to confuse this with an accumulation of pus. Panic is only worthwhile if these symptoms worsen and the wound does not heal. For example, redness and slight swelling around a cut or scrape are often signs of healing. But when this color does not disappear for a long time or the swelling increases, this indicates that the process of infection of the wound has begun. Do not delay, consult a doctor as soon as possible to avoid terrible consequences.

The pain doesn't subside

Obviously, cuts and scrapes hurt a little, some of them even a lot. But if your pain does not subside, but only intensifies, you are unable to endure it, this means that an infection has got into the wound, that is, it is time to see a doctor.

The pus is green and has an unpleasant odor

If you have a wound or a deep scratch on your body, then there are two things to watch closely: color and smell. If you see green pus oozing from the wound or a foul odor is coming out of the wound, this is a sign that you have a purulent infection. You need to urgently run to the doctor. But what if a yellowish substance in the form of a film has formed on a wound or scratch? No need to worry. Doctors say it's actually called granulation tissue, which is part of the healing process. However, it should not be confused with pus.

you feel bad

Although it seems that the signs of a skin infection will only show up on your skin, this is not always the case. As the infection spreads, your body steps up its counterattack. And this can lead to systemic symptoms such as fever, nausea, mental confusion, or just mild malaise. Although everything is purely individual, but if you feel unwell, and your wound does not heal for a long time, consult a doctor. Have him examine the wound and examine your symptoms. An abrasion or scratch can become a more serious problem.

When Your Infection Becomes Something More Serious

Skin infections can escalate into a serious threat, and it can happen literally overnight. Staphylococcus is a good example. Infections are caused by staphylococcal bacteria, microbes that are commonly found on the skin of healthy people. This is usually not as problematic when bacteria invade your body. But a staphylococcal infection can be fatal for a person. There are many types of infections caused by staph bacteria. They are characterized by redness, swelling, ulcers and usually affect areas of the skin on the legs. Impetigo is a dangerous skin disease caused by staphylococcus bacteria. This is a contagious and painful rash that usually results in large blisters, oozing fluid, and a golden crust. Be sure to see your doctor if you have any of these symptoms or if you suspect an infection has begun to progress. Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics and treat the affected area to improve your condition.