Continuous and separate spelling of complex adjectives scheme. Russian Spelling and Punctuation Rules (1956)

§ 80. Compound adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from conjointly spelled complex nouns, for example: tap water(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture) Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words, subordinate to one another in their meaning, for example: railway(Railway), economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(difficult in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling the rails) nationwide(common to the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); this also includes denoting a single concept of education (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: obscure, nearby, burning, highly respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Compound adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly concealed, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: abdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of names and surnames, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of names and surnames, names and patronymics, for example: diesel-engine, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, north-eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollanovsky, Walter-Scottovsky, Lev-Tolstoy, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Amudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-komsomol, gardening, meat-and-milk, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(vocabulary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional connotation, for example: booming-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark blond, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north and north, south and south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), mass political(Job), vocabulary and technical(the Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-cloddy-silty, oblong-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is self-, self- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relations, or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only in meaning.

Methods of education

In Russian, there are compound adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:

Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
general historical method (general history);
general education school (general education);
seriously ill patient (severe patient);
one-way traffic (one side).

Adjectives can be formed from nouns interconnected with each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:

metalworking machine (metal processing);
forest protection sign (forest protection);
house-building company (building a house);
car rental company (car rental);
petty-bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).

Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical features. For example:

easily injured person (easy to hurt);
sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
Bolshie Vyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).

Consolidated spelling of terms

The spelling of compound adjectives can vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words belong. In the scientific, technical and medical literature, there are often terms that come from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulation, chromic acid, privately owned, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot be in doubt, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with such elements as common-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. Separately, it is also impossible to write words of terminological subjects that begin with high, wide, low, deep, small, narrow, many, little, strong, sharp, steep, thick, and so on. For example:

potent hypnotic;
highly developed country;
large-scale actions;
highly specialized production;
densely populated area.

Separate spelling of terms

The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of separate words can be correct. For example:

densely populated area (densely populated by foreigners area);
little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).

In spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And the free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:

quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperature);
easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
perishable milk (milk that spoils quickly without prior pasteurization).

It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.

Compound adjectives are also words, the first component of which is a quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.

Hyphen in adjectives and nouns

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.

You need to know that adjectives are always hyphenated if they are formed from hyphenated nouns. For example:

social democratic party (social democracy);
southeastern district (southeast);
Karachay-Circassian population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
New York park (New York);
prime ministerial corps (prime minister).

But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:

anti-social democratic views;
near the Syrdarya city.

Individual affiliation

Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas it is necessary to know that in such cases a hyphen must necessarily stand between the main elements of the adjective. For example:

Ilfo-Peter characters;
mine-read novel;
Robin Hood exploits;
Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
Ivan Groznov time.

Adjectives that include two equal concepts

The spelling of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load that each of the components carries. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:

cultural and entertainment center;
reporting and examination concert;
cardiovascular disease;
promotional event;
English-German dictionary;
worker-peasant movement;
Russian-Turkish war;
artistic and journalistic genre;
Distillery;
electronic-automatic method.

Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features

Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous members of speech. As the first part in such adjectives, such bases as mass-, folk-, military-, scientific-, educational- often act. For example:

Research Institute;
folk arts and crafts;
Navy;
Training and Consulting Center.

Adjectives denoting quality

If an adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it some shade, a hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies in writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:

sweet and sour sauce;
courageous and severe look;
anxious obsessive thoughts;
good-natured and friendly smile;
pale pink lips;
bright red dress.

Writing terms with a hyphen

Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:

cereal and legume herbs;
gastro-hepatic collection;
soft magnetic materials;
stone-concrete foundation;
filling and drain valve.

Compound adjectives are not written together if the first part of them is a borrowing from a foreign language with the suffix "-iko". When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:

historical and ethnographic;
critical and journalistic;
health-improving;
political and legal;
chemical-technological.

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives occurs in the same definitions. The spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:

courageously severe appearance (severe and courageous);
courageously severe appearance (courageous severity).

Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is the right basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:

naive-childish reasoning;
solemnly sublime vocabulary;
condescending attitude.

Russian language 6 class Date ________

Subject : HYPHENATED AND CONNECTED

COMPOUND ADJECTS

Goals: educational: introduce the conditions for using a hyphen in complex adjectives, distinguishing between continuous and separate spelling of words;

developing: develop the ability to write complex adjectives correctly;

educational: to form a culture of speech communication.

Lesson type: combined

Methods: information-developing, creative-reproductive,

visual control method

Equipment: cards for individual work

illustrative material

LESSON PLAN

I. Organizational moment

Greetings. The concentration of students' attention.

Parsing a sentence

Snowflakes - one of the most beautiful , difficult and absolutely unique creations nature , her centuries old secret .

IV. Preparation for the study of the topic

Notice how the word is spelledcenturies old.

Replace this word with a combination of words. What can be the conclusion?

Announcement of the topic, goals, objectives of the lesson. Familiarization with the work plan.

V. Assimilation of new knowledge

1. Spelling reading ______________________

2. Drawing up a diagram:

hyphenated: concatenated:

1. color can be replaced by a phrase

bright blue railway (railroad)

dark red heavy duty (large load)

2. You can put AND

bitter-salty

3. cardinal directions

northeastern

4. repetition of words

good-very good

VI. Primary knowledge test

– In what cases will they apply. are written together, and in which - through a hyphen?

1. Choose adjectives that are formed from a combination of words subordinate to one another.

green eyed girl, musical and entertainment broadcast, Middle Ural direction, ski resort, Old Russian language, lavender suit, water transport artery, southeastern coast, iron foundry.

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green-eyed (green eyes) girlMiddle Ural (Middle Urals) direction.

Ski (alpine skiing) resort,Old Russian (Ancient Russia) language.

Water transport (water transport) artery,iron foundry (cast iron) workshop.

2. Choose adjectives that are written with a hyphen.

Light(blue), fruit (berry), steel (casting), life (joyful),parachute (landing), explosive (dangerous), scientific (popular),potatoes (harvesting),sanitary (hygienic), ten (year-old) northwestern).

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Light blue (color)

Fruit and berry (can be inserted and)

Parachute (can be inserted and)

Popular science (can be inserted and)

Sanitary (can be inserted and)

Northwestern (from northwest).

3. Choose adjectives that are spelled together.

Guest (adoptive) hosts, pain (quenching) remedy, vegetable (animal) world, thirty(degree) freezing, literary (artistic) circle, railway (road) station, green (golden fields), dark (chestnut) hair, ancient (Russian) language, Russian(English) dictionary, three (room) apartment, steam (hot) whistle.

Selective dictation

* Write out difficult words from the text, explain their spelling.

Interesting facts about snowflakes.

Snowflakes are a very beautiful and interesting material created by nature. Each of us tried to see these beauties. But it's very difficult, because they immediately melt

1. does not happen pentagonal or heptagonal snowflakes. All snowflakes are strictly hexagonal shape.

2. in one cubic meter snow is 350 million snowflakes.

3. snowflakes light-light , its weight is only about a milligram, sometimes 2.3 mg.

4. most overweight snowflake was discovered in 1887. Its diameter was 38 cm. The average size of an ordinary snowflake is 5 mm.

5. snowflakes - air cleaners , they clean the air from dust and burning. That's why it's easy to breathe during snowfall .

6. snowflakes only seem to us white-white due to the refraction of light at the edges of the crystals, but in fact they are absolutely transparent, as they consist of 95% air and 5% water.

7. snowflakes - vaporous substances, they are formed not from water, but from water vapor. Zamor about a melted snowflake will not revive it.

8. And one more interesting fact. Beautiful six-beam artificial snowflakes can be obtained in a special installation. On the island of Honshu there is a Museum of Snow and Ice named after the Japanese scientist Ukihiro Nakaya, who was the first to create an artificial snowflake. There is also a machine for making snowflakes.

Here is such a snowflake, interesting and still not fully understood.

Lesson summary

Homework_____________________________________

III. Adjectives