Social rank and psyche. Synanthropic rodents in the "living room" - Wolf Kitses

Stress is a negative reaction of the animal's body to any changes or events that affect the cat's life. It can be loud sounds, smells, a sudden change of scenery, acquaintance with a new animal.

The behavior of a stressed cat can be varied, but, in general, animals are observed:

• food refusal,
• the cat seeks to hide in secluded places,
• aggression,
• damage to furniture, toys, carpets,
• urinating or defecation is not in the litter box.

Causes of stress

There are several possible causes of stress.

1. Change of scenery.

Cats do not like change and moving from one comfortable environment to a new one can be stressful. For example, moving from one apartment to another, a weekend in the country.

To make the cat feel comfortable, you need to bring her favorite toys, bowls, her toilet, to which she is used to, her favorite food and treats. It is also necessary to spend some time with the cat alone and let her get used to the new environment.

2. The appearance of a new family member.

For example, if you have a kitten, a puppy, or if a child has appeared in the house, the cat may begin to experience fear due to the appearance of a stranger on its territory.

You need to properly introduce the cat to a new family member and give it some time to get used to. If a new adult appeared in the family, it would be nice if it was he who was engaged in feeding the animal. The cat will quickly get used to the person giving her food.

3. Loss of a family member.

The loss of a family member (for example, due to divorce, relocation, or death) can take a toll on a cat's well-being. The animal gets used to the owner and cannot understand the reason for his absence.

If possible, give the cat the worn things of the person she yearns for. The smell of things will help to cope with stress or calm her down a little.

4. Switching to a different diet.

A sharp change in diet (according to the recommendations of a veterinarian, for example) also negatively affects the emotional state of the animal. It is recommended to switch to a new diet gradually - over four to five days, gradually adding new food to the usual one.

5. Lack of a safe and secluded place.

If there is no place in the house where the cat can retire, groom, then this can also lead to a stressful situation. Cats need houses, shelves where they can sit and look around, a quiet place for the toilet, a separate place with food and water.

6. A trip to the veterinary clinic.

Both the trip by car in a carrier and the visit to the veterinary specialist will cause stress for the cat. The abundance of new sounds, smells, bright lights, inspection of a stranger scares the cat and causes her stress. Try to let your pet inspect the carrier before going to the clinic, put her favorite toys and food there. If the animal does not tolerate such trips, you can call the veterinarian at home.

stress treatment

In cases where the above methods do not help the cat cope with its stress, the appointment of special drugs for the treatment of anxiety and stress in the animal is recommended. These can be special synthetic cat pheromones (Feliway), the smell of which helps the cat to relax. In some cases, drugs containing herbal sedatives or phenibut may be prescribed, in threatening situations and in consultation with a specialist, antidepressants and sedatives of a number of benzodiazepines may be used.

The general study includes the following sections: 1) determination of the animal's habitus; 2) examination of mucous membranes; 3) examination of the skin, coat and subcutaneous tissue; 4) examination of lymph nodes; 5) temperature measurement.

Determining the habitus of an animal

Inspection is the main research method here. It is especially important when examining entire herds, breeding horses, when evaluating animals, mass examination at exhibitions, etc. patients and those suspected of having a disease, groups are compiled to be rejected, selection is made according to one or another indicator, etc. An experienced doctor with good practical training performs such tasks so successfully that further research often makes only minor adjustments, emphasizing and shading the features each case.

Some details of the changes detected by inspection have to be established with the help of palpation, which, in a general study, finds a greater use. To determine body temperature, thermometry is used, which, instead of subjective sensations of examination and palpation, already delivers accurate data.

Regarding the diagnostic value of a general examination, it should be noted that in some fairly common diseases, the clinical picture is filled with symptoms from this side, and the diagnosis is thus based on examination data. These include: tetanus, rabies, morbus maculosus, bovine puerperal paresis, and acetonemia. In the vast majority of cases, however, a general examination gives only individual signs, perhaps important ones, especially in assessing the state of the animal, such as an increase in temperature, the appearance of edema, but nevertheless completely insufficient for determining the nature of the disease. It can be hoped that further work on the patient and a special study will help to establish the picture of the disease so accurately that the goal of the study - making a diagnosis - will be achieved. Finally, there are cases when a study conducted with all punctuality does not notice any changes at all. Not infrequently, in such circumstances, even a special study gives only extremely vague signals, regarding which it is impossible even to say where, from which organ they come. The doctor finds himself in this position in case of chronic diseases of various organs of animals, in case of chronic virulent infections, etc. Careful observation of the patient, repeated examinations of him, and, finally, the use of certain methods from a number of specific ones, in such cases, often render a huge service, pointing to the right path, delivering just the information that was lacking in the process of making a diagnosis.

Definition of a gabit. si animal general research begins. Under the habitus understand the state of the patient at the time of research on physique, nutritional status, body position in space, temperament and constitution.

In creating the first impression of the patient and his condition, habitus is generally of great importance, providing the kind of information that is important in any disease in general. In some cases, these data are guideline.

Rice. 1. Cretinism in a dog (according to Stang). Rice. 2. Rickets in a calf.

Body type are determined by inspection according to the degree of development (mass) of the skeleton and muscular skeleton, and only in extremely rare cases, for example, when determining the details of the physique, the therapist has to resort to measuring instruments.

Depending on the mass of bones and muscle tissue, they say either good or thin physique. A good physique gives the impression of strength and strength. A good physique is characterized by strong legs with wide joints and massive, voluminous muscles; the chest is wide and deep, the ribs are steep, wide, with large intercostal spaces; the back is short; a closed and short loin turns into a massive and wide croup; the head is large, sometimes heavy, with a fleshy, heavy and short neck. With a good physique, you can count on a good development of the lungs and heart, on a sufficient capacity of the intestines. An animal with a good physique shows maximum resistance to various harmful influences, and in case of diseases it turns out to be the most enduring, giving a significantly higher percentage of recovery. And only as an exception can be noted a few diseases (rheumatic hemoglobinemia of horses, morbus maculosus, puerperal paresis and acetonemia of cattle), which mainly affect animals of good physique and good nutrition.

With a thin physique, the animals are weak, frail, fragile, weak; they seem to be flattened laterally. A long, narrow body, with a flat chest and a long back, a long loin and an open sigh, is set on long and thin (liquid) legs; light, dry, neat head suspended on a thin, long and flexible neck.

With a bad physique, cattle often become a victim of tuberculosis; calves are especially susceptible to paratyphoid, dictyocaulosis; horses die from catarrhal pneumonia, chronic alveolar emphysema and heart disease; poorly built puppies are often disfigured by rickets or die due to the plague.

Power status gives an idea of ​​the balance of metabolism. Here, just as in assessing the physique, one should not begin with details. The state of nutrition is determined along the contour lines - their softness, roundness and completeness, or, conversely, rough angularity, sharpness; use in case of need

Rice. 3. Rickets. Softening of the bones. palpation, establishing the degree

high crest, belly under- Fig. 4. Wasting in the dog (according to Stang).

they pull, the pudendal olasty is deepened, the anus is far retracted.

Good fatness gives a reliable guarantee that the energy expenditure is fully balanced by its arrival. In cases where assimilation processes prevail over dissimilation processes, excess nutrient material is deposited in fat depots. Horses of heavy breeds, indoor dogs, cats, and especially pigs are especially prone to deposits of significant amounts of fat, as a result of which severe disorders of the function of certain organs sometimes develop. In such cases, one speaks of obesity.

Rice. 5. Squishy.

As a result of these or other influences, animals sometimes lose weight amazingly quickly, turning into real skeletons within some 3-5 days. This is observed in horses with an acute form of infectious anemia, with infectious encephalomyelitis, with acute glanders, in all animals with rabies, in calves and piglets with paratyphoid and white diarrhea. However, the highest degrees of emaciation are more often the result of chronic infectious and

invasive diseases - tuberculosis and paratuberculosis,

chronic glanders, piroplasmosis, chronic infectious anemia, dictyo-caulosis, fascioliasis and gadfly disease of sheep. Sometimes emaciation is noted only on individual organs, even with good overall fatness. Here it should be noted atrophy of muscle groups with ankylosis of the joints, atrophy of the croup with flabby paraplegia.

The position of the body in space. The doctor has to observe and examine patients in various positions, with a different position of their body. When examining, the most comfortable position is the standing position, which guarantees flawless conduct of almost all details of the examination; small animals are more likely to be examined in a lying position or seated on a table. Sometimes some aspects of the study require observation of the animal while moving.

Healthy animals, left to their own devices, can easily change the position of their body at will, giving it those postures that correspond to volitional impulses. Unlike this kind voluntary provisions still distinguish forced positions, when the animal is forced to maintain the posture created by the painful process, without being able to change it at will. The reasons for this are loss of consciousness, certain pains, dizziness, weakness, perhaps fear or muscle or nerve paralysis. However, when analyzing forced positions, especially lying down, one should not lose sight of the fact that animals often do not get up simply because they do not want to get up, for example, after eating, hard work, at high external temperature, due to extreme phlegm, etc. To to make sure that the animal is really unable to get up, one has to resort to various coercive measures - shouting, patting on the ears, croup, clicking with a whip, showing tasty food, etc. e. And only in those cases when, despite all the measures of influence and help in trying to get up, a change in position turns out to be impossible, it is recognized as forced. Forced positions are an extremely valuable sign, clearly characterizing the disease process and the patient's condition.

Forced lying position in the horse it is included in the clinical picture of rheumatic and enzootic hemoglobinemia, the last phase of tetanus, the lethargic form of infectious encephalomyelitis, transverse lesions of the spinal cord and all diseases associated with loss of consciousness. In cattle, it characterizes the laying down of cows before and after calving, puerperal paresis, the last phase of acetonemia, and transport sickness. Small cattle, pigs, and carnivores during severe processes, especially febrile ones, generally prefer to lie, huddled in a corner (dogs), buried deep in the litter (pigs). When trying to pick them up, the animals get up, sluggishly and reluctantly take a few steps and lie down again, accepting the same

Rice. 6. Tetanus.

location. Thus, if for large animals forced lying is the central symptom of a limited range of diseases, determining the nature of suffering, then in small animals it is observed too often and shades only their condition.

Forced standing seen predominantly in horses. It is characteristic of tetanus, pleurisy, pleuropneumonia, all diseases associated with severe dyspnea, as well as a number of brain diseases.

Each of the described positions of the body, in space, both voluntary and forced, can be further: a) physiological and b) non-physiological. The latter is one of the most common symptoms of certain sufferings, involuntarily drawing attention to itself with its unusualness. Especially characteristic is the position of the body with tetanus, when the horses stand with legs apart, like goats, with an elongated head and neck, a tensely straightened back, ears pulled back and a raised tail. In severe febrile illnesses, they keep their heads helplessly lowered and stand with half-closed eyes, alien to everything. In the lethargic form of infectious encephalomyelitis and tetanus, horses lie stretched out with their heads and necks extended, and the limbs of the side of the body facing upwards are held in weight without touching the ground.

AT forced movement, differing in great diversity, are important in the pathology of the horse. These include: a) aimless wandering, b) arena movements, c) clockwise movements, d) forward movements, e) backward movements. In small animals, in addition, there are: e) roll-like movements. Forced movements are complex, sometimes well-coordinated, extremely monotonous movements that occur only under the influence of a pathological process, as a result of irritation of the corresponding centers. Since such movements appear to the observer to be completely unrelated to external influences, they do give the impression of being involuntary or forced.

Aimless wandering is usually observed with anatomical

Rice. 7. Elongated position of the head with pharyngitis.

brain damage and functional disorders. In Born's disease, equine encephalitis (American and French), infectious encephalomyelitis, bovine acetonemia, coenurosis, animals wander for hours, moving from one place to another in a state of some kind of stupefaction. Movements are poorly coordinated, animals

Rice. 8. Progressive osteitis.

they stagger, stumble, do not notice obstacles, climb walls, feeders, not responding at all to external stimuli, excluding, perhaps, auditory ones. Sometimes these movements are full of energy and strength and resemble the gait of a horse hurrying to the house, horses, a foal, etc. Even obstacles are sometimes unable to stop the movement, only changing its shape. Stopping in front of a wall, falling into a ditch, lying on its side, the animal does not stop making habitual movements on the spot.

Manege movements are for the most part well-coordinated movements in a circle in a certain direction, and the diameter of the circle either remains unchanged or gradually decreases. In the first case, the animals sometimes walk in the accepted direction for hours; when the diameter of the circle decreases, the arena movements turn into clockwise movements, which more often end in an unexpected fall. They are usually the result of a lesion of the corresponding center of the cerebellum, thalamus opticus, ganglia of the cerebrum or unilateral shutdown of sensory receptors in diseases associated with disorders of consciousness or increased intracranial pressure.

Movements of the hour hand are more often observed in the direction of rotation of the clock hand, sometimes in the opposite direction. They represent the rotation of the entire body of the animal around one of any legs as a fixed point. Similar movements are characteristic of paralysis of the item vestibularis and lesions of the cerebellum. Experimentally, they can be caused by destruction of the thalamus opticus, nucleus ruber, and anterior colliculus.

Rice. 9. Striving forward with brain diseases (but to Makarov).

my striving forward, which cannot be weakened or suspended. Movements are usually hurried and not always strictly coordinated. The limbs are often entwined, there is a staggering of the buttocks, stumbling, sometimes a fall or even overturning of the body. The localization of changes can be the centers of the occiput or torso, corpus striatum, as well as the retina.

Moving backwards is sometimes the only possible form of movement. It is observed occasionally in infectious encephalomyelitis and cerebrospinal meningitis and is usually associated with contractures of the occiput and spasms of the spinal muscles. Due to arching of the hind limbs, tilting of the head and severe coordination disorders, backward movement quickly leads to a fall or even capsizing of the animal. It is experimentally possible to induce this form of movement after the removal of the cerebellum.

Roll-like movements are often observed in small animals: dogs, cats, and especially birds. They represent the rotation of the animal's body around the longitudinal axis. At the same time, everything is often limited to only one turn or even half a turn, in other cases, movements continue until they are stopped by some obstacle on the way. They are usually associated with unilateral lesions n. vestibularis, cerebellar peduncles or their surrounding parts.

Temperament determined by the speed and degree of reaction to external stimuli. The criterion is the expression of the eyes, the reciprocal movements, for example, the play of the ears, and the whole behavior of the animal. Distinguish between lively and sluggish temperaments.

Horses of a lively temperament are distinguished by the ability to quickly perceive: they are always attentive, vigilantly watching their surroundings, sensitively responding with a play with their ears, a change in gaze, facial expressions to perceived impressions from the outside world, show impatience before work, before giving food, haste in eating; their movements are full of energy and strength, they are the most valuable workers in almost every economy.

However, a sharply pronounced lively temperament at the same time presents some inconvenience, and sometimes makes the animal completely unsuitable for work. Horses of a lively temperament are often too impressionable, disobedient, stubborn, angry, shy, sometimes maim people, animals, often break the harness.

The phlegmatic temperament is manifested by just the opposite properties. Animals are lazy, lethargic, little mobile and stupid.

For the therapist, temperament matters in the sense that, in severe suffering, it is sharply reflected in the behavior of the animal. Strong pain sensations are especially painful for animals of a lively temperament and, conversely, are less disturbing for phlegmatic people. And vice versa, with severe febrile illnesses, horses of a lively temperament at first glance do not give the impression of being seriously ill, retaining their appetite and vigor for a longer time, while phlegmatic people under these conditions do not pay any attention to their surroundings and seem hopeless. Thus, when evaluating the forecast, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of temperament.

Constitution. The constitution is understood in veterinary medicine as a combination of all influences that determine one or another degree of resistance of tissues, organs and the whole organism in the fight against harmful factors. This general resistance is very different and depends on the resistance of each individual tissue and the nature of each individual stimulus, and thus is far from being always a constant value.

Astrakhan sheep is considered extremely resistant, as it easily tolerates the harsh conditions of Central Asia - lack of water, tropical heat, dry and scarce food, but, transferred to a humid climate and abundant green vegetation, it does not acclimatize well and often dies from inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. intestinal tract, dictyocaulosis.

When evaluating the constitution, it must be remembered that, along with the morphological features of the organism, which are easy to measure and evaluate, purely biological properties of tissues are important here and, in addition, the properties of the germ plasm, its genotinic structure, which determines the development of the cell. It is about this direction. Thus, the constitution is determined by three factors: exterior, interior and heredity.

According to Bogomolets, the constitution "leaves its mark on the whole organism in its whole, reflecting not only on the morphology of the individual, but also on the individual nature of his physiological reactions.” For the therapist, the reaction to the influence of various painful factors is especially important. From this point of view, since the time of Hippocrates, a strong and a weak constitution have been distinguished. Animals with a strong constitution easily put up with the adverse effects of temperature, high humidity, the action of cold winds, drafts, tolerate deprivation, hunger, strong stress, and are less sensitive to a number of infectious diseases, and after infection they easily recover. Animals of a weak constitution in this respect are the exact opposite.

The desire to give a more accurate description of constitutional types, which could be widely used in practical terms, led to the creation of various kinds of numerous classifications. Of these, Shigo's (Sigaud) classification has become widespread in myo-icin, which distinguishes 4 main types: respiratory, muscular, digestive and cerebral. Attempts to transfer this classification to animals have not been successful, since within one species, for example, in cattle, it is not possible to establish enough characteristic features for each type. Thus, in relation to animals, this classification, as a four-term one, cannot withstand empirical verification, and is also inconvenient when constructing variational series.

From this point of view, the classification of Kretschmer (Kretschmer) is more consistent, which distinguishes three main types: 1) asthenic ^ (lep-tosompy), 2) athletic (muscular) and 3) pyknic.

Rice. 10. Asthenic type.

Zaitsev, who worked on the study of constitutional types in horses, gives them the following characteristics.

Asthenic type characterized by a long chest, a long neck, a light head, with relatively poorly developed lower jaw and chewing muscles, and a tucked up abdomen. A well-developed, significant lung is characterized by poor development of connective interlobular tissue. A voluminous massive heart but in relation to the total body weight is much larger than in other types. The network of blood vessels is well branched. The liver is relatively small. The small intestine is shorter than other types. Representatives of this type are Arabian and English horses, as well as American and Russian-American trotters.

For picnic type characterized by a short chest, a massive croup with wide-set mokloks, a massive head with a strongly developed lower jaw and chewing muscles, a short neck and a voluminous belly. Animals are distinguished by great strength, but far from being so mobile. Ardennes, percherons, and partly heavy artillery horses fit this characteristic.

Rice. 11. Picnic type

Muscular type occupies a middle position between those just described. The best representatives of this type are mestizos of trotting and heavy horses, and

Rice. 12. Muscular type.

also convoy and well-built working horses, which are distinguished by well-developed muscles, strong bones, sufficient snares and mobility.

Zaitsev's measurements of height, torso length, chest girth behind the shoulder blades and metacarpus girth according to six main indices, processed using the method of variation statistics, made it possible to establish a profile for each type.

At the same time, “in horses of a muscular type, the profile is usually located close to the midline, while in picnics it will go above the midline and only at the end drops down. The corresponding curve for asthenics, on the contrary, goes below the middle line, at the end rising up ”(Zaitsev). However, the differences between the main constitutional types are not limited to purely morphological features of the body structure. These differences go much deeper, reflecting on the function of the main systems. According to Chernorutsky, there is a certain kind of correlation between the constitutional type and the functional capacity of the body. Thus, the respiratory capacity of the lung in asthenics is higher than in picnics; on the contrary, their blood pressure is somewhat lower, the content of calcium and uric acid is also much lower.

Significant differences are further established by hematological examination. In trotters, according to Zaitsev, the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin is higher than in draft horses and working horses. The diameters of erythrocytes, their surface and volume in trotting horses are also greater than in draft horses.

Thus, the exterior of the animal is closely related to its internal features (interior). This makes it possible to use constitutional features as a criterion not only in assessing the performance of an animal and its productivity, but also in a therapeutic sense.

Behavioral work

Animal

The main objectives of the work on observing the behavior of the animal are:

√ in developing the method of observation and improving the skills of students to observe;

√ in the formation of ideas about the behavior of animals;

√ in obtaining and improving practical skills in describing, recording and interpreting externally observed activities, mental states of animals.

After completing the homework, a seminar is held with a review of the observations made, an analysis of typical shortcomings and a discussion of the most successfully completed work.

In this work, the method of "participated observation" is used, that is, the observer is present in the field of view of the animal (does not hide), communications between the animal and the observer are not excluded (if they occur during the observation period, they must be recorded).

The observer influences the observation situation by introducing a new object into the field of view of the animal. The choice of the nature of the object depends on the type and temperament of the animal and the general situation of observation. The observer himself decides which object will be introduced into the field of view of the animal. An important condition for observing the animal in this task is to change the behavior of the animal. If the animal ignores the introduction of a new object into the field of view, i.e., the new object does not cause any change in the behavior of the object of observation, this should be recorded in the protocol and another object should be selected.

Observation is carried out using continuous time-based logging. In other words, the observation protocol records all the external manifestations of the animal per unit of time. The protocol is filled out every minute.

You can observe any animal (domestic, wild, familiar or not familiar to the observer), in any environment (natural or specially organized by the observer).

Animal observation is carried out from 10-30 minutes (depending on the type of animal and the observed activity) to 2-3 hours.

The conditions for starting filling out the observation protocol are that the observer himself must cease to be a new object for the observed animal by the beginning of fixing the behavioral reactions of the animal. When modeling the situation in the third or fourth minute of observation, the animal is provided with a new object. The introduction of an object into the field of view of the animal IS RECORDED in the protocol.

If necessary (clarification of the obtained data, expansion of the experience of observing different types of animals), repeated observations are carried out for the same animal or for others. Comparison of observations of two animals allows for an additional estimate.

General principles for keeping records of observations.

First of all, it is necessary to build records in such a way that each observation protocol is provided with the following information:

1) date of observation (indicating the year);

2) start time and end time of observation;

3) place of observation;

4) observation conditions (temperature, and if the animal is outside, then wind, cloudiness, precipitation; the presence and number of people near the enclosure, the presence of other animals);

5) the general condition of the animal at the beginning of the observation - normal, inactive, agitated, in pain, etc.;

6) sufficiently detailed data on the observed animals (species, sex, name and/or number);

7) surname and signature of the person who conducted the observations.

If observations are made on separate sheets, then all information should be on each sheet; if the entry is in a journal, then the data common to all observations, as well as the abbreviations used, can be placed on the title page.

Secondly, the records should reflect objective changes in the external state of the animal, while the same external manifestations should be equally reflected in the records in all cases.

EXAMPLE: Let's take an example to illustrate this point. Assume that the observer uses three expressions to indicate the posture of a lion lying with its head on its paws and closing its eyes: "The lion is lying", "The lion is sleeping", "The lion is resting". With external similarity, these records do not mean the same thing at all. In the first case, we are talking about the posture of the animal, that is, about its position in space, which is recorded completely objectively; the second statement characterizes the physiological (or mental) state of the animal; both objective (in obvious cases) and subjective assessments are possible here; finally, the third phrase contains an assumption about the reasons why the animal exhibits certain forms of behavior, it is clear that all assumptions of this kind are purely subjective. If, moreover, the observer writes each time what seems most appropriate to him, then, when he wants to find out how often the lion manifests this or that state, the observer actually learns only how often it seemed to him. In addition, no quantitative comparison of the frequencies of manifestations of such diverse elements (which in this case completely overlap) can be justified at all.

The situation becomes even more complicated if the observer applies estimates of the 2nd and 3rd kind, not being able to understand the essence of the occurring phenomenon. For example, a person who does not know that the wide opening of the mouth - "yawning" - in monkeys is a sign of an aggressive mood, is likely to regard these actions, by analogy with human yawning, as a sign of a state of drowsiness.

Thirdly, entries must be made neat enough so that they can be easily read, all symbols (icons, letters) must be deciphered.

Fourth, to observe behavior means to note changes in the external state of the animal. These changes can be extremely diverse (in principle, any, the most insignificant movement is a change in the external state).

If some movements and changes in the appearance of the animal fit into the complex of fixed external manifestations of a species-typical reaction, then it is permissible to use an abbreviated description of this reaction. At the same time, it is necessary to describe in the notes to the observed phenomena what is included in the recorded reaction. Let's look at this situation with an example.

EXAMPLE: The cat reared its fur - a change; raised her hair, arched her back, flattened her ears, bared her teeth and hissed. All this together can be called "assumed a menacing posture." It is possible to indicate in the observation protocol the general name of all behavioral manifestations (“took a threatening posture”). BUT in the notes it is necessary to decipher what objectively observed changes are included in the concept of "threatening posture":

“The classic menacing posture of a cat: All four legs of the cat are tensely extended, it seems to be standing on tiptoe, the back is arched in a hump, the tail is curved, and the hair on the back and tail stands on end. The threat is complemented by appropriate facial expressions: the ears are pressed to the back of the head, the nose is wrinkled, the fangs are bared, the corners of the mouth are pulled back. The cat purrs and periodically hisses"

All the actions of the same cat during a fight with another cat (and these actions include “furry rearing”, and “threat posture” and much more), if compared with the state of the animal before meeting with an individual of its own species, are also a change.

This example demonstrates the possibility of describing behavior at various levels - from elementary movements of individual body parts to complex and long-term unfolding behavioral ensembles (for example, the reproductive behavior of a stickleback includes building a nest, guarding it, attracting a female, courtship ritual, fertilization of eggs, etc.) .

At what level to carry out the description - it depends on the objectives of the study, on the questions posed, however, in order to be able to quantitatively compare the results obtained with each other, all units of behavior used in describing the actions of the animal must have the same dimension, i.e. Some of them should not be included in others as components (as, for example, "raising the wool" is included in the "pose of threat").

The most common way to describe the actions of an animal is with the help of conventional icons, each of which corresponds to one of the selected elements of the ethogram. When designing an icon system, you should choose simple, easy-to-write symbols. Significantly increases the possibility of recording the use of additional service icons (for example, a double underline of the icon indicates the mutual direction of the action, a question mark after the action icon - an unsuccessful attempt to perform this action; an exclamation mark - the forced nature of the action in relation to the recipient, etc.).

A well-thought-out recording order allows you to quickly, compactly and conveniently “stack” information for subsequent reading. For example, at the beginning of the record, the time of the beginning of the action is indicated, then its initiator (No., letter index, nickname or other short designation of a particular animal). Further - the symbols of actions in their natural sequence; after the description of the actions, they indicate the object to which they were directed (in the case of social interactions), concludes the record with the end time of the action.

Video recording can be used to record observations. This allows you to keep an eye on the animal without looking away. The records made must be deciphered and rewritten in the diary of observations, while the time for decoding is spent approximately twice as much as for the observations themselves. The presence of video recording allows you to increase the rating.

Part of the time of observation, the animal may hide in a shelter, or for other reasons be inaccessible to the observer. We recommend immediately, in the course of observation, to note how long the animal was in the observer's field of view. If the animal disappeared from sight before a new object was introduced into the field of view, observation of the animals should be repeated or the observation time should be increased, marking in the protocol the period of time when the animal was not available for observation.

The work is done according to the template below.

Purpose of observation(for example: follow the dog's orienting and exploratory activity in a new environment).

Observation conditions(for example: observing the behavior of a dog in natural conditions during the first visit to a summer cottage).

Observation Protocol

Observer (full name) _________________________________________________

Date __________ Start and end time of observation _______ – _______

Place of observation _____________________________________________

Conditions (temperature; and if the animal is outside, then the wind, cloudiness, precipitation; the presence and number of people near the enclosure, etc.) ___________

___________________________________________________________

General characteristics of the animal:

View _________________________________________________________

Gender __________ Age ___________

Nickname or number: ___________________________

Animal status (active, passive, health status) ____________

Simulation of the situation:

Characteristics of an object new to the animal, to which it is supposed to cause an orienting reaction: __________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Significance for the animal (food, frightening object, toy, neutral object) ____________________________________________________________

The size.____________________________________________________________

Method of introduction into the field of view of the animal _____________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Distance ________________________________________________________

Description of the animal's behavior at each time interval (minimum 10 minutes): Time (per minute) Animal behavior, change in appearance

©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2017-10-25

Hello, friends! Our life is a closed wheel: home-work-home. This routine and routine in life can sometimes lead to very serious consequences, starting with neurosis and ending with depression. There is a feeling of deep dissatisfaction with one's life and. It seems that life is meaningless. And the only way to get out of this vicious circle is a change of scenery.

Why do we feel dissatisfied with our way of life?

• A heavy and monotonous style of work, when instead of the prescribed 8 hours we stay at work for a considerable time and come home only to spend the night.
• Monotonous type of work, when the same work is mechanically performed for quite a long time.

• Frequent failures, prolonged experiences of difficult life situations.
• A lot of things that management requires to be done quickly and efficiently.
• External stimuli (temporary - repairs in a neighboring apartment or permanent - low salary with seeming high employment).
• Increased family troubles, conflicts and inattention of people close to you.
• Fears, doubts, contradictions, non-fulfillment of desires.

How does it appear outwardly?

• You are in a bad mood all day, you get tired quickly and there is no feeling of rest even after sleep.
• There is irritability towards relatives and colleagues, without causal anxiety.
• There are "mistakes" in the performance of some cases.
• Focusing on a problem.
• Low or high self-esteem.
• Anxiety, insomnia or other sleep disorders.
• Periodic headaches, dizziness, drops in blood pressure, pain in the heart or abdomen.

Psychologists say that the best means of solving these problems is a change of scenery. Take a vacation for a few weeks, even if you can't take a vacation, a weekend will be enough if you plan your vacation correctly.

A change of scenery will help

A change of scenery can be a tourist trip

Here are some options . A trip abroad, by the sea, will provide an opportunity not only to relax, but also to meet a new culture. And lovers of passive recreation will find the opportunity to soak up the sun and swim in the warm sea, go diving or take a walk on the sea.

Other impressions, other people, cuisine contribute to a quick change in mood. Usually such trips always bring a lot of impressions, meeting new people, the history of the country or region where you are. You inadvertently switch to another “wave of communication”. There is only positive and friendly communication here. But do not forget that you should also be the same. That is, everything that was there, at home, must be forgotten.

If it is not possible to go somewhere, such there are tourist routes in our country, and inexpensive and very interesting. It can be along our great rivers with stops in big cities. It can be rafting (I have one acquaintance with friends who rafted along one of the rivers of the Urals and received indelible impressions from this trip).

If there is no such possibility, then why not organize small picnic with friends on the bank of a river or just in nature, light a fire, cook fish soup from freshly caught fish, sing songs with a guitar ...

Or organize a hen party (bachelor party) and dance until you drop. also add mood and create a lot of positive emotions.

And you have not forgotten that for relaxation and at least a temporary change of scenery, it can be going to the theatre, cinema, water park or restaurant?

A trip to the country or to the village to visit relatives will also leave you with pleasant emotions. Working with the land (weeding beds, harvesting, harvesting) all this will give a pleasant feeling of need to others. And unity with nature, when you go to the forest for mushrooms or berries, fishing at dawn...

Try to lie down on the warm green grass and don't think about anything, look into the passing clouds... Look at your problems from a different angle... Of course, if it happens in the summer. What's worse in winter? Go skiing or just on foot, but in the company of your friends or children! Imagine this, and you will already feel good and your mood will rise!

Whatever form of recreation you choose, for a few days or maybe even for a few hours - all this will be a change of scenery for you. Sometimes you yourself need to take the initiative, not to wait for someone to come and arrange some kind of entertainment for you.

Phytotherapy

And if there is no opportunity yet to actively relax, try drinking herbal infusions that have a calming effect. These are herbal infusions of valerian, motherwort, lemon balm, oregano. With a tendency to depression (bad mood, gloomy thoughts, pessimism), it is recommended to take herbal infusions that awaken optimism (hawthorn fruits, borage grass, oregano grass, tartar grass). All herbs are brewed with boiling water at the rate of 1 tablespoon per 200 grams of water. Infuse overnight and take 100 ml (half a glass) 2 times a day in the morning and evening. And the juices of these plants are even more active.

Can be taken after a course of treatment: tincture of lure, or tincture of ginseng, or tincture of radiola rosea. They are taken 20 drops 2 times a day.

Physical education

Don't neglect physical activity. This type of treatment and maintenance of health has a very large importance, since the work of the muscles leads to the release into the blood of substances that regulate the functioning of the nervous system and normalize the ratio of excitation and inhibition. In addition, classes bring satisfaction due to the production of serotonin - the hormone of happiness.

Balanced diet

And another very important point is a balanced diet. It is recommended to add various spices and bitterness to food to activate metabolism. Try to eat foods with enough vitamins, trace elements, minerals that are necessary to increase mental and physical activity. Include in your diet, they also cheer you up.

Do not forget to love your parents, children and loved ones, communicate with them more often. After all, a pleasant conversation is positive emotions that will not let you become discouraged and will be a variety in your life. And together with your loved ones, you can change the situation together and have a pleasant rest in any of the ways described above.

Dear my readers! If this article was useful to you, then share it with your friends by clicking on the social buttons. networks. It is also important for me to know your opinion about what you read, write about it in the comments. I will be very grateful to you.

With wishes of good health Taisiya Filippova

You should not think that the smaller the child, the more painlessly he will endure the change of scenery. Each age has its own characteristics.

1. baby feels not only the excitement of adults, but also acutely feels the change of scenery, because his world is a room with his favorite toys. Can you imagine that the world just took and collapsed?!
2. preschoolers react a little differently: they are very worried, make plans for the future, draw an imaginary picture of a new place. For children aged 3-6, moving is an interesting and adventurous journey. And what will be there, in a new place, what will be the house, what will be the streets, and what other guys are there - this is just a small list of questions that preschool children ask.
3. The kids are over older age perceive the move with restraint. For 7-10-year-olds, it’s scary to lose old ones and not find new friends. Even if the move is just a trip to the grandmother or to the sea, the fears do not become less. The team is an important condition for the proper development of a younger student.
4. Teenagers are a separate story. They are more inert, more susceptible to attachment to the house than all other categories of children. For them, it is not so much a change of scenery that is difficult, but dependence on the opinion of their parents. By changing their place of residence, teenagers, as it were, agree with the opinion of adults, and this fact itself is unacceptable for a rebellious personality.

How to minimize the likelihood of stress

- this is not only a journey, but also a serious test. Serious, but ultimately enjoyable. Now you know how to prepare your child for this event. We hope our tips will help you with this.